Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy...

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Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put out; The Sun is lost, and th'earth, and no man's wit Can well direct him where to look for it.... 'Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone - John Donne (1572-1631)

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Transcript of Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy...

Page 1: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution

[The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put out; The Sun is lost, and th'earth, and no man's wit Can well direct him where to look for it.... 'Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone

- John Donne (1572-1631)

Page 2: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

Salem PossessedFebruary 1692, Samuel Parris’s daughterpossessed

- Sarah Good

Arrests did not calm fears- Court of Oyer and Terminer

Trial of George Jacobs

Page 3: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

Which witch is which?

Malleus Maleficarum 1486

Folk knowledge; “magic” Carlo Ginzburg

Page 4: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

Satan’s Sisters

- Tituba West Indian- Sarah Good homeless beggar- Sarah Osborne elderly; alone; poor church attendance

- Martha Corey had illegitimate, mixed-race child; opinionated- Rebecca Nurse elderly; dispute with previous minister- Bridget Bishop #1 target 3 husbands; non-demure; worked in pubs

Page 5: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

The implications

1. Ooops!1697 – Day of Atonement1711 – Restitution to survivors and heirs

2. Reason triumphant?- Church/state separation- Natural Philosophy (science)- Age of Enlightenment

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Last gasp of the medieval world?

Page 6: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

How does Nature “die”?

The Scientific Worldview removes “will” or “purpose” from natural functions.

Science as a method of discovery.

Science as a source of cultural authority.

Page 7: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

I. Cosmologies

Page 8: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

A. Judeo-ChristianGenesis

Page 9: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

B. Medieval

1. Ptolemaic System “Geocentrism”ca.160 CE

Observation & reason

“first cause”natural order

Aristotle/Plato - all nature has purpose (telos)

- seeks it’s “place”

Page 10: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

2. Thomas Aquinas 1200s

“the universal”

Power of Authority

Page 11: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

3. Aristotelianism challenged

William of Ockham d. 1348

Faith not compatible with reason

“Ockham’s Razor”

Page 12: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

C. The Copernican Revolution

1. Nicholas Copernicus 1543

On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

Heliocentrism

Page 13: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

2. Timing is everything

RenaissancerealismNeo-Platonism

Print Revolution1450 - Gutenberg - movable type and ink

Power of Nation over Church 1534 - Church of England1598 - Edict of Nantes (France)1689 - Act of Toleration (England)

Page 14: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

II. Scientia potentia est

Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known the effect cannot be produced. Nature to be commanded must be obeyed; and that which in contemplation is as the cause is in operation as the rule.

- Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Knowledge vs. Wisdom

Page 15: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

The Grand Embassy1697-98

Peter Mikhailov

Page 16: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

A. The (New) Truth Is Out there

1. Galileo / Kepler- all realms unified by laws ; composed of the same stuff- math is the “language” of God

Page 17: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

B. Mechanistic World1. Bacon

- enrichment of humanity- induction: experiments first, generalities later- outside of church/university

2. Rene Descartes Discourse on Method (1637)- nature as “machine” / God as Watchmaker- logical deduction: generalities first- “I think, therefore I am”

reductionism

Page 18: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

3. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Principia Mathematica 1687– natural law- if not cause, then description and prediction- consistent with God

“Check out my hair”

Page 19: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

III. The Machine in the Garden

Are God and Nature then at strife,That Nature lends such evil dreams?

- Alfred Lord Tennyson

Page 20: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

A. The Body Mechanical1. Earth, Wind and Fire (and Water)

- Galen (ca. 200 CE)- 4 humors

Spleen Black BileGall Bladder Yellow BileLiver BloodLungs Phlegm

Body/nature require balance

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2. Andreas Vesalius - De humani corporis fabrica (1543)

Page 22: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

3. William Harvey - de Motu Cordis 1628

4. Paracelsus- chemical “purges”

Page 23: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

B. Ecological Evolution

1. Holistic

- peasant culture- “bound” to natural cycles

Page 24: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

2. Imperial - Francis Bacon 1561-1626

Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778

Binomial nomenclature / taxonomy

Establish dominion via organization

“Nature’s Economy”

reductionism

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3. Commodification Theory- organisms transformed into goods or services

- psychic / ethical connection broken

Page 26: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

C. 2nd Agricultural Revolution 1750 - 1920

1. Scientific Farming

- Jethro Tull T. Jefferson

2. Farm consolidation(enclosure)

Page 27: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

ImpactImpactThe Enlightenment

experience, reason, rationality Atlantic Revolutions

Industrial RevolutionMetallurgy, Chemicals, SteamImperial conquest

Page 28: Science and The Death of Nature Western Culture and the Scientific Revolution [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put.

Science and the stateA well conducted government must have an

underlying concept so well integrated that it could be likened to a system of philosophy…All financial, political and military matters must flow towards one goal…the strengthening of the state and the furthering of its power.

- Frederick II “The Great” d. 1786

- Académie des Sciences 1666 - Royal Academy 1660 Christopher Wren. d. 1723


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