Science 10 Physics Unit Note Package --------------------------------------------------Part 1: Distance to Velocity ------------------------------------------------

The Language of Motion • Many words are used when describing motion.

• Many of these words have specific meanings in Science.

• Some common words used to describe motion include:

– ______________

– ______________

– ______________

– ______________

– Quantities that are measured or counted have a ______________ but may also contain

a ______________.

• ______________refers to the ______________of a ____________________(the #)

• Quantities that describe ______________but do not include ______________are called

____________________________or ______________.

• For Example:

– ______________ (describes a magnitude, but no direction)

• Quantities that describe ______________and also include ______________are called

____________________________or just ______________.

• For Example:

– ______________

Distance

• ______________(___) is a ______________quantity that describes the ______________of a

path between two points or locations.

• For example:

– ____________________________

Position • ______________ (__) is a ______________quantity that describes a ______________ to a

reference point.

• For example:

– __________________________________________

The SI units for ______ distance and position is ____________ (__)

Get it?!?

• A car leaves home and drives 10 km to the store and then returns home. The car has driven a

total _____________________ of 20 km but its final _____________________ is 0 km.

• Displacement is a _____________________ in location.

Time Interval and Position • ______________(___) is a concept that describes ___________________________________

– __________________(___): When the event began.

– _______________(___): When the event finished.

• ______________is the ______________between the ____________________________.

• Time interval is calculated by:

____________________________

For example:

• How long does it take the skateboard to move from the fire hydrant to the sign?

• What is the position of the sign from the tree?

Displacement + Distance

• ______________describes the ____________________________and ______________from

one point to another.

– Describes how much an object’s ______________has changed.

• Displacement is equal to the __________________________________________

____________________________

The SI unit for displacement is ____________________________

For example:

• Between 2 s and 5 s, the skateboarder’s:

– displacement is...

– distance travelled is...

Watch for Signs!

• When using ______________quantities, ______________are given ______________signs.

• Between 0 s and 15 s the person’s displacement is:

Therefore: ______________

Assignment: Read pages: 341-342, 359-360 Do: Motion Worksheet

Uniform Motion

• Objects in uniform motion travel _______________________________________________.

• Objects in uniform motion ____________________________, slow down, or change direction.

Graphing Uniform Motion

• Motion of an object can be analyzed by drawing a ____________________________

• A position-time graph plots ____________________________on the vertical axis

(______________) and _________________________on the horizontal axis (___________).

• A ______________is a __________________________________________that mostly

closely fits the general shape outlined by the points

• Uniform motion is represented by a

______________on a position-time graph.

• The straight line passes through

_______ the plotted points.

Slope

• The ______________of a graph refers to whether a line is ______________or goes

______________ at an angle.

• Slopes of graphs usually represent a ______________ (more to come later!)

• Calculated by:

• Positive slope:

– Slants ______________

– Indicates motion

in the direction of

the ______________

• Zero slope:

– ______________

– Indicates that the object is ______________

• Negative slope:

– Slants ____________________________

– Indicates motion in the direction of the ______________

Assignment • Read: Pages 344 • Do:

– Finding Slopes – Slopes + Uniform Motion

Speed

• ______________(__) is the __________________________________________during a

given time interval divided by the time interval

• Speed is a ____________________________

• The SI unit for speed is ____________________________

Average Velocity • ______________(__) is the ______________ of an object during a time interval divided by the

______________

• The direction of the velocity is the ______________as the direction of the ______________

• The SI unit for velocity is ____________________________

• Describes how fast an objects ______________is ______________

• Velocity is a ______________quantity therefore must include ______________

• On a position-time graph, the slope is the ____________________________(__) divided by

the ___________________________(__)

• The ______________the slope, the greater the change in ______________during the same

______________

• The ______________of a position-time graph is the object’s __________________________

• Average velocity is the ____________________________in position for a time interval

• The symbol of ______________is (____)

• On a position-time graph if ______________is given a ______________direction:

– A ____________________________means that the objects average velocity is

______________

– A ____________________________means that the object’s average velocity is

______________

– A ___________________________means the object’s average velocity is __________

Your Assignment Read Pages 346-349, 352-357 Do: Graphs WS

Calculating Average Velocity

• The relationship between average velocity, displacement, and time is given by:

__________________________________________________________

• Use the above equation to answer the following:

– What is the average velocity of a dog that takes 4.0 s to run forward 14 m?

Another Example:

• A boat travels 1280 m East in a time of 120 s. What is the boat’s average velocity?

Calculating Displacement (from Average Velocity)

• The relationship between displacement, average velocity, and time is given by:

• Use the above equation to answer the following:

– What is the displacement of a bicycle that travels 8.0 m/s North for 15 s?

And Another…

• A person, originally at the starting line, runs West at 6.5 m/s. What is the runner’s

displacement after 12 s?

Calculating Time (from Average Velocity)

• The relationship between time, average velocity, and displacement is given by:

• Use the above equation to answer the following:

– How long would it take a cat walking North at 0.80 m/s to travel 12 m north?

Try it

• A car is driving forward at 15 m/s. How long would it take this car to pass through an

intersection that is 11 m long?

Converting between m/s and km/h

• To convert from km/h to m/s:

– Change km to m: 1 km = 1000 m

– Change h to s: 1 h = 3600 s

• For example:

– Convert 75 km/h to m/s.

Let’s See What We Learned!

• Convert 95 km/h to m/s.

• A truck’s displacement is 45 km north after driving for 1.3 hours. What was the truck’s average

velocity in km/h and m/s?

• What is the displacement of an airplane flying 480 km/h East during a 5.0 min time interval?

Assignment • Read pages 361-363 • Do:

– Velocity W.S. – Sc10 - Slopes of Position-Time Graphs WS – Analyzing Position-Time Graphs – Study for your Part 1 quiz!!!

------------------------------------------------------Part 2: Acceleration ------------------------------------------------------

Describing Acceleration • An object travelling with ______________has ________displacements in _________time

intervals.

• An object travelling with ____________________________motion will:

– have different ______________________ during equal time intervals.

– take different amounts of ______________to travel equal displacements.

– have a ____________________________changing velocity.

Changes in Velocity

• A ____________________________(__) occurs when the ______________of an object

changes, or the ______________of motion changes, ______________

• A change in velocity can be calculated by:

• If the change in velocity is ______________, the object travelling with

____________________________.

Positive Changes in Velocity

• If the ____________________________is the same sign (+, -) as the initial ______________,

the speed of the object is ____________________________.

• For Example:

Negative Changes in Velocity

• If the ____________________________is the opposite sign (+, -) of the ______________

velocity, the speed of the object is ______________.

• For example:

Acceleration

• The ____________________________

– The change in ______________can be due to a change in ______________, a change

in ______________, or ______________.

• Two objects with the ______________change in velocity can have different ______________.

– This is because acceleration ____________________________the velocity changes.

• Suppose both of these vehicles, starting from rest, speed up to 60 km/h.

• They will have the ____________________________but since the dragster can get to 60 km/h

______________than the old car, the dragster will have a greater ______________.

Positive Acceleration

• The ______________of the acceleration is the ______________as the direction of the change

in ______________.

• For example:

– A car speeding up in the

______________direction.

– If we designate the ______________

direction as ______________, then

the change in ______________is

______________.

Negative Acceleration

• Acceleration that is ______________the ______________of motion is sometimes called

______________.

• For Example:

– A car ______________down in the

forward direction.

– If we designate the ______________

direction as ______________, then

the change in ______________is

______________.

Positive and Negative Acceleration

• For Example:

– A car ______________up in the ______________direction.

– If we designate the ______________direction as ______________, then the change in

velocity is ______________.

• This means that the ______________is ______________even though the car is

______________its speed.

• A car slowing down in the ______________direction.

• For Example:

– If we designate the backward direction as ______________, then the change in

______________is ______________.

• This means that the ______________is ______________even though the car is

______________its speed.

Assignment • Read: Pages 373-374, 376-377 • Do:

– Sc10 - Velocity + Acceleration – Sc10 - Calculating Change in Velocity – Study for your quiz!!! Describing Acceleration

Calculating Acceleration

• The ______________of an object depends on the ______________and the

______________to change the velocity.

• When stopping a moving object, the relationship between time and acceleration is:

– ______________the stopping time ______________the acceleration

– ______________the stopping time ______________the acceleration

Velocity-Time Graphs

• The motion of an object with ____________________________is best represented by a

____________________________

• The motion of an object with a ____________________________is best represented by a

____________________________

• The ______________of a velocity-time graph is ____________________________

• Acceleration is measured in ______________

Determining Motion from a Velocity-Time Graph

• A velocity-time graph can be analyzed to describe the motion of an object.

– ____________________________ (positive ______________):

• Object’s velocity is ______________in the ______________direction.

– ____________________________ (zero ______________):

• Object’s ______________is ______________.

– ______________ ______________ (negative ______________):

• Object’s velocity is ______________in the ______________direction or the

object’s velocity is ______________in the ______________direction.

For example

During which time interval was:

– The acceleration zero?

– The acceleration negative?

– The acceleration positive?

– The object increasing it’s velocity north?

– The object decreasing it’s velocity north?

– The object moving at a constant velocity north?

Assignment • Read: Pages 380-384 • Do: Describing Motion W.S.

Calculating Acceleration

• The relationship of acceleration, change in velocity, and time interval is given by the equation:

• For example:

– A pool ball traveling at 2.5 m/s, towards the cushion, bounces off at 1.5 m/s. If the ball

was in contact with the cushion for 0.20 s, what is the ball’s acceleration? (Assume

towards the cushion is the positive direction.)

• The equation can be rearranged to solve for change in velocity:

• For example:

– A car accelerates from rest at 3.0 m/s2 forward for 5.0 s. What is the velocity of the car

at the end of 5.0 s?

• The car’s change in velocity is

• The car’s velocity after 5.0 s is

• The equation can be rearranged to solve for change in time:

• For example:

– A train is travelling east at 14ms. How long would it take to increase its velocity to 22

m/s east, if it accelerated at 0.50 m/s2 east? (assign the east direction as positive).

Try the following acceleration problems:

• A truck starting from rest accelerates uniformly to 18 m/s [W] in 4.5 s. What is the truck’s

acceleration?

• A toboggan moving 5.0 m/s forward decelerates backwards at -0.40 m/s2 for 10 s. What is the

toboggan’s velocity at the end of the 10 s?

• How much time does it take a car, travelling south at 12 m/s, to increase its velocity to 26 m/s

south if it accelerates at 3.5 m/s2 south?

Assignment • Do:

• Sc10 - Calculating Acceleration • Sc10 - Calculating Acceleration Workbook

Gravity

• Objects, near the surface of the Earth, fall to the Earth due to the force of ______________

– Gravity is a ____________________________that acts between

____________________________

• ____________________________is a friction-like force that ______________down objects

that move through the ______________

• Ignoring air resistance, all objects will accelerate towards the Earth

at____________________________

Calculating Motion Due to Gravity

• To analyze a situation where objects are accelerating due to gravity, use the equations:

• In these equations, the acceleration ( ) is 9.8 m/s2 downward.

For example:

• Suppose a rock falls from the top of a cliff. What is the change in velocity of the rock after it has

fallen for 1.5 s? (Assign “down” as negative)

– Since down is negative, the change in the rock’s velocity is _______________________

Try the following acceleration due to gravity problems: • What is the change in velocity of a brick that falls for 3.5 s?

• A ball is thrown straight up into the air at 14 m/s. How long does it take for the ball to slow

down to an upward velocity of 6.0 m/s?

• A rock is thrown downwards with an initial velocity of 8.0 m/s. What is the velocity of the rock

after 1.5 s?

Assignment

• Read: page 375

Upcoming Physics Unit Test!