Scientific Developments

Physical Science

Advances in medicineDevelopments in ThermodynamicsOrganic ChemistryDifferent Applications

Why important?

Social Science

Definition:

Positivism

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)System of Positive Philosophy Theory: All intellectual Activity progresses

through predictable stages1. theological (fictitious)2. metaphysical (abstract)3. scientific (positive)

Darwinism and Discounting Religion

Early works on evolution Charles Lyell (geologist, 1797-1875) Jean Baptiste Lamark (174401829)

Charles Darwin Collected data from trips to Latin America and South

Pacific Chance differences between species means some

survive and some die out “survival of the fittest” or Natural Selection

Freud and Psychology

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Developed psychoanalysisProblems begin in the familyHypnosis can helpHuman behavior is motivated by unconscious,

emotional needs These are kept from becoming conscious by mental

devices (defense mechanisms)

Major Beliefs 1. Oedipus v. Elektra complex 2. use of dreams to uncover hidden desires 3. unconscious energy = sexual energy 4. all humans have and ID, EGO, and a SUPEREGO 5. consistent, psychosexual development

Discussion

1. What are these ideas trying to move away from/What are they a response to?

2. Why are some of these ideas revolutionary?

3. What can they lead Europe towards?