Science, Matter, and Energy Chapter 2. Science Focus: Easter Island Solving a mystery Population...
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Transcript of Science, Matter, and Energy Chapter 2. Science Focus: Easter Island Solving a mystery Population...
![Page 1: Science, Matter, and Energy Chapter 2. Science Focus: Easter Island Solving a mystery Population crash – cause and effect Evolving hypotheses Unsustainable.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032804/56649e535503460f94b498cc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Science, Matter, and Energy
Chapter 2
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Science Focus: Easter Island
Solving a mystery• Population crash – cause and effect
Evolving hypotheses• Unsustainable resource use?• Rats?• Disease?
Science as a process
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2-1 What Is Science?
Concept 2-1 Scientists collect data and develop theories, models, and laws about how nature works.
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Science
Search for order in nature• Observe behavior• Attempt to quantify cause and effect• Make predictions
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The Scientific Process (1)
Identify problem/question
Design experiments
Collect data
Formulate hypothesis
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The Scientific Process (2)
Develop models
Propose theories
Derive natural laws
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What Scientists Do
Fig. 2-2
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Fig. 2-2
Make testablepredictions
Propose an hypothesis
to explain data
Use hypothesis to make testable
predictions
Perform an experiment
to test predictions
Accepthypothesis
Scientific theoryWell-tested andwidely accepted
hypothesis
Revisehypothesis
Testpredictions
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Scientific theoryWell-tested andwidely accepted
hypothesis Fig. 2-2
Stepped Art
Testpredictions
Make testablepredictions
Accepthypothesis
Revisehypothesis
Perform an experimentto test predictions
Use hypothesis to make testable predictions
Propose an hypothesisto explain data
Analyze data(check for patterns)
Scientific lawWell-acceptedpattern in data
Perform an experimentto answer the question
and collect data
Ask a question to beinvestigated
Find out what is knownabout the problem(literature search)
Identify a problem
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Results of Science
Goals• Scientific theories• Scientific laws
Degree of certainty and general acceptance• Frontier science• Reliable science• Unreliable science
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Scientific Limitations
Limitations – 100% certain?• Absolute proof versus probability• Observational bias• Complex interactions, many variables• Estimates and extrapolating numbers
Science does not answer moral or ethical questions
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2-2 What Is Matter?
Concept 2-2A Matter consists of elements and compounds, which are in turn made up of atoms, ions, or molecules.
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What Is Matter?
Matter – has mass and occupies space
Elements and Compounds• Atoms• Ions• Molecules
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Elements Important to the Study of Environmental Science
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Building Blocks of Matter (1)
Atomic Theory – elements made from atoms
Atoms• Protons – positive charge• Neutrons – uncharged• Electrons – negative charge
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Building Blocks of Matter (2)
Atomic number• Number of protons
Mass number• Neutrons + protons
Isotopes• Same atomic number, different mass
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Building Blocks of Matter (3)
Ions• One or more net positive or negative electrical
charges
Chemical formula• Number and type of each atom or ion
Compounds• Organic• Inorganic
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Ions and Compounds Important to the Study of Environmental Science
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Ions and Compounds Important to the Study of Environmental Science
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Organic Compounds
Carbon-based compounds
Examples• Hydrocarbons• Chlorinated hydrocarbons• Simple carbohydrates• Complex carbohydrates• Proteins• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Matter Quality
Usefulness as a resource • Availability• Concentration
High quality
Low quality
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Examples of Matter Quality
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Fig. 2-5Aluminum ore
Low QualityHigh Quality
Solid
Salt
Coal
Gasoline
Aluminum can
Gas
Solution of salt in water
Coal-fired powerplant emissions
Automobile emissions
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How Can Matter Change?
Concept 2-2B When matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed (the law of conservation of matter).
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Changes in Matter
Physical
Chemical
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p. 34
Reactant(s) Product(s)
Carbon + Oxygen
C + O2
Black solid Colorless gasColorless gas
Energy
Energy
Energy
Carbon dioxide +
CO2 +
+
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Nuclear Changes (1)
Radioactive decay – unstable isotopes• Alpha particles• Beta particles• Gamma rays
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Nuclear Changes (2)
Nuclear fission • Large mass isotopes split apart• Chain reaction
Nuclear fusion• Two light isotopes forced together• High temperature to start reaction• Stars
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Types of Nuclear Changes
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive isotope
Gamma rays
Beta particle (electron)
Alpha particle(helium-4 nucleus)
Radioactive decay occurs when nuclei of unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast-moving chunks of matter (alpha particles or beta particles), high-energy radiation (gamma rays), or both at a fixed rate. A particular radioactive isotope may emit any one or a combination of the three items shown in the diagram.
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Fig. 2-7
Nuclear fission Uranium-235
Uranium-235
Neutron
Fissionfragment
Fissionfragment
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers (such as uranium-235) are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron and release energy plus two or three more neutrons. Each neutron can trigger an additional fission reaction and lead to a chain reaction, which releases an enormous amount of energy.
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Fig. 2-7
Nuclear fusion
Fuel
Proton Neutron
Hydrogen-2(deuterium nucleus)
Hydrogen-3(tritium nucleus)
100million °C
Reactionconditions Products
Helium-4 nucleus
Energy
Neutron
Nuclear fusion occurs when two isotopes of light elements, suchas hydrogen, are forced together at extremely high temperaturesuntil they fuse to form a heavier nucleus and release a tremendous amount of energy.
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Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter only changes from one form to another
There is no “throwing away”
Environmental implications• Recycle• Reuse• Must deal with wastes and pollutants
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2-3 What Is Energy and How Can It Change Its Form?
Concept 2-3A When energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed (first law of thermodynamics).
Concept 2-3B Whenever energy is changed from one form to another, we end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with (second law of thermodynamics).
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What Is Energy?
Energy – the capacity to do work or transfer heat
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Types of Energy
Potential energy – stored energy• Gasoline• Water behind a dam
Kinetic energy – energy in motion• Wind, flowing water, electricity• Heat – flow from warm to cold• Electromagnetic radiation • wavelength and relative energy
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Electromagnetic Radiation
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Energy Quality
High-quality energy – concentrated• High temperature heat• Nuclear fission• Concentrated sunlight• High-velocity wind• Fossil fuels
Low-quality energy – dispersed• Heat in atmosphere and ocean
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Laws of Conservation of Energy (Thermodynamics)
First law of thermodynamics • Energy input = Energy output
Second law of thermodynamics • Energy use results in lower-quality energy• Dispersed heat loss
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Consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (1)
Automobiles• ~6% moves car• ~94% dissipates as low-quality heat into the
environment
Incandescent light bulb• ~5% useful light• ~95% heat
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Consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (2)
Living systems• Energy lost with every conversion
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Second Law of Thermodynamics and Its Effect on Living Systems
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2-4 How Can We Use Matter and Energy More Sustainably?
Concept 2-4A The processes of life must conform to the law of conservation of matter and the two laws of thermodynamics.
Concept 2-4B We can live more sustainably by using and wasting less matter and energy, recycling and reusing most matter resources, and controlling human population growth.
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High-throughput (High-waste) Economy
Increase flow of matter and energy to boost economy
Environmental capacity?
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High-throughput Economy
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Fig. 2-12
Low-qualityenergy (heat)
High-qualitymatter
High-qualityenergy
Inputs(from environment)
Systemthroughputs
High-wasteeconomy
Outputs(into environment)
Waste andpollution
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Low-throughput (Low-waste) Economy
Matter recycling and reuse economy
Mimic nature
Maximize matter cycling with minimal energy input
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Low-throughput Economy
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Fig. 2-13
High-quality energy
Waste andpollution
prevention
Low-qualityenergy (heat)
Outputs(into environment)
Systemthroughputs
Waste andpollution
Pollutioncontrol
Low-wasteeconomy
Inputs(from environment)
Energyconservation
High-quality matter
Recycle andreuse