Scientific and Medical

AchievementsChapter 22 Section 2

Key Terms

Charles Darwin Marie and Pierre

Curie Radioactivity Albert Einstein Louis Pasteur

Pasteurization Anesthetic Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud

Darwin’s Theories

Natural selection-creatures that are well adapted to their environment have a better chance of survival

Offspring inherit these features

Darwin’s Theories

Species will evolve or change to improve survival over time

His theory indicated humans were descendants from other animals

Differed from theory of creation in the Bible

Advance in Chemistry

and Physics 1800’s chemists and

physicists made landmark discoveries

1803 Joseph Dalton developed atomic theory Atoms of different

elements are themselves of different size and mass

Advances in Chemistry and

Physics 1871 Dmitri

Mendeleev- made the periodic table

Left gaps in the table knowing that some elements have yet to be discovered

Predicted scientists would find more elements than fit unto the table

Advances in Chemistry and Physics

1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discover polonium and radium

Radioactivity – the energy released by the breakdown of certain elements

1911 Ernest Rutherford called the center of an atom the nucleus and is made up of positively charge particles called protons

Einstein’s Genius

1905 discovers physics Light is not only a

wave but energy (used physics)

No particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light

Motion can only be measured by the observer

Einstein’s Genius

E = MC2- means that a small amount of mass can be converted to a huge amount of energy

One must include time in the study of space

Overturns Newton on how the universe works

Medical

Breakthroughs Preventing Disease 1870 Louis Pasteur

showed a link between microbes and disease

Bacteria was always present in the air and reproduce

Bacteria in the air- can make grape juice and milk sour

Medical

Breakthroughs Pasteurization-

process of heating liquids and foods to a high temperature to kill bacteria Milk Cheese Juices Have been sterilized

through pasteurization

Medical

Breakthroughs Anthrax- threat to

people and livestock Injected animals

with a weakened virus

Helped body to build antibodies to fight the disease

Developed a Rabies vaccine in 1895

Improving Medical

Care Crawford Long

invented anesthetic called ether

Made patient unconscious/ first painless surgery

1860 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic Germ killing agent Reduce deaths from

45% to 15%

Improving Medical

Care Nursing schools trained

large number of women 1900 5% of doctors

were women Public health care

caused a dramatic drop in infant mortality

1800-240 deaths per thousand to 91 in 1898

New Ideas and Social

Sciences Psychology-study of the

mind and human behavior

Ivan Pavlov-animals could be conditioned or taught Animals salivate at

smell or sight of food Dogs reacted the same

way to a bell because they got food after it rang

Sigmund Freud

Unconscious part of the mind contains thought that we are unaware of

Hypnotism- used to explore the unconscious mind

Encourage people to tell him about their dreams

Repressed thoughts cause mental illness

Psychoanalysis was his therapy

Other Social Sciences Archaeology- study of past

artifacts 1800’s used scientific

approach Recorded all stages of their

work Anthropology-study of

humanity and its ancestors 1920 Sociology-studies

social institutions and sub groups, racial, ethnic, age, gender