Science of Sintering New Directions for Materials Processing

and Microstructural Control

Science of Sintering New Directions for Materials Processing and Microstructural Control

Edited by

Dragan P. U skokovic Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Yugoslavia

Hayne Palmour III North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina

and

Richard M. Spriggs Alfred University Alfred, New York

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Catalog1ng-1n-Pub11cat1on Data

World Round Table Conference on Sintering <7th , 1989 Herceg-Novi, Montenegro>

Science of sintering , new direct1ons for materials processing and microstructural control I edited by Dragan P. Uskokovic, Hayne Palmour III, and Richard M. Spriggs.

p. em. "Proceedings of the Seventh Round Table Conference on Sintering,

held August 28-September 1, 1989, in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslav1a"--Verso t.p.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-0935-0 ISBN 978-1-4899-0933-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0933-6

1. Sintering--Congresses. I. Uskokovic, Dragan P., 1944-II. Palmour, Hayne. III. Spriggs, Richard M. IV. Title. TN695.W67 1989 671.3'73--dc20 90-35888

Proceedings of the Seventh Round Table Conference on Sintering, held August 28-September 1, 1989, in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989

All rights reserved

CIP

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

TO GEORGE C. KUCZYNSKI

Sintering was a secret-not a science-before Dr. George C. Kuczynski developed the first laws and theory of sintering in 1949. We knew that sintering occurred, but we did not know how and why particles coalesced. Kuczynski's model provided the foundation for a scientific exploration of the sintering process.

While searching to process tungsten to build a better light bulb, Kuczynski's understanding of sintering shrinkage by volume diffusion and related grain growth processes occurred in the post-war laboratories of Sylvania Electric Co., Inc. As he was working with very pure copper crystals- a gift from his boss to encourage Kuczynski to pursue the secret of sintering- Kuczynski noticed something extraordinary in the commonplace occurrence when he heated the atomized copper in a copper crucible.

He examined the phenomenon more closely and heeded, he says, the advice of an oriental philosopher: "In science, you have to listen to the gentle mur­murs of nature."

Kuczynski listened. He measured the neck that had formed with the par­ticles as a function of time to give us the first laws of sintering on which so much subsequent work has depended. Kuczynski's broad classical education from his native Poland, his training in mathematics and physics, and his keen mind enabled him to cut through the complex to simple, clear, unam­biguous truth. His publications, research and sintering conferences have en­couraged new ideas and provided the scientific paradigm that has fostered pursuit of new theories and new understanding of sintering by other scien­tists and engineers. His work shed the first light on the path that has ultimately led us to grapple with the highest technology of sintered materials.

To Dr. George C. Kuczynski, we dedicate these published proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering with gratitude for his accomplishments that have made possible our own.

PREFACE

This volume, SCIENCE OF SINTERING: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CONTROL, contains the edited Proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering, held in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia, Aug. 28 - Sept. 1, 1989. It was organized by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS), headquartered in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

Every fourth year since 1969, the Institute has organized such a Round Table Conference on Sintering; each has taken place at some selected location within Yugoslavia. A separate series of IISS Topical Sintering Symposia (Summer Schools) have also been held at four year intervals, but they have been offset by about two years, so they occur between the main Conferences. As a rule, the Topical Sintering Symposia have been devoted to more specific topics and they also take place in different countries. The aim of these Conferences and their related "Summer Schools" has been to bring together scientists from all over the world who work in various fields of science and technology concerned with sintering and sintered materials. A total of seven IISS Conferences have been held over the period 1969-1989, and they have been supplemented by the four Topical Sintering Symposia held in Yugoslavia, Poland, India and Japan (in 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1987, respectively).

This most recent five day Conference addressed the fundamental scientific background as well as the technological state-of-the-art pertinent to science of sintering and high technology sintered materials. It encompassed many problems - and solutions - that are relevant to a wide variety of scientific concerns and industrial applications. In the editors' opinion, this Conference could best be characterized by (1) the high level and broad scope of the papers presented, and (2) the many nations (more than 20) that were represented by their respective authors.

It is also interesting to reflect upon some of the effects that are attributable to the cumulative influences of this whole series of Round Table Conferences on Sintering. Progression in the number counts alone have been impressive: this, for example, was by far the largest in total numbers, and in the numbers of nations from which participants have been drawn. The overall scientific quality and the real world relevance of the materials being presented and the issues being discussed have also shown steady improvement from meeting to meeting. In our opinion, in this most recent Conference, the interplay existing between quality, relevance and effective communication has been especially fruitful.

vii

Nowhere has this kind of cumulative effect been more visible than in the markedly increased participation evidenced by Yugoslavia's own authors. In this most recent Conference, for example, there were more significant papers by such authors, representing more well established Yugoslav laboratories, than ever before. Nurtured in part through their own hard work and in part through the insights, experiences and exposures gained through their attendance at preceding Round Table Conferences, it is evident that, collectively, this contingent of Yugoslav sinterers was well prepared to present important scientific results spanning a broad spectrum of relevant sintering issues.

Fifty-seven papers presented at the Conference were selected by the editors for inclusion in this volume. Because of the significance of their scientific contributions, two invited papers have also been included even though, regrettably, it had not been possible to have them presented at the Conference by their respective authors (G. S. Upadhyaya and R. Pruemmer). Other papers presented at the Conference will be published by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering in its journal, "Science of Sintering".

Thematically, they are presented in the eleven sections which comprise this book: (1) fundamentals of sintering, (2) controlled preparation of ceramic powders, (3) preparation and sintering of metallic powders, (4) sintering of multiphase systems, (5) pressure sintering, (6) rate controlled sintering, (7) microstructure control, (8) metals and composite processing, (9) sintering of oxide ceramics, (10) high temperature superconductors, and (11) non-oxide ceramics.

The list of Contributors formally acknowledges the considerable cooperation and assistance rendered to the General Secretary of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, Academician Momcilo M. Ristic, and the President of the Organizing Committee, Professor Dragan Uskokovic, by (1) a distinguished International Program Committee, (2) the several Session Chairmen, as well as (3) the creative efforts of 129 distinguished contributing authors representing many of the world's centers for sintering research. We extend our personal thanks to all of them for their cooperative attitudes, timely responses and many helpful suggestions which have characterized all our relationship with them.

On behalf of the participants and the whole sintering community we wish at this point to express our gratitude to the patron of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, as well as to the Yugoslav Committee for Electronics, Telecommunication, Automation and Nuclear Technology, the Serbian Society for Powder Metallurgy, the Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Center for Multidisciplinary Studies of Belgrade University for their support in the organization of the Conference. Special thanks are due to Dr. Branko Kostic, President of the Republic of Mentenegro and Academician Dusan Kanazir, President of the Serbian Academy of Sciencep and Arts, who welcomed attendees to the Conference. We also note with gratitude the considerable financial support for the Conference organization provided by the Principal Sponsor "PRVI PARTIZAN" (Titovo UZice), the Republic Council for Science,as well as other Yugoslav sponsors. We are grateful to the U.S. sponsor, the American Ceramic Society and we would like to emphasize the significance of the financial support for travel provided by the AFOSR which enabled the participation of U.S. scientists.

viii

We wish to acknowledge our very special personal thanks to a modest group of persons who worked with dedication but largely behind the scenes: to Milivoj Jelacic for coordinating our Conference; to Mirjana Kosanovic and the Department of International and Technical Relations for their secretarial assistance in preparing of materials before, during and after the Conference; to Aleksandar Kosanovic and Dragan Tasic for serving as projectionists andproviding other technical service; to Drs Stamenka M. Radic and Visnjica Vukcevic for translation services; to Taisa Agaljcev, Miroslava Jankovic, Cveta Jaksic and Kiril Svinjarski for simultaneous translations during the Conference. We pay special tribute to Mirjana Stojanovic for her special skills and experience in typing and/or revising the edited Proceedings.

It is also our pleasent duty to thank all our young collaborators: Rada Novakovic, Olivera Milosevic, Jelena Dumic, Petar Kostic, Cedomir Jovalekic and Ratomir Agatonovic, who helped in performing various tasks during the Conference and in the preparation of these proceedings.

Last but not least, it is appropriate to acknowledge with real affection the patience, tolerance and moral support we have been accorded by our colleagues and our families through those extended periods of time we have had to pay attention to the organizing of this Conference and the editing of these Proceedings.

Belgrade November 1989

Dragan P. Uskokovic Hayne Palmour III and Richard M. Spriggs

CONTENTS

Part I. FUNDAMENTALS OF SINTERING

SINTERING OF CERAMICS C.A. Handwerker, J.E. Blendell and R.L. Coble

THE MAIN TRENDS IN STUDY AND QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE SINTERING PROCESSES

V.V. Skorohod

STEREOLOGICAL THEORY OF SINTERING R.T. DeHoff

A STEREOLOGY-BASED EQUATION FOR ISOTROPIC SHRINKAGE DURING SINTERING BY VISCOUS FLOW

H.E. Exner and E.A. Giess

A NEW MODEL FOR INITIAL SINTERING OF OXIDE POWDERS UNDER CONTROLLED GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE

M. Pijolat and M. Soustelle

MECHANISM OF ANISOTROPIC DIMENSIONAL CHANGES DURING SINTERING OF METAL POWDER COMPACT

H. Kuroki and M. Hiraishi

Part II. CONTROLLED PREPARATION OF CERAMIC POWDERS

PREPARATION OF WELL DEFINED CERAMIC POWDERS E. Matijevic

PROGRESS IN PREPARATION OF ZnO BASED VARISTOR CERAMICS 0. Milosevic, D. Vasovic, D. Poleti, Lj. Karanovic, v. Petrovic and D. Uskokovic

CHEMICAL PREPARATION OF ALUMINA-ZIRCONIA POWDERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SINTERING AND PARTICULATE COMPOSITES

J.L. Rehspringer, S. Dick and M. Daire

EVOLUTION OF MULLITE FROM A SOLGEL PRECURSOR G. Klassen, J. Laughner and G. Fischman

THE ROLE OF POWDER CALCINATION CONDITIONS IN THE SINTERING BEHAVIOUR OF CALCINED Zr02 POWDERS

T. Kosmac, D. Kolar, V. Krasevec and R. Gopalakrishnan

3

39

55

73

83

91

101

117

127

135

141

xi

SURFACE EFFECT OF MgO ADDITION ON GAMMA Al203 SINTERING J. Katanic-Popovic and Lj. Kostic-Gvozdenovic

Part III. PREPARATION AND SINTERING OF METALLIC POWDERS

PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIZATION W.A. Kaysser and K. Rzesnitzek

DISPERSION HARDENING OF A RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED COPPER BASED MATRIX

D. Bozic and M. Mitkov

PROBLEM OF SINTERING METALLIC ULTRAFINE POWDERS L.I. Trusov, V.N. Lapovok and V.I. Novikov

SINTERING OF COPPER ULTRAFINE POWDERS Y. Sakka, T. Uchikoshi and E. Ozawa

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIXED AND THE COMPOSITE Ni-TiN ULTRAFINE PARTICLES

Y. Sakka, S. Ohno, H. Okuyama and M. Ozawa

Part IV. SINTERING OF MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS

PHASE STABILITY AND SINTERING OF MULTIPHASE ALLOY SYSTEMS G.S. Upadhyaya

SOLID STATE SINTERING OF TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS WITH SOLUBILITY

W. Schatt and Ch. Sauer

PROGNOSIS OF SINTERING OF SYSTEM W-Ni IN THE PRESENCE OF LIQUID PHASE

z.s. Nikolic, R.M. Spriggs and M.M. Ristic

INFLUENCE OF SINTERING AND TERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF W-Ni-Fe ALLOYS

M. Mitkov and W.A. Kaysser

REMOVAL OF Ni-ACTIVATOR FROM THE ACTIVATED SINTERED W-COMPACT BY HIGH VACUUM TREATMENT

I.-H. Moon, Y.-H. Kim and M.-J. Suk

Part V. PRESSURE SINTERING

EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION OF POWDERS: PRINCIPLE AND PROSPECTS R. Prummer

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH PRESSURE SINTERING P.S. Kisly

DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF AMORPHOUS Ni78 P22 B. Mihelic, B. Serbedzija, v. Petrovic, M. v. susie and D. Uskokovic

149

157

177

185

193

203

215

227

235

243

255

267

279

285

THE PREDICTION OF HIP PARAMETERS FOR INTERMETALLIC PREALLOYED Ni-Al POWDER

R. Laag, W.A. Kaysser, R. Maurer and G. Petzow

DEFECT HEALING MECHANISMS DURING SINTER/HIP OF POLYPHASE MATERIALS

A. Frisch, W.A. Kaysser and G. Petzow

RESIDUAL STRESS CHARACTERISTICS OF CERAMIC COATINGS AND THEIR CRACKING BEHAVIOUR

Y. Ishiwata, Y. Itoh and H. Kashiwaya

Part VI. RATE CONTROLLED SINTERING

RATE CONTROLLED SINTERING FOR CERAMICS AND SELECTED POWDER METALS

H. Palmour III

APPLICATION OF RATE CONTROLLED SINTERING IN THE PRODUCTION OF Zr02-BASED CERAMIC MATERIALS .

R. Oberacker, K. Dorfschmidt, T. Liu and F. Thlimmler

RATE-CONTROLLED SINTERING OF SiC WITH ADDITIONS OF (a) Al203 + Y203; (b) B + C; (c) B4C + C

J.M. Lihrmann, P. Halary, E. Kostic, and H. Schubert

Part VII. MICROSTRUCTURE CONTROL

GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN SINTERING J.A. Pask

COMPUTER SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ABNORMAL

295

311

325

337

357

367

381

GRAIN GROWTH IN BaTi03 CERAMICS 395 U. Kunaver and D. Kolar

PORE REMOVAL DURING FINAL STAGE SINTERING OF MODIFIED YTTRIA 405 W. Rossner

THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF LEAD TIN TELLURIDE COMPACTS D.M. Rowe and M. Clee

MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN DENSE Si3N4 CERAMICS M. Herrmann, S. Hess, H. Kessler, J. Pabst and W. Hermel

EFFECT OF SINTERING PARAMETERS ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SIALON MATERIALS

P. Arat6, E. Besenyei, A. Kele and F. Weber

Part VIII. METALS AND COMPOSITE PROCESSING

POWDER PROCESSING OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ALUMINIDE-MATRIX COMPOSITES

R.M. German

411

421

429

439

xm

DIFFERENTIAL SINTERING C.P. Ostertag

BORON/MAGNESIUM-ALUMINIUM MACHINABLE COMPOSITE T. Sato, E. Horikoshi, T. Iikawa and K. Hashimoto

EFFECT OF "INHERITANCE" IN POWDER METALLURGY V.A. Ivensen and T.A. Rakotch

HYDROSTATIC COMPACTION OF FINE COBALT POWDER D. Duzevic and M. Buchberger

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu-P SINTERED ALLOYED STEELS: STUDY OF THE COPPER INFLUENCE ON DIMENSIONAL CHANGES

L.E.G. Cambronero, J.M. Torralba and J.M. Ruiz Prieto

Part IX. SINTERING OF OXIDE CERAMICS

ULTRA-RAPID SINTERING OF CERAMICS D.L. Johnson

HYDROTHERMAL Zr02 POWDER AND ITS SINTERING BEHAVIOUR S. Somiya, M. Yoshimura, Y. Suwa, T. Akiba, Z. Nakai, K. Hishinuma and T. Kumaki

EFFECT OF GREEN COMPACT PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ON THE SINTERING OF a-FezOJ

C.V. Santilli, S.H. Pulcinelli, J.A. Varela and J.P. Bonnet

453

461

469

479

487

497

507

519

EFFECT OF NIOBIA ON THE SINTERING OF SnOz 529 D. Gouvea, J.A. Varela, C.V. Santilli and E. Longo

KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF SOLID STATE SINTERING OF ALKALINE EARTH TITANATES 537

V.I. Lapshin and V.K. Yarmarkin

THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON POLARIZATION BEHAVIOUR OF Bi4Ti3o12 CERAMICS 545

c. Jovalekic, Lj. Atanasoska, V. Petrovic and M.M. Ristic

CHANGES OF ELECTRICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD SINTERED POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN ARSENATE WITH TEMPERATURE 555

D. Minic, R. Dimitrijevic and M. susie

A STUDY OF ISOTHERMAL SINTERING AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE FROM SEA WATER 565

N. Petrie, B. Petrie, v. Martinac and M. Mirosevic-Anzulovic

Part X. HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS

PROPERTIES OF HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTING OXIDES B.W. Veal and S.-K. Chan

xiv

575

THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN STOICHIOMETRY ON HIGH-Tc YBazCu30y SUPERCONDUCTOR PROPERTIES

P. Kostic and J.-H. Park

A MODIFIED NONCONTACT METHOD FOR CRITICAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS

P.M. Nikolic. M. Miletic. M.B. Pavlovic. Z.B. Maricic and D. Rakovic

Part XI. NON-OXIDE CERAMICS

ON THE KINETICS OF DENSIFICATION DURING LIQUID PHASE SINTERING OF Si3N4

J. Pabst and M. Herrmann

STABILITY OF PURE AND AlN-ALLOYED AlzOC AND INFLUENCE ON ABRASIVE PROPERTIES OF Alz03-Al4c3-AlN MATERIALS

T. Zambetakis. J.M. Lihrmann, Y. Larrere and M. Daire

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF a/B SiAlON COMPOSITES s. Boskovic and K.G. Nickel

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE

CONTRIBUTORS

INDEX

591

599

607

613

621

631

633

641

XV