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SCIENCEVOL. 93 FRIDAY, MAY 30, 1941 No. 2422

The American Association for the Advancement of Societies and Meetings:Science: The North Carolina Academy of Science: DR. BERT

Geologic Antiquity of Man in America: PROFES- CUNNINGHAM......... 525SOR KIRK BRYAN ~~~~~505soR KIRKBRYAN..............................................Special Articles:

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GEOLOGIC ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN AMERICA'By Professor KIRK BRYAN

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

THE PROBLEM

THE, Europeans who first explored the Americasfound in this "New World" numerous tribes of dark-skinned, black-haired people. They differed in dress,habits and social organization, but all of them lived byagriculture or by a combination of agriculture, food-gathering, hunting and fishing. Only a few tribes weresolely dependent on hunting, and most of them werein touch by trade with agricultural groups. These cul-tural similarities and a common physiognomy led tothe popular recognition of these newly found peopleas a separate race, the Red or American. More de-tailed scientific study has shown that these peoples aremuch more diverse in physical and cultural attributes1Address of the retiring vice-president and chairman

of the Section on Geology and Geography of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science, Philadel-phia, December 27, 1940.

than was at first supposed. It is clear that there hasbeen an intimate blending of racial strains. One mustsuppose that these people, descended from whateverdiverse stocks, have a long common history.From the beginning of exploration also the question

of' the origin has been posed. * As the people of theAmericas are obviously not closely related to the peo-ples of western Europe their origin by migrationacross the Atlantic has been rejected except by advo-cates of the myth of Atlantis. The Mongolian strainclearly marked in many American tribes and the nar-row seas of Bering Strait point to migration fromAsia. Most of the immigrants must have crossed onfoot either on the ice north of the strait2 or on a landbridge produced by the lowered sea level of glacial

2 P. S. Smith, "Certain Relations between North-west-ern America and North-eastern Asia: Early Man," pp.85-92. Ed. by G. G. McCurdy. Philadelphia, 1937.