SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY & ADMINISTRATION COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Critical Vulnerability:...

SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY & ADMINISTRATION • COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES WWW.SPPA.UDEL.EDU

Critical Vulnerability:Neglecting Defense Support of Civil

Authorities in Homeland Security and Defense Education

Ryan BurkePh.D. Candidate

05 June 2014


Agenda and Overview

• Purpose and Intent• Background and Motivation• Research Context• Homeland Security/Emergency Management

(HSEM) Education• The Military’s Role• Assessing the Gap• Observing the Effects• Integrating DSCA Education into Future

HSEM Curricula • Conclusions


Purpose and Intent

• Engage in conversation with Homeland Security/Emergency Management (HSEM) educators

• Call attention to the apparent Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) education gap in HSEM higher education

• Promote integration of DSCA education in future HSEM curricula


Background and Motivation


Research Context:Higher Education

• FEMA Higher Education Program– 1994– Leverage lessons learned

• Hurricane Andrew– Advocate for EM integration in colleges and

universities– Rapid growth of EM programs

• ~3 in 1994; +250 in 2013


Research Context: Homeland Security Awareness

• Homeland Security/Emergency Management– Increased awareness post – 9/11– Need for professional workforce

• Training and education– Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)


Homeland Security & Emergency Management Education

* = Includes defense, terrorism, critical infrastructure ** = Includes disaster science, preparedness*** = See “Listing of Collegiate Programs by Type”http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/collegelist/ (2013)****DoD colleges/universities excluded (Army War College, etc)

Degree Type / Focus Homeland Security* Emergency Management**

Associates 21 50

Bachelors 25 57

Masters 32 90

Doctoral 6 9

Other (certificate, etc) 53 69

Total 137 275

Combined Total 412

http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/collegelist/


HSEM: KSAs and Core Competencies

• Four phases– Mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery

• NIMS and ICS• National Frameworks and Planning Guidance

– NMS, NPF (2), NRF, NDRF, NIPP, NPG, PPDs, NSS, CPG 101

• Federal Statutes and Authorities – Stafford Act, Economy Act, Katrina Reform Act,

HSPDs


SE

VE

RIT

Y

TIME

LOCAL

STATE

FEDERAL

Domestic Response Continuum

EVENT

CV


The Military Role

• Defense Support of Civil Authorities– State capacities exhausted or incapable

• History– Whiskey Rebellion, LA riots, Hurricane Katrina,

Hurricane Sandy– Federalism and sovereignty

• Last in – First out– Request For Forces / Request For Assistance– Immediate Response Authority exception

• Posse Comitatus Act, Insurrection Act, etc.


Homeland Defense – Security – Civil Support Spectrum

Homeland Security

Civil Support (DSCA)

Homeland Defense

DoD LeadsDoD

Supports(Adapted from DoD HD and CS Joint Operating

Concept, 2007, p. 5)


Civil Support Operations

(JP 3-28, 2007, p. III-3)


DoD RFA Process

(JP 3-28, 2007, p. II-4)


“The Marines have landed…”

(MCCLL, 2013, p. 15)

(MCCLL, 2013, p. 3)


Presence of DSCA Education in HSEM Curricula

# of Programs

HSEM Programs w/ DSCA HSEM Programs w/o DSCA

.005%

*Analysis does not include DoD colleges/universities


Why the Gap?

• Infrequency of DSCA scenarios– DoD not needed for most emergencies/disasters– Not a core competency/instructional priority

• Specialized knowledge (narrow field)– Most SMEs are DoD (military/civilian)– Lack of SMEs within HSEM higher education

• Degree focus– Research vs. practice

• Some researchers decry “militarization” of disaster response


Why the Gap?

• Risk perception– Severity vs. probability – Low risk of severe event

~2%


What is the effect? (post 9/11)

• “The data indicates that despite numerous attempts at the state and federal levels to educate local authorities about DSCA, a majority of the EMs in this sample did not have a strong understanding of how this process works”

– (Milliman, Grosskopf, & Paez, 2006, p. 12).

• “As an informed emergency manager, I know what the [military] capability is, I know who has it, and I know how to ask for it. This knowledge is missing at the local EM level.”

– ~ Jack Harrald, CAPT, USCG (Ret.) (Porter, 2008, p. 145)

• “To execute a timely and effective response, officials from local, state, and other federal organizations must be the recipients of a well-synchronized education strategy that teaches them the operational basics of Defense Support of Civil Authorities and how NORTHCOM will interface with their organization”

– (Osterholzer, 2008, p. 3).


What is the effect? (post 9/11)

• Hurricane Katrina– “When Hurricane Katrina struck, a lack of

understanding existed within the military and among federal, state, and local responders as to the types of assistance and capabilities that the military might provide, the timing of this assistance, and the respective contributions of the National Guard and federal military forces” (GAO, 2006, p. 11).

• Hurricane Sandy– “…it was noted that we need to expand our [dual

status commander] training and education to our partners and DOD on the roles and responsibilities prior to the next DSCA event” (DoD, 2013, p. 6).


Integrating DSCA in HSEM Curricula

• Practitioner-oriented HSEM programs– Offer DSCA-specific course elective

• Syllabus in development (PSU)• Required competency for EM

• Research-oriented HSEM programs– Integrate relevant readings into core courses

• Analyses of military responses to historic events

– Katrina, Sandy, etc.


Course Examples:

• Long Island University – Riverhead, Homeland Security Management Program (M.S.): – HMS 659 – Homeland Defense, Civil Support, and

Transportation Security – DoD's Role in the Homeland Security Enterprise

• Penn State University – World Campus, Homeland Security Program (M.P.S.):– ADM 802 – Multifaceted Approaches to Homeland Security

• FEMA IS-75:– Military Resources in Emergency Management


DSCA Education:Core Competencies

• DoD Request for Assistance process– Immediate Response Authority

• DoD command structure / organization – Command model variations

• Dual status commanders– Key roles and responsibilities (DCO, etc).

• DoD capabilities – Legal limits on using federal forces

• Financial considerations– Stafford Act, Economy Act


Progress

• Introduction to Homeland Defense and Defense Support of Civil Authorities: The US Military’s Role to Support and Defend– Tussing, B., & McCreight, R. (2014)

• Graduate level text• Non-military target audience

– Graduate HSEM programs


Final Thoughts

• Effective HSEM practice requires trained/educated (competent) professionals– Need an education system to support this

• Military will continue to support civil authorities – Need an educated base of HSEM professionals to

effectively leverage this unique capability

• Dearth of formal DSCA instruction in today’s HSEM higher education programs– Need to remedy by integrating DSCA as a relevant

competency


Final Thoughts

• ~ 2% disasters/emergencies involve federal military– Yearly occurrence (or so it seems)– High visibility

• If military is needed:– High consequence event– No time to “go to the books”

• Need to train/educate for consequences – not just likelihood

• Unlikely necessary but vitally capable


Conclusion

• “When the time comes that we need the military, we don’t need F-22s and artillery…we need rolling stock, logistics. More importantly, we need competent people to meet this need.”– Bert Tussing, Director

• Center for Homeland Defense and Security• U.S. Army War College


Questions?


References• Department of Defense. (2007). Joint publication 3-28: Civil Support. (No. JP 3-28). Washington D.C.:

Department of Defense.• Department of Defense. (2007). Homeland Defense and Civil Support Joint Operating Concept. Version

2.0. Washington D.C.: Department of Defense.• Department of Defense. (2012). DoD directive 3025.18: Defense Support of Civil Authorities. Washington

D.C.: Department of Defense. • Department of Defense. (2013). Joint publication 3-28: Defense support of civil authorities. (No. JP 3-28).

Washington D.C.: Department of Defense.• Federal Emergency Management Agency (2013). “Listing of Collegiate Programs by Type” Retrieved

3/17/2014 from http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/collegelist.• Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned (MCCLL). (2013). February 2013 Newsletter. Volume 9, Issue 2,

Quantico, VA: Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned. • Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned (MCCLL). (2013). Marine corps support to hurricane sandy

relief efforts. (No. 1). Quantico, VA: Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned.• Milliman, J., Grosskopf, J., & Paez, O. E. (2006). An exploratory study of local emergency managers' views

of military Assistance/Defense support to civil authorities (MACA/DSCA). Jhsem Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 3(1).

• Office of the Secretary of Defense. (2013). OSD After Action Review - Hurricane Sandy, Pentagon, Washington D.C.: 1-33.

• Osterholzer, S. (2008). Education in action: Educating USNORTHCOM's critical stakeholders at the away game. Naval Postgraduate School.

• Porter, L. A. (2010). Defense support of civilian authorities (DSCA): What emergency managers need to know. (Ph.D., The George Washington University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

(305210723). • United States., Government Accountability Office. (2006). Hurricane Katrina: Better Plans and Exercises

Need to Guide the Military's Response to Catastrophic Natural Disasters. Retrieved 04/28/2014 from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06808t.pdf.

http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/collegelist

http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06808t.pdf

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