Schooling and the Reproduction of Inequality: Part II General Point: Whereas the “meritocratic...
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Transcript of Schooling and the Reproduction of Inequality: Part II General Point: Whereas the “meritocratic...
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Schooling and the Reproduction of Inequality: Part II
General Point: Whereas the “meritocratic thesis” proposes sorting decisions in school are based on achievement, race, class, gender, physical condition still matter
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The Uneven Distribution of Educational Resources:
External to Schools • State and federal policies
– The [unintended] effects of neighborhood schools, tax structure (Anyon; Bowles & Gintis)
• Community Issues– “White Flight” response to desegregation policies– Legacy admissions: 1 in 4 vs. 1 in 8 at Stanford
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Differential Distribution of Resources in Schools: Teachers
• Staffing Policies based on seniority
• Alternatives?– Incentives?
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Differential Distribution of Qualified Teachers
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Differential Distribution of Teaching Materials in Schools
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Differential Distribution of Resources in Schools: Courses
• AP Courses in SDCS
• As of 1998• Research Question:
Any Change since 1998???
• Hi Income High Schools (La Jolla, Scripps, Pt Loma): Average: 24.5
Lo Income H.S.: (Hoover, Crawford, Lincoln)
Average: 6
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Slide 1
Reproducing Inequality: TrackingProducing Equality: Contest Mobility System
Tracking and Contest Mobility Compared
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Differential Access to Resources by Students
Reproducing Inequality: Tracking
Tracking
Counseling-Erickson: “gatekeeping”-Cookson & Percell: “preparation for power”-McDonough: privatecounselors
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Track Placement by SES: National Data
28.3
48.8
65.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percent Enrolled
Low Medium High
Socio-Economic Status
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Track Placement by Race/Ethnicity: National
05
1015202530354045
Percent Enrolled
Asian-Am. Latino AfricanAmer.
White
Race/EthnicitySource: USDOE; Ed Trust, 1998
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Access to College Prep Courses: San Diego
41
32
2623
1215
21
28
05
1015202530354045
%
White Asian-Amer.
AfricanAm.
Latino
Race/Ethnicity
Algebra Students%in District
Source: CBEDS: Oct 1997
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Differential Access to Resources by Students: Classrooms
• Ability Grouping
Middle AbilityGroup
Low AbilityGroup
High AbilityGroup•Differential treatment
(self fulfilling prophecy)•GATE
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Differential Access to Resources by Students: Classrooms
• Relations of Authority in Work are Recapitulated in School (Bowles & Gintis “correspondence principle”)– School recapitulates the factory– Individualism & competition from turns at
talk to PhD/LD/MD– Regimentation of time and space
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Our schools, are in a sense, factories, in which raw products (children)
are to be shaped and fashioned into products to meet the demands of life.
The specifications for manufacturing came from the demands
of 20th century civilization, and it is the business of the school
to build its pupils according to the specifications laid down
(Cubberly, 1916: 338).
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Differential Socialization in the Classroom: Wilcox
• Discipline and Control Messages:– Middle SES
students: • internal control
messages• Future orientation• [show gender tape--
kids in rug]
• “Our 15 minutes are up. Have you used them wisely?
• “Will this misbehavior help you become a better reader?”
• “that’s really being an independent reader”
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Differential Socialization in the Classroom: Wilcox
• Low SES students:– External control
messages– Focus on orderly
work habits: • timeliness, • conformity,• docility
• “You can’t get a rat out until I say so”
• “No playing ball in the hall because I said so”
• “No running in the room”
• “No fighting”
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Summary Schooling contributes to the
reproduction of inequality, perpetuates stratification
• Schools sort--on merit (achievement), but ascription (race/ethnicity, class, gender) still matters
• Achievement Ideology--used by less powerful to blame themselves for their own failures
• School as vehicle for mobility--for elites more than lower income families and their students