Science Presentations(air pollution)

7/31/2019 Science Presentations(air pollution)

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Air pollution is the introduction ofchemicals, particulate matter, or biologicalmaterials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, orcause damage to thenatural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential

to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollutionhas long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to theEarth's ecosystems.

Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worstpollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Placesreport.

A season is a subdivision of the year, marked by changesin weather, ecology, and hours ofdaylight. Seasons result from the yearlyrevolution of the Earth around the Sun and thetilt of the Earth's axis relative to theplane of revolution.[1]In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked bychanges in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations ofwhich may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate, and plants to bedormant.

During May, June and July, the northern hemisphere is exposed to moredirect sunlight because the hemisphere faces the sun. The same is true ofthe southern hemisphere in November, December and January. It is the tilt of the

Earth that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months whichincreases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July and August arethe hottest months in the northern hemisphere and December, January andFebruary are the hottest months in the southern hemisphere.

In temperate and subpolar regions, generally four calendar-based seasons(with their adjectives) are
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recognized:spring(vernal),summer(estival),autumn(autumnal)andwinter(hibernal). However, ecologists mostly use a six season model fortemperate climateregions that includespre-spring (prevernal) and latesummer(serotinal) as distinct seasons along with the traditional four(See Ecological Seasons).

In some tropical and subtropical regions it is more common to speak ofthe rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season versus the dry season, because the amountofprecipitation may vary more dramatically than the average temperature. Forexample, in Nicaragua the dry season (November to April) is called 'summer' andthe rainy season (May to October) is called 'winter', even though it is located in thenorthern hemisphere. In other tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy,and cool season is used. In some parts of the world, special "seasons" are looselydefined based on important events such as a hurricane season, tornado season ora wildfire season.
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Causes and effects

The seasons result from the Earth's axis being tilted to its orbital plane;

it deviatesby an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees. Thus, at any given timeduring summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to therays of the Sun(see Fig. 1). This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in itsorbit. Therefore, at any given time, regardless of season, the northern and southernhemispheresexperience opposite seasons.

The effect of axis tilt is observable from the change in day length,and altitude of the Sun at noon (the culmination of the Sun), during a year.

Seasonal weather differences between hemispheres are further caused bytheelliptical orbit of Earth. Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest totheSun) in January, and it reaches aphelion (farthest point from the Sun) in July.Even though the effect this has on Earth's seasons is minor, it does noticeablysoften the northern hemisphere's winters and summers. In the southern hemisphere,the opposite effect is observed.

Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such asproximity to oceans or other large bodies of water, currents in those oceans, ElNio/ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing winds.

In the temperate and polar regions, seasons are marked by changes in the

amount ofsunlight, which in turn often causes cycles of dormancy in plantsand hibernationin animals. These effects vary with latitude and with proximity tobodies of water. For example, the South Pole is in the middle of the continentofAntarctica and therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influenceof the southern oceans. TheNorth Pole is in the Arctic Ocean, and thus itstemperature extremes are buffered by the water. The result is that the South Pole is
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consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during thenorthern winter.

The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere isopposite to that in the other. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is

winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.In the tropics, there is no noticeable change in the amount of sunlight.

However, many regions (such as the northern Indian ocean) are subjectto monsoon rain and wind cycles. A study of temperature records over the past 300years[2][page needed]shows that the climatic seasons, and thus the seasonal year, aregoverned by theanomalistic year rather than the tropical year.

In meteorological terms, the summer solstice and winter solstice (or themaximum and minimum insolation, respectively) do not fall in the middles ofsummer and winter. The heights of these seasons occur up to seven weeks later

because ofseasonal lag. Seasons, though, are not always defined in meteorologicalterms.

Compared to axial tilt, other factors contribute little to seasonal temperaturechanges. The seasons are not the result of the variation inEarths distance to thesun because of its elliptical orbit.[3] Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures,but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors;research shows that the Earth as a whole is actually slightly warmerwhenfartherfrom the sun. This is because the northern hemisphere has more landthan the southern, and land warms more readily than sea.[4] Marshowever

experiences wide temperature variations and violent dust storms every year atperihelion.

The two main forms of outdoor air pollution include particulate matter,

sometimes called black carbon pollution, and noxious gases. Burning fossil fuels to

power vehicles, homes and industrial plants releases tiny particles of matter into

the air, according to information from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Noxious gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide react

with the sun to create new and dangerous compounds, including smog and acid

rain. Dr. Cheryl E. Merritt of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute reports thatcarbon monoxide accounts for the majority of pollution from human activity and

that exhaust creates most of that carbon monoxide.
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Examples of air pollution causes by:

Motor vehicles

Motor vehicles emit numerous toxins that cause air pollution throughout the

country, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These toxins

include emissions from the combustion of fuel, like formaldehyde and benzene.

The EPA also states that vehicles are one of the leading sources of carcinogenic air

pollutants.


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Volcanoes

Not all air pollutants are generated by humans. When a volcano erupts, it

sends large quantities of air pollutants into the atmosphere, where the wind candistribute them around the world, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Major

air pollutants generated by volcanoes include sulfur dioxide--the scientific agency

says this causes volcanic smog--and hydrogen chloride, which causes acid rain.


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Incinerators

Waste incinerators, as well as metals processing factories and lead smelters,

contribute to airborne lead pollutants, reports the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency. The agency says lead can accumulate in your body over time and can

impair organ functioning.

Open Burning

Nitrogen oxides, or NOx, is a group of nitrogen compounds that are partiallyresponsible for acid rain and contribute to global warming / climatechange, ozone depletion, and the formation ofsmog.

Volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, are carbon-based compounds thatundergo photochemical reactions (i.e., they react with sunlight) when releasedinto the atmosphere. The VOCs and the compounds they form in theatmosphere, such as ozone, contribute to the formation ofsmog.

Carbon monoxide, or CO, chemically reacts with sunlight to create harmful

ozone. CO production can significantly impact ambient air quality and aregion's ability to meet Clean Air Act regulatory air quality standards. Burninggarbage in a barrel or pile produces more CO than decomposition in a landfill.CO is also a significant greenhouse gas.

Particle pollution, also known as particulate matter, or PM, refers to the fineparticles that produce visible smoke that reduce visibility and creates haze,
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which is a major air pollution problem for many rural communities. In additionto being unhealthful, particles soil our homes and cars and transport dangerouschemicals, such as dioxins.


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Effects

The particulate matter and noxious gases floating in the atmosphere can trap

solar heat in a process known as the greenhouse effect. Ideally, the suns raysshould penetrate the atmosphere and the Earths surface should reflect excess

radiation back out of the atmosphere. However, air pollution bounces some of that

excess heat back down to Earth and contributes to climate change. The

Environmental Protection Agency reports on its website that if the current trend of

rising temperatures continues, it could lead to the melting of the polar icebergs,

rising sea levels and flooding in coastal areas.

Air pollutions destruction of the ozone layer exacerbates the problem of the

greenhouse effect and leads to its own complications. The ozone layer serves as afilter limiting the suns ultraviolet, or UV, radiation entering the atmosphere.

Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, carbon dioxide and other ozone depleters react with

the suns radiation and break down to their component atoms, which then rob the

ozone of oxygen atoms. Currently, the ozone layers concentration decreases by

about 2 percent each year, allowing for more and more UV radiation to reach the

Earths surface. The increase in radiation can cause skin cancer, damage to the

human immune system and eye damage. It also kills small aquatic organisms like

plankton, affecting marine food chains and releasing additional carbon dioxide into

the atmosphere when the life forms decompose.


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Example of effects

Smog

Smog is the most noticeable effect of air pollution. According to the LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory, smog usually happens in cities and is primarilycaused by automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. These emissions are full ofpollutants, which can be trapped in an area by the air patterns. They then react witheach other to form a brownish haze in the sky, which is largely composed of ozone.This can cause health problems, especially in the long term.

Climate Change

The Greenhouse Effect is a major cause of climate change, which is an overall

shift in the weather of our planet. Scientists are still unclear as to what climate

change's effects will be. However, the New York Times reports that current

research points to an increase in major storms such as hurricanes. Sea levels are

predicted to rise as the polar ice caps melt, and other weather anomalies can beexpected as the Earth's temperature warms.

Acid Rain

"Acid rain," according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is a

broad term that can describe chemicals mixed with rain. Acid rain can come from

natural sources such as volcanoes and can also be caused by burning fossil fuelssuch as coal. The smoke from fossil fuels enters the air as gases, which can react

with water and oxygen to create acidic compounds. Those compounds then fall as

rain, affecting a variety of plants and animals.


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Diseases Caused By Air Pollution

There are numerous diseases that may be caused by air pollution.

According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences or NIEHS--a

division of the National Institutes of Health--long-term exposure to air pollutants

boosts a person's risk for respiratory illnesses. NIEHS notes that children and the

elderly are especially vulnerable to the detrimental health effects of ozone, fine

particulate matter and other airborne toxicants. Pollution-related diseases range

from mild to severe, and can significantly affect a person's quality of life.

Asthma

Asthma is a disease that may be caused by air pollution. According to theNatural Resources Defense Council or NRDCa non-profit internationalenvironmental advocacy group based in New York City, New Yorkasthma is achronic, occasionally debilitating inflammatory disease of the airways that may becaused by air pollution from cars, factories or power plants. The NRDC states thatthe following air pollutants are common triggers of asthma: ground level ozone,sulfur dioxide, fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. The Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention or CDC states that another important trigger for asthmaattacks is environmental or secondhand tobacco smoke. The CDC suggests thatparents, friends and relatives of children with asthma should attempt to quit


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smoking and should never smoke in proximity to a child or person with asthma, asthis could cause an asthma attack.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or COPD is a disease that may be

caused by air pollution. The U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National

Institutes of Health or NIH state that, with COPD, a person's airways and air sacs

lose their shape and become distended or floppy, and that chronic bronchitis and

emphysema are common COPDs. According to the American Lung Association or

ALA, long-term exposure to air pollutionespecially automobile exhaustboosts

women's risk for lower lung function, COPD and dying prematurely, and truck

drivers, dockworkers and railroad workers may be more susceptible to lung cancer-

, heart- and COPD-related death due to chronic exposure to diesel emissions while

on the job. The ALA also notes that even low levels of ozone and fine particulate

matter increase a person's risk of hospitalization for pneumonia and COPD.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a disease that may be caused by air pollution. According to

LungCancer.org, lung cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of

abnormal cells in one or both lungs. Over time, the abnormal cells can develop into

tumors and impair the lung's primary function: to supply the blood, and thereforethe body, with oxygen. LungCancer.org states that there are two principle types of

lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer or NSCLC and small cell lung cancer or

SCLC. According to a 2002 study by C. Arden Pope III, Ph.D. and colleagues

published in "The Journal of the American Medical Association," long-term

exposure to combustion-generated fine particulate matter poses a significant risk


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for cardiopulmoary and lung cancer mortality. A 2000 study by Fredrik Nyberg

and colleagues published in the journal "Epidemiology" concludes that urban air

pollution boosts lung cancer risk, and that motor vehicle emissions may be

particularly problematic.


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Prevention Of Air Pollution


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Prevention of air pollution

Drive your car less.Instead of driving, walk, bike, take public transit, or carpool.Don't smoke. Smokers are polluting the air.Turn off lights when you leave the room. The electricity plant likely puts pollutionin the air. If you don't use as much electricity, they don't have to make as much.Same goes with heating/AC. They use power, which is usually made in ways thatform air or water pollution. Put on warm clothes instead. Or take them off.Going in public vehicles instead of private vehicles because in that way pollutedair sent out decrease.Installing electronic air cleaners in houses (costs about $500 - $700).

Adding plants and trees to the surrounding environmentA:

first try not to use your car for short tripssecond for short trips, why not walk, cycle or use public transport. Cycling orwalking is healthier for the environment and you. In fact, you are exposed to muchhigher levels of air pollution inside a car than if you walked or cycled.third have your car serviced regularly so that it runs efficiently, saves fuel anddoes not pollute the air as much.fourth regularly check your car's tuning and tyre pressure to improve fuelconsumptionFinally steady your speed as emissions rise above 70mph .A:

Eat food that is grown locally. Food flown half way round the world has a largercarbon footprint.Stop using so much electricity.Don't boil a full kettle if you only want one cup.Don't wash a few items in the washing machine, wait till you have a full load.Hang your washing on a line to dry.Turn off your computer etc at the wall, rather than leaving it on standby.

Drink water from the tap if it's potable. Billions of plastic bottles are produced andthen thrown away, every day.Cut down on your packaging, plastic bags and waste. Most of this is only usedonce and ends up in landfill. Plastic production adds carbon dioxide, a greenhousegas, to the atmosphere.


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A:

First off, buy a hybrid car. There is a new one coming out on the market here soon.It should sell for under $20,000. Next write to the government about the problem.Commute a little different ride a bike or walk.

A:ban investment in, and the manufacturing of, mass produced petrol/gas combustionengines for transport, beyond 2015 (apart from low-volume sports performance,and hydrogen/like.)'BUY OUT' invested interests/companies,when possible use premises acquisitioned and varied to suit 'green' productionneeds.banning investment in power/electricity production.,buy out the invested interest.invest in wind energy production along coast. and offshore..?

lock/hold price of oil and flow/production.ban investment in arms.production/costs to be undertaken by the govt sector only.buy out the stockmarket,ban monetised investment.A:

If you really want to save energy, get a smart car. they save more energy (smart,get it!) and they are smaller then other cars so they use less gas. you could also carpool or take a bus. but if you want to be more eco friendly, you could walk or ride

a bike all though this is a bad idea for colder regions.

try to buy a car running on eco-friendly way, avoid littering garbage on roads,complain about the industries that are not following rules to save environment.

People are preventing air pollution by going eco-friendlier. Like riding more bikesor car-pooling.Yes, there is. You can reduce the air pollution that you produce a few ways...*Don't use aerosols (hairspray, bug spray, ect.)*Don't smoke*Don't leave your car running idle*Carpool, walk, ride a bike, or use public transportation*Be careful of what you burn in your fireplacefor prevent air pollution the government must make smoking areas for smoker.Example in office or in public place must made smoking areas. It can decrease air


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pollution in big cities. Beside that, we must reforestation. It can increase theoxygen.Also to ride less.for prevent air pollution the government must make smoking areas for smoker.Example in office or in public place must made smoking areas. It can decrease airpollution in big cities. Beside that, we must reforestation. It can increase theoxygen.Also to ride less.for prevent air pollution the government must make smoking areas for smoker.Example in office or in public place must made smoking areas. It can decrease airpollution in big cities. Beside that, we must reforestation. It can increase theoxygen.Also to ride less.for prevent air pollution the government must make smoking areas for smoker.

Example in office or in public place must made smoking areas. It can decrease airpollution in big cities. Beside that, we must reforestation. It can increase theoxygen.Also to ride less.for prevent air pollution the government must make smoking areas for smoker.Example in office or in public place must made smoking areas. It can decrease airpollution in big cities. Beside that, we must reforestation. It can increase theoxygen.Also to ride less.for prevent air pollution the government must make smoking areas for smoker.Example in office or in public place must made smoking areas. It can decrease airpollution in big cities. Beside that, we must reforestation. It can increase theoxygen.

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