Scientific Classification & Taxonomy
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Transcript of Scientific Classification & Taxonomy
Scientific Classification & Taxonomy
SOL BIO: 7 a-e
SOL BIO: 7 a-e The student will investigate and
understand bases formodern classification systems. Key concepts include:
a) structural similarities among organisms;
b) fossil record interpretation; c) comparison of developmental
stages in different organisms; d) examination of biochemical
similarities and differences among organisms; and
e) systems of classification that are adaptable to new scientific discoveries.
CLASSIFICATION the grouping of organisms by
similarities Biological classifications are
based on how organisms are related.
Group A Group B
Taxonomy the branch of biology
concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms; the study of classification
Taxonomy Organisms are
classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities that reflect their relationships over a period of time.
HISTORY: Aristotle- developed the 1st
method of classification
He divided all living things into 2 major groups
Aristotle (384 - 322BC)
Aristotle’s Groups He divided all living things into
2 major groups 1. Plants
classified by size and structure
2. Animals classified by habitat (where they
lived)
HISTORY: Aristotle Problems with his system:
Frogs live in both water and on land
HISTORY: Aristotle Problems with his system:
Bats, birds and flying insects were grouped together
HISTORY: Carolus
Linnaeus- developed the modern system of classification
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Organisms are grouped together on the basis of: Similarity in structure
Felis domesticus
Felis rufusPanthera leo
Similarity in structure
Canis lupus
Similarity in structure
Canis latrans
Similarity in structure
Canis domesticus
Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in genetic makeup (biochemistry)
Similarities among organisms on the structural and metabolic levels are reflected in the large degree of similarity in proteins and nucleic acids of different organisms.
Diversity is the product of variations in these molecules.
Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity of embryonic development
Classification is based on close evolutionary relationships of organisms.
Organisms classified in the same taxa (pl.) (taxon, sing.) share a common ancestry. They have evolved from the same common ancestral organism.
Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in evolutionary history
Phylogeny: the evolutionary
history of a species based on comparing relationships between species using the fossil record
Cladogram or Phylogenic Tree
A branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific species of organisms.
It is used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships and show points at which various species have diverged from common ancestral forms.
Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in behavior
Binomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature is a
standard way of identifying a species with a scientific two-word name.
The first word is the genus name and the second the species name.
Binomial Nomenclature Scientific name - 2 Latin
names - Genus and species - Capitalize the first letter of
the genus - Do NOT capitalize the
species - ALWAYS underline or use
italicsEx. Homo sapiens
Kingdom – largest group Phylum (sing.)
Phyla (pl.)(Plants don’t have phyla, they have divisions.)
Class Order Family Genus Species
These two taxa make up the scientific name.
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Homo sapiens
Scientific Name: Homo erectus
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Rudbeckia hirta
Common Name: Gloriosa daisy or Black-eyed Susan
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Pinus virginianis
Common Name: Virginia Pine
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Harmonia axyridis Common Name: Asian Ladybug
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Ophiophagus hannahCommon Name: King Cobra
Why Latin? Latin is no longer spoken,
and therefore, does not change as spoken languages do. So, scientific names
remain the same forever.
Why use scientific names? Common names do not
indicate how organisms are related or classified. Common names can be misleading.
(e.g., seahorse, sea monkey) Organisms with more than one
common name leads to mass confusion.
What does these look like?
If you said…Artemia salina… then your right!!! A species of brine shrimp. So what is their common name?
Sea Monkey!
Species organisms that belong to the
same species can mate AND produce FERTILE offspring.
Horses and donkeys can mate. They produce a mule.
Mules are INFERTILE
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Lions and tigers can mate. They produce a liger.
Ligers are INFERTILE (usually)
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Fun Facts Ligers typically grow larger than either parent
species, unlike Tigons which tend to be about as large as a female tiger
Hercules, the world’ largest non-obese Liger