ELECTROMAGNETICS AREA

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, COMPUTERAND ENERGY ENGINEERINGARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

CONSTANTINE A. BALANISREGENTS’ PROFESSOR

WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETICS?

Electromagnetics is the study of the effect of charges at rest and charges in motion.

Electromagnetics is described within the context of the theoretical framework of Maxwell’s equations and special cases thereof including circuit theory (Kirchhoff's Laws, Geometric Optics, Physical Optics, etc.)

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831-1879)

Maxwell’s Equations and Continuity EquationIn Integral Form

Continuity Equation

iS SC

i cS S SC

eS

mS

eevicS V

d d s d st

d d s d s d st

d s

d s

d s dvt t

∂⋅ = − ⋅ − ⋅

∂

∂⋅ = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅

∂

⋅ =

⋅ =

∂ ∂⋅ = − = −

∂ ∂

∫ ∫∫ ∫∫

∫ ∫∫ ∫∫ ∫∫

∫∫∫∫

∫∫ ∫∫∫

E M B

H J J D

D

B

Q

Q

QJ q

WHY STUDY ELECTROMAGNETICS?

Analyze, model and design:1. Antennas2. RF/Microwave circuits3. Fiber optics systems4. Electronic packaging; EMI/EMC

Use of Linear Monopole Wireless Mobile Devices

Typical PIFA on a Cell Phone

Substrateεr

Ground Plane

PIFA

Shorting sheet/pin

Feed

hL

W

y0

xz

y

ws

εrSubstrate

LPIFA

Feed

Shorting sheet/pinW

y0

H-Plane

E-Plane

ws

Le

Lh

εr

Ground Plane

Feed Substrate

Ly0

Shorting sheet/pin

Typical S11 and Patterns of PIFAs

-30 dB-20 dB-10 dB 0 dB

30°

150°

60°

120°

90°90°

120°

60°

150°

30°

180°

0°

E-PlaneH-Plane

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

1.7 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.9

S 11

Frequency (GHz)

BW(- 10 dB ) = 4.64%BW(- 15 dB ) = 2.47%

TO BE SUCCESSFULIN EM RELATED COURSES:

Requires a solid foundation on the fundamentals of:

Mathematics Physics Circuits

EEs are engineers, not technicians.

PREREQUISITE COURSES

EEE 241: Fundamentals of Electromagnetics

EEE 202: Circuits IPhysics 131: University Physics II:

Electricity & MagnetismPhysics 132: University Physics Lab II

GATEWAY COURSE

EEE 241: Fundamentals of Electromagnetics (fall and spring)Static and time varying vector fields; boundary value problems; dielectric and magnetic materials; Maxwell's equations; boundary conditions. Prerequisites: EEE 202; PHY 131, 132.

SENIOR EM COURSES

General course representative of all EM areas:EEE 341: Engineering Electromagnetics

------------------------------------------------------------------ Specialized courses in EM areas (need EEE 241 and 341)

1. Antennas: EEE 443: Antennas for Wireless Communications

2. Microwaves: EEE 445: Microwaves 3. Optics & Lasers: EEE 448: Fiber Optics

SENIOR EM COURSES

EEE 443: Antennas for Wireless Com’s (fundamental parameters, dipoles, loops, arrays, smart antennas, microstrips, measurements)

EEE 445: Microwaves(devices, sources, impedance matching, measurements)

EEE 448: Fiber Optics (principles of fiber optics communications)

GRADUATE COURSES

EEE 540 – Fast Computational Electromagnetics EEE 541 – Electromagnetic Fields and Guided Waves EEE 543 – Antenna Analysis and DesignEEE 544 – High Resolution RadarEEE 545 – Microwave Circuit DesignEEE 546 – Advanced Fiber OpticsEEE 547 – Microwave Solid-State Circuit Design IEEE 548 – Coherent OpticsEEE 549 – LasersEEE 641 – Advanced Electromagnetic Field TheoryEEE 643 – Advanced Topics in Electromagnetic

RadiationEEE 647 – Microwave Solid State Circuit Design II

GRADUATE SCHOOL

• MS:

1. Somewhat specialized

2. Applications oriented

3. Often the most marketable degree for pursuing a career industry or government

• PhD:

1. Very specialized – one ends up knowing quite a bit about one area/topic.

2. Research and development (R & D)

3. Usually required for university position

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

• Academia (need PhD)

Teaching, research (grant proposals, papers, reviewing papers of others, supervising graduate students, etc.), consulting (so you can pay the bills).

• Industry, Government (BS, MS, PhD)

Applications of EM in antennas, RF and microwave communications, radar or remote sensing systems, fiber optics communications systems, and electronic packaging.

JOB OPPORTUNITIES

• Industry

Boeing, General Dynamics, Northrop-Grumman, L-3 Com, Lockheed-Martin, Motorola, Intel, Rockwell International, Raytheon, Honeywell, Texas Instruments, IBM, Qualcom, Broadcom, United Technologies, Bell Helicopters, Andrew Corporation, etc.

• Government/Government National Laboratories

NASA, U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Air Force, NSA, JPL, Sandia, Aerospace Corporation.

Facilities

Electromagnetic Anechoic Chamber (EMAC) –antenna and radar cross section measurements.

Facilities

Wireless Communications Circuits Lab: mixed signal measurements for Antenna/RF/Microwave systems.

Facilities

Laboratory for Wave-Material Interactions

EM FACULTY

James T. Aberle (PhD: Univ. of Mass.) Constantine A. Balanis (PhD: Ohio State) Rudy Diaz (PhD: UCLA): Emeritus Joseph C. Palais (PhD: Univ. of Mich.): Emeritus George Pan (PhD: Univ. of Kansas)

JAMES T. ABERLEASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF EE

Research interests include antennas, computational electro magnetics, metamaterials, RF and microwave circuit design, software-defined radio.

PhD from UMass (Amherst) Dave Pozar was PhD advisor ASU Professor since 1989 Extensive experience with industry –

working for start-up, consulting – as well as basic research on government-funded grants and industry consortia.

More info:http://aberle.faculty.asu.edu

JOSEPH C. PALAISPROFESSOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

•Fiber Optic Communications•Fiber Optic Sensors

FULLWAVE MODELING + EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTION OF EM WAVES WITH ENGINEERED MATERIAL STRUCTURES

Design of Photonic Antennas for sub 30nm

resolution

Frequency [GHz]

TMSu

rfac

ew

ave

prop

agat

ion[

dB]

2 3 4 5 6-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

TheoryFrequency [GHz]

TMSu

rfac

ew

ave

prop

agat

ion[

dB]

2 3 4 5 6-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

TheoryTheory Frequency [GHz]

TMSu

rface

wave

prop

agati

on[d

B]

2 3 4 5 6-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

TheoryFrequency [GHz]

TMSu

rface

wave

prop

agati

on[d

B]

2 3 4 5 6-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

TheoryTheory

Frequency [GHz]

TMSu

rface

wav

epr

opag

atio

n[d

B]

2 3 4 5 6-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

TheoryFrequency [GHz]

TMSu

rface

wav

epr

opag

atio

n[d

B]

2 3 4 5 6-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

TheoryTheory

Characterization of Materials at RF

Artificial Magnetic Conductors for ultrathin

antennas

Prof. Rudy DiazAssoc. Prof. of EE

CONSTANTINE A. BALANISREGENTS’ PROFESSOR OF EE

PhD from Ohio State University (1969) ASU Professor since 1983 Research interests include:

1. Computational ElectroMagnetics (CEM)2. Planar (PHIS) , Curved (CHIS) and Flexible (FHIS)

High Impedance Surfaces for:• Ground planes• Surface wave suppression and

coupling reduction• Amplitude pattern control and synthesis• RCS reduction using checkerboard HISs

3. Holographic HISs for pattern control and beam scan4. Smart Antennas

Experience with industry and government 1. Worked consulted for government and industry2. Taught short courses for government and industry3. Performed basic research on government-funded

grants, and industry contracts and consortia. More info: http://balanis.faculty.asu.edu

Smart Antennas

Ø There ARE NO “smart” antennas.

Ø There ARE “smart” antenna systems.

Smart antenna systems combine:1. Antenna arrays with2. Digital signal processing algorithms

to make the antenna system “smart.”

Smart Antennas

Analogyof

Smart Antenna Systems• Auditory System• Electronic System

Smart Antenna(Auditory System)

Smart Antenna (Electronic System)

Generic Smart Antenna Systemw*

AntennaArray

DoA(Spatial)

orReference

Signal(Temporal)

DSP Adaptive

Algorithm

DSP

Plane Wave

SimulationsLinear Array

D

d

Linear Array Configurationoα

Beamforming Linear Array Example

SOI

Type: Array FactorAlgorithm: LMSIterations: 55Geometry: 8 linear array, d = 0.5λSOI α = 20º

Results: w1,…,8 = 1.000, β = -61.56º

Beamforming Linear Array Example

SNOISOI

Type: Array FactorAlgorithm: LMS, µ = 0.01, stop ≤ -40dBIterations: 81Geometry: 8 linear array, d = 0.5λSOI α = 20ºSNOI 45º

w1,…,8 = ???β = ???

oα

Beamforming Linear Array AnimationPattern Formation vs. Iteration

8-element linear array, d = 0.5λ, SOI at ao=20º, SNOI at ao=45ºLMS, i = 81, µ = 0.01, stop ≤ -40dB

F-117 NIGHTHAWK

RECTANGULAR PEC PLANE(2Λ X 2Λ @ 10.0 GHZ)NORMAL INCIDENCE

2/11/2015

38

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

Frequency [GHz]

Ref

lect

ion

Pha

se [D

egre

e]

X

Z

Y

10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

Frequency [GHz]

RC

S R

educ

tion

[dB

]

RCS REDUCTION OF CHECKERBOARD(3 X 3 PERIODS OF EBG1 + EBG2)NORMAL INCIDENCE

10.75 14.00

BW = 3.25 GHz(26.3%)

144 mm x 144 mm

39

RCS PATTERN OF CHECKERBOARD(3 X 3 PERIODS OF EBG1 + EBG2)NORMAL INCIDENCE @ 11.5 GHZ

2/11/2015

40

X

Z

Y

Phi (Ф)

Theta (θ)

10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

Frequency [GHz]

RC

S R

educ

tion

[dB

]

RCS REDUCTION OF HEXAGON(10 X 10 EBG1 + 10 X 10 EBG2 PIXELS)NORMAL INCIDENCE

2/11/2015

41

( )[ ]221 2/21log10Reduction RCS jPhasejPhase eAeA +=

10.15 14.86

BW = 4.71 GHz(37.6%)

EBG substrate RO3006, εr = 6.15, h = 1.28mm,w = 3.5mm, g = 0.5mm, f0 = 10.0 GHzr = 1.5mm, g = 1.0mm, f0 = 14.8 GHz

EBG1 EBG2

RCS PATTERN OF HEXAGON(6 PERIODS OF HEXAGON)NORMAL INCIDENCE @ 11.0 GHZ

2/11/2015

42

X

Z

Y

Phi (Ф)

Theta (θ)

RCS Reduction Using Checkerboard EBG HIS Surfaces

Flat checkerboard

Curved checkerboardA generic scale model helicopter depicted with an EBG

checkerboard surface