Science, Systems, Matter, and EnergyScience, Systems, Matter, and Energy

Review Session

Brian Kaestner

Review Session

Brian Kaestner

Fig. 3.3, p. 46

Good accuracy and good precision

Poor accuracyand poor precision

Poor accuracyand good precision

Matter Quality and Material EfficiencyMatter Quality and Material Efficiency

High-quality matter High-quality matter

Low-quality matter Low-quality matter

Entropy Entropy

Material efficiency(resource productivity)

Material efficiency(resource productivity)

High Quality

Solid

Salt

Coal

Gasoline

Aluminum can

Low Quality

Gas

Solution of salt in water

Coal-fired powerplant emissions

Automobile emissions

Aluminum ore

Fig. 3.9, p. 57

The Law of Conservation of MatterThe Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter is not consumed Matter is not consumed

Matter only changes formMatter only changes form

There is no “away”There is no “away”

Matter and PollutionMatter and Pollution

Chemical nature of pollutants Chemical nature of pollutants

Concentration Concentration

Persistence Persistence

Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants

Biodegradable pollutants Biodegradable pollutants

Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants

Nondegradable pollutants Nondegradable pollutants

Energy: FormsEnergy: Forms

Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Potential energyPotential energyHeatHeatSun

High energy, shortwavelength

Low energy, longwavelength

Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation

Cosmicrays

Gammarays

X rays Farultraviolet

waves

Nearultraviolet

waves

Visiblewaves

Nearinfraredwaves

Farinfraredwaves

microwaves TVwaves

Radiowaves

Wavelengthin meters(not to scale)

10-14 10-12 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-1 1

Fig. 3.10, p. 58

Energy: QualityEnergy: Quality

High-quality energy

High-quality energy

Low-quality energy

Low-quality energy

ElectricityVery high temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C)Nuclear fission (uranium)Nuclear fusion (deuterium)Concentrated sunlightHigh-velocity wind

High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C)Hydrogen gasNatural gasGasolineCoalFood

Normal sunlightModerate-velocity windHigh-velocity water flowConcentrated geothermal energyModerate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C)Wood and crop wastes

Dispersed geothermal energyLow-temperature heat (100°C or lower)

Very high

High

Moderate

Low

Source of Energy Relative Energy Quality(usefulness)

Energy tasks

Very high-temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity to run electrical devices (lights, motors)

Mechanical motion (to move vehicles and other things)High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity

Moderate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C) for industrial processes, cooking, producing steam, electricity, and hot water

Low-temperature heat(100°C or less) for

space heating

Fig. 3.11, p. 59

The First Ironclad Law of EnergyThe First Ironclad Law of Energy

Energy is neither created nor destroyed Energy is neither created nor destroyed

Energy only changes form Energy only changes form

You can’t get something for nothing You can’t get something for nothing

First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)

ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUTENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT

The Second Ironclad Law of EnergyThe Second Ironclad Law of Energy

Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics

In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat

In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat

You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes

Natural radioactive decayNatural radioactive decayRadioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)Gamma raysGamma raysAlpha particlesAlpha particlesBeta particlesBeta particlesHalf life Half life Ionizing radiationIonizing radiation

Sheet of paper

Block of wood

Concretewall

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Fig. 3.12, p. 62

Nuclear ReactionsNuclear Reactions

FissionFission FusionFusion

Fig. 3.17, p. 64Fig. 3.16, p. 64

Fuel Reaction Conditions Products

D-T Fusion

Hydrogen-2 ordeuterium nucleus

Hydrogen-3 ortritium nucleus

Hydrogen-2 ordeuterium nucleus

Hydrogen-2 ordeuterium nucleus

D-D Fusion

+

+

+

+

Neutron

Energy

+ +

Helium-4nucleus

+ +

Helium-3nucleus

Energy

Neutron

+ +

+ +

100 million ˚C

1 billion ˚CNeutron

Proton+

n

U23592

9236 Kr

Ba14156

n

n

n

9236 Kr

U23592

U23592

Ba14156

9236

Kr

Ba14156

9236

Kr

Ba14156

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

U23592

U23592

U23592

U23592

n

Fig. 3.18, p. 66

Solarenergy

Wasteheat

Chemicalenergy

(photosynthesis)

Wasteheat

Wasteheat

Wasteheat

Chemicalenergy(food)

Mechanicalenergy(moving,thinking,

living)

Connections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental ProblemsConnections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems

High-throughput (waste) economy High-throughput (waste) economy

Matter-recycling economy Matter-recycling economy

Low-throughput economy Low-throughput economyInputs

(from environment)

High-qualityenergy

Matter

SystemThroughputs

Output(intro environment)

Unsustainablehigh-wasteeconomy

Low-qualityheat

energy

Wastematter

andpollution

Fig. 3.19, p. 66See Fig. 3.20, p. 67

Fig. 3.20, p. 67

Inputs(from environment)

SystemThroughputs

Outputs(from environment)

High-qualityenergy

Matter

Pollutionprevention

byreducing

matterthroughput

Sustainablelow-wasteeconomy

Recycleand

reuse

Pollutioncontrol

bycleaningup some

pollutants

Matteroutput

Low-qualityenergy(heat)

Wastematter

andpollution

MatterFeedback

Energy Feedback