SEPTEMBER 23, 1898.]

reaching that its history, however completeand exhaustive, a year later requires to bere-written; and there is no reason for sup-posing that the end, or even the beginningof the end, has been reached. With newmaterials and new methods, and newworkers who will profit by the experienceand results gained by those who have inour time accomplished so much, we mayexpect for the new century far greater re-sults than those briefly recorded here.

It would be difficult just here to predictthe future of astronomical photography,though one can foresee something of thegreat results it must accomplish. It willdisplace some of the visual work, but it ismore likely to move along new lines, open-ing up new fields of research. The olderastronomy, so nobly represented by SimonNewcomb and a few others, will bestrengthened at every point, and will standall the more sublime for the help it shallreceive from photography.

E. E. BARNARD.YERRES OBSERVATORY.

THE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION (F) OF THEAMfERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE

ADVANCEMVENT OF SCIENCE.

THis section had a successful meeting.Papers of both a general and special na-ture were presented. The address of Vice-President Alpheus S. Packard, entitled 'AHalf-Century of Evolution, with SpecialReference to the Effects of GeologicalChanges on Animal Life,' has appearedin this JOURNAL. A brief outline of thepapers read is presented in the follow-ing:

Evolution and Migration of Hawaician LandShells. By PROFEssoR ALPHEus HYATT.TilE author studied about 22,000 shells,

of which 18,000 at least were from Oahu.In that island there are about 280 species,as compared with about 140 in all the other

islands ofthe group. There are three leadinggenera, Bul'imella, Achatinella and Apex.The distribution of the species of these gen-era was represented on a large relief mapof Oahu, by means of colored pins, con-nected by similarly colored threads. Eachpin or series of pins represented a species,as indicated by attached labels.

All the shells probably sprang from acommon ancestor, Achatinella phceozona G.,which has become extinct in late years.Starting in the va,lley Kiliouou, as the slhellsmigrated northward, there was an evolu-tion of species and genera as plotted on themap. The principal occurrence of thesemollusks is on the western flanks of theeastern range. The Bulimellaw inhabit thehlghest sides of the mountains, crossinlg tothe eastern side, and there evolving a con-siderable number of species. This genusdoes not succeed in forming colonies in therange on the western crest of the island.The Achatinellae occupy a lower zone belowboth the Bulimelle and Apex. They crossto the eastern side of the mountains in sev-eral places; but are unable to contend suc-cessfully with the climate on that side.They were also unable to cross the valleylowlands in the center of the island, exceptin sporadic cases. The species of Apexoccupy a middle zone, between the Bulimel-h,e and Achatinelle, on the western flanksof the eastern range. They seem moredelicate, and less able to contend with thesurroundings on the ocean side of the hills.Not a species has been recorded from thatside; but, on the other hand, it crossed thebroad plain of the interior, and was sUc-cessful on the short western range, whereonly a few sporadic species of the Achati-nelloe are found. The evidence is thatthe species are distributed over the islandin definite lines, which correspond to defi-nite geographical areas. In the oldest partof the island are the oldest forms as evi-denced by development.

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Variation in the Shell of Helix nemoralis, in theLexington, Va., Colony. By PROFESSORJAMES LEwis HowE.THaREE series of this introduced snail were

collected from gardens. There were over1,000 shells in each lot. The colony origi-nated in 1883. The conclusions reachedfrom a study of these series are: (1) thevariations tend in general along the samelines as in Europe; (2) the tendency ofvariations differs in different portions of theLexington colony. The author gave atabulated list of the varieties known in theLexington colony, of which the total num-ber was 385. Of these 277 were enumeratedfor the first time.

IVariation versus Heredity. By PROFESSOR H.S. WILLIAMS.VARIATION, and not heredity, is considered

the fundamental characteristic of the phe-nomena of organisms. The arguments forvariation versus heredity are as follows:

1. In any concrete case of natural selec-tion, or other similar processes, the actualresult of selection is the retarding andchecking of variation, and the offspringnecessarily evolves more slowly than itsparent, in direct proportion to the efficacyof natural selection.

2. That the organic processes by whichvariation takes place in an organism differfrom the ordinary process of developmentin individual growth only by passing be-yond the limit reached by the ancestor, andhence variation is but a phase of the funda-mental genetic process peculiar to livingorganisms.

3. That every act of variation is anteriorto experience, and thus is naecessarily origi-nal and genetic; whereas every hereditaryact is necessarily secondary to and theresult of experience, and the law of hereditymust therefore be acquired in the process ofevolution and is not fundamental.

4. That as to struggle for existence the

most strenuous effort made (both by parentand offspring) in the course of organicprocesses is that which produces antago-nism of interests. On the part of the parentit parts with that which has cost it thegreatest expenditure of energy, and on thepart of the offspring the result is the loss, inpart or wholly, of the only source of its liv-ing up to the moment of the struggle.

5. That the orthodox view is inconsistentin so far as it recognizes mutability as ap-plicable only to organic species and clingsto the idea of the immutability of the morefundamental units of biology, viz., the in-dividual and the cell and the protoplasmicstates of matter.These considerations bring us to a point

of view in which heredity and variationhold a different relation to evolution thanin the ordinary working hypothesis of bi-ology. If this point of view presents thefacts in their true relations we must seekfor the immediate determining causes invariation, not in natural selection, nor inany of the environmental conditions, eitherdirect or indirect, by which hereditaryrepetition is established, buit in the phe-nomena of individual growth and develop-ment, and the more fundamental processesof cell growth and metabolism. (To bepublished in the American Naturalist.)

Localized Stages in Growth. By Dr. ROBERTTRACY JACKSON.As shown by Hyatt and others, stages in

growth occur in the young and old organ-ism, the adult representing full specific char-acters. The ontogeny ofthe individual there-fore repeats, in an epitomized form, thephylogeny of the group.From studies of animals and plants it has

been found that stages may occur in localizedparts throughout the life of the individual.In organisms that during growth present aserial repetition of similar parts there isoften an ontogenesis of such parts, which is

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more or less closely parallel to the onto-genesis of the organism as a whole, re-peating characters seen in similar parts inthe young individual and in adults of an-cestral types. The repetition is usually ofpoembryonic or nepionic characters.In asexual reproduction &f Hydrozoa

and Actinozoa, buds are given off, whichduring growth repeat characters seen inlater stages of embryos from the egg.Young plates of the stem of certain crinoidsthroughout life repeat the features of thewhole stem of ancestral forms. In am-monites that portion of the complex septumwhich lies close to the umbilicus is rela-tively simple, in this localized area repeat-ing youthful and ancestral characters.In plants, suckers from the roots, or base

of stem, or stump, often repeat charactersof the seedling, Pitch Pine, Areca, Oaks,Ash, Aralia, Sassafras, Ailanthus. In Amn-pelopsis tricuspidata, at the base, throughoutlife, the leaves are compound, as in seedlings.On all the remaining old wood, leaves aresimple, trilobed (the species character); onwood of the current season's growth, leavesare simple, cordate, like a late stage ingrowths of seedlings. Degradational local-ized growth may be reversionary, as tuftlikegrowths of the Red Cedar, resembling theyoung and fossil all'ies. The terminal por-tion of leaves often repeats the character ofleaves of seedlings in a close degree, seenin Tulip tree, Ashes, Ailanthus, Phcunix.Reversionary individual leaves often occur.These have failed to develop full specificcharacters and bear more or less resem-blance to the young and fossil allies, seenin Tulip tree, Ashes, Negundo, Phoenix.

On the Carboniferous Fauna of Rhode Island.By PROFESSOR A. S. PACKARD.THE fauna comprises worms, Anthracomya

arenacea, crustacean trails, an Arachnid, and14 species of insects, mostly cockroaches.Comparing with South Joggins, the animal

remains support Lesquereux's reference ofthe beds (based on the flora) to the upperCarboniferous.On the Present State of our Knowledge of theNorth American Tertiary Mollusk Fauna. ByDR. WM. H. DALL.REVIEWED fields covered by early workers

from Say and Leseuer, in 1822, down to1860, forming the first period, which wasmostly on the coastal plain. A secondgroup, Sowerby, Guppy, Gabb, were occu-pied with the Oligocene and Pliocene of theAntillean region.A second period began about 1880. The

new workers revised faunal lists, discrim-inated horizons, correlated continental andAntillean horizons,and discovered new hori-zons. The most important of these werethe Pliocene of Florida, Mliocene of Galves-ton, Texas, and Upper Oligocene of westernFlorida, as made known by Willcox, Heil-prin, Dall, G. D. IHarris, Aldrich and others.From recent discoveries, rich faunas haveadded a multitude of new forms.Leidy's Genus Ouramwba. By Wm. L. Po-

TEAT.

HE showed that Leidy's view of the fila-ments as extensions of protoplasm was in-correct. They are mycelial filaments of afungus, partially parasitic on an Amcoba.The filaments arise from the germination ofa spore, and issue at once into the water.The structure of the filaments is that of un-septate hyphae, not of pseudopodia. Thegenus Ouramcoba is not valid.

Moniloporidw, a New Family of PalceozoicCorals. By A. W. GRABAU.

Notes on ZEolosoma teneraruim. By MissEDITH Mf. BRACE.IT iS shown that the nervous system of

this worm, previously considered aberrant,conforms to the annelid type. The nervoussystem is connected throughout with theepidlermis. The distribution of nerves andganglia were described in detail. The sym-

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pathetic system and sense organs were de-scribed; the latter consist of cells contain-ing a pear-shaped refractive body, also com-pound bodies similar to the eyes found inother worms.

A New Classification of Fossil Cephalopods.By PROFESSOR ALPIEUS HYATT.CEPHALOPODS with camerate shells, ex-

eluding Belemnoidea, are included in twoorders, Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea. Theclassification of the Nautiloidea is in con-fusion, owing to the overthrow of the oldsystems. After revising all the genera anda considerable proportion of the species ofthis group it was found that the siphuncleoffered the best basis for a classification.The siphuncle was of greater importancein ancient than in more recent times inprimitive than in specialized forms, and inthe young than in later stages of ontogeny.This assumption is based on the relativelylarger- size, and more or less complicatedstructure of this organ, in ancient times,primitive types, and the young of allshells. Proposed sub-orders of Nautiloideaare as follows:

1. Holohoanites funnels of siphuncleextending across air-chamber, depositswhen present, more or less prolonged cones,filling endosiphuncle. Endoceras, PilocerasNanno.

2. Mixochoanites, siphuncles small, fun-nels composite, short in young, collarsadded in adult. Ascoceras, Aphraggmites.

3. Schistochoanites, siphuncles large, fun-nels imperfect or split on outer side; theseare at bases of flat rings or collars. Cono-ceras, Bronn (Bathmoceras, Barr).

4. Orthochoanites, siphuncles small, ex-cept in primitive forms, without deposits, or,if present, irregular and gathered aroundfunnels, no endosiphuncle. Is difficult toseparate some forms of this suborder fromthe Annulosiphonata. Orthoceras, Geisono-ceras.

[N. S. VOL. VIII. No. 195.

5. Cystochoanites, siphuncles of differentsizes, funnels invariably short, bent out-wardly. There are two subgroups. (A)Annulosiphonata, siphuncles large in primi-tive forms, beaded, internal deposits gath-ered about the funnels. There also areconcentric layers advancing toward the in-terior, large endosiphuncle often present inprimitive forms. Actinoceras, Loxoceras.(B) Actinosiphonata, internal deposits ar-ranged as vertical radiating plates, directedtoward interior, but not meeting; depositsincrease in number of plates and thickness,so they often meet those of next segments.Jovellania, Rizoceras.-

On the Systematic Position of the Trilobites. ByPROFESSOR A. S. PACKARD.BEECILER has shown that all segments

behind the antennal bear biramose limbsessentially alike for the head and trunk.In Crustacea, on the other hand, there is adifferentiation of cephalic appendages. Forthis reason, with the different larval form,and obvious affinities of trilobites to Limu-lus which is not a Crustacean, we are in-clined to refer trilobites to a separate class,older, more primitive, derived from theannelids on a different line from Crustacea.Probably the merostomes, including Limu-lus, descended from trilobites or similarforms.

Meaurements of two large Lobsters, recentlyadded to the Collections of the AmericanMIuseum of Natural History. By DR. E. 0.HOVEY.Two large lobsters were caught off At-

lantic Highlands, N. J., in 1897. Reportedweight 31 and 34 pounds respectively. Thelength as mounted is respectively 92 cm.and 100.5 cm., or over 3 feet in each case.

A New Method of Studying Underground In-sects. By PROFESSOR JOHN B. SMITH.SHOWN that plaster of Paris, thinned,

made excellent casts of burrows extending

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SCIENCE.nearly six feet underground, and branched.Satisfactory for burrows of bees, wasps,spiders, many coleopterous larvee. Thebetter the plaster the better the result.The best dental plaster mixed with an equalbulk of water is satisfactory.

Notes on the Habits of some Burrowing Bees.By PROFESSOR JOHN B. SMITH.STUDIED by plaster method as referred to

above. Several species were studied inOcean Co., N. J.

Colletes compacta appears early in spring,digs a.lmost vertically some 18 inches; thena horizontal burrow is sent off 2-5 inches.At the end a thin parchment-like cell isconstructed, in which pollen and honey isstored, and the egg is attached about themiddle of the cell. One or two additionallateral tunnels and cells may be built. Theentire burrow is filled up, so that the youngbees have to bore to the surface.Andrena bicolor and vicina make burrows

of greater diameter and sinuous, extend-ing 40 inches or more below the surface.General habits of breeding as in Colletes.Some smaller species of Andrena line theircells with a sticky fluid; the pollen is formedin a loaf, on which the egg is laid.

Augoehlorac humeralis makes a vertical bur-row nearly 6 feet deep. It sends off a shortlateral burrow, then excavates a chamber1-21 i:nches across? 6-20 cells are con-structed from this chamber and lined withclay. Pollen is placed in the form of a loaf,on which egg is laid. Two or three suchclusters of cells may be made by one bee,and 30-40 cells may be found in a singlecast. When starting the burrow the beefirst makes an oblique burrow; after it be-gins to bore vertically it extends the up-ward burrow to the surface. The openingis concealed, and no earth is piled there.When the bee is in the burrow the entranceis closed by a ball of sand or clay. Thebee does not fill the burrow, so that the

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young make an exit through the parent'sburrow. They are also used as hybernatingquarters. In early spring the females maybe found piled on one another at the bottomof burrows.

On the Markings of Nodontian Larvce. ByPROFESSOpR A. S. PACKARD.As shown by Eimer and Cope, in the

markings of lizards, changes from stripes tospots originate near the tail and extend for-ward in waves. Weismann has shown thesame feature in caterpillars. The authorobserved the same in several Nodontianlarvae, Lymmeristia albifrons, Dasylophia an-guinea, Sehaizura coneinna. In these thelongitudinal bands became, broken up intospots on the last 4 or 3 segments, wherebanlded arrangement disappears. The ex-planation is not obvious in lizards; incaterpillars it may be connected with thefact that new segments originate betweenthe last body segment and the penultimatesegment.

The proposed Attempt to introduce Blastophagapsenes into Caiforntia. By DR. L. 0.HOWARD.CALIFORNIANS, in their attempt to produce

a fig equal to the so-called Smyrna fig, haveused cuttings imported from the eastern endof the AMediterranean. It was found thattrees dropped the greater part of their fruit.It has long been known by Mediterraneangrowers that figs are fertilized by the insectBlastophaga psemes, which inhabits the wildCaprifig. Branches of Caprifig are col-lected annually and tied on to the branchesof cultivated figs. The insects, loaded withpollen, enter the flowers of the cultivatedfigs and fertilize them.In California artificial fertilization has

been attempted and has been quite success-ful, the figs having the flavor of the Smyrnaproduct. This has made it seem probablethat if Blastophaga could be established inCalifornia a fig could be grown quite as

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good as those imported. Caprifigs withtheir insects have been repeatedly imported,but attempts to establish the species havenot been very successful. The author re-cently visited California and found Capri-figs abundant in numerous places. Hethinks the time has come to carry on theexperiment in a larger way and believes itwill be successful.

Notes on the Li'fe History of Protoparee Caro-lina. By PROFESSOR WM. B. ALWOOD.BREEDING carried on with this species for

two years shows that it is slightly double-brooded, at Blacksburg, Va. The earliestmoths appear June 7th-12th. Ovipositionbegins June 20th; larvas moult 4 times, at in-tervals of usually 4 days, become full fed in20-21 days and enter the soil for pupation.A small part of early brood issues as adultsthe first year; but the greater part aresingle-brooded and appear as adults in July,after passing the winter as pupa-.

The Life History of Schizoneura lanigera Han-sen. By PROFESSOR WM. B. ALWOOD.BREEDING records show that the I root and

stem forms ' can be colonized from root tostem, or the reverse, and their natural mi-grations were observed. Many of theagamic wingless females at Blacksburg,Va., survive the winter exposed on aierialsituations. Records show twelve genera-tions of agamic, viviparous females fromMay 12th to September 20th. At this datewinged, agamic, viviparous females wereproduced in all the colonies observed.These proved a migrant generation andcould not be induced to remain at rest onthe apple plant under control conditions,but flew away. Under confinement theyproduced 4-6 young, which were sexed in-dividuals. These are small, beakless, withrudimentary lobes where mouth partsshould be; about i are males and 2 females.After copulation females lay one egg,which remains dormant over winter. From

long observations it is concluded that insouthern latitudes agamnic individuals con-tinue an .unbroken chain, and that ovipa-rous reproduction plays no important role, inthe life cycle. Only a small per cent. be-come winged, but on the contrary continueas normal, agamic, wingless lice.The Phylogeny of North American Eucleidm.By DR. HARRISON G. DYAR.THE Eucleida- is a family of moths rep-

resented by 28-31 species in this country.The author is acquainted with life history of20 species, and a partial life history of oneother has been published. Larva offerstructural characters of value in classifica-tion, and he presented a phylogenetic chartof the 21 species where the young is known.In the first division the lateral tubercle ofthe first abdominal segment is lost. Onebranch shows the origin of stinging spines.In another branch the first division cor-responds to the loss of the primitive firststage, on the one hand, and to the completesuppression of the many paired warts, onthe other. (To be published in Journal N.Y. Entomological Society.)On the Genitalia in Ants, and their Value in

Classiation. BY W. H. ASHMEAD.The Records for 1898 of Broods VII. andXVII. of Cicada septendecim. By C. L.MARLATT.

Remarks on Aphorphora. By PROFESSOREDWARD S. MORSE.

Fossil Butterfly from the Base of the Severn For-mation (Cretaceous) of The Potomac RiverExposure. By P. R. IJHLER.

On the Types of Vertebrate Embryos. ByPROFESSOR CHARLES SEDGWICK MINOT.

On the Embryology of the Rabbit. By PRO-FESSOR CHARLES SEDGW[CK MINOT.

Some NCew Points in Dinichthyid Osteology. ByDR. C. R. EASTMAN.Dinichthys pustulosus, as shown by many

characters of the cranial and dorsal shields,

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is the most primitive known species of thegenus.In the cranial osteology of Diminchthys inter-

medius the Iparietal ' and ' frontal ' elemelntsof Newberry and other authors, declarednot to exist, the area assigned to them be-ing covered by the centrals, as in D. pusht-losus, and uniformly throughout the family.Identification of the side plates of the body,heretofore considered mlissing. The upperor transverse arm of the ' clavicular I ishomologous with the anterior lateral ofCoccosteus, and the inner branch of the bi-furcated arm with the interlateral of thesame genus. Outer branch of the bifur-cated arm has articulated to its distal enda warped plate, supposed to represent amodified branchiostegal apparatus. Theterm I clavicular I is thus a misnomer, sincethe element has nothing to do with ashoulder-girdle, and there is no evidencethat such a structure was present in theDinichthyids.The orientation of the clavicular was de-

scribed and illustrated by diagrams. Theosteology of Titanichthys agassiszii was alsodescribed and illustrated by diagrams.

Transformation of the Brook Lam.prey (Lam-petra wilderi), and Parasitism amo-ng Lam-preys. By PROFESSOR SIMON HENRY GAGE.TRE: transformation of all lampreys is

similar, as far as known. The egg developsinto a larva comparable to a tadpole, andthis transforms into an adult. Up to thepresent the larvae of the sea, lake andbrook lampreys have not been distinguished.At transformation the sea and lake lam-preys are about 150 mm. long, while adultsaverage 700 and 350 mm. respectively.The transformation of the lake lamprey re-quires 20-30 days until adult form is as-sumed, but metamorphosis is only begun inthis time, and the animal stays under thesand, like a larva, for about 4 months beforeemerging for a free predatory life.

The brook lamprey attains full size dur-ing larval life, and remains unider sanidsome 7 months; it then emerges, builds nest,lays eggs and dies. In the lake lamprey(Petromyzon marinus unicolor), from CayugaLake, no food, except blood, has been foundin the enteron. As the brook lamprey hasthe same armature of teeth and raspingtongue as lake and sea lampreys it has beenconsidered as also parasitic, but this is amistake, as shown by experiments inaquaria. The suctorial mouth is used inall lampreys for nest building and mating;the question arises: was the buccal arma-ture developed for this purpose or for aparasitic life?

Hybernation, Transformation and Growth of theCommon Toad(Bufo lentiginosus americanus).By PROFESSOR SIMON HENRY GAGE.IN literature it is stated that the toad

hybernates under leaves, logs, etc. Fromobservation it is believed hybernation oc-curs only in the ground, rather dry and notliable to be frozen. After emerging inspring, if a cold snap occurs, they seekshelter of leaves, etc. In burying itself thetoad backs in, the hind legs and caudal endof body being used for digging,- and fore-legs for pushing backward. No sign of thehole is left.In a freezing atmosphere the temperature

of the- toad was i to '1} degrees Centigradehigher than surrouinding medium. Toadsfound under frozen leaves were able tocrawl. In one case the legs a-nd skin werefrozen solid, but not the internal organs;the toad recovered. When frozen solid thetoad never recovered.At Ithaca ovulating extends from the

middle ofApril to the middle ofJune. Eggsare normally laid in a douible string, onefrom each oviduct; 500-5,000 or more arelaid at one time. Eggs hatch in about 4 days.Growth of tadpole is attained in about 40-G0 days. After hind legs are well developed

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no food is taken and a tadpole changes intoa toad within 3 days. We get a clue to ac-tivity of life processes in transformation byweighing. A tadpole at maximum sizeweighed 230 milligrams; after hind legsdeveloped and food was no longer taken,weighed 110 milligrams; two days later,when tail is only 3 mm. long and the littletoad has crawled out into air, weight was70 milligrams; less than il the weight of tad-pole from which it developed.In man and other animals the proportion

of water is greater the younger the animal.In a tadpole 91.6% of live weight is due towater ; in the just transformed toad 88% iswater. The dry weight of a tadpole was 19milligrams; of a transformed toad, 8 milli-grams, less than half the dry weight of thetadpole. There is, therefore, a great loss ofsubstance other than water irn transforma-tion of tadpoles into toads. In the growthof the toad there is a steady increase fromegg to maximum of tadpole. During trans-forination there is shrinkage. When thelittle toad is ready to take food its progressin size is rapid, and in a few years it maybe 50,000 times as heavy as the egg fromwhich it came.

On the Piscine Ancestors of the Amphibians.By PROFESSOR THEO. GILL.

A Historical Notice on Ross' Rwsy Gull, Rho-dostethia rosea. By JOHUN MIURDOCHI.THis species was discovered by Sir James

Ross, in 1823, at Alaguak, Melville Penin-sula. It was described by Richardson in1825. Up to 1881 only 14 specimens wereknown, but from several localities, ThePoint Barrow expedition (1881-93) foundthem in large numbers, flving northeastalong the shore each autumn, and collecteda good series. The delicate pink of thebreast after death soon fades on exposureto light. Fifteen additional specimens havesince been taken, all from the Arctic regionexcept one (Bering Id.). Nansen found

them abundant in July, near Hvitdenland(810 38' N.). They undoubtedly breedthere, but the main breeding ground isprobably the land believed to be not farnorth of Point Barrow. They probably al-ways keep close to the loose edge of the ice-pack. (To be published in full in theAuk.)The Winter Food of the Chickadee. By CLAR-ENCE M. WEED.THE paper records a study of the food of

the Black-capped Titmouse (Parns atricapil-las) during winter months. Forty-onespecimens were studied from November,1897, to March, 1898. Results show thatthis bird feeds on a large variety of insects.The most striking item of food was eggsof aphids, 21 per cent. of the whole. In-sects as a class constlituted 51 per cent.,spiders and their eggs 5 per cent., vege-table matter 28 per cent.; of this 20 percent. consisted of buds and bud scales,introduced accidentally with aphid eggs;indeterminable 10 per cent.; grit and otherextraneous matter 4 per cent. This studyyields additional evidence of the usefulnessof this familiar bird.A Rare Species of Whale. By PROFESSORALPHEUS hiYATT.THE specimen came ashore on the beach

at Annisquam, AMass., August, 1898. Thespecimen proves to be a species of Meso-plodon, is 12 feet long, nmeasuring alongthe body. Two teeth, characteristic of thegenus, exist in the mid-length of the lowerjaw, but are small and not visible above thegum. The only species known in the NorthAtlantic is ilfesoplodon bidens; this specimenis probably of that species. This species.has been recorded from European coasts,but has been a very rare visitant of ourshores.Variations in7 -HPmana Bones. By DR. THOMASDWIGHT.A LECTURE delivered before the Zoolog-

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ical (F) and Anthropological (H) Sections.The speaker dwelt especially on anomalousspines of the vertebral column.The Faitna of Cold pSring Harbor. By DR.

C. B. DAVENPORT.GAVE a general account of this station, a

description of which will be published laterin this JOURNAL.

Naples Station: General Description and Noteson Methods of Work Enmployed There. ByDR. E. 0. HOVEY.THIs laboratory was established in 1872,

by Dr. Anton Dohrn. Although somethirty stations have since been establishedon similar lines, this has maintained itslead in importance. The most popularfeature is the aquarium, which consists of26 tanks (described in some detail). Thechief function is investigation, which is car-ried on by a corps of nine regular officials,and 30-40 students from all parts of theworld. More than 1,000 men have studiedat the Laboratory. An important featureis the beautiful preparations of the Naplesmarine fauna which are sent to museumsand investigators all over the world. Thepaper presented many interesting and prac.tical details of methods employed.General Statement of Types and Figured Speci-mens of Fossil Invertebrates in the AmericanMuseum of Natural Hlistory. By DR. E. 0.HOVEY.THE Museum has at least 8,000 types and

figured specimens of fossils. A large partof these are in the James Hall collection,including a large proportion of species ofthe New York Pakeozoic horizons; also im-portant series from Waldron and SpergenHill, Indianna; Racine, Beloit and otherlocalities in Wisconsin and Minnesota.The Museum has the F. S. Holmes collec-tion, including many Tertiary and Post-Tertiary types from South Carolinaa; thetypesofHall and Meeky from theCretaceousof Nebraska and maniy types of species de-

scribed in the Bulletin of the Museum. Inthe paper a number of other lots of typesand figur'ed specimens are mentioned whichcannot be referred to in this brief abstract.Ink and Paper for MVuseutm Labels. By DR.ROBERT T. JACKSON.DWELT On the importance of carbon

writing and rubber stamp inks, as being theonly inks suitable for permanent records.Bond or linen record paper advised as be-ing lasting. Ordinary paper not suitablefor permanent records. This paper will bepublished in this JOURNAL.

ROBERT TRACY JACKSON,Secretary of Section F.

NOTES ON PHYSICS.SECTION B AT THE BOSTON MEETING.THE program of Section B contained fifty

titles of papers, forty of which were read infull. Many of these papers were of highorder and almost every one was creditableand interesting. The increasing activityof Section B and its growing membershipare matters for congratulation, and it isprobable that an affiliated American Phys-ical Society may soon become dlesirable andfeasible. The proceedings of Section B willbe reported in ScIENcE at an early date.

THE FLOW OF WATER IN PIPES.THE flow of water in pipes and channels

is again the subject of elaborate investiga-tion,* but it is doubtful whether anythingmore than roughly approximate formulationof the laws of flow of water can ever bereached. It seems that tne slightest rough-ness on the inside of a pipe leads to unstablestates of fluid motion resulting in the forma-tion of eddies. If incipient eddy motionis indeed an unstable state of fluid motion-and our knowledge -of vortex sheets, such,for example, as the air jet of an organ pipe,seems to show that it is-then the flow of

* Paper by G. H. Knibbs, Journal and Proceedingsof the Royal Society of New South Wales (XXXI.).

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DOI: 10.1126/science.8.195.395 (195), 395-403.8Science 

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