'SCI0ENCE-VOL. 100, NO. 2587FRIDAY JULY 28 1944 SUBSCIPTION, $6.00VOL. 100, No.2587IDAY SINGLE COPIES, .15

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THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICEOF OPHTHALMIC SURGERY

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4 SCEC-DETSMNSVL 0,N.28

THE MICROSCOPE ceased to be a toy andbecame a practical scientific instrumentwhen the brilliant mind and clever fingers ofAntony van Leeuwenhoek began exploringits possibilities. Soon thereafter, reports ofhis accurate observations of minute struc-tures were baffling his contemporaries.By establishing the art of properly grind-

ing and polishing double-convex lenses, heobtained from a simple microscope magnifi-cation as great as 160 diameters. His other26 microscopes ranged in magnification from40 to 133. Through these, his eyes were firstto observe Infusoria, Rotifers, and Bacteria.Leeuwenhoek achieved his fame by a rare

combination of superior grinding, uniqueskill in dissecting and mounting objects,and remarkable powers of observation anddeduction.

HIS DISCIPLES STILL PROBE THE UNKNOWN

Today, modern disciples of Leeuwenhoekare combining accurate lens grinding andobservational skill to probe the unknowns

of bacteriology, astronomy, chemistry, metal-lurgy, photography, and vision. Lenses andprisms in instruments of increased accuracyare the tools employed by these talentedworkers in industry, education and the armedforces. It has been Perkin-Elmer's privilegeto supply them with many of these tools.From the give-and-take of this experience,

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Special elements such as fine lenses, prisms,flats, photographic objectives, interferometerplates, retardation plates, Cornu prisms,Rochon prisms, Nicol prisms.

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VoL. 100, No. 25874

* The following forms of crystalline carotene, isolated andpurified in the Research Laboratories of S.M.A. Corpora.tion, are currently available:

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VOL. 100, No. 2587

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JULY 28, 1944 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

SCRUBBING STEEL WITH A BRUSH OF FLAMES

TH E SIM P L E process this man is using is called"flame-priming." It was developed by THE LINDE AIRPRODUCTS COMPANY.

When the fiery "bristles" of oxy-acetylene flame sweepover steel, the intense heat causes scale to expand andpop loose. This heat thoroughly dries the surface andconsumes or neutralizes any oil, rust, and other foreignmatter that may be present.Applied to steel just before the first coat of paint is

put on, "flame-priming" makes paint go further and lastlonger, and makes painting a more permanent means ofpreventing corrosion.

Oxygen, acetylene, and many machines and techniquesfor treating, cutting, and fabricating metals have beenmade available to industry for years by LINDE and otherUnits of UCC.

Architects, public officials, consulting engineers, production man -agers, utility executives, contractors, educators and designers areinvited to send for the non-technical picture-caption booklet, 0 7,"Linde Oxy-Acetylene Processes." This booklet shows the widerange of Linde methodsfor cutting, joining, forming, treating, andcleaning metals. It also contains elementary information on theessential products ... Linde Oxygen, Prest-O-Lite Acetylene, OxweldApparatus, and Union Carbide.

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

The Microscope that Changed the Course of ScienceHere you see one of the earliestBausch & Lomb microscopes.This was the first microscope

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VOL. 100, No. 2587

SCIENCEVOL. 100 FRIDAY, JULY 28, 1944 .NO. 2587.Adventures in Biological Engineering: DR. HUDSON

HOAGLAND ........................................... 63

Obituary:Harry Fielding Reid: DR. EDWARD W. BERRY. Day-ton Stoner: W. L. MCATEE. Recent Deaths .................. 67

Scientific Events:The Bengal Famine; The Forestry Mission toChile; The New York City Meeting of the AmericanChemical Society; Civilian Medical Consultants ofthe Army Medical Department; The Work of Dr.George Harrison Shull; The Retirement of the Sec-

retary oftheSmithsonian Institution .................................... 70Scientific Notes and News ................. .......................... 72

Discussion:Exotoxins from Slime Molds: PROFESSOR WILLIAMSEiRIE. Cholinesterases: DR. GORDON A. ALLESand DR. ROLAND C. HAWES. Eubiotic Medicine:DR. IAGO GALDSTON. Handbook on LaboratoryAnimals: PROFESSOR ALASTAIR N. WORDEN ...... 74

Scientific Books:Medical Physics: DR. OSCAR BODANSKY. Enzymes:CHARLES N. FREY. Quantum Chemistry: PRoFEs-

SOR W.F.LIBBY ............................77...........77The American Association for the Advancement of

Science:TheCleveland Meeting .............. ........................... 79

Societies and Academies:The Annual Meeting of the Royal Society of

Canada:PROFESSOR J. R. DYMOND ................................S....80

Special Articles:Extrinsic Factor in Pernicious Anemia: DR. W. B.CASTLE and OTHERS. Photosensitivity as a Causeof Falsely Positive Cephalincholesterol Floccula-tion Tests: DR. JOHN R. NEEFE and DR. JOHN G.REINHOLD. A Rhodotorula Deficient for Para-Amino-Benzoic Acid: DR. WILLIAM J. ROBBINS and

ROBERTA ................................

Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods:Attaching Pointers to Microscope Slides: DR. HAD-LEY KIRKMAN and JEAN ALLEN KOGAN. LoanTeaching Sets on Bacillary Dysentery: DR. JOSEPH

FELSEN .................................

Science News

81

86

10

SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advance-ment of Science. Editorial communications should be sentto the editors of SCIENCE, Lancaster, Pa. Published everyFriday by

THE SCIENCE PRESSLancaster, Pennsylvania

Annual Subscription, $6.00 Single Copies, 15 Cts.

SCIENCE is the official organ of the American Associa-tion for the Advancement of Science. Information regard-ing membership in the Association may be secured fromthe office of the permanent secretary in the SmithsonianInstitution Building, Washington 25, D. C.

ADVENTURES IN BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING'By Dr. HUDSON HOAGLAND

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE WORCESTER FOUNDATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND FELLOW OFTHE JOHN SIMON GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION

MAN, together with other higher vertebrates, hasdeveloped some elegant automatic mechanisms forregulating the physical and chemical properties ofhis blood and body fluids. The relative constancy ofone's internal environment in the face of externalstress and change is characteristic of such factors asblood volume, blood sugar, hydrogen ion concentra-tion and salt content of the body fluids. The thermo-static regulation of internal body temperature is an-other case in point. These factors are beautifullycontrolled with little or no conscious thought on ourpart. As Claude Bernard pointed out nearly a centuryago this regulation renders the higher vertebrates freeof their external environment to a degree impossiblefor animals not possessing these automatic mecha-nisms. Homeostasis of the internal environment, as

1 Sigma Xi initiation lecture given at Worcester Poly-technic Institute on June 14, 1944.

Cannon, Barcroft and others have demonstrated, isone of the truly central problems of physiology.When, for example, the environmental temperature

falls a bird or mammal conserves more of its metabolicheat and maintains its internal temperature constant.A frog, on the other hand, must take on the tempera-ture of its environment. In cold weather its metabo-lism and other dependent reactions are slowed until itbecomes immobilized and a prisoner of the climate.Freedom thus is not just a matter of sociology andpolitics, but freedom- of a sort has its substratum inbiochemistry and physiology.

In recent years with the development of aviationman has desired to be free in an environment forwhich his evolutionary history could not possibly havefitted him. In high-speed airplanes he is assailed bynew and formidable stresses. Living as he does at thebottom of a sea of air supplying a continuous and