S&T and U-I-G relations in rapid Asian catch-up countries

27th Aug. 2010

4S conference, Japan

Kwon, Ki-Seok & So, Min-Ho

2

Contents

IntroductionⅠ

S&T and U-I-G relations in Catch-up countriesⅡ

Korean CaseⅢ

Ongoing Research: comparing 4 countries IV

Summary and ConclusionV

3

Ⅰ. Introduction

Background

4

Awareness of the importance of scientific knowledge for technological innovation is increasing both for policy practitioners and academics.

Despite some recent attention to the relationship between public science and industrial innovation in developing countries (Nelson, 2004; Mazzoleni, 2003; Albuquerque, 2001; Pavitt, 2001, 1998), the topic is still relatively unexplored.

In particular, the evolution of U-I-G relations has rarely been explored in the context of the catch-up countries’ national innovation system.

5

II. S&T and U-I-G relations in catch-up countries

6

S&T in developing countries

Science in developing countries

- Weak linkages between public research organisations and industry (Crane, 1977; Waissbluth et al., 1988; Sutz, 2000; Intarakumnerd et al., 2002) . Isolated from local needs (e.g. Goontatilake, 1984; Shrum & Shenhav, 1995), and linked to ‘scientific core’ (Shrum & Shenhav, 1995)

- Latin American universities have continued to focus on basic research which is not directly applicable to industrial innovation (Thomas, 1999)

Due to insufficient provision of scientists and research environments as well as mismatched demand from industry, economic contribution of science in developing countries is quite limited

7

S&T in rapid catch-up countries

Scientific research and economic contribution in catch-up countries- Inverted model is proposed, but undervalues the role of scientific research in catch-up (Kim, 2000; Pack, 2000).

- A certain level of scientific capacity (‘ Focusing device’) is a ‘precondition’ for industrial and technological development (Albuquerque, 2001)

- Bernardes & Albuquerque (2003) propose interaction model in stead of inverted model. Close links between national science, national technology and national economy (Pavitt, 1998 & 2001) Lattimore and Ravesz (1996) categorize Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and India as ‘an industry-based country’ in terms of the patterns of comparative advantage in publications . Empirically, catch up countries such as Korea and Taiwan show simultaneous increase in both publishing and patenting, while Brazil shows increase only in publishing (Bernardes & Albuquerque, 2003)

8

S&T and U-I-G relations in rapid catch-up countries

Country

Change in share of world publications

Change in share ofUS patents

Publications per million population

1993/1982 2006/1995 1993/1983 2006/1995 1980–19842002-2006

Taiwan 5.97 1.79 12.81 2.43 23.3 2745Korea 5.45 3.46 29.79 2.96 8.0 1786Singapore 3.53 2.32 3.20 13.5 71.6 5089Hong Kong

2.37 - 2.42 - 45.9 -

India 0.83 1.14 2.45 7.0 18.1 90Source: Kwon(2010) partly based on Nelson (2004)

9

Two universities’ paths in developing countries

Source: revised from Etzkowitz (2003), p.318.

East Asia

Latin America ?

Policy harmonization by the governments’ intervention

Disciplinary coherence between the three actors (i.e. U,I &G)

10

Disciplinary Specialisation and Quality variance

Degree of specialisation and quality variance of SCI publications in selected countries (1990-2001)

Source: Yun and Ahn (2002), The characteristics of structure and science activity in Korea: an analysis by SCI

Specialisation Quality Variance

KoreaChina

Taiwan

Ireland

Japan

Netherlands

Australia

UK

Finland

Germany

France

Swiss

Canada

US

US

Canada

Swiss

France

Germany

Finland

UK

Australia

Netherlands

Japan

Ireland

ChinaKoreaTaiwa

n

11

Specialisation and Quality variance

Degree of specialisation and quality variance of SCI publications in selected countries (2001-2005)

Source: authors, based on ISI database

12

III. Korean Case

13

Three actors’ scientific activities across disciplines

World shares of Korean SCI publications and their citations (2001-2005)

14

Change of scientific activities

Change of world share of Korean universities’ publications by period

15

IV. Ongoing Research : 4 Countries’ Cases

16

Disciplinary change of technological activities

Korea

Taiwan

Singapore

Hong Kong

17

Disciplinary changes of scientific activities

18

V. Summary and Conclusion

19

Summary and Further Studies

Exploring the U-I-G relations through disciplinary match between

scientific research and technological activities in catch-up countries

Enhance indicators to measure the linkage between U, I & G

and between science and technology (e.g. patents citing papers)

Corroboration of quantitative results based on

qualitative investigation on U-I-G policy in difference countries