School of the Built Environment Construction Technology D19SC Unit 3 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN -...

Unit 3 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN - FOUNDATIONS 1

School of the Built Environment

Construction Technology D19SC

Unit 3

SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN -

FOUNDATIONS




In any building

• the superstructure

• the substructure (foundations)

• the supporting soil

act together to give the building structural stability




Foundations are the vital link between the superstructure and the ground.

The criteria for a successful foundation are:

• it should be at a minimum depth and size, without exceeding the allowable bearing capacity of any soil layer below the foundation.

• it should have settlement consistent with the supporting structure

• it should be able to withstand natural ground movements from frost, moisture and heat

• regard is given to buildability

• it should be economical




The principles of foundations.

The basic function of a foundation is to intercept the load exerted by a building structure and transfer this load to the supporting soil in such a way that the building will not sink into the ground (subside)

Structural stability is normally achieved in either of two ways, or indeed a combination of both.

– Spread the load exerted by the building over a sufficiently wide area to prevent the supporting ground being overstressed

– Divert or transfer the load to a strata, deep in the ground, which is capable of supporting the imposed load without failure




When a building is placed on the ground it exerts a force on the soil. Safe foundations place that load such that the soil is not overloaded.The ability of the ground or soil to “bear” a load varies with types of soil and ground depth




Type of subsoil Bearing Capacity

(kN/M2)

Rocks, granites and chalk 600 – 10000

Non-cohesive soils

Compact sands

Loose uniform sands

100 - 600

Cohesive soils

Hard clays

Soft clays and silts

0 – 600

Peats and made-up ground To be determined by investigation

Typical subsoil bearing capacities




• Be constructed of materials that will not be degraded by chemicals found in the soil around the foundation. Normally foundations are composed of concrete and when conditions demand, the specification of the concrete will need to be altered to avoid corrosive elements in the soil.

• Able to withstand the effect of frost (also applies to services buried in ground)

To achieve this basic function the foundation must be:




TYPES OF SOIL

RockThe hardest rock is igneous e.g. granite and basalt. Normally they have a high safe bearing capacity, 2-3 times that of sedimentary rocks and 25-30 times that of clays and sands. Generally bedrock is an excellent base to build on but unfortunately the cost of levelling and the cost of excavating service trenches outweighs the initial advantage of a good natural base.

Course grained non-cohesive soilsGravels and sands come under this heading. When loaded they shear if unconfined. The particles slide over each other at an angle known as the angle of internal friction .

Fine grained cohesive soilsThese include clays and silts. The major problem with these types of soil is that their nature changes with the level of moisture in the soil. When the soil drys out they shrink, but when the moisture content is increased the soil swells. When water trapped in the soil freezes it can cause vertical heave




Types of soil

Organic soilsThese include peat, loam and mud. Generally unsuitable for building on. Normally 150-200 mm thick. Such soil (top soil) is usually removed before building begins.

Made up soilAs the stock of quality building land diminishes, poorer ground is often used. Today made up ground is being utilised. Extreme care should be taken to ensure that such land is properly investigated.




Working out imposed loads

C1 C4 C4 C4 C4 C1

C2 C5 C5 C5 C5 C2

C6 C3 C3 C3 C3 C6

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

B1

B1

B1

B1

B1

B1

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2

A B C D E F

1

2

3

6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000

6.000

9.000

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

SD1

B1 = 406 x 130 x 39 Universal Beam C1 = 254 x 254 x 71 Universal Column Note that this building has 3 storeys

B2 = 457 x 152 x 74 Universal Beam C2 = 305 x 305 x 88 Universal Column above ground level + a concrete roof

B3 = 305 x 127 x 37 Universal Beam C3 = 305 x 305 x 149 Universal Column having the same construction as the

C4 = 305 x 305 x 79 Universal Column floors. The ground floor slab is ground

SD1 = Structural Concrete Composite Floor C5 = 305 x 305 x 186 Universal Column supported and is to be disregarded in

using Corus ComFlor 80 Composite Floor C6 = 254 x 254 x 85 Universal Column foundation assessments.

Decking- depth of slab = 150mm.

Load imposed by ComFloor Deck = 0.75kN/m2




QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION IN CLASS

The loads exerted by the building vary according to the size, use and form of construction used.

What loads are exerted by a building on to the ground below the building?

As discussed in unit 2, the building is exposed to both dead and live loads

Permanent or dead loads: the weight of the structure, cladding and fixed equipmentTemporary or live loads : imposed loads – people furniture, non-fixed equipment. environmental or dynamic loads - snow or wind.thermal loads – temperature changes causing load on structure





Strong enough to prevent downward vertical loads shearing through the foundation

Stable so that it will not overturn .Whenever possible loads on foundations should be placed centrically.

Capable of withstanding the opposing forces, the weight of the building and the resistance of the soil, such that the foundation will not bend




• Capable of withstanding changing conditions in the ground if they occur, e.g. movement caused by shrinking and swelling, water pressure, etc.

• Accommodate initial settlement of the structure. It is especially important that uneven settlement does not occur.

• That the installation of foundations does not overstress the ground such that adjacent existing foundations and services are damaged. It should be noted that the installation of new ground based services can undermine existing foundations. It should also be noted that where services pass under or adjacent to foundations the load exerted on them by the foundations may cause failure. In such situations, such as a sewer collapse this may in turn undermine the foundation.





BUILDING NEAR TREES

The combination of shrinkable soils and trees, hedgerows or shrubs represents a hazard to structures that requires special consideration. Trees, hedgerows and shrubs take moisture from the ground and, in cohesive soils such asclay, this can cause significant volume changes resulting in ground movement. This has the potential to affect foundations and damage the supported structure. In order to minimise this risk, foundations should be designed to accommodate the movement or be taken to a depth where the likelihood of damaging movement is low.




Water requirements for different types of trees




Near Surface Foundations - spread foundations– Strip Foundations– Pad Foundations– Continuous Column Founds– Balanced Footings– Rafts:

• Plain Slabs• Stiffened Edge• Downstand Raft• Upstand Raft• Cellular Raft• Buoyancy tanks

Deep Foundations– Piled Foundations

• Bored Piles• Driven Piles

Main types of foundations




Main types of foundations

Spread foundations Piled foundations




SPREAD FOUNDATIONS




Simplest form of foundation is the strip foundation, used to support a load bearing wall

Main types of strip foundations

Conventional strip Deep strip Wide strip




CONVENTIONAL STRIP FOUNDATIONS

Spread the load exerted by the building over a sufficiently wide area to prevent the supporting ground being overstressed




A good quality ‘freehand’ sketch of a simple strip foundation




Deep strip foundations

Tend to be used at depths greater than 1.2 m deep




A good quality ‘freehand’ sketch of a deep strip or trench fill foundation




Pad foundation




GROUND BEAMS




RAFT FOUNDATIONS

Spread the load over a wider area




Raft foundation




PILE FOUNDATIONS




Divert or transfer the load to a strata, deep in the ground, which is capable of supporting the imposed load without failure

Pile Foundations




Pile foundations Two main types displacement & replacement

Typical displacement or driven pile




Displacement or percussive piles being installed



Construction Technology D19SCTypical replacement or bored pile




Pile cap




BASEMENTS




What type of foundation would you use in the assignment?

Where would you locate the foundations?

Is there a role for a basement?




Stairs & Lifts

Entrance Reception

Area A

Toilets

Stairs & Lifts

Area B

Toilets

GROUND FLOOR PLANGrid 3 m




ATRIA

Stairs & Lifts

ReceptionArea C

Stairs & Lifts

Toilets

Area D Area E

Toilets

UPPER FLOOR PLANGrid 3 m

School of the Built Environment Construction Technology D19SC Unit 3 SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN -...

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