Science Form 3 Chapter 6fffdd

8/10/2019 Science Form 3 Chapter 6fffdd

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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST

o Minerals are solid elements orcompounds found naturally in the Earthscrust.

o Minerals make up the bulk of the materialsin the Earths crust.

o Gold, silver and platinum are mineralswhich are found as natural elements. Mostminerals, however, are found as natural

compounds in the form of oxides,sulphides and silicates.


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Gold Silver

Platinum
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=platinum+mineral&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=su9R9K-qc2Y-1M&tbnid=mtt_WWmJeQb0DM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum&ei=TktiUfjJAsr5rAfbzICYDw&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGAjZVbaVX9zbH863h6OOId0LlzeA&ust=1365477129794087http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=silver+mineral&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pb_y_kJM6Tz9MM&tbnid=Ew1KJcf_fYbiUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Nevada/Metal_silver.html&ei=MTViUZznF8PyrQfWuID4Aw&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHMc054chsRf1yMfUGHD6b4rW3AtQ&ust=1365477023338007http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gold+mineral&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=m1my2YoVIOeCcM&tbnid=O9wEL_pcGn3e0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nevada-outback-gems.com/mineral_information/gold_mineral_info.htm&ei=1zRiUfntFYSNrgfT4YDoDQ&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNErpmsPmVoR8chw-fl8ZG074-cbrg&ust=1365476938861403


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o Minerals that are found as natural

compounds are made of metallicelements and non-metallic elementschemically combined.

Natural compound Mineral ElementsOxide Haematite Iron, oxygen

Cassiterite Tin, oxygen

Carbonate Calcite Calcium, carbon, oxygen

Malachite Copper, carbon, oxygen

Sulphide Iron pyrite Iron, sulphur

Galena Lead, sulphur

Silicate China clay Aluminium, silicon, oxygen

Calcium silicate Calcium, silicon, oxygen

Silica Sand, quartz Silicon, oxygen


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o Every mineral has its own properties.o The properties of minerals studied are:

(i) Hardness(ii) Solubility

(iii) Effect of heato Minerals are hard and insoluble in water.o Most metal oxides are stable and cannot be

broken down by heat.

The effect of heat on iron oxide


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o When heated, a metal sulphide breaks down

into a metal oxide and releases sulphurdioxide gas. The sulphur dioxide gas turnsthe acidified potassium manganate (VII)solution from purple to colourless .Example:Iron sulphide + oxygen iron oxide +

sulphur dioxide

The effect of heat on lead sulphide


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o

When heated, metal carbonates are brokendown into metal oxides and releasescarbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxidegas causes the limewater to turn cloudy.Example:Calcium carbonate calcium oxide +

carbon dioxide

The effect of heat on magnesium carbonate


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6.2 REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

o Metals react with non-metals such as oxygenand sulphur.

o When a metal reacts with oxygen, a metaloxide is formed.Example:Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium oxide

o When a metal reacts with sulphur, a metal

sulphide is formed.Example:Magnesium + sulphur Magnesium

sulphide


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6.2 REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Reaction of metal with sulphur Reaction of metal with oxygen


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6.3 SILICON COMPOUNDS

o Silicon occurs in the form of naturalcompounds in the Earths crust.

o Two types of silicon compounds are:(i) Silica

- Consists of silicon and oxygen.(ii) Silicate

- Consists of metal, silicon and

oxygen.Natural compound Mineral

Silica Sand, quartz

Silicate Asbestos, jade, clay,mica


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Examples of silica: sand and quartz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quartz,_Tibet.jpghttp://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sand+silica&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=joDuKBByInRTrM&tbnid=aKzQAcVMmGrkiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://silicasand.tradeindia.com/quartz-silica-sand-350374.html&ei=6H9iUdqpG8borQeshIHoDw&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNE_pKkf5ft4FxYA85FU9uqYtiiu8Q&ust=1365496160791609


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Examples of silicates: jade, asbestos, clay and mica
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=mica&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=53P9B6CmRJv_SM&tbnid=IcKgkpt28CrrDM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mineral_Mica_GDFL006.JPG&ei=m4liUeXfH8rwrQflooDgCA&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEJU4lykOOzElQokTrDpVH2yeRCaQ&ust=1365498572592836http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Clay-ss-2005.jpghttp://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=asbestos+&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-Y97YtvJtzzvGM&tbnid=xfKGLGHbaUNKRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos&ei=l4ZiUdO0LcHTrQfx1YGgCQ&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGsKGFoq0IHD5oVrcd0zzHuRfNE9Q&ust=1365497869782487http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=jade&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3O8BKKd_3SCmmM&tbnid=L-ts4I56lgVadM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.photo-dictionary.com/phrase/2375/jade.html&ei=ZIZiUfG0N8PArAe594HIBQ&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEV3vi6x15i8ExV0DXtDqqDhE7_hw&ust=1365497826420279


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o Silica and silicates are insoluble in water.o Silica and silicates do not react with acid

and do not break down when heated.

Uses of silicon compounds


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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS

o Calcium carbonate is an important calciumcompound. It consist of calcium, carbonand oxygen.

o Calcium carbonate exists in many formssuch as:(i) Marble

(ii) Animal shell(iii) Coral


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Different forms of calcium carbonate: Marble, animal shell and coral
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpghttp://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=animal+shell&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=6OSjxIo5uYp5kM&tbnid=dGiBqJBZAINkGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Sea_shell&ei=fcNlUf_xOs2trAfKu4GgCA&bvm=bv.44990110,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNETHPOlB05601KH8a3EZOmpw21J1g&ust=1365710075065756http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=marble&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_bDlQlgoHfNcKM&tbnid=jQYpEkjwO0XWoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble&ei=YMNlUZqKCcTMrQe1mICwAQ&bvm=bv.44990110,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHp_736VsUAXyD0NML0BsQvkXNuUQ&ust=1365710046027047


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o When heated, calcium carbonate breaksdown into calcium oxide and carbondioxide gas is released.

Example:Calcium calcium + carboncarbonate oxide dioxide

heat

Action of heat on calcium carbonate


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Video on the action of acid and heat oncalcium carbonate:


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o Calcium oxide (quicklime) is formed fromthe strong heating of calcium carbonate.

o When a few drops of water is added tocalcium oxide, calcium hydroxide (slakedlime) is formed.

o When more water is added, it dissolves toform calcium hydroxide solution(limewater).


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Video on the formation of slaked lime fromquicklime and limewater from slaked lime:


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o Calcium compounds have many uses.o Marble which is hard, insoluble in water,

and can withstand heat is used as floorslabs and as table surfaces.

o Calcium carbonate can be used to makeantacids.

o The alkaline property of quicklime andslaked lime is useful in the treatment ofsewage water and acidic soil.


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Marble is used as floor slabs Calcium carbonate is usedto make antacids
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=antacid&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=eKtnrptmSDXNVM&tbnid=SoxjM2VrX5MSRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.asasupplies.com/Antacid-Tablets&ei=ht5lUZykFcPArAf58oBA&bvm=bv.45107431,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEwwqe4KnLm9aVL3Bh0gHO1NnOwcg&ust=1365716992078328http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=floor+slab+marble&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=CoeCsoWPLm0i1M&tbnid=hI9PJyYMiNZkcM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ninesun-stone.com/article/marble-flooring.html&ei=Yd5lUcSCAcSPrQfSmYGoBA&bvm=bv.45107431,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNE35o0qzWjWUqt5XoBXRxd32ZWI9g&ust=1365716886948945


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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE

o Fossil fuels include petroleum, natural gasand coal.

o These fuels consist mainly of hydrocarbons,which are compounds made up of hydrogen

and carbon.o Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of

organisms that were buried under layers ofmud at the bottom of the sea millions of

years ago.o The high pressure and heat changes the

remains into fossil fuels.


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o Coal is formed from dead plants whilepetroleum and natural gas are formed fromdead plants and animals.

Petroleum and natural gas are formed from the remainsof plants and animals buried millions of years ago


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Formation of coal


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o

Crude petroleum is a mixture ofhydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons must beseparated before they can be used.

o The hydrocarbons can be separated intofractions (components) by fractionaldistillation.


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Petroleum fractions and their uses


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o

Each petroleum fraction (distillate) hasdifferent characteristics depending on itsboiling point.

Boilingpoint

increasesColour of fractionbecomes darker

Viscosity of fractionincreases

Quantity of sootincreases

Fraction becomesless flammable


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Science Form 3 Chapter 6fffdd

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