10 May 1957, Volume 125, Number 3254

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors StrenLAURENca H. SNYDER, PresidentWALLACE R. BRODE, President Elect SeverPAUL B. SEARS, Retiring President focus aPAUL M. GRoss of the thGEORGE R. HARRISONPAUL E. KLOPSTEG termed e

CHAUNCEY D. LEAKE of DefeiMARGARET MEAD centeredTHOMAS PARK In FebrWILLIAM W. RUDEY office (IALAN T. WATERMANPAUL A. SCHERER, Treasurer the newDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer up to tl

havingDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer One c

GRAHAM DUSHANE, Editor for devCHARLOTTE V. MEETING, Associate Editor

JOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor costs caiEditorial Board fied. Co

WALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. LERNER (not incBENTLEY GLASS WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. bomberKARL LARK-HOROVITZ EDWARD L. TATUM B-29 bo

Editorial Staff bomber.PATRICIA L. CARSON, MARY L. CRABILL, SARAH S. A resiDEEs, NANCY S. HAMILTON, OLIVER W. HEATWOLE, ResearcYUKIE KOZAI, ELIZABETH MCGOVERN, ELLEN E. ResearcMURPHY, ROBERT V. ORMES, BETHSABE PEDERSEN,ResearcMADELINE SCHNEIDER, JACQUELYN VOLLMER the DepEARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative purpose

ProductSCIENCE, founded in 1880, is published each of who

Friday by the American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, money,Pa. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office as Clearsecond class matter under the Act of 3 March 1879.SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide to is how

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Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- contlictence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 conflict,Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. evidencManuscripts should be typed with double spacingand submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes no role ofresponsibility for the safety of manuscripts or for (Contrtthe opinions expressed by contributors. For detailedsuggestions on the preparation of manuscripts, book conflictreviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 shouldJan. 1957).

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SCIENCE

gth in Union?al recent events in the Department of Defense have brought intodispute over who is to review the weapons' development programshree military departments. The dispute was between what might bea science judgment, centered in the Office of the Assistant Secretarynse (Research and Development), and an engineering judgment,A in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Engineering).ruary, the offices of the two secretaries were merged into a singleResearch and Engineering) and, in April, the first man to occupyv position submitted his resignation. What are the causes that ledhese events? What are the dangers in having separate offices? ina combined office?cause of these events has been the ever larger sums of money neededeloping the ever more formidable weapons. Some idea of presentLn be gained by extrapolation from figures that are no longer classi-nsider, for example, the cost of developing the different airframeszluding engines, fire control systems, and similar items) in the heavyseries: 1935, one prototype B-17, $660,000; 1943, four prototypembers, $8.8 million; and 1952, two prototype intercontinental B-52s, $55.5 million.;ult of the greater expenditure for weapons has been that the currenth and Development fund of $1.7 billion, which was reviewed by theh and Development Office, has not proved enough. Consequently,artment of Defense has turned to funds nominally allotted for others, including, for example, $3.5 billion from the Procurement andtion fund. This manner of financing, in turn, has raised the problemshould review the development projects funded by this additionalindeed, of who should review all development spending.rly, both science and engineering judgments are needed. The problemto bring them together. With the earlier separate offices, one forh and Development and one for Engineering, there was the dangerch office would offer its own reviews, that recommendations wouldand that conflicts would be resolved by a third party. There is

e that in a number of cases this is just what happened, and that themediator was played both by the Assistant Secretary of Defenseoller) and by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget. To be sure,.smust be resolved, but it is by no means clear why fiscal judgmentsbe sought in the evaluation of development projects at this stage.ithe present single office for Research and Engineering, whateverwtivation for the union, one result may be to keep technical mattersnical hands. However, there is the new danger that instead of scienceigineering judgments being rendered independently, one viewpointme to rule out the other. The first Assistant Secretary for the newFrank D. Newbury, formerly Assistant Secretary for Engineering,noted for his ability to get along with scientists. We hope that hisor-assuming Newbury's recent resignation is accepted will haveentation and ability necessary to achieve a proper balance betweenand engineering. J. T.

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ravlaV1 O 945IU MAY 1X3{lin Am

11-13. American Meteorological Soc.,Monterey, Calif. (K. C. Spengler, AMS,3 Joy St., Boston 8, Mass.)

11-15. Ionization Phenomena in Gases,3rd internatl. conf., Venice, Italy. (U.Facchini, Laboratori CISE, Via Procaccini1, Milan, Italy.)

12-15. Colloquium of College Physi-cists, 19th annual, Iowa City, Iowa. (J. A.Van Allen, Dept. of Physics, State Univ.of Iowa, Iowa City.)

16-20. American Soc. of Mammalogists,annual, Lawrence, Kansas. (B. P. Glass,Dept. of Zoology, Oklahoma A.&M. Col-lege, Stillwater.)

16-21. American Soc. for Testing Ma-terials, Atlantic City, N.J. (R. J. Painter,ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3.)

17-19. American Neurological Assoc.,Atlantic City, N.J. (C. Rupp, 133 S. 36St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.)

17-19. Astronomical Soc. of the Pacific,annual, Flagstaff, Ariz. (S. Einarsson,Univ. of California, Berkeley 4.)

17-19. Health Physics Soc., 3rd annual,Pittsburgh, Pa. (H. W. Patterson, Radia-tion Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley.)

17-19. Military Electronics, nationalconvention, Washington, D.C. (G. Rap-paport, Emerson Radio & PhonographCorp., 701 Lamont St., NW, Washington10.)

17-20. Carbon Conf., 3rd, Buffalo, N.Y.(Carbon Conf., Univ. of Buffalo, Buffalo.)

17-20. Institute of Aeronautical Sci-ences, natl. summer, Los Angeles, Calif.(S. P. Johnston, IAS, 2 E. 64 St., NewYork 21.)

17-21. American Soc. for EngineeringEducation, annual, Ithaca, N.Y. (W. L.Collins, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana.)

17-21. Association of Official SeedAnalysts, annual, Baton Rouge, La. (L.C. Shenberger, Seed Lab., Dept. of Agri-cultural Chemistry, Purdue Univ., Lafay-ette, Ind.)

17-21. Canadian Medical Assoc., 90thannual, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.(CMA, 244 George St., Toronto, Ont.)

17-22. Coordination of Galactic Re-search, internatl. symp., Stockholm, Swe-den. (P. T. Oosterhoff, University Ob-servatory, Leiden, Netherlands.)

17-22. Internal Combustion EngineCong., 4th internatl., Zurich, Switzerland.(C. C. M. Logan, British National Com-mittee, 6 Grafton St., London, W.1.)

17-28. Wear Theory in Metal Cuttingand Bearing Design, special summer pro-gram, Cambridge, Mass. (MassachusettsInst. of Technology, Cambridge 39.)

19-21. Association for Computing Ma-chinery, annual, Houston, Tex. (J. Mosh-man, ACM, 2 E. 63 St., New York 21.)

20-22. American Assoc. of PhysicsTeachers, annual, Schenectady, N.Y. (F.Verbrugge, School of Physics, Univ. ofMinnesota, Minneapolis.)

20-22. American Physical Soc., NotreDame, Ind. (K. K. Darrow, APS, Co-lumbia Univ., New York 27.)

20-22. Soc. of Nuclear Medicine, 4thannual, Oklahoma City, Okla. (R. Lackey,SNM, 452 Metropolitan Bldg., Denver,Colo.)

21-23. American Assoc. of Bioanalysts,

annual, New Orleans, La. (C. Hoffman,3707 Gaston, Suite 419, Dallas, Tex.)

22-28. American Soc. of Medical Tech-nologists, annual, Chicago, Ill. (Miss R.Matthaei, ASMT, Suite 25, Hermann Pro-fessional Bldg., Houston 25, Tex.)

23-26. American Soc. of AgriculturalEngineers, E. Lansing, Mich. (J. L. Butt,ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.)

23-28. American Physical TherapyAssoc., annual, Detroit, Mich. (Miss M.E. Haskell, APTA, 1790 Broadway, NewYork 19.)

23-28. National Assoc. of Power En-gineers, natl., Grand Rapids, Mich. (E. J.Schuetz, NAPE, 176 W. Adams St., Chi-cago 3, Ill.)

23-29. American Library Assoc., an-nual, Kansas City, Kans. (D. H. Clift,ALA Hq., 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11.)

23-30. Rheumatic Diseases, 9th inter-natl. cong., in conjunction with AmericanRheumatism Assoc., Toronto, Ont., Can-ada. (E. Dunlop, Box 237, Terminal "A,"Toronto.)

24-26. Aging, 10th conf., Ann Arbor,Mich. (Div. of Gerontology, Univ. ofMichigan, Rackham Bldg., Ann Arbor.)

24-26. American Soc. of Heating andAir-Conditioning Engineers, Murray Bay,Quebec, Canada. (A. V. Hutchinson,ASHAE, 62 Worth St., New York 13.)

24-27. Agricultural Inst. of Canada,with six other Canadian agricultural socs.,annual, Vancouver, B.C. (W. J. Anderson,Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Univ. ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver.)

(See issue of 19 April for comprehensive list)

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DustHemodynamic Effects of Ether, Cyclopropane, or BarbituratesRadioactive Isotopes In MedicineConnective Tissue (Collagen) DiseasesActions of Heparin Other Than Those on CoagulationSpecial Therapeutics (Helminthic Diseases)Tolerance to and Physical Dependence on Opiates, Barbiturates,

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AAAS SYMPOSIUM VOLUMEJune 1955

246 pp., 6" x 9", 49 Illus., index, clothbound

Price $6.75; cash order price forAAAS members $5.75

" . This is a real contributionto dental science. It is the mostcomprehensive review of animal ex-perimentation on caries ever at-tempted. The format and reproduc-tion of illustrations are excellent."This compilation of research find-ings should have wide circulationand should be a storehouse of infor-mation for all those who are inves-tigating the problem of dentalcaries. It should serve to clarify thethinking and prevent useless dupli-cation in future studies...

Russell W. Bunting, School ofDentistry, University of Michigan.

AAAS, 1515 Mass. Ave., NW,Washington 5, D.C.

SCIENCE, VOL. 125

1

LETTERSThe editors take no responsibility for

the content of the letters published in thissection. Anonymous letters will not be con-sidered. Letters intended for publicationshould be typewritten double-spaced andsubmitted in duplicate. A letter writershould indicate clearly whether or not hisletter is submitted for publication. For ad-ditional information, see Science 124, 249(1956) and 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957).

"Living" Molecule

G. W. Beadle's recent suggestion [Sci-ence 125, 9 (1957)] that nucleic acidsmight be regarded as the first "living"molecule presents an opportunity to re-

emphasize the fact that such interestingspeculations must still be regarded as

highly controversial. It would be unfor-tunate if too little theoretical and ex-

perimental consideration continues to begiven to alternate views (i) that genes

are recent [C. C. Lindegren, Nature 176,1244 (1955); N.Y. Acad. Sci. (Dec.1956)] rather than primary, and (ii)that they may act, to a large extent byinhibiting a "totipotent" cytoplasm [WV.Braun, Science 104, 38 (1946); B. Com-moner, report at AAAS meeting (Dec.1956)]. Bateson's [W. Bateson, Problemsof Genetics (Yale Univ. Press, 1913)]and Goldschmidt's [R. B. Goldschmidt,The Material Basis of Evolution (YaleUniv. Press, 1940)] arguments that gene

mutation per se does not afford a s3tis-factory explanation of evolution still re-

main to be answered.CARL C. LINDEGREN

Biological Research Laboratory,Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

WERNER BRAUNInstitute of Microbiology, RutgersUniversity, New Brunswick, New Jersey

The Sick Feeling Remains

On 1 March, I learned, via your edi-torial [Science 125, 381 (1957)], allabout triage. A little sober reflectioneliminated the first waves of nausea, butthe sick feeling remains. It is difficult toreconcile a civilized spirit with the sci-ence (if this is what it is) of triage.

This is not written in criticism of Zip-erman or of DuShane; indeed, I thankyou for introducing me to this macabregame. With a little imagination, we can

envision the glorious band which has sur-

vived five or six consecutive disastersthrough the Machiavellian hand of the"sorting officer." Naturally, the "sortingofficer" of the hostile power will haveweeded out his necessary and superiorcrop. Thus the world (if there be one

left) will be minus the everyday humanflotsam and will be happily inhabited bythose necessary to survival-including"sorting officers."

10 MAY 1957

It is devoutly hoped that more time,energy, and diplomacy will be channeledinto avoiding these "civilian disasters,"so that triage and its disciples are leftwithout a future.

ERIC WINSTON7814 Provident Street,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Limited AttendanceThere is a statement in "Social aspects

of science" [Science 125, 145 (25 Jan.1957)] to the effect that our recent Con-ference on the Practical Utilization ofRecorded Knowledge found it necessary

to hold parts of its deliberations behindclosed doors and to refrain from publi-cizing the full record of these "confiden-tial" sessions.The sessions were not confidential, but

rather attendance was limited to thosein various subject areas who might con-

tribute best to these sessions. As perplan, summaries of these sessions havebeen published in the book Documenta-tion in Action, edited by Shera, Kent,and Perry (Reinhold, New York, 1956),which records the proceedings of theconference.We believe that the technique of lim-

iting attendance in certain types of meet-ings helps to stimulate discussion by spe-

cial interest groups who might otherwisebe inhibited from presenting their viewsin public. This was indeed the case inthese sessions.

ALLEN KENTCenter for Documentation andCommunication Research, WesternReserve University, Cleveland. Ohio

Damaging Rumor

The main part of your editorial"Scotching a damaging rumor" [Science125, 7 (4 Jan. 1957)] is a letter from theState Department, the contents of whichseem to be quite clear. Contrary to yourbelief, however, the letter will be con-

sidered by a great many people abroadas a definite confirmation of the absolutetruth of the "damaging rumor."The State Department definitely says

that one visit may not be damaging-"Repeated visits ... may raise a questionas to the visa applicant's political affilia-tions."

This means that, whatever your rea-

sons for visits to Moscow may be, youcannot, in the eyes of State, escape thered taint if you go there more than once.

And this, after all, is just what therumor said?

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tained from manufacturers and fromother sources considered to be reliable.Science does not assume responsibilityfor the accuracy of the information. Allinquiries concerning items listed shouldbe addressed to Science, Room 740, 11W. 42 St., New York 36, N.Y. Includethe name(s) of the manufacturer(s) andthe department number(s).

*RC OSCILLATOR covers the 20-cy to 20-kcy/sec range in a single dial sweep. Au-tomatic sweep can thus be achieved forthis range by equipping the instrumentwith a motor drive. Calibration of theoscillator is essentially logarithmic. Out-put is constant to within ± 1 db over theentire frequency range. Distortion israted as less than 1 percent at all fre-quencies. Output voltage is 20 v on opencircuit or 10 v into a 600-ohm load.(Hewlett-Packard Co., Dept. S257)

* LIQUID-LEVEL SWITCH uses radioactiv-ity to sense level. A beta source is sepa-rated from a Geiger-counter detector bythe liquid. The electric signal corre-sponding to the change in radiation isamplified to actuate a relay, which oper-ates controls or alarm signals. Accuracyis + 0. 1 in., and response time is 0.05 sec.(Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., Dept.S252)

* NULL DETECTOR is battery operated toprovide isolation from power lines. Sen-sitivity is 3 v for 1-percent deflection.Tuned circuits permit a sharp balance inthe presence of harmonics. (IndustrialTest Equipment Co., Dept. S320)

X LIQUID-METAL-LEVEL INDICATOR is sen-sitive to 1-mm change in height. Meas-urement is made through the wall bymeans of a balanced inductance-bridgecircuit. Adaptation to different wallthickness is made by varying the excita-tion frequency. Wall material must benonmagnetic. (Nuclear DevelopmentCorp. of America, Dept. S295)

* MILLIVOLTMETER PYROMETERS employhigh-strength magnet material, printedcircuits, and miniature tubes and relaysto save panel space. Accuracy is ± 0.5percent of instrument span, and sensitiv-ity is 0.1 percent. Available are a two-position controller; a three-position,dual-index controller; a three-position,single-index controller; an oven tempera-ture protector; a proportional outputcontroller; a time-proportioning con-troller; and a millivoltmeter indicator.(General Electric Co., Dept. S301)

* CONDUCTIVITY METER is designed formeasurement of water quality. Ionic pur-ity is indicated as NaCl content. Direct-indicating range is 0 to 50 ppm. (CrystalResearch Laboratories, Inc., Dept. S300)

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* INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER, a dou-ble-beam prism instrument, is designedfor table-top use. Provision has beenmade to allow for differential analysisby addition of a fixed-slit mechanism, avariable-scan drive, and an a-c bias. Anarrow-slit program device can be usedin high-resolution studies. A recyclingmechanism for kinetic studies is alsoavailable. (Baird-Atomic Inc., Dept.S324)

* VAPORIZER REGULATOR is designed toconvert into vapor liquid samples withboiling points up to 300'F and to regu-late the pressure of the vapor to within± 0.1 lb/in2 gage. Pressure may be ad-justed from 0 to 50 lb/in2 gage. Heat forvaporization is supplied by steam. (Con-solidated Electrodynamics Corp., Dept.S231)

* POLYETHYLENE BEAKERS with a heat-distortion temperature of 250'F areavailable in capacities from 250 to 1000ml. (American Agile Corp., Dept. S268)

* DIGITAL TIME-SIGNAL GENERATOR pro-duces numerically coded timing signalswhich are recorded on magnetic tape toaccompany data recorded on the tape.A companion magnetic-tipe search unitis used for data-reduction. This de-vice reads the recorded time signalsand permits location and selection forreadout of any interval of the record.Start and stop times of the interval tobe selected are specified by dial settings.(Hycon Eastern, Inc., Dept. S241)

M GLASS JOINTS are unground, fit andseal being provided by compression offlexible rings between the cone and thesocket. The glass socket has a 1-to-10taper; the cone is fitted with two heat-resistant and chemically resistant ringsmade of silicone rubber. (W. G. Flaigand Sons, Ltd., Dept. S322)

* ACCELEROMETER covers the frequencyrange 0 to 25 cy/sec. Acceleration rangesfrom ± 0.1 to ± 20 g are available. Reso-lution is said to be better than ± 0.001percent and linearity within ± 0.1 percentof full range. Temperature variation overa range of 100'C can be compensatedto ± 0.1 percent. The instrument incor-porates a high-gain electromechanicalamplifier in closed-loop operation. (Don-ner Scientific Co., Dept. S317)

* FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER accepts a si-nusoidal signal of frequency from 0 to600 cy/sec and provides either a voltageanalog or a 10-mv positive pulse at 8times the input frequency. The analogoutput is a 0- to 100-mv signal. Rise timeis 10 msec for a 40 to 600 cy/sec step.(Fischer and Porter Co., Dept. S203)

JOSHUA STERNNational Bureau of Standards

SCIENCE. VOL. 125

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