Sci Tech

SCITECH Nepal

July 2009 Vol. 11 No. 2

Chief Editor:Prof. Deepak Bhattarai

Managing Editor:Rajiv K. Chaudhary

Editor:Yug Maya Rai

Shailendra K. JhaRajjan Man Chitrakar

Published By:Nepal Engineering College

Changunarayan, Bhaktapur, Nepal.G.P.O. Box 10210Phone: 6611744

Fax: 977-1-6611681Email: [email protected]

Circulation:Pramila Karki

nec 2009

Printed at:Lusha PrLusha PrLusha PrLusha PrLusha Pressessessessess

Jawalakhel, LalitpurTel: 01- 5532822

The publication Committee does not vouch for theoriginality and the correctness of information inthe ar ticles of the authors published in thisjournal.

FFFFFrrrrrom the Editorom the Editorom the Editorom the Editorom the Editor

The advancement in science and technology hasreally made the lives of the people comfor table,effective and eff icient. Globalization and thediscoveries in different areas are day by day addingvalue to the social and economic state of the people.Technology greatly has bridged the gap betweenthe invention and the needs of the society.

However it is not easy to bridge this gap. For this tooccur, research and development at the universityand college level seems to be essential. This is bothopportunity as well as challenge. Globally the MNCSare eager to tap the achievements of the academics.

In the recent past, Nepal has made significantachievements in the areas such as infrastructuredevelopments, Alternative energy, banking etc.butthis gain does not look sustainable. It is because ofthe inability of these technologies to be accessibleto the remote area and underprivileged people.Inappropriate planning and lack of exper tiseprobably is the reason for this. One way to addressthis problem is to foster closer collaboration betweenacademics and all other stakeholders.

Thus it is a challenge for engineer and architects tomaintain the balance between need and supply byusing the underutilized resources through theirknowledge and exper tise. Optimum use oftechnology is still a challenge for the practitionors.Inappropriate use of technology always incurs costrather than profit. This it is right time for us to leadfrom the front for the well being of the society andthe nation.

2 S C I T E C H N E P A L , V O L . 1 1 N O . 2

CONTENTS

CONSTRUCTION OF MATSAPHA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN SWAZILAND,SOUTHERN AFRICA AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ECOLOGY- S.K. Dev 3

URBAN HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT:A CASE STUDY OF HISTORIC TOWN THIMI, NEPAL- Bhatta, Kishan Datta 7

CHALLENGES FOR MANAGEMENT TO IMPLEMENT E-GOVERNANCE IN NEPAL- Dhiraj K. Das, Deepak B. Dhami 24

NATURAL DISASTERS AND PROTECTION OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN NEPAL- Bharat Sharma 29

TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA- Deba Prayagan Chaudhary 33

GIS BASED COVERAGE PREDICTION MODEL FOR GSM

-Subash K.C., Ashish Sharma, Bikrant Koirala, Bipin Timilsina, and Krishna Regmi 37

DEPLETING WATER QUANTITY AND CHANGE IN WATER MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES:A CASE STUDY OF PANCHAKANYA IRRIGATION PROJECT- Rupak Bastola, Sunil Parajuli 42

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SOFT SWITCHING SNUBBER BASED BOOST CONVERTER

- Rajendra Mahat 48

3S C I T E C H N E P A L , V O L . 1 1 N O . 2

CONSTRUCTION OF MATSAPHAINTERNATIONAL AIRPORT INSWAZILAND, SOUTHERN AFRICAAND ITS EFFECT ONENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIALECOLOGYS.K. Dev*

IntrIntrIntrIntrIntroductionoductionoductionoductionoductionThis is the case study of the after effects of Matsapha InternationalAirpor t construction, Swaziland, Southern Africa. The location of thecentre par t of Swaziland is at 26030' south latitude and 32000' eastlongitude. It is a beautiful mountainous land locked country borderingMozambique in the east and Republic of South Africa in the north, south& west. Seventy five percent of the population are of African origin andthe rest are of European and Indian origin. Most of the African populationspeak and understand English and the native African language.

Up to 1985 Swaziland had a small runway to fly STOL aircrafts like TwinOtter. The only connection with the outside world was up to Johanesburg,South Africa by aircraft. Later with the assistance of International CivilAviation Organization (ICAO), (UNDP) and Swaziland Government, thecountrys only international airpor t, Matsapha International Airpor t wasconstructed.

ConsultantsConsultantsConsultantsConsultantsConsultantsInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was hired as consultingengineers which comprised of international team of exper ts in the fieldsof civil, electromechanical, transpor tation & survey engineering. Theexperts were hired by U.N. from Netherlands, Britain, Sweden, Poland,Ghana, Ethiopia, India, Nepal and Pakistan apart from local experts.

*Mr. Dev is the Associate Professor in the Depar tment of Civil Engineering, Nepal Engineering College and former UN Exper t for the Survey, Designand Construction of Swaziland International Airpor t.


MethodoloMethodoloMethodoloMethodoloMethodologggggy:y:y:y:y:After the government identified the site for the airpor tconstruction, the whole area of about 4 Km by 0.8 Kmwas surveyed and a topographical map was prepared.Control points were provided by traversing andtriangulation using Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) and precision theodolites. These points werelinked to national control point series .A detailedtopographical map of the whole area was preparedat a scale of 1:500, however a master plan coveringthe entire area was produced at 1:5000 scale. Afterdesk study of the topographical map of the area andnational topographical map and also after several sitevisits by concerned authorities and airport exper ts,the proposed runway alignment and its location wasascer tained. Location of taxiway, apron, operationsbuilding, control tower, security fence, main entrance,emergency exit etc. were planned by airpor t andaviation exper ts at ICAO head quar ter, Montreal.Construction design for runway, taxiway, control towerand other components were completed at ICAO headquarters.

ConstrConstrConstrConstrConstructionuctionuctionuctionuctionDuring the construction of the runway, throughcrossings of small streams were avoided. Specially, atthe two ends of the runway threshold, where landingand take-off took place, stream crossings were notaccepted since the impact of load (landing) was veryhigh. The land required for airpor t facility wereacquired before any construction could proceed.Peripheral access road was built and the whole of theairport premises were fenced for security before theconstruction started.

Construction of the 3.6 Km long runway and othercomponents star ted with site clearance and erectionof security fence. Since human life was involved andwith more than 300 tonnes of load impacts at the twoends (thresholds) of the runway, strict compliance withdesign was adopted during construction of the runway.

Security fence of 2.5m height was erected. There wasone main entrance having cattle trap at this entranceto prevent cattle from entering the airpor t premises.There were 3 other emergency exits. A 45 m 3600m

runway was constructed. Longitudinal and cross slopeswere designed in such a way to prevent stagnant wateron the runway. Rain water was made to slip away fromthe runway. Likewise, side drains along the runwaywere constructed so that no pounding of water atairpor t premises would take place. Since the lveveldifference between operations building floor level andapron level was about1.2 m., ramp between operationsbuilding and apron was constructed for smoothmovement of passengers and their luggage betweenapron and operations building.

Six storey hexagonal shaped control tower was builtat such a locations that Air Traffic Controller (A.T.C.)could see the entire runway from the control tower. Itwas hardly 150 m away from the operations buildings.

EarEarEarEarEar thwthwthwthwthworororororkkkkkMassive filling (up to 22 m) was required at one endof the proposed runway. Filling was done in layers.After filling every 250 mm thick layer, the soil wascompacted and it was tested for 95% compaction andthen only the following layers of filling were placedand this was quite a big haul of ear th work. Therequired material was obtained form nearby terrainslopes. During construction, the elevations, slopes,alignment, thickness of different layers of runway(according to design) were checked at every chainagesof runway alignment. Longitudinal and cross-slopeswere verified to determine whether they matched thedesired slopes. After the construction of the runway,taxiway was constructed.

The apron, ramp, side drains, operations building,control tower, cargo building, and vehicle parking wereconstr ucted. At every phase of this massiveconstruction, construction survey was done to confirmthe actual conformity with design parameters.Verticality of 6 storey control tower, slopes of spoondrain and other side drains were verified as per design.When the facilities were constructed, test landing wasdone. The hills, horizontal distances and elevationsalong the alignment of runway were ascertained. Thiswas necessary to determine the angle of slopes while,approaching and taking off from either ends of therunway.


ConstrConstrConstrConstrConstruction Contruction Contruction Contruction Contruction ControlsolsolsolsolsFor the construction of this multi-million dollar projectwork weekly site meetings were held betweenEngineers Representative (Consulting engineers) andcontractors representative. Construction was guided,quality controlled, verified as per the design. Everysmall change in the design to meet local conditionswas discussed, design amended and ordered in blackand white and passed on to the contractor. Every weekthe progress of work was monitored. Any defectiveworks by the contactor was not accepted by theEngineers Representative. As an example, whileconstructing a temporary taxiway, the contractor didnot comply fully with the design criteria as his argumentwas based on the compliance of a temporary taxiway.But the Engineers Representative determined thatthough it was a temporary taxiway, the contractorneeded to comply with design specif icationscompletely. Thus every bit of construction by the theninternational contractor, Ster ling International,registered in U.K and South Africa were given hardtime by the Consulting Engineers Representative andthus the whole project was constructed on time andmet the design specifications set by ICAO.

Quantity SurQuantity SurQuantity SurQuantity SurQuantity Survvvvveeeeey and Bill ofy and Bill ofy and Bill ofy and Bill ofy and Bill of Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity QuantityEvery month the contractor had to submit running billsof the works executed. The quantity surveyor had toverify all the details of the bill. The contractor usedthe escalation factors as agreed in the contract asper the index of cost of materials published by thegovernment authorities of Republic of South Africa.After verifications and satisfaction to the EngineersRepresentative, the bill was forwarded for payment.

As bAs bAs bAs bAs built druilt druilt druilt druilt draaaaawingwingwingwingwingEach and every element of the project was constructedas per the design. During construction, horizontal andver tical positions (x,y,h) were thoroughly checked tocomply with design specification. Locations of runway,taxiway, operations building, control tower etc. wereshown on drawings true to the scale. Longitudinal andcross slopes on constructed runway was shown onas-built drawing. Location of landing informationsystem and other components were also shown on

as-built drawing. The altitude and distance of twohighest points along the alignment of the runway, oneither end of the runway was verified. Thus a completeas-built drawing was prepared and sent to ICAO,Montreal for verification and landing license.

Fig.1 Test FlightFig.2 Location Map (not to scale)

TTTTTest Fest Fest Fest Fest FlightslightslightslightslightsCivil aviation authorities from the Republic of SouthAfrica carried out test flights on the request of TheGovernment of Swaziland. During this time approachangle for landing and take off were ascertained forsafe navigation of aircrafts. Also, side visibilityconditions were met. After successive test flights allthe details were sent to ICAO for verifications andissuance of landing license.

ChangChangChangChangChange ofe ofe ofe ofe of TTTTTopoopoopoopoopogggggrrrrraaaaaphphphphphy and after efy and after efy and after efy and after efy and after effffffectsectsectsectsectsAfter the construction of 45m3600 m runway,(25m800m) two taxiways, (200m250m) apron,operations building, instrument landing system, controltower, access road around the periphery and securityfence, topography of the nearby terrain was changedto a great extent. On the steep slopes of cuttings andfilings a lot of erosion took place during the followingrainy season. Because of the 3.6 Km long runwayconstruction, the natural flow of surface water in small


nearby streams changed drastically. To protect steepslopes from erosion hydro seeding was done. Specialkind of grass was grown, watered and laid for erosioncontrolled.

The streams natural flow was disturbed due toconstruction of the 3.6 Km long runway Because ofthis, nearby major river was over flooded. Nearbyhighway and railway was damaged. Damage wasestimated to be worth millions of dollars. Nearby railwaybridge of South African Railways was flooded for abouta week during torrential rains. Rail service was disruptedfor several weeks due to the damages caused by theflood. As a consequence railways suffered a loss ofmillions of dollars. The head of the consulting engineersof ICAO, the Engineering Representative was sued inthe cour t by railway authorities. The EngineersRepresentative had to be present in the court physically.After court hearings, the railways had to be compensatedfor the losses incurred by the damages to railwayinfrastructure. Old bridges were repaired. Since thevolume of water was beyond the capacity of the existingbridge, additional new culver t was constructed toprevent flooding during peak rainy season.

ConcConcConcConcConclusion:lusion:lusion:lusion:lusion:Any construction in large area changes thesurrounding environment. In a construction of this kindthe whole natural topography is changed. Surfacewater drainage system, erosion, damage toinfrastructure like roads, railways, etc also takes place.It also damages the fragile ecology of soils byweakening the micro organism in it. Any constructionof this scale must take care of after effects of theproject such as social, environmental, transpor tationand many more.

BibBibBibBibBibliolioliolioliogggggrrrrraaaaaphphphphphyyyyy1. Age, P.H. (1975) Air Terminal Planning

An Airline Industry View in Transpor tationFacilities Workshop: Passenger, Flight andParking ASCE PP 335-357.

2. Airborne Instruments Laboratory (1962)Airport Terminal Plan Study, RDS- 136, US,FAA, Washington, DC.

3. Air Transpor t Association (Annual) AirTransport Facts and Figures, Washington. D.C.

4. Bron, P. and Henring, D. (1974) ThePassenger Terminal- A System AnalysisApproach, Airpor t Forum, 4 No 2, PP. -69-82.

5. Block, J. (1975) Planning the Airpor tEnvirons A European View Point,Proceedings, ASCE Conference onInter national Air Transpor tation, SanFrancisco, March, PP- 191 to 204.

6. Clowson, M. and Hall, P. (1973), Planningand Urban Growth- an Angle AmericanComparison, Johns Hopkins University Press,Baltimore.

7. Crowley, R.W. (1973). a Case Study of theEffects of an Airport on Land Values, JTEP,7, No. 2, May, P P. 144-152.

8. De Neuf ville, R. and Marks, D.H. (1974).Systems Planning and Design : Case Studiesin Modelin, Englewood Cliffs, NJ and London.

9. Haward, G.P. (1974), ed. , Airport EconomicPlanning, MIT Press, Cambridge, M A andLondon.

10. IATA, Airpor ts Terminal Advisory Committee(1975), Capacity Evaluation Studies AirportTerminal Facilities, Montreal.

11. ICAO (1969) Airport Master Planning, DOC8769-An 891, Montreal HMSO.

12. Knusen, T. (1976) Uncer tainties in AirportCost Analysis and Their Effect on SiteSelections, Doctoral Dissertation, ITTE.

13. Manheim, M.L. (1974) Reaching DecisionsAbout-Technological Projects with SocialConsequences: A Normative model reprintedin de Neufrille and Marks (1974).

14. Mayerson, M. and Bafield E.C. (1955)Politics, Planning and the Public Interest,Free Press, Glencoe, I.L.

15. U K, Ministry of Transport (1970) Reportof a Study of Rail Links with HeathrowAirpor t, HMSO.


URBAN HERITAGE CONSERVATIONAND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OFHISTORIC TOWN THIMI, NEPALBhatta, Kishan DattaBhatta, Kishan DattaBhatta, Kishan DattaBhatta, Kishan DattaBhatta, Kishan Datta

1.0 Intr1.0 Intr1.0 Intr1.0 Intr1.0 Introductionoductionoductionoductionoduction

Places of cultural significance enrich peoples lives, offering a deep andinspirational sense of connection to community and landscape. Historictowns and cultural landscape have shaped our societies and areconsidered invaluable assets for the present and future generations. Topreserve the cultural identity and historic characters of such towns inthe light of the transformation brought by the forces of globalizationand urbanization as well as progress in production technology presentsevere challenges to relevant stakeholders.

This paper identifies that the absence of integrated policies, weak publicparticipation, lukewarm tourism promotion and weak institutional capacityare the factors underpinning the demise of Thimi as a sustainable-cum-culture community. It is argued that the rehabilitation strategy for Thimishould be geared to preserve heritage resources, retain identity, improvethe quality of life of local people and protect cultural continuity andsense of place. This paper identifies heritage conservation, publicparticipation, efficient institutions and heritage-led sustainable tourismas prerequisites to promote sustainable community development. Anintegrated conservation plan and policy will address development needsof the local people that conservation is necessary for sustainabledevelopment of Thimi. Urban conservation through area revitalizationwill enhance local economy, improve built environment, maintain senseof community and regenerate local arts and crafts, which will eventuallypromote sustainable community development.

Assistant Professor, Depar tment of Architecture, Nepal Engineering College


2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 TTTTTheorheorheorheorheoretical etical etical etical etical AnalAnalAnalAnalAnalysisysisysisysisysis

2.1 Conce2.1 Conce2.1 Conce2.1 Conce2.1 Concept ofpt ofpt ofpt ofpt of Urban Herita Urban Herita Urban Herita Urban Herita Urban Heritaggggge Consere Consere Consere Consere Conservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontion

The concept of urban conservation has its roots inthe conservation movements in the late nineteenthcentury when awareness of the value of historic urbancentres developed in reaction to the loss of the defencestructures of many for tified medieval cities in Europedue to their expansion. During this period, a city wasconsidered as a monument or as an object of ar t(Jokilehto, 2003). After the First World War in the earlytwentieth century, the reconstruction of historic centreswas star ted and the conservation movement gainedmomentum only after the Second Wor ld War. Itsimpor tance was fur ther emphasized after thefoundation of international organizations, char ters,conventions and many other efforts on conservation.

John Ruskin, a prominent advocate of conservation,in his work entitled The Seven Lamps of Architectureidentifies the values of conservation. His seven lampswere considered as guiding principles and they were:sacrifice, truth, power, beauty, life, memory andobedience. It is in the lamp of memory that he hasdiscussed the significance of history of society(Jokilehto, 1999). Townsend (2003) argued criticalconservation (i.e. critical process and then creativeact) is most appropriate in urban conservationpractices because a historic urban centre can not betreated as work of art or as a static object, rather itembodies multidimensional cultural values that mustbe considered on a par with its contemporary role.

The broader definition of conservation refers morewidely to a complex, diverse, and even divergent socialpractice. It has now shifted from protecting the singlebuilt form to the wider context such as area-basedconservation or district regeneration. The intangibleheritages such as traditional skills and techniques ofmaking craft are also considered significant in theurban conservation.

Hence, urban conservation deals with cultural heritagewithin urban areas and in par ticular historic urbancentres. It is a process of managing change in historicurban areas in which urban conservation works within

the greater context of the urban system. Moreover, itis more than conservation of physical fabric; ensuringcontinuity of the socio-cultural system and contributionto sustainable development are very much at the coreof urban conservation. Integrated conservation withactive community participation is considered a keyapproach to achieve sustainable development in thehistoric towns.

2.2 Historic 2.2 Historic 2.2 Historic 2.2 Historic 2.2 Historic TTTTTooooowns:wns:wns:wns:wns: R R R R Raaaaationale ftionale ftionale ftionale ftionale for Conseror Conseror Conseror Conseror ConservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontionAccording to UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2005,Article 7) historic urban centres are the ensemblesof any group of buildings, structures and open spaces,in their natural and ecological context, includingarchaeological and palaeontological sites, constitutinghuman settlements in an urban environment over arelevant period of time, the cohesion and value ofwhich are recognized from the archaeological,architectural, prehistoric, historic, scientific, aesthetic,socio-cultural or ecological point of view. Thislandscape has shaped modern society and has greatvalue for our understanding of how we live today.

Cohen (1999, p.11) defined: historic city centres aremade up of a web of buildings and streets fromdifferent periods that create various cultural and urbanstrata. Over the centuries, they have finely honed theirurban character and now offer quality urban culture.New cities and suburbs however lack any feeling ofhistory and are devoid of any sense of culturalcontinuity. He fur ther elaborated that proper urbanconservation transforms historic cities into hubs ofcultural activity, making them much more than merelyresidential. Hence, conservation on an urban scale isconcerned with the urban fabric as a whole and notwith architecture alone (Cohen, 1999, p.13).

The approach of conservation varies from culture toculture. Conservation of a place should identify andtake into consideration all aspects of cultural andnatural significance without unwarranted emphasis onany one value at the expense of others. Cohen (2001)suggested the aim of conservation to promote lifecharacterized by the strong sense of continuity andaesthetic qualities are not sufficient to achieve thisaim. The focus should not be only on the monuments;


everyday urban activities should also be rediscovered.Larkham (1996) argued that the reason forconser vation is much more complex than mereaesthetics. It also involves factors such as psychology,finance and fashion. Hence, the ultimate aim ofconservation is not to conserve material for its ownsake but rather to maintain (and shape) the valuesembodied by the heritage. More exactly, urban heritageconstitutes social, economic, aesthetic, cultural andhistorical values and these are considered as selectioncriteria for heritage conservation,

The intangible heritage such as traditional skills andknowledge can be selected for their cultural andeconomic values. They could significantly contributeto revitalize the local economy if planned and managedproperly. Hence, conservation is now considered asan impor tant part of urban regeneration. Par ticularlyin historic towns, where the entire urban setting is astrong cultural heritage resource, urban regenerationwith the dominance of heritage conservation isinevitable.

2.3 Pr2.3 Pr2.3 Pr2.3 Pr2.3 Process ofocess ofocess ofocess ofocess of Urban Conser Urban Conser Urban Conser Urban Conser Urban ConservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontionEach of the historic towns or urban districts is uniquein terms of its socio-cultural, demographic, economicand urban system. The legal, administrative andinstitutional mechanism also differs for dif ferentcountries. However, the procedural aspects requiresome common steps that need to be followed forconservation.

ICOMOS Australia (1999) states: conservation may,according to circumstances, include the processes of:retention or reintroduction of a use; retention ofassociations and meanings; maintenance,preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptationand interpretation; and will commonly include acombination of more than one of these. Urbanheritage conservation is a continuous and value basedprocess and it involves a wide range of activities.

The conservation activities are usually carried out withregard to the existing physical conditions, values ofthe urban heritage, and needs of the society. In most

cases, tangible and intangible heritage together createa symbiotic relationship and the protection of whichrequires a holistic approach. The main goal of urbanheritage conservation is to protect the heritagesignificance of a place expressed through the physicalembodiments. The protection process of urbanheritage has three basic components (AustralianHeritage Commission, 2000):

Understanding heritage significance; Developing objectives to retain significant

values; and Manage to achieve objectives.

In each step, qualitative judgments are most importantand inputs from the community are essential.

2.4 Inte2.4 Inte2.4 Inte2.4 Inte2.4 Integggggrrrrraaaaated Heritated Heritated Heritated Heritated Heritaggggge Consere Consere Consere Consere Conservvvvvaaaaation:tion:tion:tion:tion: Ne Ne Ne Ne NewwwwwAAAAApprpprpprpprpproacoacoacoacoach to Urban Conserh to Urban Conserh to Urban Conserh to Urban Conserh to Urban ConservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontionFeilden and Jokilehto (1998, p.80) argued: integratedconser vation implies reconciling conser vationrequirements and town planning objectives, i.e.considering the values and interests of the existinghistoric fabric as equal in status to other factors in thegeneral planning process. Lichfield (1988) alsoexplains planner s saw the need to embraceconservation as one of the series of sectoral concernsto be absorbed within the comprehensive planning andconservationists realized the need to prepare theconservation strategy within the wider context.

The European Char ter of Architectural Heritagedefined integrated conservation as the integration ofarchitectural heritage into the context of peoples livesand making it part of regional and town planning anddevelopment scheme. The Article 7 of the Char terstates:

Integrated conservation is achievedby the application of sensitiverestoration techniques and the correctchoice of appropriate functions. In thecourse of history, the hearts of townsand sometimes villages have been leftto deteriorate and have turned intoareas of substandard housing. Theirdeterioration must be undertaken ina spirit of social justice and should not


cause the depar ture of the poorerinhabitants. Because of this,conservation must be one of the firstconsiderations in all urban andregional planning.

The Declaration of Amsterdam Charter also highlightedthe importance of social justice in urban conservationand explained the principles of integrated conservationas follows: The conservation of architectural heritage should

be an integral part of urban and regional planning; Integrated conser vation involves the

responsibility of local authorities and calls forpublic participation;

The success of any policy of integratedconservation depends on taking social factorsinto consideration;

Integrated conservation necessitates theadaptation of legislative and administrativemeasures; and

Integration methods require the promotion ofmethods, techniques and skills for restoration andrehabilitation.

In the historic towns, the dilapidated built forms needto be revitalized to cope with new demands. In suchareas, integrated conservation is needed whichincludes the conservation conscious developmentplans and the laws that are able to control the harmfulchanges. The integration process need to include inthree levels of public decision making: (i) policy level;(ii) planning level; and (iii) project level. In each level,there may be more than one sector involved. Hence,integration is also necessary in all sectors of eachlevel, as shown in Figure1 below.

Source: Imon (2006)

At the policy level, conservation concerns need to beincorporated in development strategies by promotingconservation as one of the means to achieve economicand socio-cultural development. It needs support frommany governmental depar tments to achieve theintegration. At the planning level, the coordinationbetween depar tments, adequate development controland public participation is needed. Finally, at the projectlevel, the essential elements such as local culture,economic activities, environmental quality, and physicalsetting need to be included in the project for effectiveintegration.

2.5 Def2.5 Def2.5 Def2.5 Def2.5 Def ining Sustainaining Sustainaining Sustainaining Sustainaining Sustainabbbbble Commle Commle Commle Commle CommunityunityunityunityunityDeDeDeDeDevvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopment

The concept of sustainable community has similar ideaas that of three components of sustainabledevelopment which explains sustainable communityinvolves an integration of three basic aspects:economic, social and environmental. Cook and Ng(2001) argued that people need to feel sense ofbelonging and commitment to the well-being of theircommunities so that these are sustainable in the longterm. They further defined: a sustainable communitycould be described as one which has an enduringintegration of the social, economic and physicalcharacteristics of our total environment. Accordingto Hope (1996) sustainable community is a communitythat puts sustainable development in practice anddefined as: sustainable community development canencompass actions which ensure the meeting of theneeds of the existing inhabitants of a given communitywithout jeopardizing the ability of future generationsof inhabitants in that community to meet their ownneeds (Hope,1996, p.195).

Cook and Hyslop (2004) argued sustainablecommunities embrace two key interrelated dimensions:one related to the concept of governance, namely,having the authority and ability to take action; the otherto the way the community cares for the long term well-being of its total environments, namely, what actionsit takes. Both these dimensions require a high degreeof self-reliance and social capital within the community(ibid).


Cer tainly, the sustainable community represents adirection or goal rather than an end state and is acontinuous process which minimizes the consumptionof natural resources, ensures long term economicprosperity, social equity, efficient use of urban space,maintains diversity, conserves heritages, encouragescommunity par ticipation in decision making and worksin a team through partnership between government,private sectors and community itself. Cook and Ng(2001) emphasized that for long-term sustainability,communities need to take responsibility for themselves,to have access to expertise and knowledge, and tohave the capacity to make a real contribution todecisions which affect their members. They fur thersuggested two basic principles for building sustainablecommunities. They are: (i) the ethical utilization ofnatural resources; and (ii) intra and inter-generationalequity.

2.6 Urban Conser2.6 Urban Conser2.6 Urban Conser2.6 Urban Conser2.6 Urban Conservvvvvaaaaation and Sustaination and Sustaination and Sustaination and Sustaination and SustainabbbbbleleleleleCommCommCommCommCommunity Deunity Deunity Deunity Deunity DevvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentTo promote sustainable community development in thehistoric towns, urban conservation plays a significantrole. Integrated conservation, sustainable tourism andpar ticipation are the major factors that head thecommunity towards sustainable development.

2.6.1 Inte2.6.1 Inte2.6.1 Inte2.6.1 Inte2.6.1 Integggggrrrrraaaaated Conserted Conserted Conserted Conserted Conservvvvvaaaaation and Sustaination and Sustaination and Sustaination and Sustaination and SustainabbbbbleleleleleDeDeDeDeDevvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentThe approach of integrated heritage conservation hasstrengthened the view that urban conservation shouldbe dealt within the broad urban context. It bridgesconservation activities within different actions of urbanand regional planning. Integration of conservationconcerns in policy level, planning level and projectlevel activities is a key to achieve sustainabledevelopment in the historic towns.

Conservation seeks to preserve heritage, maintaincontinuity of socio-cultural system and benefitcommunity economically by attracting tourist andforeign currency to the local area. In addition, in thehistoric towns, urban conservation as a par t ofregeneration revitalizes the local economy byconserving the built heritage and traditional skills and

techniques of making craft. The local skills andproducts such as ar ts and crafts, pottery, and weavingscould significantly benefit the community if theiradvancement and proper marketing are performed.Therefore, the conservation of tangible and intangibleheritage with strong integration of development andplanning activities is essential for the sustainabledevelopment.

On the other hand, urban heritages should be fullyrespected by sustainable community. By conservingurban heritage, it enriches the community by providinga deep sense of connection to the past and to liveexperiences, also ref lects the diversity of thecommunities, sustains urban values and allows futuregenerations to connect to the collective history weshare as a society (Kwan, 2004). Thus, urban heritageconservation is a key component to maintain the socialcapital which significantly contributes to promotesustainable community development. IntegratedConservation promotes sustainable community as itcontributes to maintain Quality of life, Sense ofCommunity, Genius Loci (it refers to the distinctiveatmosphere or per vading spirit of a place) andCollective Memory.

Rossi (1982, p.130) mentioned: the urban ar tifactsare the soul of the city and the city itself is the collectivememory of the people. Historic urban fabrics expressspirit and sense of place and thereby act as spacesfor collective memory. Kevin Lynch (1972, p.124) alsoemphasized memory is the basis of self identity. Inthis context, heritage conservation sustains the spiritand identity of place and builds confidence and civicpride in the society and strengthens social cohesionwhich is essential for sustainable communitydevelopment.

2.6.2 Pub2.6.2 Pub2.6.2 Pub2.6.2 Pub2.6.2 Public Pl ic Pl ic Pl ic Pl ic Pararararar t icipaticipaticipaticipaticipation and Urbantion and Urbantion and Urbantion and Urbantion and UrbanConserConserConserConserConservvvvvaaaaation ftion ftion ftion ftion for Sustainaor Sustainaor Sustainaor Sustainaor Sustainabbbbble Dele Dele Dele Dele DevvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentThe public par ticipation in the urban conservationprovides local community opportunities to identify theirproblems, plan, implement and monitor theconservation projects and management of the entirehistoric towns. This process provides the communitya feeling of ownership, more inclusive approach and


maximum satisfaction and thus contributes significantlytowards sustainability. In the historic towns ofdeveloping countries like Nepal where most of the builtheritages and land plots are privately owned, attemptsat conservation may raise conflicts due to willingnessto return maximum benefits from their development.In this situation, community par ticipation may provideopportunity to raise public views and solve the conflictsthrough consensus, thereby achieving best solutions.Hence, the participation in policy level, planning leveland project level of urban conser vation andpar tnership among community sector, public sectorand private sector could promote sustainablecommunity development in historic towns.

3.0 Case Stud3.0 Case Stud3.0 Case Stud3.0 Case Stud3.0 Case Study ofy ofy ofy ofy of Historic Historic Historic Historic Historic TTTTTooooown wn wn wn wn TTTTThimihimihimihimihimi

3.1 Geo3.1 Geo3.1 Geo3.1 Geo3.1 Geogggggrrrrraaaaaphical Settingphical Settingphical Settingphical Settingphical SettingThe historic town Thimi, also known as a Pottery Town,is one of the 31 settlements of Kathmandu valley withtheir history going back to medieval times, and periodsfurther back (Pant; 2002). Located to the east of riverManohara, a tributary of Bagmati, Thimi is at a distanceof 8 km east from the present capital cityKathmanduand 4 km west from Bhaktapur, the medieval capitalcity of Nepal. It is traditionally known as Madhyapura,probably because of its central location in theKathmandu valley. The historic town Thimi with itsneighboring small traditional towns; Bode andNagadesa were incorporated in Madhyapur ThimiMunicipality (MTM) in 1996. Thimi is known as amedieval settlement, a satellite town of Bhaktapur;however, some of the inscriptions push its history atleast back to Lichchhavi period. One of the recentlydiscovered inscriptions dated 484 AD in a shivalingamentions the place Themmring gram which is nowbelieved to be Thimi (Pant, 2002, p.15) (Figure 2).

3.2 Demo3.2 Demo3.2 Demo3.2 Demo3.2 Demogggggrrrrraaaaaphic Contephic Contephic Contephic Contephic ContextxtxtxtxtThe historic town Thimi had a population of 16524 in1991 which increased to 18,485 in 2001, comprising38.7% of the total population of MTM (CBS, 2001).The population density of historic core has increasedfrom 68.56 pph in 1991 to 80.98 pph in 2001 andthe average family size was 5.25 in 2001. From theabove data, it is concluded that the population of

historic town Thimi is growing rapidly and consequentlythere is an increasing demand for development andconstruction. There is an increasing number of buildingpermits in the northern and southern parts of thetraditional settlement and expansion of the existinghistoric towns has occurred rapidly in the past fewyears. Moreover, because of the increasing family size,proper ty divisions and other socio-economic factors,internal migration has been noticed from the historiccore to the surrounding vacant land (Jayana, 2007).

Figure 2: Urban Morphology of Historic Town Thimi

Source: Pant (2002)

3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 TTTTThe Commhe Commhe Commhe Commhe Community and Settlementunity and Settlementunity and Settlementunity and Settlementunity and SettlementMost of the town settlements of Kathmandu valley areinhabited by diverse communities that may be identifiedby their traditional occupation (Pant, 2002, p.23).Thimi is predominantly a Newar town. One of the


important features of the Newar community is thateach inhabitant of the town becomes the member ofa number of community associations such as Guthis.Thimi is made up of 14 different maximal communities(Pant, 2002). The distribution pattern of thesecommunities in Thimi has provided the distinctive urbanspace. The distinct urban characters and urban formare the result of their socio-cultural and religiouspractices prevailing in each community. The communalactivities, religious and cultural functions have takenthe unique pattern of urban built form with ar tisticallydecorated monuments, temples, stupa, rest houses,and other structures. Pant (2002) argued that thereis overwhelming majority of two communities Shrestha and Prajapatis, representing more than 85%of the total population in the area between Bahakhaand Tachhutole. Shresthas occupy 53.71% of thedwellings units while Prajapatis occupy 32.65% of thedwelling units.

3.4 Urban Char3.4 Urban Char3.4 Urban Char3.4 Urban Char3.4 Urban Characteristicsacteristicsacteristicsacteristicsacteristics,,,,, Identity and Identity and Identity and Identity and Identity andHeritaHeritaHeritaHeritaHeritaggggge ofe ofe ofe ofe of TTTTThimihimihimihimihimiThe sophisticated urban forms developed in theprincipal cities of Kathmandu valley essentially duringthe Malla period is the high point in urban developmentand planning in Nepal. They demonstrate greatrefinement in the handling of land-use, quality of urbanspace, infrastructure provisions, monumentalarchitecture, arts and craft coming together to supporta culturally advanced urban society (Shah, 1997). Thehistoric town Thimi represents the legacy of the Newarpeople; the farmers, the renowned ar tisans andcraftsman who shaped it to give the town a uniqueidentity. It is characterized by its compact urban form,traditional planning concept, rich built heritage,beautiful arts and crafts and socio-cultural activities.The traditional Newar towns of Kathmandu valley aresocially, culturally and environmentally acceptable andtheir preservation is inevitable for the long termsustainability.

3.4.1 Urban F3.4.1 Urban F3.4.1 Urban F3.4.1 Urban F3.4.1 Urban FororororormmmmmThe urban fabric of the historic towns of Kathmanduvalley can be considered a wise assemblage ofbeautifully carved streets and squares and theirboundary is always marked by entry gates and various

temples. These towns would never have straightorthogonal streets rather they are filled with curvilinearstreets to offer passerby the continuously changingviews and vistas.

The historic settlement Thimi is situated on a highplateau stretched nor th-south on a tongue shapedlinear form. A spinal road runs through the middle ofthe settlement and transverse streets radiates fromthe spinal road at intervals leading to residentialsquares, alleys and quarters. Open spaces in the formof public squares are found at major junctions of thesestreets. The prime squares existing in the spinal roadare Balkumari Square, Layakhu (Palace Square), NeguPokhari, Chapacho, Songapukhu and Gungachiba.There are mainly three types of built forms: (i) linear(street house); (ii) central cour tyard type; and (iii)detached built form. The residential buildings haveextensively decorated doors and windows andbeautifully tiled overhanging roofs and brick facades.

3.4.2 R3.4.2 R3.4.2 R3.4.2 R3.4.2 Religious eligious eligious eligious eligious AttribAttribAttribAttribAttributes in Planning ofutes in Planning ofutes in Planning ofutes in Planning ofutes in Planning of TTTTThimihimihimihimihimiThe traditional towns of Kathmandu valley are basedon the Astramatrika Planning which locate powergoddesses at the eight different locations. The historictown Thimi is also protected by a circle of Astramatrika;the eight power goddesses known as: Brahmayani,Varahi, Balkumari, Vaisnavi, Indrayani, Siddhikali,Maheswori and Mahaluxmi, which are arranged in eightdirections from east to nor th east. Balkumari isdominant over the rest of the Astramatrikas and hasbeen worshipped as the town goddess.

The religious built forms such as temples and stupas,regular celebration of religious festivals and culturalprogrammes and the suppor ting urban spaces givethe sense of a culturally vibrant town. Hence, thecultural practice and religious beliefs of Newars hasevolved a distinct physical built form that has provideda unique identity to Thimi and is considered strongheritage resource.

3.4.3 Cultur3.4.3 Cultur3.4.3 Cultur3.4.3 Cultur3.4.3 Cultural al al al al AttribAttribAttribAttribAttributes in Planning ofutes in Planning ofutes in Planning ofutes in Planning ofutes in Planning of TTTTThimihimihimihimihimiThe tangible and intangible heritages are interrelatedand sometimes inseparable. The intangibles such asfestivals and socio-cultural activities of the Newarcommunity have also shaped a distinct spatial pattern


of Thimi. Cultural attributes are considered as the majorelements for determining the urban form and planningof traditional towns of Kathmandu valley. Some of theimportant cultural attributes of Thimi that have shapedits town planning and territorial expansions are:

a) Bisket Jatra: Thimi is well known for Bisket Jatra(festival) of 32 chariots. It is the mostspectacular festival of Thimi, celebrated for 4days from the Nepalese new year. Balkumarisquare is the major focus of the event. Thechariots are grouped into three circles withfocus on three major goddesses such as:Balkumari, Vaishnavi and Siddhikali. Eachchariot follows a distinct processional route,which defines cultural norms for planning oftraditional towns in Kathmandu valley.

b) De-Bahu Route: De-bahu is ritual which ispar ticularly done prior to Bisket Jatra in orderto keep the evil spirits away from the town.The processional route was confined to Deguliat the north and Balkumari and Pithu Ganeshat the south (Jayana, 2007).

c) Funeral Route: The settlement pattern of Thimialso demonstrates the routes for the funeralactivities. There are two distinct routes for theritual which show the relative sequence of thedevelopment of areas and the process ofincorporation of social activities into urbanplanning (Jayana, 2007).

d) Town gates: Thimi is believed to be a for tifiedtown with town gates as rudimentary form offortification. Out of the eight town gates at themajor entrances to the town, two still exist.The town gates are not only meant for securitypurpose but also mark the territory of the time.These gates have added to the heritagesignificance of the Thimi.

Hence, the historic town Thimi is a remarkable exampleof the advanced cultural society of Kathmandu valleyand its urban morphology is guided by socio-culturalnorms of the Newar community. The extension of suchtowns in the past incorporates cultural and religiousattributes as a major factor for planning. Thus, thesocio-cultural activities and urban development of

Thimi are interrelated and based on such norms.Thimi developed extensively over a period of time.

3.5 Historic Objects:3.5 Historic Objects:3.5 Historic Objects:3.5 Historic Objects:3.5 Historic Objects: Herita Herita Herita Herita Heritaggggge ofe ofe ofe ofe of TTTTThimihimihimihimihimiThe historical and built heritage such as temples,buildings, and monuments and intangibles such asfestivals, ar ts and crafts have familiarized historic townThimi as a Living Museum of Newars. There are manytangible and intangible heritage resources in Thimi.Layakhu, a traditional palace, is still existent and usedfor community purpose. Other important places withsignificant heritage values are: Balkumari Square,Hembarna Mahabihar, Bakachhen Mahadev, TahaDegah, Digu Square, Gunakriti Mahabihar, Siddhi Kali,Chapacho (Potters area), Gungah Cheebhah, PatiBihar, Jeeswan Baha, Dathu Baha, and other Buddhistmonasteries (Prajapati, 2005).

According to a survey conducted by Madhyapur ThimiMunicipality, besides residential built heritage, thereare 246 historic objects in the historic core of thetown which includes temples, shrines, stupa, towngates and other monuments. Moreover, there arealtogether 10 Buddhist cour tyards for monks andnumber of temples and shrines are found at almostevery thresholds, backyard, streets and crossroads.

3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 ArArArArAr ts and Crts and Crts and Crts and Crts and CraftsaftsaftsaftsaftsNewar craftsmanship is highly advanced and ar tisticin nature. The Newars were famous not only forar tistic crafts but also for the manufacture ofeveryday ar tic les and the products from theirspinning mills, weaving and pottery workshops andalso from their forges which catered not only for localdemands but were also expor ted (Muller, 1981).Pottery, masks, puppets, traditional hand wovenclothes and other handicrafts are manufactured inThimi. Clay mask and paper mask are popularhandicraft of Thimi. The Prajapatis are potters bycaste who make clay products of various sizes fordif ferent uses. Potter y had supra-regionalimpor tance and in 1981 there were roughly about500 to 600 pottery workshops in Chapacho area ofThimi (ibid). The wor kshops are purely familyenterprises. Almost all family members usually involvein the pottery works and the trade is handed downfrom father to son. Besides pottery, the potters arealso involved in agriculture.


The various pottery items produced by Prajapatis areBuddhist and Hindu religious statuary, architecturalterracotta, roof tiles, space heaters, pottery waressuch as containers for water storage and cooking,flower pots and many other decorated and functionalwares. The streets and cour tyards everywhere arelined with the pottery wares. The centuries oldtraditional occupation of making of arts and craftshas the significant economic and heritage value.

3.7 F3.7 F3.7 F3.7 F3.7 Festiestiestiestiestivvvvvalsalsalsalsals,,,,, Music and Dances Music and Dances Music and Dances Music and Dances Music and DancesThese constitute the intangible heritage resources ofThimi. The Newar community celebrates many festivalsand cultural programmes and performs religiousdances. They are famous for the saying: Newarscelebrate more than 365 festivals in a year. BesidesBisket Jatra, other important festivals of Thimi are:Tongue piercing festival, Gathan Mugah, Gunla Dharma,Gunhu Punhi, Pancha Dan, Yanya Punhi, Mohani,Swanti, Sakimila Punhi, Bala Chahre, Yomari Punhi,Ghayh Chaku Sanhlhu, Swasthani Bakhan Kanegu,Pulikisi Jatra, Shree Panchami, Sila Chahre and HoliPunhi, Swanya Punhi, Sithi Nakhah (Prajapati, 2005).

It is also popular for traditional, classical and folk musicand dances. On the occasion of different festivals,various music, dances and cultural events take place.The cultural programs are associated with thereligious, social and cultural life of the people. Maskdances are popular in Thimi. Some of the importantdances are: Mahakali Dance, Bhairab Dance, Nil BarahiDance, Astamatrika Dance, Lakhey Dance, Indra ApsaraDance, Monkey Dance, Jyapu Dance, Lusi Dance andCharya Dance etc. These intangible heritages are theimpor tant asset for Thimi, however, since past fewyears, the festivals, music and dances are not beingpracticed regular ly by the community and aredisappearing gradually.

Photographs of Heritage Resources of Thimi (Source:Author, 2007)

4.0 Major Issues of4.0 Major Issues of4.0 Major Issues of4.0 Major Issues of4.0 Major Issues of Herita Herita Herita Herita Heritaggggge Deteriore Deteriore Deteriore Deteriore Deterioraaaaationtiontiontiontionofofofofof TTTTThimihimihimihimihimiIt is well known that Thimi has significant culturalheritage resources both tangible and intangible, whichare not only cultural and economic capital but also asocial capital of Thimi. However, the historic identityand urban character of Thimi are deteriorating day byday due to many reasons. The major issues of heritagedeterioration in Thimi as identified during site visit andhousehold survey are as follows:

4.1 R4.1 R4.1 R4.1 R4.1 Raaaaapid Urban Expansionpid Urban Expansionpid Urban Expansionpid Urban Expansionpid Urban ExpansionWith the rapid increase in population, the surroundingagricultural land of the historic core is conver tinginto built up area. The pattern of such urban growthneither follows historic urban character nor isdeveloped in a planned way. The urban expansionseems haphazard and the new development at thesouthern and nor thern par t shows mixed land usessuch as commercial, institut ional, industrial ,residential etc. With the increasing land and rentalvalue, the fragmentation of land is also going onrapidly (Jayana, 2007).

The trend of conver ting vacant land into smallcommercial plots and the unplanned development hasbroken down the continuity of the spirit of historiccharacter and caused many impacts in the traditionalidentity of Thimi. As a result, the historic environmentof Thimi, par ticular ly the urban heritages, isdisappearing with the new development.

4.2 Con4.2 Con4.2 Con4.2 Con4.2 Convvvvvererererersion ofsion ofsion ofsion ofsion of Use of Use of Use of Use of Use of Herita Herita Herita Herita Heritaggggge Buildingse Buildingse Buildingse Buildingse BuildingsWith the rapid urban growth and development, manychanges in the historic buildings and urban characterof Thimi are apparent. The major spinal road is gettingmore commercialized. Large numbers of shops havenow emerged along the roads in historic core whichwere very few some years ago. The change in use ofbuildings from residential to commercial andinstitutional has also brought changes in theirtraditional appearance. Moreover, there is anincreasing trend of alteration on faade andreconstruction of buildings.


Not only the dilapidated buildings but some structurallyand historically sound buildings are found to be rebuiltin new style. The household survey of 78 housesconducted in the historic core reveals that 34% ofthe buildings are modified and newly designed. Out ofthat, 23 % new buildings are constructed bydemolishing traditional buildings, 6 % are constructedin vacant land and 4 % buildings have changed theirfacades. Hence, the conversion of use of heritagebuildings from residential to new uses, changes inappearance of buildings, skyline and streetscapes havecaused loss of historic urban identity and heritagevalues.

4.3 Chang4.3 Chang4.3 Chang4.3 Chang4.3 Change in Modes ofe in Modes ofe in Modes ofe in Modes ofe in Modes of Mo Mo Mo Mo MovvvvvementsementsementsementsementsThe earlier pedestrianised town is now encroached byvehicular movements. The open spaces and communityspaces which are traditionally an interacting and socialspace for community activities are now frequently usedby vehicles. Wide lanes and squares of Chapacho areawhich are used as a pottery workshop and socio-cultural activities space are now disturbed by vehicularmovements. In fact, the vehicular movement has alsobrought congestion in urban space, loss in socio-cultural activities and deterioration of cultural heritageand environment of Thimi.

4.4 Lac4.4 Lac4.4 Lac4.4 Lac4.4 Lack ofk ofk ofk ofk of Herita Herita Herita Herita Heritaggggge Ine Ine Ine Ine Invvvvventorentorentorentorentory and Ry and Ry and Ry and Ry and ReeeeegulargulargulargulargularMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceThere are many historic buildings, temples andmonuments in Thimi, however, their record and up todate inventory has still not been prepared effectivelyby the municipality. The inventory of monuments oncecarried out by UDLE/GTZ in cooperation with themunicipality in 2001 has mentioned that out of 246monuments of Thimi, 118 are in need of urgent repairand maintenance.

The inventory neither includes residential buildings normentions their heritage values. Moreover, the identifiedhistoric objects are not conserved properly, and localpeople criticized the work saying that the conservationactivities are limited to cer tain monuments and didnot benefit the community in a broader sense. Theprivate Guthis and community organizations are alsoinactive in maintaining up-to-date inventory and to

carry out conservation works, due to lack of financialsupport and organizational weakness. Thus, with lackof proper inventory and regular maintenance, manyinvaluable heritages of Thimi are disappearing, whichis a great loss for the Newar community.

4.5 Chang4.5 Chang4.5 Chang4.5 Chang4.5 Change in Comme in Comme in Comme in Comme in Community Lifunity Lifunity Lifunity Lifunity Life Stylee Stylee Stylee Stylee StyleThe change in lifestyle has also been noticed in theNewar community of Thimi resulting from theintroduction of modern facilities, and change intraditional occupation and socio-cultural activities.There is an increasing tendency of changing traditionaloccupation to trade, commerce and ser vices.Remarkably, even the Prajapatis who are traditionallypotters are now competing with the traders such asShresthas and others in transpor tation sector, tradeand commerce. Out of the 50 households ofPrajapatis, 42% replied that they are not satisfied withtheir traditional occupation of pottery and majority ofpeople are interested to change their professionbecause of the lack of proper market, return andscarcity of clay. It is surprising that not one respondentis interested in adopting pottery as a profession fortheir children. Similarly, other works such as productionof mask and other handicrafts are also disappearinggradually; even though the people have excellent skillsand knowledge in craft production. Moreover, it is alsovery difficult to enter into new profession because ofthe high competition and lack of knowledge in newfield. With the change in life style, the traditional socio-cultural activities and celebrations are also limited tocer tain festivals. Hence, the unique identity of thepottery town which once had a supra- regionalimpor tance in Nepal is losing its character gradually,which is not only destroying the urban heritage andhistoric environments, but also making the communityunsustainable.

4.6 Mig4.6 Mig4.6 Mig4.6 Mig4.6 Migrrrrraaaaation and its Impacts on Historic Cortion and its Impacts on Historic Cortion and its Impacts on Historic Cortion and its Impacts on Historic Cortion and its Impacts on Historic CoreeeeePeople are migrating from the historic core to the near-by area in search of better oppor tunities. Jayana(2007) argued that the migration is due to differentpush factors in historic core such as inadequacy ofspace, proper ty division, uncomfor table old houses,lack of financial source to renovate the buildings etc,and pull factor such as better economic opportunities


and more infrastructure facilities at the new area.Ninety One percent of the community at ShankhadharChowk i.e. at the southern part of Thimi is peoplewho migrated from the historic core (ibid). Hence, themigration pattern shows that the heritage buildingsi.e. the traditional residential buildings in Thimi arebeing abandoned by people instead of being reusedand renovated. This has also led to the heritagedeterioration in Thimi.

4.7 Lac4.7 Lac4.7 Lac4.7 Lac4.7 Lack ofk ofk ofk ofk of Pub Pub Pub Pub Public Plic Plic Plic Plic Pararararar ticipaticipaticipaticipaticipationtiontiontiontionPublic participation though considered an importantfactor for urban heritage conservation and sustainabledevelopment, is not encouraged significantly in Thiminor given any priority by the municipality. The policy,planning and implementation of conservation worksare prepared directly by the top level, even thoughthe Local Self Governance Act 1999 has the main aimof decentralization strategy to encourage local publicpar ticipation. Out of the 78 respondent, 93 % repliedthat they are not satisfied with the policies andprograms of the Madhyapur Thimi Municipality. In theunderdeveloped countries like Nepal, the policies andtheir objectives are often quite good, however theirimplementation always face problems and often fail.

4.8 Lac4.8 Lac4.8 Lac4.8 Lac4.8 Lack ofk ofk ofk ofk of TTTTTourism Deourism Deourism Deourism Deourism DevvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentThe exceptional ar t and architecture, unique urbanidentity, festivals and lifestyles are the major tourismresources of Thimi and their promotion is essentialfor its development. In spite of being such anincomparable tourist destination and being so closeto the capital city and between two tourist destination,Kathmandu and Bhaktapur, Thimi remained unnoticedfor decades. The lack of comprehensive tourism-ledconservation policy, awareness, education and longterm planning has caused the deterioration ofheritage, loss of pottery, handicraft production andeconomic benefits. Moreover, most of the respondentreplied that there is a need of long term tourismdevelopment policy to improve their quality of life andenhance economic development of Thimi.

4.9 Lac4.9 Lac4.9 Lac4.9 Lac4.9 Lack ofk ofk ofk ofk of Funding f Funding f Funding f Funding f Funding for Conseror Conseror Conseror Conseror ConservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontionUrban renewal of traditional towns demands largeamount of money. The Madhyapur Thimi Municipality

and other community organizations often fail toimplement the projects in the absence of financialresources. Moreover, the conservation and renewalof private property also faced similar problems. Outof the 78 respondents, 69% replied that themunicipality is responsible for the conservation ofhistoric heritage and 63 % replied that the fundingfor conservation should be managed by the centralgovernment, the municipality and the community itself.Hence, due to lack of funding, the heritageconservation and development projects have remaineddormant in Thimi.

4.10 Institutional Inef4.10 Institutional Inef4.10 Institutional Inef4.10 Institutional Inef4.10 Institutional Inefffffficiencicienciciencicienciciency and y and y and y and y and WWWWWeak Peak Peak Peak Peak Policolicolicolicolicyyyyy

The institutions responsible for conservation areinefficient in terms of technical capacity, legal backingand policy matters. The prevailing policies ofconservation are individual-monument based; it doesnot include integration and area based conservation.

In conclusion, heritage resources and identity of Thimiare disappearing day by day due to many factors. Withthe increase in population, rapid urbanization andglobalization, the community of Thimi has been facingmany problems in terms of social, cultural andeconomic development. The production of traditionalhandicrafts is also disappearing because of the lackof proper market, return on investment and otherdeficiency factors. Moreover, the urban heritage ofThimi i.e. the entire historic environment isdeteriorating and losing its importance and identity,which has pushed the traditionally stable communitytowards unsustainability.

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 TTTTTooooowwwwwararararards a Fds a Fds a Fds a Fds a Frrrrrameameameameamewwwwwororororork ofk ofk ofk ofk of Inte Inte Inte Inte IntegggggrrrrraaaaatedtedtedtedtedHeritaHeritaHeritaHeritaHeritaggggge Consere Consere Consere Consere ConservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontionA conceptual framework to examine the context ofThimi has been formulated. It assumes integratedheritage conservation as an essential means topromote sustainable community development in thehistor ic town of Thimi . Moreover publ icpar ticipation, heritage-led tourism, and efficientinstitutions are identified as the key componentsto ensure susta inabi l i ty through her i tageconservation in Thimi.


FigurFigurFigurFigurFigure 3:e 3:e 3:e 3:e 3: A ConceA ConceA ConceA ConceA Conceptual Fptual Fptual Fptual Fptual Frrrrrameameameameamewwwwworororororkkkkk

Source: Author

An attempt has been made to analyze the case of historictown Thimi in relation to the need of integrated heritageconservation in order to promote sustainable communitydevelopment. In the heritage sphere elsewhere, concernsof cultural heritage conservation have been stronglyhighlighted and often been viewed as a necessary activityto promote sustainability in the historic towns. It plays aprominent role in urban policies by offering several newoppor tunities for socio-economic development. Bizzaroand Nijkamp (1996) mentioned that the heritage, in fact,allows us to recognize the identity, the peculiarity andplurality of a society, identifying and satisfying basic ethicalneeds of a community, local distinctiveness and tradition.At the same time it allows us to link the past to the presentand future.

Thimi encompasses significant heritage resources thathave fashioned its unique urban characters and identity.The entire urban fabric had suppor ted a cohesivecommunity with strong social networks having strongcommunity feeling, functional neighborhoods and a uniquesocio-spatial hierarchy (Jayana, 2007). However, itshistoric character and identity, since past few decades,are constantly destructing. The socio-economic conditionsand quality of life of local people are also degrading.This situation suggests immediate need of comprehensiveplan which would address the needs of the local peopleand conserve heritage resources. Integrated conservationis an appropriate approach which revitalizes the townand benefits local people in terms of economic, social,physical, historical and psychological aspects. Moreover,it aims to foster the preservation of heritage and identity,protects cultural continuity and sense of place and

improves quality of life, which is vital to promotesustainable community

FigurFigurFigurFigurFigure 4:e 4:e 4:e 4:e 4: Signif Signif Signif Signif Significance oficance oficance oficance oficance of Inte Inte Inte Inte Integggggrrrrraaaaated Heritated Heritated Heritated Heritated HeritagggggeeeeeConserConserConserConserConservvvvvaaaaation in tion in tion in tion in tion in TTTTThimihimihimihimihimi

Source: Author

6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 AcAcAcAcAchiehiehiehiehieving Sustainaving Sustainaving Sustainaving Sustainaving Sustainabbbbble Commle Commle Commle Commle CommunityunityunityunityunityDeDeDeDeDevvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentUrban conservation should not be the end process ratherit should be continuous process that would preserveheritage resources and provide quality environment forpresent and future generations of Thimi. Built heritagesuch as monuments, temples, residential buildings, waterspouts and intangibles such as arts and crafts, pottery,masks, feasts and festivals and cultural programmes ofThimi should be strongly integrated within the broaderframewor k of comprehensive conser vation anddevelopment plan.

The genuine significances of cultural heritage of Thimihave to be retained and historic identity should bemaintained. For this, the responsible institutions shouldbe effective and efficient in technical, financial and legalaspects and adopt integrated conservation approachthrough broader public participation. Conservation shouldnot be taken only for the sake of preserving buildings,but it should provide quality environment to theneighborhoods. In fact, conservation in the context ofunderdeveloped countries like Nepal should promotetourism activities so that local people will get moreoppor tunities and economic benefits. Hence, integratedconservation should promote sustainable tourism that willeventually help to promote sustainable communitydevelopment in Thimi.

Thus, the strategic approach of urban conservation inThimi should include the following features:

Integrated conservation rather thanpiecemeal ones;


Flexible and adaptive policies rather thanrigid policies;

Efficient institutions technically, financiallyand legally;

Proactive, collaborative and participatoryapproach;

Strong public participation and par tnershipsto build civic consensus rather than thepassive form of public information;

Sustainable tourism through heritageconservation and vice-versa;

Strong political commitment and willingnessto carry conservation and developmentthrough a holistic manner; and

Public awareness and educationprogrammes about the impor tance ofheritage conservation.

6.1 Need of6.1 Need of6.1 Need of6.1 Need of6.1 Need of Compr Compr Compr Compr Comprehensiehensiehensiehensiehensivvvvve Consere Consere Consere Consere ConservvvvvaaaaationtiontiontiontionPlanPlanPlanPlanPlanConser vation emphasis should be changed frommonuments and individual buildings to living historictowns. A comprehensive conservation plan should beimplemented to conserve and revitalize the historic townThimi. The plan should include a detailed inventory ofheritage, comprehensive objectives to retain heritagevalues and a good management plan to achieve theobjectives.

6.2 Compr6.2 Compr6.2 Compr6.2 Compr6.2 Comprehensiehensiehensiehensiehensivvvvve Lee Lee Lee Lee Legislagislagislagislagislations andtions andtions andtions andtions andDeDeDeDeDevvvvvelopment Contrelopment Contrelopment Contrelopment Contrelopment Contrololololol It is observed that the prevailing legislations on culturalheritage conservation have created contradictions in theresponsibilities of different institutions. It is necessary toreview and revise the legislations for their effectiveimplementation by the institutions. The legislations of eachinstitution should be clear and comprehensive and shouldnot overlap with the responsibilities and legal provisionof other institutions.

Thus, the institutions should have comprehensiveconservation legislations that would provide them morewith power for enforcement and simultaneously encouragethe public to get involved in conservation activities. Thelegislations and development control regardingconservation of Thimi should include the followingfeatures:

They should be area -based revitalizationrather than solely focusing on the conservationof individual monuments;

Include public as well as private built heritagefor conservation;

Include conservation of intangible heritagesuch as ar ts and crafts, feasts and festivals,rituals, folk dances, music etc;

Provide sufficient subsidies and incentives toencourage conservation by people;

Encourage genuine public par ticipation inurban conservation; and

Be adaptive and flexible with the need ofcommunity and time.

Hence, the role of different institutions should be clearlymentioned in the legislations. The DOA would have vitalrole and should act as a facilitator for the urbanconservation in Thimi, while the municipality being a localgovernment, should play a proactive role in planning,designing and implementing the conservation policies andplans. Moreover, the LSGA 1999 should clearly mentionthe forms and framework required for public participationin the planning process. It should also provide statutoryprovision to ensure public participation in the municipalplanning process.

6.3 Need of6.3 Need of6.3 Need of6.3 Need of6.3 Need of Ef Ef Ef Ef Efffffficient Institutionsicient Institutionsicient Institutionsicient Institutionsicient InstitutionsA conservation plan would be effective only when it iseffectively implemented and monitored through efficientinstitutions

6.3.1 Strong Cooperation and CoordinationMechanismDif ferent institutions, inc luding central to localgovernment, are responsible for the conservation anddevelopment works in Thimi. It is essential to have a goodcooperation and coordination mechanism among theseinstitutions to successfully carry out conservation process.DOA should go beyond the preservation of singlemonuments. It should also include traditional builtstructures, ar ts and crafts and other intangible heritages.Moreover, DOA should cooperate and coordinate with theMadhyapur Thimi Municipality in preparing inventory,legislations, policies and plans. Guthi Corporation shouldalso be more active in the conservation of culturalheritages and actively coordinate with the DOA andMadhyapur Thimi Municipality.


Similar to Bhaktapur Municipality, the Madhyapur ThimiMunicipality should play a proactive role to cooperate andcollaborate with the governmental and non-governmentalorganizations to carry out conservation works in Thimi.The donor agencies and local community organizationsshould work in collaboration with the municipality.Although, DUDBC is not directly involved in theconservation works, its cooperation is also necessary toformulate urban planning and development policies forThimi. Hence, there should be a strong coordinationmechanism that should promote better implementationof the conservation projects and enhance sustainablecommunity development in Thimi.

A FA FA FA FA Frrrrrameameameameamewwwwwororororork to Coork to Coork to Coork to Coork to Coordinadinadinadinadination among Diftion among Diftion among Diftion among Diftion among DifffffferererererentententententInstitutionsInstitutionsInstitutionsInstitutionsInstitutions

their intentions should always aim to strengthen theinstitutional capacity of the responsible institutionssuch as DOA, Guthi Corporation and Municipality.

Revitalization of historic town Thimi will need largeamounts of financial and technical resources. Theinstitutions including donor agencies and localcommunity organizations should contribute significantlyto manage the resources for the heritage conservationin Thimi. As in the case of Bhaktapur Municipality, afterthe establishment of conservation project, theconservation and development activities should be fullymanaged by Madhyapur Thimi Municipality with supportfrom the local people. Further dependence on externalresources may hinder the development needs of localpeople. Hence, The Municipality should star t to collectentry fee from tourists and taxes from local businessactivities. The revenue should be fully utilized forconservation and development purpose. Moreover,similar to Bhaktapur Municipality, there should be aseparate Heritage Section that should work incooperation with other institutions to prepare andimplement conservation policies and plans. Competentprofessional exper tise such as urban planners,conservationists should be recruited by MadhyapurThimi Municipality for ef fective planning andimplementation of conservation works.

6.4 P6.4 P6.4 P6.4 P6.4 Political Commitment,olitical Commitment,olitical Commitment,olitical Commitment,olitical Commitment, Educa Educa Educa Educa Education tion tion tion tion andandandandandAAAAAwwwwwarararararenessenessenessenessenessLack of strong political commitment, education andawareness has been identified as the major hindrancefor the successful implementation of the conservationand development plans in Thimi and Kathmandu valley.As witnessed in the case of Bhaktapur Municipality,when there is a strong political commitment,conservation becomes easier and successful. Theissues of conservation should be the major objectivesof the local governments development agenda. Since,most of the members of the Municipal Council arepolitical representative of the different wards of thetown, and they are capable of reaching out to a largesection of the community; they should be first educatedabout the heritage impor tance and then should bemotivated to make local people aware in their

Source: Author

6.3.2 Pr6.3.2 Pr6.3.2 Pr6.3.2 Pr6.3.2 Prooooovision ofvision ofvision ofvision ofvision of Suf Suf Suf Suf Sufffffficient icient icient icient icient TTTTTececececechnical andhnical andhnical andhnical andhnical andFinancial RFinancial RFinancial RFinancial RFinancial ResouresouresouresouresourcescescescescesConservation of cultural heritage often becomeunsuccessful because of the lack of sufficient technicaland financial resources. As stated ear lier, theresponsible institutions for heritage conservation inNepal are deficient in technical and financial resources.Moreover, some are found deficient in leadership andproper legal support. Hence, it is necessary for theinstitutions to be competent and efficient to carry outurban conservation successfully. The Governmentshould empower the institutions by recruitingprofessional staffs and developing proper fundingmechanism.

The role of donor agencies and local communityorganizations is considered vital to suppor t theprojects financially and technically. They can providetechnical suppor t in terms of exper tise in theconservation works and necessary trainings. Moreover,


respective areas. There should be common consensusamong the leaders and local community and heritageconservation should be given top priority.

Moreover, education and awareness programmesabout the importance of cultural heritage resourcesand their conser vation should be launched byresponsible institutions such as DOA, Guthi Corporationand the municipality. Regular organization of culturalprograms, community meetings, distribution ofpamphlets, school education, publishing innewspapers, broadcasting from radios and televisionsshould be encouraged significantly. Similarly, the localcommunity organizations could provide informationabout the legislations and development control, so thatpeople can stop violating the rules. Besides, localpeople should be educated and convinced about theeconomic benefits of heritage conservation. Forexample the potters should be educated on improvedtechniques and methods of pottery production andmarketing so that they will gain more profits andcontinue their traditional occupation. Hence, financialjustif ication would be one of the major publicawareness campaigns. DOA, Guthi Corporation, localgovernment and local community organizations shoulddemonstrate strong political commitment and launcheducational and awareness programmes to conserveurban identity and heritage of Thimi.

6.5 Need to Pr6.5 Need to Pr6.5 Need to Pr6.5 Need to Pr6.5 Need to Promote Sustainaomote Sustainaomote Sustainaomote Sustainaomote Sustainabbbbble le le le le TTTTTourismourismourismourismourismMadhyapur Thimi Municipality neither has acomprehensive tourism policy nor up-to-date tourismstatistics. It is essential to have a long term tourismplan that would promote sustainable cultural tourismand enhance conservation of built heritages, localculture, ar ts and crafts and other intangibles.Moreover, comprehensive conservation plan shouldintegrate tourism concerns so that many historicbuilding could be used for tourism purpose such asrestaurants, hotels, museums, shopping centers,entertainment houses etc. Marketing of local ar ts andcrafts and tangible and intangible heritages as atourism product through promotional programs andactivities should be conducted. In fact, there shouldbe a sustainable tourism plan that should promotecultural tourism and enhance heritage conservation

together for their mutual benefits. It should have thefollowing major objectives:

Conserve cultural, historical, religious andarchitectural heritages and maintainuniqueness;

Conserve and promote local arts and craftssuch as pottery, mask-making, weaving,wood carving and other intangible heritages;

Adopt balanced approach between thesupply side and demand side of tourism;

Improve social and economic benefits to thelocal people;

Attract more tourists and provide bestexperience to the tourists;

Encourage participation of local people intourism activities and implementation andmanagement of tourism plan;

Provide continuity to heritage conservationfor the future generations;

Minimize negative impacts of tourism onlocal resources and community; and

Achieve goals of sustainability and promotesustainable community development

Hence, the plan should be compatible with the localheritage resources and character and shouldstrengthen the identity of local community and senseof place. Since, tourism activities would provide jobsthat encourage use of the local knowledge, skills andtraditions and offer sense of fulfillment and satisfactionto the local people, the local government and tourismorganizations should strongly adopt the heritage-ledsustainable tourism. It should encourage the use oflocally manufactured products (such as potteryproducts, ceramics etc.) through tour operators andhotels and should avoid the imports of foreign goods.However, the local products should also have goodquality and satisfy tourist needs. The revenue collectedfrom tourism should directly be spent for heritageconservation and socio-economic development ofThimi. Since, the historic town Thimi lies between touristhubs; Bhaktapur and Kathmandu, effor ts should bealways made to develop Thimi as a major tourismdestination and a par t of Kathmandu Bhaktapurheritage trail. It will help to improve the quality of lifeof local people, preserve the heritage resources and


prolong sense of community. Thus, Madhyapur ThimiMunicipality should adopt sustainable heritageledtourism to promote sustainable communitydevelopment.

6.6 F6.6 F6.6 F6.6 F6.6 Fostering Pubostering Pubostering Pubostering Pubostering Public Plic Plic Plic Plic Pararararar ticipaticipaticipaticipaticipationtiontiontiontionHeritage conservation in historic town Thimi follows atop down process and civic engagement is hardly seenin such works. Community participation plays a crucialrole to preserve cultural identity, promote socialinclusion, quality of life, conservation and sustainability.Hence, effective heritage conservation for promotingsustainable tourism and sustainable communitydevelopment should be realized through publicparticipation. The DOA, Madhyapur Thimi Municipality,Guthi Corporation and other organizations shouldrealize the importance of public participation in thepromotion of sustainable community development.They should actively involve in fostering participationin heritage conservation and tourism promotion.Moreover, the communities also need to be awareabout the heritage conservation and developmentworks and should actively participate and raise voicesto conserve their heritage resources. Planners andconservationists should play proactive role to educatepublic about the impor tance of heritage conservationand should convince people that their par ticipation iscrucial to improve their quality of life and in promotingsustainability. Genuine par ticipation should beencouraged so that it will provide people a feeling ofownership as well as motivate the municipality toprotect social capital, sense of place and promotecommunity well-being. The institutions should developan effective par ticipation mechanism which shouldpromote active par ticipation of stakeholders in(i) understanding the heritage significance andpreparing heritage inventory; (ii) developing objectivesto retain significant values; and (iii) implementating,monitoring and reviewing the conservation plan.

Similar to the case of Bhaktapur Development Project(BDP), the formation of the Local DevelopmentCommittees (LDCc) and Community Development Units(CDUs) could foster participation effectively in heritageconservation. Moreover, the traditional organizationssuch as Guthis should be revived and should play a

leading role in organizing community discussions andinteractions. Different means of par ticipation such ascommunity forums, street exhibitions, workshops anddoor to door consultations should be approached tomaximize the par ticipation of stakeholders. Thereshould be statutory mechanism for participation whichwill encourage institutions to ensure local peoplesvoices and their development needs in the plans.Moreover there is a need of promotion of civic dutiesand communal responsibilities so that people willcorrectly judge their needs and conservation worksin Thimi. Urban planners, conservationists, socialworkers, community planners should play proactiverole to encourage local people to participate in theconser vation process. Thus, the change in theinstitutional structure and peoples behavior towardsheritage conservation and tourism development willhelp to promote long term sustainability in Thimi.

7.0 Conc7.0 Conc7.0 Conc7.0 Conc7.0 Concluding Rluding Rluding Rluding Rluding RemaremaremaremaremarksksksksksHistoric town Thimi is known for its remarkable culturalheritage resources and unique historic identity.However, continuous decay and destruction of culturalheritages, since past few decades, have threatenedto end its unique identity. Moreover, the traditionallywell-sustained community is now degrading andheading towards unsustainbility. Nevertheless, Thimiis so close to the capital city and between two majortourism destinations of Nepal (i.e. Katmandu andBhaktapur), yet tourism development has remainedin the shadows. The current plans, policies, legislationsand institutions regarding heritage conservation areinefficient and ineffective to carry out conservationworks for overall development of Thimi.

In this context, urban conservation i.e. integratedconservation through public participation is essentialto promote sustainable tourism and sustainablecommunity in Thimi. Efficient institutions, integratedconservation plan, effective legislations, genuine publicpar ticipation and sustainable tourism practice wouldbe the appropriate approach to achieve sustainabilityin the historic towns like Thimi. Moreover, provision oftechnical and financial resources, strong politicalcommitment, awareness and education about theimpor tance of the heritage conservation are the most


essential components to foster sustainabledevelopment. Hence, both the central and localgovernment should be proactively involved in theconservation of Thimi by preparing comprehensivepolicies, plans and legislations and their effectiveimplementation through genuine communitypar ticipation

8.0 R8.0 R8.0 R8.0 R8.0 Refefefefeferererererencesencesencesencesences1. Australian Heritage Commission (2000), Protecting Local

Heritage Places: A Guide for Communities, AustralianHeritage Commission.

2. Bizzaro, F. and Nijkamp, P. (1996), IntegratedConservation of Cultural Built Heritage, Serie ResearchMemoranda, No.12, Amsterdam: Free University.

3. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2002), PopulationCensus 2001, National Report, Kathmandu: CentralBureau of Statistics.

4. Cohen, N. (1999), Urban Conservation, Cambridge,Mass: MIT Press.

5. Cohen, N. (2001), Urban Planning Conservation andPreservation, US: McGraw-Hill.

6. Fielden, B. (1982), Conservation of Historic Buildings,London: Butterworth.

7. Feilden, B. M. and Jokilehto, J. (1998), ManagementGuidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, Italy: ICCROM.

8. Imon, S. S. (2006), Sustainable Urban Conservation: Roleof Public Participation in the Conservation of UrbanHeritage in Old Dhaka, PhD. Dissertation, The Universityof Hong Kong.

9. Jayana, D. B (2007), Spatial Transformation of Thimi,unpublished MSc. Urban Planning Dissertation, PulchowkCampus, Tribhuwan University.

10. Jokilehto, J. (1999), A History of ArchitecturalConservation, Oxford, England: Butterworth Heinemann.

11. Jokilehto, J. (2003), Conservation Concepts and Ideas:Centro de Estudos Avanados da Conser vaoIntegrada (CECI), Recife, Brazil.

12.Kerr, A. (2000), Public Par ticipation in CulturalResource Management: A Canadian Perspective, InICOMOS General Assembly entitled PatrimonioyConservation, Arqueologa. XII Asamblea General delICOMOS, Mexico City: INAH.

13.Pant, M. (2002), A Study on the Spatial Formation ofKathmandu Valley Towns: The Case of Thimi, unpublishedDoctoral Dissertation, Kyoto University.

14. Larkham, P. J. (1996), Conservation and the City, London:Routledge.

15. Lichfield, N. (1988), Economics in Urban Conservation,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press in associationwith Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies.

16.Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (2000), DevelopmentGuidelines and Regulations, Bhak

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