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GENERAL SCIENCE

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

Cytology - Cells

Histology - Tissues

Mycology - Fungi

Phycology - Algae

Paleontology - Fossils

Pomology - Fruits

Arboriculture - Trees

Horticulture - Gardening

Silviculture - Plantation Forestry

Apiculture - Honey Bee Rearing

Sericulture - Silk worm Rearing

Ornithology - Birds

Entomology - Insects

Helminthology - Worms

Pedology - Soil

Petrology - Rocks

Geology - Earth

Selinology - Moon

Seismology - Earth Quakes

Osteology - Bone

Ophthalmology - Eye

Otology - Ear

Obstetrics - Pregnancy & Child birth

Gynecology - Women’s diseases

Andrology - Diseases of Male

Pediatrics - Child Diseases

Geriatrics - Diseases of old age

Orthopedics - Treating Bone diseases

Dentology - Teeth

Dermatology - Skin

Hematology - Blood

Oncology - Cancer

Oneriology - Dreams

Anatomy - Structure of the Body

Physiology - Functions of the body

Aetiology - Causes of Diseases

Pathology - Nature of Diseases

Therapeutics - Treatment of Diseases

Prophylaxis - Prevention of Diseases

Diagnostics - Identification of Diseases

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Ecology - Environment

Exobiology - Life in other planets

Myology - Muscles

Neurology - Origin of Words

Lexicography - Compiling Dictionary

Philology - Study of Language

Phonetics - Study of Pronunciation

Optics - Light

Acoustics - Sound

Philately - Stamp collection

Vexiology - Flags

Dactylography - Finger prints

Cryptography - Secret Writing

Cryogenics - Very low temperature

Physical Science - Facts

� Gravitational Force – We are all aware of the force which pulls us towards the

earth. This is called gravitational force. In face the gravitational force exists

between all bodies. It is gravitational force that holds the moon in its orbit round

the earth and the earth in its orbit round the sun.

� Kinetic Energy – The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called

kinetic energy and is described by the expression. KE = ½ mv2

� Potential Energy – The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position is

called potential energy. One of the commonest forms of potential energy is that

possessed by an object when it is above the level of the earth’s surface.

� Geostationary of Synchronous Satellites – A geostationary satellite is one

which appears stationary with respect to the earth. The period of rotation of the

earth about its axis is 24 hours. Thus is a satellite orbiting the earth over the

equatory has a 24-hour period of revolution, it appears stationary. The 24-hour

period is possible when a satellite is at a height of nearly 35,000 km above the

earth. Geostationary, satellites are used for communication and weather

forecasting.

� Hydrometer – A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density or

relative density of liquids. It is based on the principle of floatation. A special type

of hydrometer is used to measure the density of acid measuring its density.

� Clinical Thermometer – A clinical thermometer is also a mercury-in-glass type

thermometer, designed for measuring the temperature of the human body. Since

the temperature of the human body varies over a short range, the thermometer

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scale is marked from 95 F to 110 for 35° C to 43°C. The normal temperature of a

healthy person is 98.4 F of 36.9°C.

� Maximum and Minimum Thermometer – Weather reports in newspaper carry

the maximum and the minimum temperatures recorded during the last 24 hours.

These temperatures are recorded by a special type of thermometer called the Six’s

maximum and minimum thermometer.

� Pressure Cooker – The boiling point of a liquid depends on external pressure.

When the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm or mercury, water boils at 100°C. But

when the pressure is increased, the boiling point of water is raised. For example,

at a pressure of two atmospheres, water boils at 120°C. In a pressure cooker,

water boils at temperatures higher than 100°C due to increased pressure. The

increased boiling temperature allows water to hold heat which books food faster.

� Radio and Television Transmission – Radio waves sent out by radio stations

reflected by the ionosphere (a part of the atmosphere which extends from 60 to

500 km above the earth) and can be received anywhere on the earth.

� Radar – Radar (Radio detection and ranging) employs high-frequency radio

waves for detecting objects like ships and aeroplanes. A rotating aerial sends out

pulses which are reflected from the objects on which they fall.

� Kaleidoscope – The Kaleidoscope is a toy in which multiple images are formed

by two strips of plane mirrors placed at an angle of 60 inside a tube. Small, bright-

colored glass pieces are scattered on a ground-glass plate at the tube. When

viewed from the other end of the tube, beautiful symmetrical patterns, formed by

the colored glass pieces and their five images, are seen.

� Total Internal Reflection – An interesting use of the total internal reflection is in

optical fibres, which are fine strands of high quality glass. When light is incident

at one end of the fibre, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections and emerges

at the other end as shown in fig.22. Thus an optical fibre “pipes” light from one

point to another. Such optical fibres are using din decorative table lamps. Bundles

of tiny optical fibres are used by doctors to see the inside of a patient’s stomach.

� The Rainbow – The most spectacular illustration of dispersion is the rainbow.

When the sun shines soon after a shower of rain, a rainbow is seen in the sky

opposite the sun. the beautiful colors of the rainbow are due to the dispersion of

sunlight by water droplets suspended in the air after rain.

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� Escape Velocity – If the speed is more than 11.2 km/s or 25,000 miles/hour, the

satellite would escape from the earth entirely and would never come back. This is

called escape velocity.

� Fourth state of matter – There is a fourth state of matter the ionized state called

plasma. Though this state is less common on the earth, the sun and other stars are

in this state.

� Apogee – A satellite revolves around a bigger heavenly body in elliptical orbit.

The farthest point on this orbit from the bigger heavenly. Body is called apogee.

The perigee is the closest point on this orbit from the bigger body.

� The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy. This is due to

nuclear fusion.

� Green house effect – A greenhouse acts like a radiation trap. Heat radiation from

the sun passed through the glass cannot be allowed to escape. So the air inside the

greenhouse is warm.

UNITS

1. Length - Metre

2. Mass - Kg

3. Time - Second

4. Current - Ampere

5. Temperature - Kelvin

6. Luminous intensity - Candela

7. Amount of substance - Mole

8. Plane angle - Radian

9. Solid angle - Stradcan

Derived Units

1. Area – (Metre)2 2. Velocity – Metre/Second

3. Accelaration – Metre/Second2 4. Density – Kg/m3

5. Weight – (mg)kg 6. Momentum – kgm/sec

7. Pressure – Pascal (Newton/m2) 8. Force(ma) – Newton

9. Energy – Joule 10. Work – Joule or Newton/meter

11. Moment of force – Force x distance 12. Heat Capacity – Joule/k

13. Specific heat capacity – Joule/kg/k 14. Power – work/time (watt)

15. Kinetic energy – ½ mv2 16. Potential energy – mgh

17. Mechanical advantage – Load/Power 18. Efficiency of engine – Mechanical

advantage/velocity ratio x 100

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19. C = (F – 32) 5/9 20. k = C + 273

21. Absolute zero – -273C 0K 22. Celsius equal to Farenheit at - -40

23. Power of lens – Dioptre 24. Intensity of light, Wavelength of Light

– A or Nanometer

25. Intensity of sound – Decibel 26. Frequency – Hertz

27. Wavelength – Metre 28. Velocity of Sound – metre/sec (330

m/s)

29. Magnetic pole strength – Ampere

metre

30. Magnetic moment – Ampere metre2

31. Permeability – Henry/metre 32. Potential difference – Volt

33. Electrical Conductivity – Mho 34. Electrical Resistance – Ohm

35. Electric Charge – Column 36. Electrical Capacitance – Farad

37. Electrical Inductance – Henry 38. Energy of Electron – Electron volt

39. Atmospheric pressure – Bar (1 Bar = 76

mmHg)

40. Distance used in navigation – Nautical

Mile (6080 feet) or 1837 m

41. Depth of Sea – Fathom (1 Fathom = 6

feet)

42. Speed of supersonic flight – Mac No

(One Mac No = 760 miles per hour)

43. Astronomical unit (AU) (Distance

between sun & Earth) – 150 million km

(8.2 light meters)

44. Distance between stars (Light year) –

9.46 x 10km

45. Parsec (Largest unit to measure

distance between celestial bodies) – 3.2

light years.

PROBLEMS & FIGURES PERTAINING TO UNITS

1. Gravitational force – 9.8 m/sec

2. Weight of a man in earth is 60 kg what is his weight in moon? 10kg

3. What is the weight of 5 litre of mercury? 13.6 x 5 = 68 kg. (Density of mercury –

13.6)

4. Why in rainy season voice is audible to long distance? Velocity of sound is 1500

m/sec in water

5. What is the minimum distance of hearing echo? To hear echo sound should return

to our ears within 0.1 sec, so distance traveled by sound = 2x / 0.1 sec.

` 330 = 2x / 0.1 sec. → 2x = 33 x = 16.5m

6. When we keep our ears close to the railway track we are able to hear the sound of

train even if it come 5 km away from us, the reason is that velocity of sound in

train in 5000 m/sec.

7. Why don’t we hear sound in moon? Because sound does not travel in vacuum

8. Power of a person’s spectacle is – 4 dioptre, what is the nature of his eye defect?

Short sight & he is wearing concave lens, focal (myopia)

9. Beyond c intensity of sound is recorded as noise pollution – 85 decibel

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10. Audible frequency – 20Hz to 20000 Hz

11. Wavelength range of visible spectrum – 7300 A° – 9000 A°

12. In how many hours will a 100 watts bulb consume 1 unit of current? 10 hours

ASTRONOMY

1. Astronomy is the study of the heavenly bodies

2. Giant clusters of stars are called Galaxies

3. Megullonic clouds are Galaxies

4. Our sun belongs to Milky Way

5. Milky way is spiral shaped galaxy

6. The sun is about 30,000 light years from the center of the galaxy

7. The diameter of the Milky Way is nearly 1,20,000 light years

8. The spectra of light from these galaxies show a frequency shift towards the red

known as the ‘red shift’

9. Red shift indicates that the galaxies are moving away. It is due to Doppler Effect

10. All galaxies burst out from a single point.

11. This explosion that resulted in the expansion of the universe is called Bre Bang

12. The age of the Universe is estimated to be around (1-2) * 1010

years

13. Nebulae are cloudy, luminous patches in the heaven consisting of clusters of stars

and gaseous cloud. These are a number of nebulae within the Milky Way itself

Stars are formed out of condensing gases within these nebulae

14. One can note that Stars within certain groups are so arranged as to look like

familiar objects or animals. These groups are called constellation.

15. E.g., Vrsa Major (Great Bear), Ursa Minor (Little Bear). Orion (Giant Hunter).

Cygnus (Swan), Hydra (Sea Serpent) are Constellations.

16. It is interesting to note that Vega is a brightest Star in the constellation Lyra

17. Vega would be the second star to have planets. The first of course being the sun.

18. There are 89 constellations; Hydra is the largest of these.

19. In Universe, certain objects appear smaller than any galaxy, yet they emit more

energy than all the stars of the Milky Way. Since they resembled stars. They were

called quasars

20. The north can be identified using the pole star by the ship mariner

21. If we look at the northern sky, at an elevation equal to the latitude of our place.

We will be able to locate the pole star.

22. Stars are formed out of the condensing gases within the Nebulae which form part

of most galaxies.

23. The condensing process goes on, until the star is without shrinking further and the

central part of the star become so hot that fusion reaction start and the star emits

radiation into space.

24. The process of the death of a star begins, when fuel in its core run out.

25. The collapsing core, during the death of star, imparts so much energy to the

exterior of the star that it explodes with an increase in its luminosity 10000 times

or even more. This stage is referred to as super nova explosion.

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26. After the supernova explosion, the highly dense residual core of the small star is

called a white dwarf.

27. A star with a mass of less than 1.4 solar masses will end its life as a white dwarf.

This is called the Chandrasekhar limit.

28. The extremely dense core left after the explosion of a bigger star is known as

neutron star.

29. Neutron stars spin very fast while spinning. Neutron stars radiate all kinds of

electromagnetic radiations. When this happens, the star is known as a pulser.

30. Bigger star (mass greater than 5 solar masses) are believed to end up as black hole

after the explosion.

31. The gravitation field of a black hold is believed to be so intense that no matter or

radiation can escape from it.

32. The sun is our nearest star. The sun is a hot spheres of gas – 74% hydrogen. 25%

helium and 1% other elements

33. The sun as it is visible to us is actually the photosphere. The photosphere has a

surface temperature of 5800 K.

34. The Chromo sphere is the solar atmosphere just above the photosphere. The

temperature in the Chromospheres rises from 4300 K to above 4,00,000 K

35. The Corona is the outermost layer of the sun. It is very hot. The rise of its

temperature is even upto 50000 K.

36. There are nine planets revolving around the sun. Compared to the sun, the planets

are quite small and relatively cool. They are not self-luminous.

37. In order of their proximity to the sun, these are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto

38. Mercury is nearer to the Sun and it is too hot. It is a very small planet. It has no

satellites.

39. Venus appears to be the brightest of all the planets. Venus along with Neptune

revolves in almost circular orbit. All other planet revolves in elliptical orbit.

Venus along with Mars has more Carbon di oxide in their atmosphere. It has no

satellite.

40. Earth takes 365 days for its one revolution and 24 hrs for its one rotation. It is

fifth in the size of planets. Earth’s atmosphere contain 79% Nitrogen, 20%

Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.03% Carbon-di-oxide etc.

41. Moon, the only satellite of Earth takes same time for its rotation and revaluation

so, we can see only one face (59%) of the moon

42. Mars is called as Red Planet. It has 2 satellites (moons). They are Phobas. Tumas

43. Jupiter is the biggest planet. It has 16 moons. Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, lo are

the moons of Jupiter. Ganymede is the largest satellite in solar system.

44. Saturn has very prominent rings around it. It has 22 satellites. It has a great

gravitational pull. Titan, Zapetus, Dione, Rhea and Tethys are the satellites of

Saturn. Titan of Saturn is the second largest moon.

45. William Sharshal discovered Uranus.

46. Pluto is the farthest planet. It is the coolest and smallest planet of solar system. It

has one moon. It is the coolest.

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47. The earth’s age is estimated to be 4.6 * 109 years.

48. In the belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, there are thousands of minor

planets called asteroids. Ceres, the largest known asteroid has a diameter of any

about 1000 km.

49. As a result of collision between two asteroids, a small lump of material may be

thrown off. When such lumps enter the earth’s atmosphere, they produce blazes of

light. Some of the earth’s surface is called meteorites.

50. Comets are the debris left over from the formation of the outer planets. They orbit

elliptically in the solar system.

51. A comet has a central core of icy material. When a comet comes nearer to the sun,

the light from the sun affects the head icy region. A portion of the gas leaves the

head altogether forming tail, which always points away from the sun.

52. The period of Halley’s comet is 76 years. Its 33rd

appearance was February 9th

1986.

53. Since a comet loses its icy material by evaporation, it ends up in small chunks and

tiny sand-like particles. These chunks and tiny-sand like particles keep orbiting

the sun. when such particle enters the earth’s atmosphere, it evaporates almost

immediately and produces trail of hot gas often visible at night. These are meteors

or shooting stars.

54. Sputnik – 1 is the first artificial satellite launched by the USSR in 1957

55. The US space probe ‘Voyager’ transmitted very clear pictures of Neptune. These

pictures showed six moons around Neptune.

56. The USA developed the Strategic Defence Initiatives (SDI) programme dubbed as

star wars system. If successful, this system will be capable of destroying enemy

nuclear warheads on ground or in space, before they reach their targets.

57. Troposphere is the lower most layer of atmosphere. Mountains, Clouds, rains are

present in this space. 9/10 of total air is in this region. This region covers upto 15

kms from the earth.

58. Stratosphere is the second Layer. This region covers from 15 to 75 kms above the

earth. It is the region of constant temperature, constant horizontal winds with very

little air. It is difficult to breath here. Explorations are done with balloons. The

Ozone layer is in this region.

59. Ionosphere is the next Layer. This region comes from 75 to 250 km above the

earth. Exploration is done with sounding rockets. The sky is black even when the

sun is shinning. Radio waves are reflected from this region.

60. Exosphere is the Top Layer of atmosphere. This region covers from 250 to 900

km above the earth. No gases or air is in this region which is very dark.

61. In 1981, India too successfully put into orbit is first experimental geostationary

communication satellite, Apple, launched in French Guyana.

62. The ionosphere consists of two layers of ionized air. The outer one is 200

kilometers from the earth and is known as the Appleton layer named after its

discoverer.

63. Aryabatta is the first Indian satellite named after the great Indian astronomer of

the 5th

century AD as launched from Russian Cosmodraome on April 19, 1975.

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64. Cosmic Rays are extremely high-energy high-speed proton capable of causing

severe burns or even death. Invented by Millican.

65. Explorer I was the first United States artificial satellite to enter earth’s orbit on

31st January 1958. It was responsible for the discovery of the Van Allan radiation

belts.

66. The Star (other than the sun) nearest to the earth is proximate century.

67. The nearest star (other than the sun), which is visible to the naked eye is Alpha

Centuari

68. Mars is the red planet. Mercury is the closest planet and the hottest planet. Venus

is the brightest planet. Pluto is the farthest Planet. Jupiter is the biggest Planet.

Mercury and Venus do not have planet.

69. Stars appear to move from east to West because the earth is rotating from west to

east.

70. On the moon, an astronaut cannot drink lemonade with the help of straw. Because

there is no atmosphere on the moon.

INVENTIONS & DISCOVERIES

Aryabhatta - calculated the value of π

Brahmagupta - Invented Zero

Bhaskaracharya - Wrote leelavati (Treaties on maths)

Vatsayana - Kamasutra

Dhanvanter - Ayurveda

Patanjali - Yoga

Saraka

Susheuta

Vagabhatta - Physician

Henry Becquesel - Radioactivity

Madam Curie - Polonium

J.L. Baird - Television

Benjamin Franklin - Heightening conductor

Binet - IQ

J.C. Bose - Cresco graph

S.N. Bose - Bosons

Bohr - Atomic Structure

Cavendish - Hydrogen

Inert gases - Ramsay

Rutherford - Nitrogen, Splitting of atom

J.J. Thomson - Electron

Goldstein - Proton

Chadwick - Neutron

Roentgen - X-rays

Heavy water - U ray

Battery - Volta

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Alfred Noble - Dynamic

Otto Hann - Atom Bomb

Newton - Law of motion, Laws of gravitation

Einstein - theory of relativity, photoelectric effect

Galileo - Telescop, Geocentric Theory

Copernicus - Heliocentric, Solar system

Kepler - Planetary motion

Faraday - Electro magnetic conduction

Dewar - Thermos flask

Grahambel - Telephone

Samuel Mosse - Telegraph

Marcony - Wireless, Telegraphy

Dunlop - Tyre

Austin - Motorcar

Dainler - Gas engine

James watt - Steam engine (Principle)

Stevenson - Steam Locomotive

Diesel - Internal combustion engine

Macmillan - Bicycle

Sholar - Typewriter

Pascal - Calculator

John van Norman - Computer (Digital)

Toricalli - Barometer

Farenheit - Thermometer

Waterman - Fountain pen

John Napier - Logarithms

Pittman - Shorthand

Shockley - Transistor

Otis - Lift

Onnes - Super conductivity

CHEMICAL SCIENCE

ACIDS

1. Lemon - Citric Acid

2. Milk - Lactic Acid

3. Tomato - Oxalic Acid

4. Tamarind & Grapes - Tartaric Acid

5. Amla & Gooseberry - Ascorbic Acid

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6. Apple - Malic Acid

7. Vinegar - Acetic Acid

8. Ants - Formic Acid

9. Antimycotic - Propionic Acid

10. Phenol (medicated soap) - Carbolic Acid

11. Making of Nylon - Adipic Acid

12. Making of Phenolpthalein - Thalic Acid

13. Aspirin - Acetyl Salicylic Acid

14. Gold dissolves in - Aqua Regia 3 : 1 (Hcl : HNO3)

15. Oil of Vitreol - Sulphuric Acid

16. Acid rain - H2So4 & Hno3

17. Glass dissolves in - Hydrochloric Acid

18. Stomach - Hydrochloric Acid

19. Blood Buffer & Soda - Carbonic Acid

20. Pure acetic acid - Glacial acetic Acid

CHEMICAL NAMES

1. Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate

2. Epsom - Magnesium Sulphate

3. Washing Soda - Sodium Carbonate

4. Baking Soda - Sodium bi Carbonate

5. Table Salt (common salt) - Sodium Chloride

6. Hypo - Sodium thio sulphate

7. Caustic Soda - Sodium Hydroxide

8. Caustic Potash - Potassium Hydroxide

9. Chilic Salt Petere - Sodium Nitrate

10. Indian Salt Petere - Potassium Nitrate

11. Bleaching Powder - Calcium Chloro hypochlorite

12. Slaked lime - Calcium hydroxide

13. Quick lime - Calcium oxide

14. Chalk - Calcium carbonate

15. Talc - Magnesium Silicate

16. Calamine - Zinc Carbonate

17. Calomel - Mercuric Chloride

18. Bluevitriol - Copper Sulphate

19. Green Vitriol - Ferrous Sulphate

20. White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate

21. Tartar emetic - Potassium antimony tartarate

22. Bordeaux mixture (fungi acid – CuSo4 + Cao)

CHEMICAL & USES

1. Sodium thio Sulphate – Antichlor agent, fixing in photography

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2. Hydroquenone or Pyeogallol – Develops in Photography

3. Silver bromide & Galatin – Coating of Photographic Films

4. Silver Iodide – Artificial rain

5. Silver nitrate – Silvering of mirrors, making inks and hair dye

6. Sodium carbonate – softening of water

7. Sodium bi carbonate – effervescent drinks

8. Glycerol – To preserve tobacco (Anti drying agent)

9. Ethylene glycol – Anti freezing agent in radiators

10. Ethylene – Ripening of fruits, making polyethene

11. Carbon tetra chloride – Extinguish electricity frees

12. Aluminium Sulphate & Sodium bi carbonate – Extinguish oil frees

13. H2So4 + Sodium bi Carbonate – Soda acid fire extinguisher

14. Sodium & Potassium salts of higher fatty acids – Soaps

15. Salts of Sulphonic acid – Detergents

16. White phosphorus – Rat poison

17. Red phosphorus – Matchbox sides

18. TNT – explosive

19. DDT, BHC – Insecticide

20. Teflon – Coating in non-stick Vessels

21. Boron carbide – To cut diamonds

22. Bakelite (Phenol + formaldehyde) – made switches

23. Nylon (hexamethylenediamine & Adipic acid) Synthetic fiber

24. Rayon – Artificial Silk

25. Benzene – Solvent

26. Formaldehyde – Preserve Biological specimen

27. Power alcohol (Petrol + ethyl alcohol) Fuel

28. Liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen and hydrazine – Rocket fuel

29. Solid Co2 – Dry ice (smoke screens)

30. 5% methanol + Ethanol – Methylated spirit to prevent conspicuous drinking of

alcohol

31. 95% ethanol – Ractified spirit – fuel

32. 100% ethanol – Absolute alcohol – Lab use

GASES

1. Producer gas – Nitrogen + Carbon monoxide

2. Water gas – Hydrogen + Carbon monoxide

3. Marsh gas (miner) – Mathanes

4. LPG – Propane, Butane, Isobutene, Butyline

5. Indane – LPG marketed by IOC

6. Cobar gas – Carbon dioxide + methane

7. Major green house gas – Carbon dioxide

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8. Other green house gases – water vapour, methane, Nitrous oxide

9. Gas present in stratosphere – Ozone (fillers UV rays)

10. Gases responsible for ozone layer depletion – CFCs (chloro fluoro carbon)

11. Gas present abundant in atmosphere of earth – Nitrogen (71%)

12. Other atmospheric gases – Oxygen, Argon, Co2

13. Gases filled in Balloons & Gas 2nd

abundant gas in Sun – Helium

14. Gas abundant in atmosphere of Venus – Co2

15. Gas with rotten egg odiour – Hydrogen Sulphide

16. Gas with rotten fish odiour – Phosphine

17. Gas used in welding – Oxyacetylene

18. Gases responsible for acid rain – Sulphur dioxide, No2, Co2

19. Gas filled in electric bulb – Argon / Nitrogen

20. Gas used in advertisement lamps – Neon

21. Main automobile pollutant gas – Carbon monoxide

22. Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy – Methyl isocyanide

23. Gaseous hormone of plants – Ethylene

24. Laughing gas – Nitrous oxide

25. Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy – Methyl isocyanide

26. Gaseous hormone of plants – Ethylene

27. Laughing gas – Nitrous oxide

28. Gas filled in soda bottles – Co2

29. Gas highest calorific Value – Hydrogen

LIFE SCIENCE

NUTRITION

1. Principle nutrients – Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water

2. Balanced Diet – Diet having all requised nutrients in right proportion

3. Types of carbo hydrates

a. Monosaccharides – Glucose (Blood Sugar)

- Fructose (Fruit Sugar)

- Ribose, dioxyribose (sugars of nucleic acids)

b. Disaccharides - Lactose (milk sugar) (glucose + Fructose)

- Cane Sugar (Sucrose) (Glucose + Fructose)

c. Polysaccharides – Starch (End product of photosynthetic)

- Glycogen (arrival starch) & (stored in liver and muscle)

- Cellulose (present in vegetables and greens) (crude fibre)

4. Energy Value of Nutrients

- Carbohydrate – r cal/g

- Protein – 5.25 cal/g

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- Fat – 9.46 cal/g

5. Carbohydrate and fat are essential for giving energy & protein is essential for

growth

6. In children deficiency of energy, protein (energy-protein malnutrition) produces

2-disease conditions Kwashiorkor & Marasmas

7. Cereals (rice, wheat) are rich in carbohydrate two types of carbohydrate are: a.

Soluble Sugars (mono & di saccharides starch) b. Crude Fibre

8. Diabetic patriots are advised to take less starchy more fibrous diet (wheat, ragi)

9. PROTEIN

1. Sources rich in protein are pulses, oilcakes, milk, egg and meat

2. Proteins are made up of amino acids: Those amino acids that cannot be

synthesized in our body are called essential amino acids

3. E.a.a. for human are Valine, Argentine, metrionine, hestidine, isoleucine,

phenylalanine, lysine, threonine, leonine and Tryptophan (remembered as

AVMHIPLTLT)

4. Based on the e.a.a content of foods its biological value (B.V.) eletromine

5. B.V of egg-100, milk-95, rice-80 Milk & egg are complete proteins. Pulse

proteins are incomplete cereal products are poor in lysine and animal

products are rich in lysine.

10. Fat

1. 2 types are saturated fat (e.g.animal fat & coconut oil), unsaturated far

(sunflower oil)

2. Saturated fat makes the person more prone to cardiac diseases.

11. Vitamins

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Name Chemical Name Deficiency disease Source

1. Vitamin A Retinol Night Blindness

(Nicktelopis) &

exophthalmia

(Corneal dryness)

Carrot & green

vegetable

(Carotenes) & meat,

milk, fish, egg.

2. Vitamin D Calciferol (Act as

hormone)

Rickets &

Osteomalacia

Sunlight, yeast, fish,

liver oil, egg

3. Vitamin E Tocopherol Sterility Wheat germ oil

4. Vitamin K Philloquinone Hemorrhage Greens

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Name Chemical Name Deficiency disease Source

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1. Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beri Beri Yeast, rice, bran,

greens

2. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Hescone in mouth &

growth problems

Milk and milk

products

3. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Loss of appetite,

nervousness and

depression

Green & Vegetables

4. Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamine Convulsion and

pernicious anemia

Milk, meat, liver

5. Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Scurvy & Bleeding

in gums

Citrus Fruits,

Gooseberry

12. Minerals

Name Importance Source

1. Calcium Bone & teeth formation,

Blood clotting, nerve

conductivity, cardiac

contraction

Greens, Milk

2. Phosphorus Bone, teeth formation,

formation of phospholipide,

nucleic acids, ATP

Cereal by products milk

3. Sodium and Chloride Necessary for acid, base

balance, osmolality of blood

Salt

4. Potassium Relaxation of heart Green Vegetables

5. Iron Hemoglobin synthesis,

deficiency causes anemia

Greens

6. Iodine Synthesis of thyroxin

deficiency causes goiter

Seaweeds & iodized salt

(Salt + KI)

MEDITCAL INVENTIONS

Banting - Insulin

Christian Barnard - Hear Transplantation

Alexander Fleming - Penicillin

Harvey - Blood Circulation

Lands tecner - Blood Groups

Samuel Hahnemann - Homeopathy

Edward Jenner - Small pox vaccine

Jonas. E. Salk - Polio

Louis Pasteur - Rabies

Lainnee - Stethoscope

Calmette Guerin - TB Vaccine

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Ronald Ross - Malarial parasite (life cycle)

Hansen - Leprosy Bacillus

Robert kock - TB Bacillus

Antanvon heaven Hock - Bacteria

Dimity Ivonosky - Virus

William Einthoven - ECG

James Blundell - Blood transfusion

Robert Hook - Cell

Laveran - Malaria Germs

Robert Brown - Nucleus

Fontana - Nucleolus

Watson & Crick - DNA Double helix

Body Fluids Nerves

Brain - Cerobro Spinal Fluid Spinal nerves - 31 Pairs

Stomach - Hydro Chloric Acid Cranial nerves - 12 Pairs

Eye - Aguous Humor, Vitreous Humor

Ear - Perilymph, endoplymph

Heart - Pericardial Fluid

Neurotransmitters Sympathetic system - Adrenalin

Parasympathetic System - Acetylcholin

Coverings

Brain - Meninges (Piamater, Arachnoid, Duramater)

Heart - Pericardium

Lung - Pleura

Liver - Gleason’s Capsule

Glands

Splean - Immunity, Graveyard of RBCs

Liver - Detoxification, Urea Synthesis, Secretes Bile

Pancreas - Recemove gland, Secretes Glucagon (Alpha cells) insulin (Beta cells)

Thymus - Immunity (T lymphocytes)

Endocrine Glands Pituitary - Tropic Hormones, FSH, LH, GH

Adrenal - Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine

Ovary - Estrogen

Testis - Androgen

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Kidney - Erythropoietin

Thyroid - Thyroxin

Para Thyroid - Calcitonin

Organ Disease Specialists/Special Aid

Liver Jaundice, hepatitis Hepatologist

Eye Myopia, Hypermetropia,

Glaucoma Astigmatism

Ophthalmologist/Opthalscope

Teeth Pyorrhea Odontology / Dentist

Kidney Nephritis, (Dialysis) Nephrologist

Heart Myocardial infarction Electrol Cardio Gram (ECG)

Lungs TB, Pneumonia Ventilator

Brain Encephalitis Electro Encephala Gram

(ECG)

Uterus Metritis Endoscopy, MIR,

Computerised Axial

Tomography (CAT) Scan

Pancreas Diabetic (Gluconometere)

Thymes, spleen AIDS ELISA, Wetern Blot

National Laboratories & Institutes

1. National Physical Lab – New Delhi

2. National Chemical Lab – Poona

3. National Biological Lab – Palamput (H.P)

4. National Aeronautical Lab – Bangalore

5. Central Building Research Institute – Roorkela (Uttaranchal)

6. Central Drug Research Institute – Lucknow (U.P.)

7. Central Electro Chemical Research Centre – Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu)

8. Central Food Technological Research Centre – Mysore

9. National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) – Hyderabad

10. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NERI) – Nagpur

11. National Agmark Lab – Nagpur

12. Central Leather Research Institute – Chennai

13. National Institute of Oceanography – Panaji (Goa)

14. National Institute of Ocean technology – Chennai

15. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre – Mumbai

16. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research – Mumbai

17. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics – Calcutta

18. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research – Kalpakkam

19. Centre of Advanced Technology (CAT) – Indore

20. Birla Industrial & Technological Museum – Calcutta

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21. Solerjung Museum – Hyderabad

22. National Botanical Garden – Lucknow

23. Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleobotany – Lucknow

24. Bose research center – Calcutta

25. Central Rice Research Institute – Cuttack

26. Central Potato Research Institute – Simla

27. Central Sugarcane Breaking Institute – Coimbatore

28. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research – Lucknow

29. Central Tobacco Research Institute – Rajamundri

30. Indian Veterinary Research Institute – Izatnagar

31. National Dairy Research Institute – (NDRI) – Karnal

32. Central Marine Fishery Research Institute – Coachin

Facts on General Science

1. Blue parts of the light is most effective in photosynthesis

2. Auxanometer – Auxanometer is used to measure the growth of the plants

3. Adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones

4. Hydroponics is concerned with growing plants without soil

5. The substance coated on plastic tape recorder tape is Iron Oxide

6. The PH of human blood is 7.5

7. In the human body, the most abundant element is oxygen

8. The hottest part of the gas flame is blue zone

9. The first organic compound to be synthesized in the laboratory was urea (46% of

Nitrogen)

10. The acid used in batteries is sulphuric acid

11. Dry ice is chemically solid Co2

12. Cooking gas in cylinder is in the form of liquid

13. Diamond is chemically pure carbon

14. Amalgams – An amalgam is solution of metal in mercury

15. Diseases Spread by Protozoan – dysentery, Amoebiosis, Malaria etc.

16. Diseases spread by virus – Measies, Influenza, Polia, rabies etc.

17. Bacterial Disease – Diphtheria, Tetanus, Plague, Typhoid, TB, Cholera, Leprosy

18. Communicable Disease – Acquired diseases are acquired after birth. Eg. Leprocy,

AIDS

19. LPG – (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) – The Propane – Butane Fractions

20. Rust – The chemical composition of rust is Fe2O3

21. Fruit Ripener – Acetiline (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) are used for ripening

22. Caustic Soda – NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) is called Caustic soda

23. Sound cannot travel through vacuum

24. A device used for measuring the depth of the sea is called fathometer

25. Atomic bomb – Atomic bomb is constructed on the principle of nuclear fission

26. The age of the earth can be estimated by uranium dating

27. Carbon dating is used to estimate the age of fossils

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28. Coppernicus is famous for heliocen tric theory. Kepler is for laws of planetary

motion

29. Transformers – This is a device for stepping up or stepping down of alternating

current voltages.

30. ‘IC Chips’ for computers are usually made of silicon

31. Semi conductor is made of silicon and germanium

32. Elements – There is 109 elements

33. Sublimation – On application of heat, the solid state directly changes into the

vapour. E.g. Iodine, Nepthalene

34. Mendeleef arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic weights.

35. The modern periodic classification of elements is based on Mosely’s

36. Vinegar – Acitic acid is present in vinegar (CH3COOH)

37. Tartaric Acid – Tartaric acid is present in Tamarind and grape

38. Oxaloacitic Acid – It is present in Tomato

39. Lactic Acid – It is present in milk

40. Sulphuric Acid – It is secreated in our stomach

41. Aqua regia – It is made up of 3 part of Hcl and 1 part of HNO3 (Nitric acid). It is

used to dissolve.

42. Washing Soda – Na2Co3 (Sodium Carbonate) is called washing soda

43. Backing Soda – NaHCo3 (Sodium bicarbonate) is called backing soda

44. Colors in soap bubbles – Beautiful colors in soap bubbles and oil films on water

are produced due to the interference of white light reflected by these surfaces.

45. Primary colors – Red, Green and Blue

46. Lunar Eclipse – An eclipse of the moon occurs, when the earth comes between

the sun and the Moon.

47. Solar Eclipse – The eclipse occurs, when the moon comes between the sun and

the earth. 48. Visible light is simply electro-magnetic radiation in the range of frequencies 4.3 *

1014

to 7 * 1014

49. Longitudinal Wave – Sound waves are longitudinal wave

50. Transverse Wave – Light waves are transverse wave

51. Mica can be classified as good conductor of heat and bad conductor of electricity

52. Nuclear fusion – The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy.

This is due to Nuclear fusion.

53. Fourth state of matter – There is a fourth state of matter – the ionized state called

Plasma.

54. Hydrometer – A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density of

liquid.

55. Atmospheric Pressure – atmospheric pressure is measured with an instrument

called Barometer

56. Weight in moon – An object on the moon would weigh only one-sixth its weigh

on the earth.