Scientific Communication CITS7200 Lecture 13 Writing a Thesis.
Scientific Communication CITS7200 Lecture 6 Writing a Paper.
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Transcript of Scientific Communication CITS7200 Lecture 6 Writing a Paper.
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Scientific Communication CITS7200
Lecture 6Writing a Paper
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• Writing is part of the process of research.
• If you don’t publish it, you haven’t done it!
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“There are three necessary steps in useful research; the first to begin it, the second to end it, and the third to publish it.” Michael Faraday
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But…
• No one wants to read your paper.
– Concise and relevant title– Inviting abstract– Good visual organisation
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Organisation
• Target your audience• Choose appropriate language and
notation• Rank your contributions• Determine the length
– Aim to be concise– Avoid repetition– Achieve general results that give special
cases
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Science vs. fiction
• In both cases, all necessary info is given
• But…– In fiction, clues are hidden– In scientific writing, clues are up-front
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Hiding clues• State your facts in a way that seems clearly to be doing so for another purpose
He was proud of his old college associations, and wore his college tie and gold tie-pin to all formal events.
(The victim was stabbed with a small sharp object)
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• Place your clue somewhere is a long list of irrelevant facts
The autopsy revealed that the victim had a high level of alcohol in the blood system at the time of death. There were head wounds from a fall, numerous pin-prick needle marks on the inner arm, buttocks and one on the neck, bruises on the legs, and an enormous tattoo across the back claiming allegiance to a motorbike gang.
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• Rely on stock responses
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The victim was pregnant.
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Placement of clues
• If observers are asked to watch out for something, they seldom remember what immediately preceded or followed that something
In the autopsy report, what followed the pin-prick mark on the neck?
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• In scientific writing, clues must be presented clearly, together, up front, and in a way that makes the deduction that is drawn from them completely obvious.
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Abstraction hierarchy of a paperTitle
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
Other Chapters
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Title
• Single most important part of paper
• Directly determines the number of readers
• Most readers don’t get past the title
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• The title is at the highest level of abstraction
• It is a concise description of the paper
• It captures the content in one phrase
• It must attract the attention of the casual browser
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• Linear Scheduling is Nearly Optimal• Learning the Unlearnable• An application of the multiedit-condensing technique
to the reference selection problem in a print recognition system
• A Frame-based Computer Vision System• An Initial View on Size Estimation for Expert System
Applications• Active Intelligent Vision using the Dynamic
Generalised Hough Transform• RAPID - a video rate object tracker
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Authors
• Author list, with affiliations• Always use same appellation• Use complete mailing address,
including email
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Lyndon WhileSchool of Computer Science &
Software EngineeringThe University of Western Australia
35 Stirling Highway,Crawley, W. A. 6009
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• Always date your work• Establishes precedence• Keeps track of drafts• On a line by itself after the author
field
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Abstract
• Second highest level of abstraction• Summarises the content of your
paper• Can be used as stand-alone• 200-600 words in length• Usually a single paragraph• Contains no reference pointers, no
abstract symbols
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• Should be easy to understand• Should be easy to translate• Must lay claim to new results• Avoid starting with “This paper…”
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Keywords
• Give a list of keywords• Used in computer searches
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CR classification
• Computing Reviews Classification System
• Four-level tree • Three numbered levels and an
unnumbered level • Give at least the top two levels for
everything you write
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• D is for Software• D.3 for Programming Languages• D.3.3 is Language Constructs and
Features
• D.3.3 [Software]: Programming Languages - Abstract data types.
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Introduction
• Third highest level of abstraction• Must state your thesis or
hypothesis
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• A thesis is a proposition laid down or stated as a theme to be discussed and proved, or to be maintained against attack.
“Shakespeare was a republican”“The piano-movers problem is NP-
complete”
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•A hypothesis is a supposition or conjecture put forth to account for known facts, and it serves as a starting point for further investigation by which it may be proved or disproved
“Internet usage is growing at an exponential rate”
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• Explain the problem
• Explain what your hypothesis is for solving the problem
• Outline your plan of attack
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• Your first sentence must carry some essential information, but at the same time gently introduce the reader to the rest of the article.
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• “Finite-state verification tools deduce properties of finite-state models of computer systems.”
• “Network protocols such as routing protocols are difficult to test because meaningful experiments may involve dozens or even thousands of hosts and routers.”
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Standard body
• Introduction• Literature Review• Methodology• Experimental Results• Conclusion
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Hierarchy of standard body
• Introduction• Conclusion• Other chapters
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Literature review
• Almost all scientific work is done in context
• The lit review explains the context of your work
• It reviews the science• Must use consistent notation and
level of abstraction
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Methodology
•Your work uses existing methods
• Frequency domain techniques in signal processing
• Genetic algorithms in optimisation• MPEG compression in video• AODV routing protocol
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• You develop new methods
• Explain how your ideas work
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• Often in computer science you develop a new algorithm
• Not enough to list the steps• Need to address correctness and
complexity
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Give some or all of
• The steps that make up the algorithm.
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• The input and output, and the internal data structures used by the algorithm.
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• The scope of application of the algorithm and its limitations.
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• The properties that will allow demonstration of correctness, such as preconditions, postconditions, and loop invariants.
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• A demonstration of correctness.
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• A complexity analysis, for both space and time requirements.
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• Experiments confirming the theoretical results.
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• Use standard mathematical notation, not programming specific notation
e.g. xi rather than x[i]
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• Use standard mathematical operators
• ==, • a = b = c, • a++, • for (i=0; i<n; i++)
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• Must give enough detail so that the reader can implement the algorithm
• Don’t use pseudocode, use English• Good practice to make source code
available through your website
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Experiments
• Many papers describe computational experiments
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The scientific procedure
• Hypothesise• Test• Refine your model• Repeat
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Experiments are done to• Gain insight• Compare existing models• Verify theoretical predictions• Tune algorithm to code parameters• Measure performance
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• Experiments need to be designed• Identify clearly your hypothesis• Explain how the experiment tests
it• Explain your results• Readers must be able to reproduce
your experiments
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State• machine precision• the type of random numbers you
use• the programming language • the version of the compiler, and• compiler options and optimisations
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• Use standard test data if these exist
• Distinguish clearly between objective statements (backed up by facts) and speculation
• Gather every conceivable statistic, then decide which are useful
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Tables, images, and graphs
• All figures in figure environment• All figures need numbers• All figures need captions• All figures need supporting text
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• In tables, it is easier to compare terms in columns rather than rows
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complexity terminology
O(1) Constant
O(log n) Logarithmic
O(n) Linear
O(nb) Polynomial
O(bn) Exponential
O(n!) Factorial
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Complexity O(1) O(log n) O(n) O(nb) O(bn) O(n!)
Terminology Const. Log. Linear Poly. Exp. Fact.
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• Only use significant figures• Always use same level of
significance• Large amounts of data better
displayed in graphs
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• Make table design simple• Minimise the number of rules• Label graph axes• Use standard units
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• Latex treats figures as floating objects
• Placement specifiers can be used
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• h place item here in the text
• t place item at the top of a page
• b place item at the bottom of a page
• p place item on a special page containing only floats
• ! override other parameters even if (Latex thinks) the result looks awful.
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\begin{figure}[htbp]\label{fig:horrible}\centerline{\
psfig{figure=horriblepic.ps}}\caption{My horrible figure}\end{figure}
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• Captions should explain the content of the figure clearly.
• Don’t be afraid to use more than one sentence.
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\caption[Short cap]{My very long caption}
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Conclusion
• Should draw together all of your previous work
• Should point out your contributions• Highlight new ways of looking at
your results• Discuss limitations• Discuss future research
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Acknowledgements
• Financial assistance
• Help from others that is not part of their normal working duties:– Contributed to the ideas– Provided code, data, etc– Helped with hardware, software, etc
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Bibliography
• Include references for all citations• Refer to original sources• Prefer refereed sources to
unrefereed• Comply with format specifications
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Appendices
• Contains essential information that would otherwise interrupt the flow of the text
• Mathematical analyses• Data• Program listings
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Format of generic experimental paper
TitleAuthorAffiliationDateKeywordsCR ClassificationAbstract
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IntroductionLiterature ReviewMethodologyExperimental ResultsConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesAppendices