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Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts. It is a study of life and non-life. It is a never-ending quest and the greatest creation of God.
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Science
Natural Science Social Science Applied Science
Physical Science Biological Science
Physics, Chemistry, Meteorology, Astronomy, Geology, Oceanography
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Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy. It deals with the fundamental concepts like time, motion, forces, space, matter, energy, gravity, and radiation.
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I. Measurement is the process of comparing an unknown quantity with a known or fixed quantity called standard.
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Fundamental Quantities ~ measurement chosen arbitrarily and independently of the scales of other quantities.
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7 Fundamental Units
meter (m) – distancekilogram (kg) – masssecond (s) – timeampere (A) – electric currentKelvin (K) – temperaturemole (mol) – amount of substancecandela (cd) – intensity of light
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Derived Quantities ~ obtained by multiplying or dividing the fundamental units
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System of Units
1. English System of Units ~ developed by the English-speaking countries of the world.
Common units:Inch, foot, yard, mile, rod (16 ½ ),
furlong(660 ft)
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2. Metric System~ proposed in 1971 by the French National Assembly
Common Units:Meter (length), gram (mass), liter
(volume)
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3. International System of Units (SI) ~ established by the Treaty of the Meter (1875)
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Prefixes Symbol Equivalent
mega M 106
kilo k 103
hecto h 102
deka da 10
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro μ 10-6
nano n 10-9
Pico p 10-12
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Length
Defined as the interval or distance between two points
“How long?”, “How far?”, “How high?”
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Mass The amount of matter in an
object
WeightThe measure of force exerted by
Earth on an object
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Time
The interval between two events at the same place in space.
TemperatureThe measure of the average kinetic
energy in molecules or atoms of substance.
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Conversion of Units/Dimensional Analysis*The key to using dimensional analysis is the correct use of conversion factors to change one unit into another. A conversion factor is a fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity expressed in different units.
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e.g.
2.54 cm and 1 in are the same length, 2.54 cm=1 in. This relationship allows us to write two conversion factors:
2.54 cm and 1 in
1in 2.54 cm
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Thus the length in cm of an object that is 8.50 in long is given by:
Number of cm= (8.50 in) 2.54 cm = 21.6 cm
1in
Given Unit
Desired Unit
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To multiply a quantity by a conversion factor, the units multiply and divide as follows:
Given unit X desired unit = desired unit
given unit
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If a woman has a mass of 115 lb, what is her mass in grams?
1 lb= 453.6 gMass in grams = 115lb (453.5)=5.22 x 104 g
(1 lb)
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10 m = ____________ km2km = ____________ cm250 mL = ___________ L1500 cc = ___________ L
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Significant Figures
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1. Any digit that is not zero is significant. e.g. 226.28 - __________
14344.21 – ________2. Zeros between non-zeros are significant.
e.g. 1002.5 - _________3. Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit
are not significant.e.g. 000 226 – _______
0.002 8 - ________4. If the number is equal to or greater than
one (1), then all zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant.e.g. 457.10 - _________
400.00 - _________
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5. If the number is less than one, then only zeros that are at the end of the number and between non-zero digits are significant.e.g. 0.01020 - ________
0.060 - ________6. For the numbers that do not contain
decimal points, the trailing zeros may or may not be significant.e.g. 3 000 000 - __________
3 000 000 - __________
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Operations on Significant Figures
1. Addition and Subtraction The number of significant
figures to the right of the decimal point in the final sum or difference is determined by the lowest number of significant figures to the right of the decimal point in any of the original numbers.
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2. Multiplication and Division
The number of significant figures in the final product or quotient is determined by the original number that has the smallest number of significant figures.
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Accuracy
and
Precision
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Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the actual(accepted) value.
Example: Your watch
is accurate if it is
close to the time
kept by the National
Institute of Standards
and Technology
(N.I.S.T.)
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Precision is how close a set of measurements are to each other.
Example: A field goal kicker is precise if he kicks the ball through the goal posts every time.
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Scientific Notation
- also sometimes known as exponential notation, is a way of writing numbers that accommodates values too large or small to be conveniently written in standard decimal notation.
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General Form:
M x 10n
where N = is a number equal to or greater than 1 but
less than 10n = is a positive or a negative integer
Express the following into scientific notation of 3 SF:
1. 145 000 = 2. 9 562 157 = 3. 0.000 075 =
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Operations on Scientific Notation
MULTIPLICATION of exponentially notated numbers.
General format:
(Nx10x) (Mx10y) = (N)(M) x 10x+y
e.g. (3 x 104) (1 x 102) =
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DIVISION of exponentially notated numbers.
General format:
(N x 10x) / (M x 10y) = N/M x 10x-y
e.g. (6 x 105)/(2 x 102) = ________
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ADDITION and SUBTRACTION
General format:
(N x 10x) + (M x 10x) = (N+M) x 10x
(N x 10x) - (M x 10x) = (N-M) x 10x
e.g. (2.3 x 10-2) + (3.1 x 10-3) = ________
(2.3 x 10-2) - (3.1 x 10-3) = ________
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II. Motion and Force
Mechanics~ the scientific study of motion
Motion~ a change in position with respect to a reference point/frame of reference
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Mechanics
Kinematics Dynamics
Description of how objects move
Relation of motion to its cause
which is force
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Kinematics
Distance and Displacement
Distance (d) ~ linear dimension between two points measured along the actual path
Displacement (d)~ a straight line distance from the starting to the end point and expressed with direction
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Speed and Velocity
Speed~ the ratio of the distance traveled with respect to time.
v = d / tWhere
v is speed
d is distance
t is time
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Velocity is the actual speed stated with direction.
a. A ball rolling at 5m/s forwardb. A car traveling at 60 km/h eastc. Typhoon Frank moving at 15
km/h west northwest
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V = d / t
Where
v is velocity
d is displacement
t is time
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1. A ball is rolling on the floor. It covers 15 m in 10.0 s. what is its speed as it moves?
2. A kangaroo is hopping at a speed of 15 m/s. How far would it be in 3.0 s?
3. What is the velocity of a police car that moves 450 m E in 25 seconds?
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Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. An object may accelerate if;
a. It increases or decreases its as it moves along the same direction,
b. It changes its direction as it moves with the same speed, or
c. It changes both its speed and direction.
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a= vf - vi
t
Where a is acceleration
vf is final velocity
vi is initial velocity, and
t is time
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1. A ball is initially at rest on top of an inclined plane. It rolls downward and hits the bottom of the inclined plane after 3.0 s with a speed of 1.5 m/s. What is the acceleration of the ball as it rolls?
2. A car is initially moving at 5.0 m/s. it is accelerating uniformly by 2.0 m/s2. how fast will it be moving after 10.0 s?
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Dynamics
Force is commonly known as any kind of push or pull on an object.
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law of Inertia:
An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on it.
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Law of Acceleration:
Force equals mass X acceleration
When a net force acts on an object with mass m, the object accelerates with the acceleration given by
F = m a
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Law of Interaction:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
“Every force must have an equal and opposite force”
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Uniform Circular Motion
A body moving at constant speed in circular path is accelerating because the direction of its velocity is constantly changing. The direction of this acceleration is toward the center of the path and its magnitude is given by
a = v2
R
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Friction
In general when two objects are in contact there are two possible forces acting between them. The force perpendicular to the surface of contact we call the normal force and the force parallel to the surface of contact is called friction.
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Laws of Planetary Motion
1. Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.
2. A line from the Sun to a given point sweeps out areas in equal times.
3. The periods of the planets are proportional to the 3/2 powers of the major axis lengths of their orbits.
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Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton’s Law of Gravitation states that two particles with masses m1 and m2, a distance r apart, attract each other with forces of magnitude
Fg = G m1m2
r2
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Four Fundamental Forces 1. Strong Nuclear force is the strongest
and the reason for the binding of protons and neutrons to form a nucleus.
2. Electromagnetic force is responsible for binding electrons to nucleus forming atoms as a result.
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3. Weak nuclear force governs radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
4. Gravitational force is the weakest but its effect is felt on a large scale.
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Fundamental
Force
Relative strength
Action distance
Strong nuclear 1 Short range
(10-15 m)
Electromagnetic 10-3 Infinite
Weak nuclear 10-8 Extremely short range (10-17 m)
Gravitational 10-45 Infinite
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III. Work, Energy and Power
Work is what is accomplished when force moves through a distance.
Specifically, work done on an object is defined as the product of the magnitude of the displacement and the component of the force parallel to its displacement.
W= Fd
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3 conditions that had to be considered in order to say that work is done:
1. There must be a force applied.
2. There must be a displacement.
3. There must be component of the force along the direction of displacement.
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Is there a work done?
1. A boy lifts a chair upward.2. A boy pushes a table forward and
the table moves.3. A mother pushes a grocery cart at
30° with respect to the ground.4. A person pushing against the wall,
the wall remains stationary.5. A porter carrying a sack of rice on
his shoulder walks 50 m forward.
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Practice exercises:
1. Coming from school, Elmer pushes the door of their house by a force of 50N. The door moves forward by 0.5 m. How much work did Elmer do?
2. John lifts a 10.0 N box to a height of 5 m from the ground. In the same way, Jean lifts 8.0 N box to a height of 2.6 m. Who does more work?
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Power
The rate at which work is done.
In equation form,
P = W / t
The SI unit of power is watt (W).
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Sample problem:
1. A firefighter weighs 700 N. He climbs a flight of stairs 7.0 m high in 17 s. How much work did the firefighter accomplished? What is his power rating in doing the work?
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Different Forms of Energy
1. Potential Energy- stored energy
a.Chemical potential energy
b.Electrical potential energy
c. Elastic potential energy
d.Magnetic potential energy
e.Gravitational potential energy
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Gravitational potential energy
GPE = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height
GPE = m x g x h
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2. Kinetic EnergyEnergy carried by objects in
motion.
KE = ½ mv2
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3. Thermal Energy
The total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules of an object.
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4. Chemical Energy
5. Mechanical Energy
6. Light Energy
7. Electrical Energy
8. Sound Energy
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy is conserved; can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another.