Science 9 · 2019. 2. 8. · Does adding dimples to a car increase its gas mileage? What was the...

Unit 1: Science Skills & safety

Name: Block:

Science 9

Book 3: The scientific Method & Graphing

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PART A : SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY VOCAB

How do we use science in everyday life?

Key terms for the scientific method

Key Term Definition Example

Hypothesis

Variable

Independent Variable (manipulated variable)

Dependent Variable (responding variable)

Control (constant/controlled

variable)

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Scenario A.

Identify the: 1. Control group:

2. Independent (manipulated) variable:

3. Dependent (responding) variable:

4. What should Smithers’ conclusion be?

5. How could this experiment be improved?

Scenario B.




4. What should Homer’s conclusion be?

ASSIGNMENT #1: Simpson's ExperimentsThis assignment is to be completed below in the space provided.

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Scenario C.




4. What should Bart’s conclusion be?

5. How could Bart’s experiment be improved?

Scenario D.




9. Explain whether the data supports the advertisements claim about its product.

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Identify the Independent and Dependent Variables with the MythBusters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0jTMDtX4WY

Problem 1: Does adding dimples to a car increase its gas mileage?

What was the independent variable?

A. The dimple carB. The normal carC. Dimples or not

What is the dependent variable?

A. The number of dimplesB. The gas mileageC. The speed

It was thought that the __________________ (the dependent variable) would depend on ________________________________ (the independent variable).

Problem 2: Are elephants afraid of mice?


A. Whether or not there was a mouseB. The dung with the mouseC. The elephant’s reaction


A. The number of times the experiment was repeatedB. The elephant’s reactionC. The number of elephants scared

Problem 3: Can a rock thrown from a lawn mower have the same force as a bullet shot from a gun?


A. The measured forceB. The object testedC. The air gun/rock group


A. The angle the rig arm went upB. The distance the object was shotC. The force created by the object

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0jTMDtX4WY

Review: What is a hypothesis?

Remember - the key word is testable. That is, you could perform a test of how two variables might be related. When you conduct an experiment you are testing variables. Usually, a hypothesis is based on some previous observation or problem.

How to Write a Good Hypothesis

Use the “If…, then…, because…” format.

Example:

Experimental/Problem Question:

Hypothesis: If _______________________________________________ then

____________________________ because __________________________________

Independent variable =

Dependent variable =

Controlled variable/s =

PART B : Hypothesis building

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A. Experimental/Problem Question – How does fertilizer affect plant growth?

Hypothesis: If _______________________________________________ then

____________________________ because __________________________________

Independent variable =

Dependent variable =

Controlled variable/s =

B. Chris wanted to test the effect of diet pills on how tall the tomato plants in hisgarden would grow. He took two pots, filled them with dirt from the same bag, andplanted four tomato plants in each. He watered one planter with tap water, and hewatered the other planter with tap water mixed with dissolved diet pills. The plantswere in the same location to ensure they got the same amount of sunlight, and thewater was measured so that each pot received the same amount of water. Hemeasured their height at the end of each week for eight weeks, and averaged theheight of the four plants in each pot. He then graphed the results to show how thediet pills affected the height of the plants.

1. What is the independent variable of this experiment?

2. What is the dependent variable of this experiment?

3. What is the control?

4. List the constants in this experiment.

5. How many trials were ran for this experiment?

6. Write a hypothesis for this experiment in the if/then/because style.

ASSIGNMENT #2: Hypothesis & Variable PracticeThis assignment is to be completed below in the space provided.

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Sally began to compare herself and Melissa to see what could cause the difference in speeds. She noticed that Melissa was taller and wondered if height affected speed. Sally predicted that taller people were able to run faster, but wanted to check her prediction. She asked her gym teacher if she could test her idea.

1. What question is Sally trying to answer?

2. What made her want to answer this question?

3. What is being measured or observed in this experiment?

4. Are the observations recorded in words or numbers?

5. What factor does Sally think might cause the measurement to change?

6. What parts of the experiment were kept the same throughout?

7. Is there a standard of comparison in this experiment (something she compared everyone to)?

8. How many times was the experiment completed?

C. During gym class Sally noticed that her friend Melissa always ran faster than her. Sally knewthat they exercised equally, so she wondered what could cause Melissa to run so fast.

Sally measured all of her classmates’ height in centimeters and recorded it in her chart. Each classmate then ran one kilometer while Sally timed them with a stopwatch and recorded the data in seconds. She then began to review her data and look for the answer to her question.

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Write your OWN procedure:

Think of something that you enjoy doing. How would you describe the procedure for that activity to someone else. For example if you are really good at mini golf how would you describe to me, a mini golf newbie, how to make a shot. Or if you are really good at drawing cats how would you describe that to someone trying to replicate your drawing. Develop a procedure in the space below.

Activity:

Procedure:

The ______________________ is a key component of your experimental design.

Validity is important in science, so scientists ___________________their experiments to see if they can get the same results each time.

For this reason, a well designed experiment is one that can be _______________by other scientists, and the procedure tells them what to do.

PART C : Procedures

So you have a hypothe s i s , how do you te st i t?. . .W ith a we l l de s i gned pro cedure !

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INDEPENDANT STUDY LAB:The Cricket Experiment

Some say that if you listen to the sound of a cricket chirping, you can determine the temperature. Is this true or is it just an urban (science) legend? Do any other factors affect how fast a cricket will chirp, such as humidity, wind, atmospheric pressure, or nearby crickets?

Website: biol.co/cricketsci

1. Complete the tutorial and fill in the blanks below as you go:

A. When scientists set out to solve a problem, the follow a series of steps frequently

referred to as the __________________________________________.

B. There are three important points to remember when stating or defining a problem:i.

ii.

iii.

C. A hypothesis must be the best explanation, ___________________________________.

D. Once you have made a hypothesis, you must __________________________________.

E. When you test a hypothesis, only ____________________________________________That condition should be the same condition that was identified in the problem. Thisfactor is called the independent variable.

F. No matter how many times your hypothesis is proved right, it is never ______________.

2. Now proceed through the cricket experiment, recording data and key observations.

A. State the research problem (question):

B. What are two pieces of information that you collected?

C. State the hypothesis using an if...then...because... statement:

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D. List your independent variable:

Dependent variable:

Constants (controlled variables):

E. Observations:Describe what you observed during your experiment. Record any data that youcollected (you can use the table below to organize your data):

Independent Variable: _____________

Dependent Variable:______________

F. State your conclusions.Indicate whether your experiment has supported or rejected your hypothesis.Be clear in your analysis about what factor(s) affected cricket chirps and exactlyhow chirps were affected (i.e. Did they increase, decrease or remain the same?).

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Observation:

Types of Observations

Definition

Quantitative Qualitative

Examples

PART D : Making Observations

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What are three quantitative and three qualitative observations you could make of lemurs?

Quantitative:

Qualitative:

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Example: A student observing a set of acorns noticed something unexpected about one of them. They noticed a white, soft-bodied insect eating its way out of the acorn.

Observations vs. Inferences:

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Observation: I am in the lab seeing if adding sugar to water affects how long it takes the water to boil. In the first

test I boil 100 mL of water only in a beaker over a Bunsen burner and observe it takes 5:15 mins to boil. Next I add 2

grams of sugar to 100 mL of water and stir to dissolve, then boil making sure everything is the same. This time it

takes 7:05 mins to boil the sugar-water mix. Next I add 4 grams of sugar to 100 mL of water. This time it takes 10:35

mins to boil the sugar-water mix.

What could we infer about the effect sugar has on the boiling time of water?

Complete the following inferences and observations. There may be more than one logical answer

for these. Try and give the most likely explanation!

Problem #1

Observation: I am sitting in my bedroom working on the computer at night. Suddenly the lights and computer go off

leaving me in darkness. My iPod is still going though.

Inference:

Problem # 2

Use the picture of the boy in the water to determine if the

following statements are observations or if the statements are

inferences.

Place an “I” in the blank for inference and an “O” in the blank

for observation.

Problem # 3

___ 1. The boy is in the water

___ 2. The weather is cold

___ 3. The tree branch is broken

___ 4. If the boy crawled out of the water, the goat would push him

___ 5. The boy fell off the branch

___ 6. The goat is standing by the pond

___ 7. The branch will fall on the boy’s head

___ 8. The boy fell off the rocks

___ 9. There is a sailboat in the water

___ 10. The sailboat belongs to the boy

___ 11. The goat will soon leave the pond

___ 12. The tree by the pond has no leaves

___ 13. There are three rocks in the pond

___ 14. The tree by the pond is dead

___ 15. If it rains, leaves will grow on the tree

___ 16. The goat pushed the boy into the pond 15

Observations and Inferences Directions:

1. Refer to each of the scenarios/pictures and list any observations.2. Once you have listed your observations, try to come up with some inferences.

A. After Sue walked out of her house she heard a siren and smelled smoke

Observations Inferences

B. You come across this scene:


C. I am in the lab seeing if adding sugar to water affects how long it takes the water to boil. Inthe first test I boil 100 mL of water only in a beaker over a Bunsen burner and observe it takes5:15 mins to boil. Next I add 2 grams of sugar to 100 mL of water and stir to dissolve, then boilmaking sure everything is the same. This time it takes 7:05 mins to boil the sugar-water mix.Next I add 4 grams of sugar to 100 mL of water. This time it takes 10:35 mins to boil the sugar-water mix.


ASSIGNMENT #3: Observations & Inferences WorksheetThis assignment is to be completed below in the space provided.

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Read through the procedure below:

Procedure:

1. Gather your materials.2. Set up 10 rye grass plants in individual pots under a light source.3. Number the plants 1 through 10.4. Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 will receive 50 mL of 1% Miracle Gro solution. (This is theexperimental group)5. Plants 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 will not receive Miracle Gro. (This is the control group)6. Add 50 mL of water to each control plant daily. Add 50 mL of 1% Miracle Grosolution to each experimental plant daily.7. Measure the height of the rye grass in cm every 3 days and record results in datatable.8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for two weeks.9. Clean up your materials.

Do you think this a good procedure? Why or why not?

Scientific Method - Scenarios 1. With a partner draw an experimental question from the hat.2. Read through the question.

My question is:

____________________________________________________________________________

3. Identify a control group, a dependent variable and an independent variable.

Control group:

Dependent variable:

Independent variable:

PART E : SCIENTIFIC procedures practice

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Hypothesis:

5. Write out a detailed procedure for how you would set up your experiment to test yourhypothesis (you will not actually have to do this experiment!). Think about what type ofinformation will you need to collect and how will you collect it? Remember: Providedetails and be specific!

6. Prediction: What do you think the results of this experiment will be?

4. Write an hypothesis using an if...then...because.... statement

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Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during an experiment.

There are three main types of graphs that we will study:

Pie/circle graphs: Used to show parts of a whole

Bar graphs: Used to compare amounts

Line graphs: Used to show the change of one piece of information as it relates to another. It shows the relationship _____________________________________.

PART F : Graphing & Analyzing

scientific data

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Parts of a Graph

Title: Summarizes information being represented in ANY graph.

Independent variable: The variable that is controlled/manipulated by the experimenter, such as time, temperature, amount of fertilizer etc. This is placed on the ________ axis.

Dependent variable: The variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens when we manipulate the independent variable. This is placed on the ________ axis.

Scales for each variable: When you make a graph you need to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale is needed that includes all of the data points. You should try to make the graph take up as much of the graph paper as you can. Scales should usually start with __________ and climb in ___________________ intervals.

Legend: A short description of any colours or patterns used to represent/describe different features on a graph.

Making a line graph using the data below.

Table 1. Bamboo Growth Over Time

Time (days) Growth (cm)

0 0

1 90

2 180

3 270

4 360

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Extrapolate:

Interpolate:

How do you calculate an average?

What is a trend?

Graphing Practice:

a) What is the independent variable?

b) What is the dependent variable?

c) What is an appropriate title for the graph?

d) What is the average number of deer permonth?

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a) What is the independent variable?

b) What is the dependent variable?

c) What is an appropriate title for the graph?

Tables and Trends 3. What trend does the data in the table on the right show?

Every time the weight of the bench press _____________________ the number of

reps ______________________.

Can we be more specific?

Every time the weight of the bench press ______________________ by

____________________, the number of reps ______________________ by

____________________.

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5. What conclusion can you make based on the information below? (what time of day are you most alert?)

Making Predictions from Data

6. Find out how much each variable changes between lines in the table. What is the trend?

4. What trend does the data in the table on the right show?

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7. Estimate how much dissolved oxygen there would be if the temperature was 45 oC based on the information to the right:

Estimate: _________________ mg/L of dissolved oxygen

Making Tables

8. Rashawn wants to test if the mass of a ball influences how far he could throw it.

a) Identify the independent variable:b) Identify the dependent variable:c) What are three things Rashawn should keep constant:d) What is your hypothesis (write using an If/Then/Because statement):

e) In the results, Rashawn would measure _________________________ and record it in a data table.

Findings: Rashawn finds that he can throw a 10 kg basketball 50 meters, a 20 kg shotput 40 meters, a 30 kg shotput 30 meters, and he can throw a 40 kg shot 20 meters. Make a table showing these results.

How to set up a table - include a title, label the categories (what is the independent and dependent variable?), input the data under the appropriate headings.

Title: ___________________________________________________________

Independent variable: __________________ Dependent variable: ___________________

f) What is the trend?

g) Did the data support or disprove your hypothesis?

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Showing data: graphs

Bar graphs A bar graph is used to show parts or fractions. For example, we can graph the amounts of the main gases in clean air.

Amount of gases in air

Gas Percentage %

Nitrogen 78

Oxygen 21

Other gases 1

A bar graph shows these amounts as different colours or patterns in a bar.

Figure 2.3.1 A bar graph

Key: i NitrogenOxygen Other Gases

• Make your bar graph 10 cm long-that makes1 mm equal to 1 %.

• Include a key that shows which parts of thegraph stand for the different gases.

Column and line graphs A column graph shows the data in a series of columns. A line graph has a line joining the points where the middle of the tops of the column would be. These points are called data points. Most graphs used in science are line graphs.

Questions What points should you include in your checklist when drawing a line graph?

1,

Figure 2.3.2 A column graph and double line graph

Double graphs You don't have to draw two graphs to show two sets of data. You can use the same graph with two different lines or two different sets of columns. Using the same graph is important if you want to compare data.

Pie graphs Pie graphs present information using a circle that has been divided into sections. Each section represents a fraction of a whole circle or pie.

Earth's water supply

Oceans 97% � Oceans

■ Glacial ice

D Fresh water

Glacial ice 2%

Figure 2.3.3 A pie graph Fresh water 1 %

Title: what the graph shows 70

65

� 60 Your grafih.:,,; 55 Scales start atu should fi I �

50 zero in the most of the ..0 corner (origin) .e:: 45 graph paper .el

if you can ·c 40 Plot the data points 2- 35 � clearly, and join witha,

30 a ruler 25 Start graph at O on vertical axis a,

20

Vi

(OOrizonIBI axffi as well , tt is u

15 part of data) 10 cale should be regular-each

ncrease should be the same 0

3 6 9 12 15 18 Figure 2.3.4 Hints for drawing line graphs Scale name (units in brackets)

ASSIGNMENT #4: Worksheet 2.3 "Showing Data: Graphs" This assignment is to be completed below in the space provided.

2 What is a key on a graph?

3 Draw a line graph to show the following data:

Number of sparrows counted on 15th day of each

month

Month Sparrowe; Month Sparrowe;

January 23 July 10

February 29 August 9

March 33 September 8

April 24 October 14

May 17 November 16

June 12 December 20

4 Draw a double line graph using the two sets of data below.

Time In sun (°C) In e;hade (°C)

8a.m. 19 18

9 a.m. 21 20

10 a.m. 23 22

11 a.m. 26 23

12 noon 29 25

1 p.m. 31 26

2 p.m. 32 27

3 p.m. 30 26

4 p.m. 27 23

5 p.m. 25 21

Key: In shade

In sun

5 Show the following information in a double column graph, with the columns for Perth and Canberra drawn beside each other for each place where water is used.

Where water Percentage ie; ·ue;ed ue;age

in Perth(%)

Bathroom 22

Toilet 19

Laundry 13

Kitchen 4

Garden 38

Pool 4

Percentage ue;age in Canberra(%)

16

14

10

5

52

3

Key: Canberra Perth

Review questions Rosemary recorded the following information in her diary. It concerns the time she spent doing her science assignment, and the time she spent on homework for other subjects. On Monday, I worked for 2 hours on science and then had time for half an hour for other homework before watching television. On Tuesday, I went to hockey and did some maths homework. This took 1.5 hours, and I copied up some notes for my science for 30 minutes. On Wednesday I spent 1.5 hours on both homework and the science assignment, a total of 3 hours. The next day was a disaster. I was sick and did no science and only 1 hour of homework. Friday is the end of the school week, but I copied up some notes for the science assignment for 1 hour. On Saturday I did some English and maths homework but I forget how much, and I spent 2 hours finishing the science assignment.

Record this information in the table below.

Time Rosemary spent on science and other homework

Day Tin:7e 5pent on 5c1ence a55ignment (hour5)

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Now complete the histogram:

3

2

0

Time 5fuent onother omework (hour5)

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

Key

rzzn

-

2 Draw a line graph of this data. Remember to follow the hints given in section 2.3.

Temperature during the day

Time of day Temperature (°C) 7.00 a.m. 13

8.00 a.m. 15

9.00 a.m. 18

10.00 a.m. 22

11.00 a.m. 27

12.00 noon 30

1.00 p.m. 31

2.00 p.m. 32 .

3.00 p.m. 30

4.00 p.m. 25

5.00 p.m. 22

6.00 p.m. 21

3 A Year 7 science class has students with the following hair colour: 40% brown, 28% black, 24% blonde and 8% red. Draw this information in a bar graph below.

Hair colour by percentage in Year 7 science class

Key: Brown Black Blonde Red

ASSIGNMENT #5: Scientific Method & Graphing Review This assignment is to be completed below in the space provided.

4 Match each word with its meaning.

Woro. Meaning Answer

A hypothesis 1 something you notice with your senses

B observation 2 a comparison so that a fair experiment is done

C control 3 a project or experiment you do to answer a question

D graph 4 an explanation of what you observed

E data 5 a guess at an answer you can check by experiment

F investigation 6 another name for information

G inference 7 a way of showing information in a visual form

H table 8 a way of showing information in columns and rows

5 List as many faults with this histogram as Thinking question you can.

200

160

120 Magpies graph

100

80

60

40

20

0 Grassy City National Suburb Beach

6 List as many faults with this line graph as you can.

E9 .s. � 8

0.. 7 � � 6 15

�5 ·a5 I

2 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 Day after planting

(This is a big question that has many answers.) How can you make a beaker of hot water go cold as quickly as possible'? List your ideas and test them by experiment. Use a control in your experiment. Write up your experiment properly in your notebook.

lo.eas:

Research questions

Who was M.C. Escher'? Find one of this drawings and explain what is unusual about it.

2 When researchers test new medicines, they use a control. Some people are given the new drug and some people are given a placebo. What is a placebo, and why don't all the people in the experiment get the drug to see how it works'?

Word check Write the meanings of these words in your notebook. bar graph column graph control data double graphs

Mind map

histogram hypothesis inference information investigation

line graph observant observation prediction table

Draw a mind map in your notebook using all the ideas about investigating in this chapter.

Science 9 · 2019. 2. 8. · Does adding dimples to a car increase its gas mileage? What was the...

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