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Transcript of Science Long Test
8/3/2019 Science Long Test
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Jean Baylon. Science
Chemical Constituents, Organic And Inorganic
compounds of Human cell
Elements Quantity (%)-Hydrogen, Oxygen ,
Carbon ,Nitrogen ,Calcium ,Phosphorus, Chlorine
,Potassium , Sulfur ,Sodium,Magnesium
Figures for the human body are presented as
percentages of the total number of atoms; Traceelements found in the human body serving essential
biological functions include Manganese, Iron, Cobalt,
Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Iodine, Nickel, and
Selenium.
Inorganic compound-Among the various inorganic
compounds present in the human body, water is
found in profusion because it is the main element in
many lubricating fluids in the body and because it is
an excellent solvent, although molecules containing
mainly non-polar covalent bonds are hydrophobic or
they can easily mix with water.
Organic Compounds-On the other hand, organic
compounds always contain carbon and habitually
hydrogen in addition to being strictly held together
by covalent bonds. Organic compounds in the body
encompass carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids, and adenosine triphosphate .
Among the various inorganic compounds
present in the human body, water is found in
profusion because it is the main element in
many lubricating fluids in the body and
because it is an excellent solvent, although
molecules containing mainly non-polar
covalent bonds are hydrophobic or they can
easily mix with water. Moreover, water
contributes to decomposition reactions (hydrolysis).
Finally, its capacity to release and, above all, absorb
a large amount of heat without changing its own
temperature too much, turns water into an efficient
cooling system, which is extremely useful in the of
the body temperature.
MITOSIS
is the process by which a eukaryotic cell
separates the chromosomes in its cell
nucleus into two identical sets, in two
separate nuclei. It is generally followed
immediately by cytokinesis, which divides
the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing rough
equal shares of these cellular components
Phases of cell cycle and mitosis - Interphase
,Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase-
Cytokinesis
Interphase-DNA has replicated, but has not form
the condensed structure of chromosome. They
remain as loosely coiled chromatin.
- The nuclear membrane is still intact to protect th
DNA molecules from undergoing mutation.
Prophase- The DNA molecules
progressively shortenand condense by coiling, t
form chromosomes. The nuclear membraneandnucleolus are no longer visible.
- The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite
poles of the cell.
Metaphase- The spindle fibres attach themselves
thecentromeres of the chromosomes and align th
the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.
Anaphase- The spindle fibres shorten and the
centromere splits, separated sister chromatids ar
pulled along behind the centromeres.
Telophase- The chromosomes reach the poles of
their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform
before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibre
disintegrate.
Cytokinesis- This is the last stage of mitosis. It is
the process of splitting the daughter cells apart. A
furrow forms and the cell is pinched in two. Each
daughter cell contains the same number and sam
quality of chromosomes.
Meiosis
• Meiosis is a special type of cell divisionnecessary for sexual reproduction
• The cells produced by meiosis are gameteor spores.
• The animals' gametes are called sperm anegg cells.
Differences of meiosis from mitosis
• the chromosomes in meiosis undergo a
recombination which shuffles the genes
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producing a different genetic combination in
each gamete.
• the outcome of meiosis is four (genetically
unique) haploid cells, compared with the two
(genetically identical) diploid cells produced
from mitosis.
Meiosis occurs in eukaryotic life cycles involving
sexual reproduction, consisting of the constant
cyclical process of meiosis and fertilization.
In multicellular organisms, there is an intermediary
step between the diploid and haploid transition
where the organism grows.
Stages of Meiosis
Interphase- the cell is engaged in metabolic
activity and performing its prepare for mitosis.
Chromosomes are not clearly discerned in the
nucleus, although a dark spot called the nucleolus
may be visible.
(Meiosis 1)
*Prophase 1- During prophase I, DNA is exchanged
between homologous chromosomes in a process
called homologous recombination. This often results
in chromosomal crossover.
*Leptotene- In this stage of prophase I, individual
chromosomes—each consisting of two sister
chromatids—change from the diffuse state they
exist in during the cell's period of growth and gen
expression, and condense into visible strands with
the nucleus
*Zygotene- occurs as the chromosomes
approximately line up with each other into
homologous chromosome pairs.
*Pachytene- is the stage when chromosomal
crossover (crossing over) occurs.
*Diplotene- the synaptonemal complex degrade
and homologous chromosomes separate from one
another a little.
*Diakinesis- This is the first point in meiosis whe
the four parts of the tetrads are actually visible
Sites of crossing over entangle together,
effectively overlapping, making chiasmata clea
visible.
*Telophase 1- chromatids arrive at opposite
poles of cell, and new membranes form aroundthe daughter nuclei. The chromosomes dispers
and are no longer visible under the light of
microscope.
(Meiosis 2)
*Prophase 2- we see the disappearance of the
nucleoli and the nuclear envelope again as wel
as the shortening and thickening of the
chromatids. Centrioles move to the polar regio
and arrange spindle fibers for the second meio
division
*Metaphase 2- the centromeres contain two
kinetochores that attach to spindle fibers from
the centrosomes (centrioles) at each pole.
*Anaphase 2- the centromeres are cleaved,
allowing microtubules attached to the kinetochore
to pull the sister chromatids apart. The sister
chromatids by convention are now called sister
chromosomes as they move toward opposing pole
*Telophase 2- which is similar to Telophase I, anis marked by uncoiling and lengthening of the
chromosomes and the disappearance of the spind
Nuclear envelopes reform and cleavage or cell wa
formation eventually produces a total of four
daughter cells, each with a haploid set of
chromosome.
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Meiosis is now complete and ends up with four
new daughter cell.
Jean F. BAylon.
MARKETING1 – CHAPTER 1
The Nature of Small Business
Small Business
Small Business is one which is
“independently owned and operated
and which is not dominant in it’s fieldof operation
is a business that is privately owned
and operated with a small number of
employees and relatively low volume
of sales
Types of Small Business
○ Small Manufacturing Business- is one
involved in converting raw materials intoproducts needed by society.
○ Small Service Business- service business
that provide services in one way or
another.
Classification of Small Service Business
Business Services- those that provide
service to other business.
Personal Services- those that provide
service to the person.
Repair Services- those that provide rep
services to owners of various machinery
and appliances.
Entertainment and Recreation- includ
movie houses, resorts, billiard pool cente
etc.
Education Services- include schools for
children, high school, etc.
Wholesaling- refers to the activities of
those persons or establishments which seto retailers and other merchants and or/t
industrial, institutional, and commercial
users, but who do not sell in large amoun
to final consumers.
Retailing- covers all of the activities
involved in the sale of goods and/or
services to the final consumers.
General Construction Firms- are those
engaged in the construction of buildingswhether for private individuals or for the
government. Many of them perform
subcontracting jobs for the bigger
contractors such as installing electrical
facilities and sewerage.
Characteristics of Small Business
Small Business have their own distinctive
Characteristics
∆ Independent Management- The owne
is also the manager.
∆ Small Capital Requirements- Small
Businesses require only small capital and
this can be supplied by a single or a few
individuals.
∆ Mostly local operation- small business
usually operates in a certain locality
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although there are cases when the market
is not confined to a local area
Economic importance of small business
Small businesses play an
important role in the development of our
economy.
The following functions;
Provider of economic opportunities for
entrepreneurs
Provider of products and services to
consumers
Suppliers of products and services to other
businesses
Distributors of products and services of
other businesses.
-Supporters of government -Providers of employment
Advantages of operating a small business
Has a various options to improve his economic
lot
be an employee
be a professional
be a small business owner
a small business operator keeps long working
hours and absorbs whatever damages that
happen as a result of his faulty decision making.
He is afforded the following benefits, however.
=the opportunity to gain control over his owndestiny =the opportunity to reach his full potential =the opportunity to reap unlimited profits=the opportunity to make contribution to society and =receive recognition for his efforts.
Disadvantages of operating a small businessPotential drawbacks for small business:
uncertainty of income
risk of losing your entire invested capital lower quality of life until the business gets
established complete responsibility
Additional disadvantages having a serve undesirable customers paper work and other chores long hours and demanding work conditions
MARKETING1-Chapter4
The Entrepreneurial Personality
Personality Defined
According to Mitchell – Individuals internal
organization of psychological and behavioral
tendencies.
According to Hersey and Blanchard – The su
of habit patterns or conditional response to
various stimuli an individual develops as he
matures and as perceived by others.
According to Bootzin and others – Refers to
the differences among people plus the stability
any individual’s behavior over long periods.
According to Schultz – Personality is the uniq
and relatively enduring internal and external
aspects of an individual’s character that influen
behavior in different situation.
--The definitions insinuate that personality cann
be changed overnight to fit a certain situation.
This is because of the requirement of “stability
behavior over long periods.”. This conclusion is
important because it guides us in making the
necessary adjustments in training future
entrepreneurs.
The Entrepreneur and the Manag
Distinguished
Empha
sis
Factors Stage
full Business
idea
none
none
Prestart-up
human
resource
capital
none Business
idea
limitedlimited
Start-up
human
resourcecapital
none Business
idea
escalating
escalating
Early growth
human
resource
capital
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Entrepreneur and the Manager
Distinguished
A major distinction between an entrepreneur and
a manager is about orientation. The entrepreneur
(also alternatively called promoter) feels confident
of his or her ability to seize a business opportunity
regardless of the resources under current control.The manager (also alternatively called the
trustee) emphasizes the efficient utilization of
resources.
Environment and how it affects the future
Entrepreneur
Eminent psychologists indicate that apart from
heredity, environment plays a very significant
influence in the personality of an individual. He is
affected by family, his neighborhood, school,community and nation.
It is not uncommon for a family engaged in business to
produce children who will later become entrepreneurs.
As education begins at home, business-oriented family
has a definite advantage in educating their children to
become entrepreneurs. A farmer does not have such
advantage.
The farming family, however, can make remedies to
achieve the same end as the business-oriented family.
The chance of success, however, gets smaller as theindividual grows older.
The Entrepreneurial Personality and
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
The entrepreneurial personality may be
defined as the sum of habit patterns or
conditioned responses to various stimuli
required for a successful career in
entrepreneurship.
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs:
They must have the drive.
-Those people who are willing to accept
responsibility, possesses vigor, initiative,
persistence and health.
They must possess sufficient thinking
ability.
-Problems in entrepreneurship are often
apparent. So, skills in abstract thinking a
the use of creative means to handle
difficulties are very important traits of
entrepreneur.
They must be reasonable risk takers.
-They accept risk but only after they are
convinced that they have the skills to
overcome the difficulties inherent in a
venture.
They must be self-confident.
-Confidence is ones ability to achieve can
do a lot wonders to person. They must be goal setters.
-Goal setting provides direction to the
entrepreneur. One who is a goal setter
provides a glimpse of the orderliness of
that person’s thinking process.
They must be accountable
-An entrepreneur must be willing to take
the blame or accept honor for whatever
happens to his venture.
They must be innovative.
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-When competition becomes to tough,
innovation will save the entrepreneur.
How Filipino Culture and Entrepreneurship
fit.
Presented by: Kimo L. Ramos
A requisite for personality is that certain traits
or reactions to events must be conditioned by
long periods of exposure. It is, therefore, very
difficult for a person lacking the personalityrequirements for entrepreneurship to have it at
short notice.
If a future entrepreneur develops the required
personality traits before adulthood, so much the
better.
Otherwise, he will have to be exposed to a
rigorous behavior modification scheme to catch
up with lost time.
Different cultures heavily affect the personalitytraits of individuals. Among these cultures,
there must be one that will fit the right
background for developing entrepreneurial
personalities.
Studies indicate that over seas Chinese, in
general, provide a family orientation conducive
to developing entrepreneurship traits among
children. This is bolstered by the presence of
many successful Chinese entrepreneurs in the
commercial centers throughout the country.
There are reports that people varied
nationalities when pressured to leave their
homelands, succeed in various entrepreneurial
undertakings.
An article attributed to the University of t
Philippines Institute for Small Scale
Industries says that there are certain
cultural values of the Filipinos favorable t
entrepreneurship. These are as follows:
Human Relations
Loss of Face Togetherness Adapting to other people Concern Gratitude Self-esteem
Cooperative Spirit Industriousness Honesty
Summary:
An entrepreneur to be successful, must
posses the right personality required for
successful entrepreneurship.
Personality refers to the expectation that
an individual will respond to a situation n
much different from what has done for a
long period.
Entrepreneurial personality refers to that
type of personality necessary for a
successful career in entrepreneurship.