EPISTEMOLOGIES OF

THREE MAJOR SCHOOLS

OF PHILOSOPHY

IDEALISM, NATURALISM,

& PRAGMATISM

Oldest school

of Philosophy

More emphasis

on the spiritual

side of the life

Idea is the

ultimate truth

One of the modern

schools of philosophy

Nature.ie. the matter

is the ultimate reality.

More emphasis on

physical pleasure

A recently established American Philosophy

There is no fixed eternal

reality

Experience is the key

element

It gives more importance to Practicability

Self realization

Transmission of spiritual &

cultural inheritance

Enrichment of

rational thinking

Promoting social

welfare rather than

individual interest

Self Actualization

Material Satisfaction

Individual Development

Natural Development

Creation of Practical Mentality

Cultivation of Dynamic &

Adaptable Mind

Creating the Fittest for

the Survival

Creation of Professionals

Traditional Curriculum

Great importance to the

inherent spiritual values:

truth, beauty & goodness

Subjects: language,

literature, science,

mathematics, history &

geography; art& poetry;

religious studies, ethics

&metaphysics

Absence of verbal

lessons and books

Learner Centred

Curriculum

Prime Importance

to Science

Individualized

Curriculum

Utility based curriculum

Activity Oriented

Curriculum

Dynamic Curriculum

Professional Curriculum

Integrated Curriculum

The Centre of The

Classroom

The Advisor to the

Learners

The Role Model

The Controller

The Knowledge Provider

Learner is the

Centre

Teacher is the

Guide

Teacher is the

Facilitator

Equal Role for Teacher

And learner

Organizer of Activities

Manager of Activities

Facilitator

Professional Guide

Teacher Centred Methods

Imitation

Lecture

Question-Answer

Socratic Method

Direct Experience

Learning by Doing

Play Way method

Learner Centred Methods

Life oriented purposeful

activities

Learning by Doing or

through experience

Problem Solving Method

Project Method

Integration Method

Experimental Methods

Teacher Controlled

Discipline

Restricted freedom

Direct moral instruction

Static Values

Predetermined

Discipline

Complete Freedom

Natural freedom

Discipline through

Natural

Consequence

Learner Controlled

Discipline

Democratic Discipline

Social Discipline

Practical Discipline

Modern Discipline