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![Page 1: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
School of GeographyFACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure
Oliver Duke-Williams
www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/people/.o.duke-williams/
![Page 2: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Counting migrants and groups of migrants
• Migrants move from origins to destinations
• People may move singly or in groups
• Up until the 2001 Census, migrants were counted (in the Census) in two ways
• As individual migrants
• As wholly moving households
![Page 3: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A wholly moving household
![Page 4: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wholly moving households or not?
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Counting migrants in the 2001 Census
The 2001 Census introduced the concept of the moving group
• Migrants within households are grouped on the basis of their common origins
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Moving groups
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Absolute numbers of migrants
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
0-4
5-9
10-1
4
15-1
9
20-2
4
25-2
9
30-3
4
35-3
9
40-4
4
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90+
Age
Mig
ran
ts
Male Female
Migrants within UK, 2000-1 Source: 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics
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Migration rates
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3500-
4
5-9
10-1
4
15-1
9
20-2
4
25-2
9
30-3
4
35-3
9
40-4
4
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90+
Age
Mig
ran
ts /
100
0 p
erso
ns
Male Female
Migrants within UK – rates per 1000 at destination, 2000-1 Source: 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics
![Page 9: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Absolute numbers of migrants by origin type
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
0-4
5-9
10-1
4
15-1
9
20-2
4
25-2
9
30-3
4
35-3
9
40-4
4
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90+
Age
Mig
ran
ts
UK district Unknown Outside UK
Migrants within and into UK, 2000-1 Source: 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics
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Migration connectivity
Migration connectivity is a simple measure of how well places are connected to other places
• It is affected by geography, but useful for comparing alternative characteristics given a fixed geography
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Origin connectivity
oic_wmhh3
0.01 - 0.08
0.09 - 0.13
0.14 - 0.21
0.22 - 0.31
0.32 - 0.48
oic_whmm1
0.01 - 0.13
0.14 - 0.20
0.21 - 0.28
0.29 - 0.38
0.39 - 0.70
oic_whmm2
0.01 - 0.10
0.11 - 0.16
0.17 - 0.23
0.24 - 0.33
0.34 - 0.57
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Destination connectivity
dic_whmm3
0.01 - 0.09
0.10 - 0.13
0.14 - 0.19
0.20 - 0.27
0.28 - 0.44
dic_whmm1
0.00 - 0.13
0.14 - 0.21
0.22 - 0.31
0.32 - 0.48
0.49 - 0.90
dic_whmm2
0.01 - 0.10
0.11 - 0.16
0.17 - 0.23
0.24 - 0.33
0.34 - 0.51
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About the BHPS
The British Household Panel Survey
• A multi-purpose panel survey
• Interviews all adults in a set of representative households
• First wave in 1991: 5,500 households, 10,000 individuals
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BHPS: Migrants
The BHPS is a useful source of information about migrants
• Individuals are tracked over many years
• The household context is clear
• Respondents are asked about intentions to migrate, and about reasons for recent migration events
Limitations
• The sample size is small
• The geography is limited
• Migration tends to be a cause of attrition in longitudinal data sets
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BHPS data studied
Individuals from wave J (2000-1) were studied
• This roughly matches the transition period over which migration is recorded in the 2001 Census
• The data were linked to the next wave, in order to identify those who had moved during the period
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Characteristics of migrants in the BHPS
Net balances by region, for movers within UK
Region Outflow Inflow Net gain
Inner London 244 246 2
Outer London 514 514 0
R. of South East 1736 1728 -8
South West 846 852 6
East Anglia 395 402 7
East Midlands 794 811 17
West Midlands Conurbation 348 352 4
R. of West Midlands 489 483 -6
Greater Manchester 380 376 -4
Merseyside 177 180 3
R. of North West 429 434 5
South Yorkshire 235 229 -6
West Yorkshire 315 314 -1
R. of Yorks & Humberside 324 323 -1
Tyne & Wear 222 226 4
R. of North 362 365 3
Wales 2548 2567 19
Scotland 3010 3026 16
Northern Ireland 146 146 0
Total 13633 13633 0
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Characteristics of migrants in the BHPS
All respondents are asked when they moved to their present address
• Data are highly dominated by recent moves
• Other moves tend to be within last 10 years or so
• The same pattern is apparent in other waves
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1930 1950 1970 1990
Year moved to present address
Co
un
t
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year moved to present address
Co
un
t
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Characteristics of migrants in the BHPS
Age profile of migrants
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100
Age
Fre
qu
ency
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
0-4
5-9
10-1
4
15-1
9
20-2
4
25-2
9
30-3
4
35-3
9
40-4
4
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90+
Age
Mig
ran
ts
Male Female
![Page 19: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Wishes to move
Separate questions ask whether respondents would
• prefer to move
• expect to move within the next year
Prefers to move? Frequency Percent
Don't know 191 1%
Stay here 9915 66%
Prefer to move 4975 33%
Total 15081 100%
Expect to move in next yearFrequencyPercent
Don't know 641 4%
Yes 2073 14%
No 12367 82%
Total 15081 100%
![Page 20: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Preference and expectation
How to preference and expectation relate to each other?
Prefer to move?
Expect to move
Don't know Yes No Total
Don't know 19% 18% 63% 191
Stay here 2% 6% 91% 9915
Prefer to move 8% 29% 64% 4975
![Page 21: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Prefer to move
Does preference vary by age or sex? Age group
Prefer to move 16-24 25--44 45-64 65+
Male
Don't know 1% 2% 1% 1%
Stay here 57% 54% 66% 78%
Prefer to move 37% 40% 27% 18%
Total 1071 2752 2119 1235
Female
Don't know 2% 1% 1% 1%
Stay here 54% 58% 69% 79%
Prefer to move 42% 39% 27% 17%
Total 1213 3108 2417 1688
![Page 22: School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams o.w.duke-williams@leeds.ac.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eca5503460f94bd8800/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Does preference vary by household type?
Prefer to move? Age group
16-24 25-44 45-64 65+
Single Non-Elderly
Don't know 2% 2% 2% 0%
Stay here 55% 50% 62% 67%
Prefer to move 43% 48% 35% 33%Base 148 448 486 3
Single Elderly
Don't know 2% 1%
Stay here 75% 84%
Prefer to move 23% 15%
Base 104 1133
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Prefer to move? Age group 16-24 25-44 45-64 65+
Couple No ChildrenDon't know 2% 1% 1% 1%Stay here 53% 59% 73% 79%Prefer to move 45% 40% 26% 20%Base 251 1073 1725 1357
Couple: dep childrenDon't know 1% 1% 1% 0%Stay here 60% 60% 70% 90%Prefer to move 39% 39% 29% 10%Base 738 3054 751 20
Couple: non-dep childrenDon't know 2% 1% 1% 0%Stay here 57% 56% 71% 82%Prefer to move 41% 42% 28% 18%Base 450 344 910 135
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Prefer to move? Age group
16-24 25-44 45-64 65+
Lone par: dep children
Don't know 2% 2% 2% 0%
Stay here 53% 52% 57% 64%
Prefer to move 45% 46% 41% 36%
Base 220 460 104 11
Lone par: non-dep children
Don't know 1% 2% 1% 1%
Stay here 66% 50% 69% 85%
Prefer to move 33% 48% 30% 14%
Base 127 122 183 104
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Prefer to move? Age group
16-24 25-44 45-64 65+
2+ Unrelated adults
Don't know 2% 3% 5% 0%
Stay here 58% 54% 52% 80%
Prefer to move 40% 44% 43% 20%
Base 208 112 21 15
Other Households
Don't know 0% 0% 0% 2%
Stay here 47% 50% 68% 72%
Prefer to move 53% 50% 32% 26%
Base 58 64 87 53
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Is expectation realised?
How well does an expectation of a move predict an actual move?
• Link waves
• Compare expect to move vs. actual move status
• Can look at:
• Preference to move
• Expecting to move
PreferenceIndividual
mover status Total
Non-moverMover
within GB
Don't know 86% 14% 164
Stay here 95% 5% 9068
Prefer to move 82% 18% 4395Total 91% 9% 13627
Expectation
Individual mover status Total
Non-moverMover within
GB
Don't know 86% 14% 561
Yes 53% 47% 1679
No 97% 3% 11387Total 91% 9% 13627
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What about a year later?
What about a year later?
• Are expected moves deferred?
Expectation
Individual mover status Total
Non-mover Mover within GB
Don't know 84% 16% 385
Yes 73% 27% 696
No 95% 5% 9101
Total 93% 7% 10182
PreferenceIndividual mover status
Total
Non-moverMover within
GB
Don't know 84% 16% 116
Stay here 95% 5% 7150Prefer to move 88% 12% 2916
Total 93% 7% 10182
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Reasons stated for moving
1. Those who expected to move and did move
2. Those who did not expect to move, but did move
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Reasons for moving
Stated reasons for an actual move incude employment reasons (various) and non-employment related
Moved for employment
reasonsExpected to
move Yes No Total
Yes 20% 80% 257
No 10% 90% 100
Moved for
employment reasons
Preference Yes No Total
Don't know 24% 76% 21
Stay here 10% 90% 383
Prefer to move 11% 89% 761
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Non-employment reasons
Look at reasons for moving amongst those who expected to move and did move
Reason Frequency PercentOther 34 14%Mve to college 33 14%Mve in wth partn 30 13%Evicted, reposs 19 8%Split from partn 15 6%Larger accom 12 5%Smaller accom 11 5%Better accom 10 4%Job reasn, self 9 4%Closr fam, friend 8 3%Own accom 8 3%Mve from family 7 3%Wants change 6 3%To specfc place 6 3%Job reasn, othr 5 2%Mve in wth family 4 2%Area unsafe 4 2%Area unfriendly 4 2%Buy accom 3 1%Left college 2 1%Dislkd area 2 1%Mve in wth friend 1 0%Retirement 1 0%Health reasons 1 0%To rural envirn 1 0%Total 236 236
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Reasons for moving
What about those who moved, but had not expected to do so?
Reason Frequency Percent
Other 11 12%
Split from partn 10 11%
Larger accom 10 11%
Evicted, reposs 9 9%
Smaller accom 9 9%
Better accom 9 9%
Mve in wth partn 7 7%
Mve to college 6 6%
Own accom 6 6%
Mve in wth family 3 3%
Mve from family 3 3%
Health reasons 3 3%
Other aspects 2 2%
To specfc place 2 2%
Closr fam, friend 1 1%
Job reasn, self 1 1%
Dislkd prev acc 1 1%
Area unfriendly 1 1%
Dislkd area 1 1%
Total 95 95
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Reasons for moving
Are reasons for moving different for those who do / do not move?
• If respondents indicated that they would like to move, they were asked for reasons why
• Did those who followed through on this wish quote different reasons?
Individual mover status Reason to move Non-mover Mover within GB
Larger accom 16% 16%Other 5% 9%Dislikes area 10% 8%Own accommodation 3% 6%Feels isolated 5% 5%Other aspects 5% 5%To specific area 8% 5%Area unsafe 5% 5%Family reasons 4% 5%To buy somewhere 1% 5%Smaller/cheaper acc 3% 4%Unfriendly area 6% 4%Wants a change 5% 4%Another type 3% 3%Better accom 2% 3%Reduce travelling 1% 2%Occupation reasons 1% 2%To rural environ 6% 2%Noise 2% 2%No stairs 3% 2%Dislikes accom 1% 1%For childs education 1% 1%Traffic 2% 1%From urban environ 1% 1%Health reasons 0% 0%Retirement 0% 0%More privacy 1% 0%No reason 0% 0%Total 3590 794
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Reasons for moving
Do stated reasons for moving vary by household type?
• Look at most commonly cited reasons by individuals in different household types
Household type Reasons PercentSingle Non-elderly Mve to college 17%
Other 11%
Split from partn 11%
Base 160
Single-elderly Health reasons 22%
Closr fam, friend 16%
Evicted, reposs 11% Base 37
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Reasons for moving
Household type Reasons PercentCouple No Children Mve in wth partn 20%
Buy accom 11%
Smaller accom 8%
Base 340
Couple: dep children Larger accom 28%
Other 12%
Mve in wth partn 9%
Base 364
Couple: non-dep children Smaller accom 15%
Other 12%
Split from partn 10% Base 41
Household type Reasons Percent
Lone par: dep children Split from partn 25%
Other 13%
Evicted, reposs 13%
Base 55
Lone par: non-dep children Split from partn 20%
Evicted, reposs 20%
Mve in wth family 20%
Base 20
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Household type Reasons Percent
2+ Unrelated adults Evicted, reposs 23%
Mve to college 21%
Better accom 11%
Base 73
Other Households Other 22%
Evicted, reposs 17%
Mve in wth partn 17%
Base 23
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Effect of migration
To what extent has migration been associated with a change in circumstances?
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RG Social class
Do migrants experience a change in Registrar General’s Social Class?
RG Social Class Wave J Wave K Change
Professional occ 46 50 9%
Managerial & technical occ 233 252 8%
Skilled non-manual 177 170 -4%
Skilled manual 146 137 -6%
Partly skilled occ 110 105 -5%
Unskilled occ 26 25 -4%
Armed forces 1 0 -100%
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Tenure
Change in tenure
• Using all persons
• Use person 1 only
Tenure Wave J Wave K Change
Owned Outright 140 145 4%
Owned with Mortgage 502 529 5%
Local Authority rented 171 142 -17%
Housing Assoc. rented 49 62 27%
Rented from Employer 18 18 0%
Rented private unfurnished 132 127 -4%
Rented private furnished 186 174 -6%
Tenure Wave J Wave K Change
Owned Outright 97 91 -6%
Owned with Mortgage 325 319 -2%
Local Authority rented 123 98 -20%
Housing Assoc. rented 35 40 14%
Rented from Employer 13 13 0%
Rented private unfurnished 89 93 4%
Rented private furnished 121 148 22%
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Change in household type
• Select movers in wave K
• Compare household type in wave K with household type wave J
• Fluctuations to household type due to age of children
• Moves out of families into households of unrelated adults
Household type Wave J Wave K Change
Single Non-Elderly 971 986 2%
Single Elderly 1115 1150 3%
Couple No Children 2077 2163 4%
Couple: dep children 1926 1931 0%
Couple: non-dep children 617 547 -11%
Lone par: dep children 554 479 -14%
Lone par: non-dep children 262 255 -3%
2+ Unrelated adults 133 153 15%
Other Households 100 91 -9%
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Conclusions
• BHPS permits detailed analysis of relationships between migrants and their household context
• Demonstrates changes in household structure associated with migration events
• Motivations for moving are many and varied