University of Washington

School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences Seattle, Washington

To: Alaska Sea Grant College Program University of Alaska - Fairbanks Title of Project: Acoustic Behavior of Salmon Principal Investigators: John K. Horne Research Associate Professor School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences Box 355020 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-5020 (206) 221-6890 – phone (206) 221-6939 - fax jhorne@u.washington.edu Institutional Official: Carol Zuiches Assistant Vice Provost - Research Office of Sponsored Programs University of Washington 1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300 Seattle, WA 98105 206-543-4043 osp@u.washington.edu Amount Requested: $60,236 Desired Period: February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2009 Date:______________ ___________________________________ John K. Horne, Research Associate Professor Date:_______________ __________________________________ David A. Armstrong, Director School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences Date:______________ ___________________________________ Carol Zuiches

Assistant Vice Provost – Research Executive Director, Office of Sponsored Programs

University of Washington

School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences

Seattle, Washington

To:Alaska Sea Grant College Program

University of Alaska - Fairbanks

Title of Project:Acoustic Behavior of Salmon

Principal Investigators:John K. Horne

Research Associate Professor

School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences

Box 355020

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195-5020

(206) 221-6890 – phone

(206) 221-6939 - fax

jhorne@u.washington.edu

Institutional Official:Carol Zuiches

Assistant Vice Provost - Research

Office of Sponsored Programs

University of Washington

1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300

Seattle, WA 98105

206-543-4043

osp@u.washington.edu

Amount Requested:$60,236

Desired Period:February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2009

Date:_________________________________________________

John K. Horne, Research Associate Professor

Date:_________________________________________________

David A. Armstrong, Director

School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences

Date:_________________________________________________

Carol Zuiches

Assistant Vice Provost – Research

Executive Director, Office of Sponsored Programs

SEA GRANT PROJECT SUMMARY

INSTITUTION:

Alaska Sea Grant College Program

ICODE:

TITLE:

ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF SALMON

PROJECT NUMBER:

2005

-

33

REVISION DATE:

May 13, 2005

PROJECT STATUS:

INITIATION DATE:

Feb. 2006

COMPLETION DATE:

Dec. 2008

SUB PROGRAM:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:

John K. Horne

EFFORT:

AFFILIATION:

University of Washington

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences

AFFILIATION CODE:

SG FUNDS:

$

60,236

STATE MATCHING FUNDS:

$

40,634

LAST YEARS SG FUNDS:

$

0

LAST YEARS MATCHING FUNDS:

$

0

PASS

-

THROUGH FUNDS:

$

0

LAST YEARS PASS THROUGH FUNDS:

$

0

RELATED PROJECTS:

PARENT PROJECTS:

SEA GRANT STRATEGIC PLAN CLASSIFICATION#:

3 Fisheries

KEYWORDS:

salmon, acoustic assessment, species discrimination, student training

OBJECTIVES:

This program will combine the use of two acoustic technologies to examine the influence of fish behavior on the

amplitude and shape of reflected sound from s

almon in rivers. Primary research objectives include:

1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude and shape

2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and shape

3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationshi

p (e.g. length, width)

4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye

Salmon in acoustic data.

METHODOLOGY:

A splitbeam echosounder will be synchronized with an imaging sonar to c

ollect acoustic data on tethered and free

-

swimming fish. Metrics will be used to characterize echo shapes and compared to fish orientation.

RATIONALE:

Understanding how fish scatter sound improves discrimination of species and the accuracy

of acoustic

-

based

assessment.

BENEFITS:

Results of this project will increase methods to discriminate chinook from sockeye salmon, the understanding of

how fish in rivers scatter sound, and the accuracy of acoustic

-

based escapement assessmen

t on the Kenai River.

Proposal Objectives

This program will combine the use of two acoustic technologies to examine the influence of fish behavior on the intensity and shape of reflected sound from salmon in rivers. Primary research objectives include:

1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude and shape

2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and shape

3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationship (e.g. length, width)

4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye Salmon in acoustic data.

This program is also explicitly designed to include training of an Alaskan resident in fisheries acoustics research techniques. Salmon abundance on at least two rivers in Alaska (e.g. Kuskokwim River, Noatak River) is not being assessed using acoustic technologies due to a lack of trained personnel. Alaska’s need for trained fisheries acousticians is great. If an Alaskan student (native or non-native) is trained during this program, it is believed that there is a greater likelihood that the student will return to Alaska and will be an attractive employee for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), NOAA fisheries, or the fisheries acoustic industry.

Milestones have been identified for the project. By the end of the first year, the graduate student will have completed two quarters of course work and participated in the first set of acoustic backscatter measurements in conjunction with ADF&G researchers and staff at the Kenai River sampling site. Data analysis will commence directly after field measurements and continue throughout the duration of the project. Outreach activities will be coordinated in part with the summer field season and extend to the end of the year. By the end of the second year, graduate student coursework will be completed, a second field season will have collected additional data, data from the first field season will be analyzed, and the second round of outreach activities will be well underway. By the end of the third year, the student will complete the Master’s program and outreach activities.

Justification and Need

Fixed-location, side-looking acoustic techniques are often the only way to obtain in-season abundance estimates for anadromous fish stocks in rivers that are too wide for weir structures and too occluded for visual observations (Daum and Osborne 1998; Osborne and Melegari 2002; Westerman and Willette 2003). Acoustic assessment sites currently exist on 15 rivers in Alaska. One of the primary barriers to wider use of sonar assessment has been the inability to acoustically discriminate among fish sizes and species (cf. Horne 2000).

Acoustic techniques used to discriminate and classify fish species traditionally rely on the intensity of reflected sound (i.e. target strength, TS) to determine the size and then species of an insonified target. Using this approach in shallow water, riverine environments include additional challenges (Trevorrow et al. 2000). Boundary effects (i.e. water surface and river bottom) may distort echoes and impede detection of individual animals (Mulligan 2000; Gerlotto et al. 2000). Distances to targets are generally short and when combined with narrow beam angles, violate the point source assumption of reflected energy (i.e. backscatter) from targets because fish are large relative to the beam swath (Dawson et al. 2000). Under these conditions, fish become complex backscatter targets and the intensity and phase of echoes can be corrupted. Variability in fish orientation relative to the transducer when the beam is directed across the river also influences intensity and phase of TS measurements (Love 1969; Dahl and Matthisen 1983; Kubecka 1993; Horne 2003). Acoustic signal to noise ratios are generally low in riverine environments which may bias estimates of fish position within the beam (Kieser et al. 2000) and resulting TS (Fleischman and Burwen 2000). The combination of these factors potentially result in variable TS measurements that makes it difficult, if not impossible, to identify fish species using only target strength as the discriminating metric.

On the Kenai River in southcentral Alaska, chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrate concurrently with more numerous sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. The two species differ in size and migratory behavior: sockeye salmon average less than 60 cm in length and migrate primarily in shallow water close to the river bank; chinook salmon often exceed 100 cm and migrate in deeper water near mid-channel. These differences were used as justification to initiate a chinook salmon sonar assessment program in the late 1980s (Eggers et al. 1995). Currently, the Kenai River chinook sonar program is the only assessment in Alaska that apportions sonar counts by species using only acoustic data (cf. Fleischman and Burwen 2003). Target strength and range criteria are used to separate the more abundant sockeye from chinook salmon (Miller et al. 2003). Recent studies indicate that a fraction of sockeye salmon are being erroneously classified as chinook salmon, which results in an inflated chinook abundance estimate (Burwen et al. 1998, 2003).

In the mid-1990’s, results from experiments on the Kenai River using tethered and free-swimming fish identified echo envelope length as a potential species discriminating metric. An echo envelope is the time-dependent intensity of the reflected sound. Echo envelope metrics characterize a target primarily using time delay rather than the amplitude of the returned echo. Burwen and Fleischman (1998) found that the accuracy of distinguishing chinook from sockeye salmon increased when using echo envelope length relative to target strength. This result is promising for species classification but the mechanism influencing echo length is not understood and uncertainty remains why this metric performs better than target strength in riverine applications.

Experiments conducted in 2002 included a recently developed sonar technology that enables acoustic imaging of fish targets. The DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar) imaging sonar can be used to examine how echoes are influenced by the size and behavior of fish as they swim through a side-looking acoustic beam. The DIDSON provides near video-quality images for identifying objects underwater (Belcher et al. 2001). During the 2002 field measurements, a splitbeam echosounder was paired with a DIDSON to record echo intensity and fish orientation from 12 tethered chinook and 9 sockeye salmon. A few sockeye salmon serendipitously swam through the beam during tethered fish measurements. Repeated series of measurements were collected from these fish at various ranges (4-17 meters) to assess potential range effects on echo intensities and the measurements used to characterize echo shapes. Ongoing analyses of the data indicate that as fish swim through the beam and are oriented at oblique angles relative to the transducer face echoes are recorded that have complex envelope shapes including multiple peaks. This is the first indication why target strength measurements are highly variable. The duration of an echo from a large target such as a chinook salmon was also observed to be sensitive to the length of the target, potentially due to near simultaneous reflections from several body parts (e.g. head and tail).

The next logical step in this research is to examine the influence of fish orientation and position in the beam on the number, shape, and intensity of echoes recorded by the splitbeam echosounder. For riverine applications, time-based metrics appear to be superior predictors of fish length and therefore species because they exploit or are robust to factors that compromise amplitude-based metrics such as target strength. It is imperative to understand how sound interacts with and forms echoes from large target that simultaneously reflects sound from multiple body parts. This knowledge will improve precision and accuracy of acoustic-based fish length, species, and abundance estimates in freshwater and marine environments.

This proposal addresses the Fisheries Theme in Alaska Sea Grant’s (ASG) strategic plan. An investigation into the relationship between fish size and swimming behavior on echo returns directly applies to the goal of “Developing management strategies that balance optimum sustainable yield with conservation of Alaska’s living resources from a coastal watershed ecosystem.” It also meets both objectives under this goal because it seeks to:

1) conduct biological research on new methodologies to optimize fishery harvests that are sustainable, and

2) develop collaborative partnerships with NOAA Fisheries and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to fund relative research.

To assist in managing its salmon stocks for optimal sustainable yields, ADF&G establishes escapement goals for many of its economically important fish stocks. These escapement goals attempt to produce optimal yields for each stock by ensuring that a sufficient number of fish are guaranteed access to their spawning grounds. To ensure that escapement goals are met, fisheries managers rely heavily on timely and accurate inseason estimates of inriver stock abundance to regulate both commercial and sport interception fisheries. Acoustic technologies will continue as the primary assessment tool used in the management and conservation of some of Alaska’s most economically important salmon resources (e.g. Kenai River chinook salmon). This proposal seeks to improve the information provided by these assessment programs. Improving our ability to apportion acoustic estimates to species, this research will directly aid the ADF&G with its task of optimizing fishery harvests. Because fisheries acoustic research is technically challenging and requires expertise that is limited within the ADF&G, collaborating with University and Industry personnel is an effective way to further the research efforts and needs of department staff.

Research results will be communicated through: a Master’s student thesis; peer-reviewed publications; presentations at national or international scientific conferences; regional seminars at the ADF&G sportfish and marine divisions; and be integrated within the ADF&G Information and Education and ASG Extension and Education Services Programs.

Methods

An important first step in this research program is to identify a suitable candidate for a graduate program for training in Fisheries Acoustics. A previous attempt in 2001 to identify an Alaskan resident with a quantitative background and interest in fisheries research was unsuccessful. It is envisioned that this student will be supported as a National Sea Grant Scholar and enroll at the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences under the supervision of Dr. John Horne. ADF&G and Dr. Horne are currently completing a salmon research collaborative project that includes the training of a Masters student (who is also a Hydroacoustic Technology Incorporated (HTI) employee). The student’s thesis is entitled, “Acoustic characterization of chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.” Features of the echo envelope, the time-dependent intensity of the reflected sound, are being quantified and examined on their ability to distinguish between the two species.

The addition of a DIDSON imaging sonar extended the breadth of the current project and is will be used during field measurements in the proposal. A 200 kHz splitbeam echosounder was paired with a multibeam, imaging sonar to simultaneously record echo intensity and orientation of tethered fish. The DIDSON unit operates at 1.0 and 1.8 MHz to provide near video quality images. Synchronizing data acquisition between the DIDSON sonar and the splitbeam echosounder showed that data from the two technologies improves species identification, provides additional data on fish behavior, and can be used to increase understanding of fish as acoustic targets. For each split-beam echo, the exact position and orientation of the fish can be determined from the DIDSON image (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing how a fish (upper left) is perceived by the DIDSON imaging sonar (lower) and the splitbeam echosounder (upper right).

In the current project, 16 echo metrics were tabulated from individual echoes returned from tethered and free-swimming salmon. Echo metrics, grouped by attribute, include: range (i.e. distance) from the transducer, envelope shape, phase stability (i.e. consistency of position in space), roughness (i.e. geometry and self-similarity), and amplitude (Table 1).

Table 1. Echo attribute type and metrics used to characterize echoes from chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.

If smaller sockeye act as point source scattering targets, echoes are predicted to have constant range and position, envelope widths/shapes similar to the original pulse, and low variability in echo intensity. Larger chinook (relative to the acoustic wavelength), are predicted to exhibit higher variability in all echo metrics. Pairwise comparisons from data collected at 0.2 milliseconds resulted in 12 of the 16 metrics differing between the two species. All range, echo width/shape, and position metrics were significantly different (p

SEA GRANT PROJECT SUMMARY

INSTITUTION: Alaska Sea Grant College Program ICODE: TITLE: ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF SALMON

PROJECT NUMBER: 2005-33 REVISION DATE: May 13, 2005 PROJECT STATUS: INITIATION DATE: Feb. 2006 COMPLETION DATE: Dec. 2008 SUB PROGRAM: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: John K. Horne EFFORT: AFFILIATION: University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences AFFILIATION CODE:

SG FUNDS: $60,236 STATE MATCHING FUNDS: $40,634 LAST YEARS SG FUNDS: $0 LAST YEARS MATCHING FUNDS: $0 PASS-THROUGH FUNDS: $0 LAST YEARS PASS THROUGH FUNDS: $0 RELATED PROJECTS: PARENT PROJECTS: SEA GRANT STRATEGIC PLAN CLASSIFICATION#: 3 Fisheries KEYWORDS: salmon, acoustic assessment, species discrimination, student training

OBJECTIVES: This program will combine the use of two acoustic technologies to examine the influence of fish behavior on the amplitude and shape of reflected sound from salmon in rivers. Primary research objectives include: 1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude and shape 2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and shape 3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationship (e.g. length, width) 4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye Salmon in acoustic data. METHODOLOGY: A splitbeam echosounder will be synchronized with an imaging sonar to collect acoustic data on tethered and free-swimming fish. Metrics will be used to characterize echo shapes and compared to fish orientation. RATIONALE: Understanding how fish scatter sound improves discrimination of species and the accuracy of acoustic-based assessment. BENEFITS: Results of this project will increase methods to discriminate chinook from sockeye salmon, the understanding of how fish in rivers scatter sound, and the accuracy of acoustic-based escapement assessment on the Kenai River.

Proposal Objectives This program will combine the use of two acoustic technologies to examine the influence of

fish behavior on the intensity and shape of reflected sound from salmon in rivers. Primary research objectives include:

1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude and shape

2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and shape

3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationship (e.g. length, width)

4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye Salmon in acoustic data.

This program is also explicitly designed to include training of an Alaskan resident in fisheries acoustics research techniques. Salmon abundance on at least two rivers in Alaska (e.g. Kuskokwim River, Noatak River) is not being assessed using acoustic technologies due to a lack of trained personnel. Alaska’s need for trained fisheries acousticians is great. If an Alaskan student (native or non-native) is trained during this program, it is believed that there is a greater likelihood that the student will return to Alaska and will be an attractive employee for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), NOAA fisheries, or the fisheries acoustic industry.

Milestones have been identified for the project. By the end of the first year, the graduate student will have completed two quarters of course work and participated in the first set of acoustic backscatter measurements in conjunction with ADF&G researchers and staff at the Kenai River sampling site. Data analysis will commence directly after field measurements and continue throughout the duration of the project. Outreach activities will be coordinated in part with the summer field season and extend to the end of the year. By the end of the second year, graduate student coursework will be completed, a second field season will have collected additional data, data from the first field season will be analyzed, and the second round of outreach activities will be well underway. By the end of the third year, the student will complete the Master’s program and outreach activities.

Justification and Need Fixed-location, side-looking acoustic techniques are often the only way to obtain in-season

abundance estimates for anadromous fish stocks in rivers that are too wide for weir structures and too occluded for visual observations (Daum and Osborne 1998; Osborne and Melegari 2002; Westerman and Willette 2003). Acoustic assessment sites currently exist on 15 rivers in Alaska. One of the primary barriers to wider use of sonar assessment has been the inability to acoustically discriminate among fish sizes and species (cf. Horne 2000).

Acoustic techniques used to discriminate and classify fish species traditionally rely on the intensity of reflected sound (i.e. target strength, TS) to determine the size and then species of an insonified target. Using this approach in shallow water, riverine environments include additional challenges (Trevorrow et al. 2000). Boundary effects (i.e. water surface and river bottom) may distort echoes and impede detection of individual animals (Mulligan 2000; Gerlotto et al. 2000). Distances to targets are generally short and when combined with narrow beam angles, violate the point source assumption of reflected energy (i.e. backscatter) from targets because fish are large relative to the beam swath (Dawson et al. 2000). Under these conditions, fish become complex backscatter targets and the intensity and phase of echoes can be corrupted. Variability in fish

orientation relative to the transducer when the beam is directed across the river also influences intensity and phase of TS measurements (Love 1969; Dahl and Matthisen 1983; Kubecka 1993; Horne 2003). Acoustic signal to noise ratios are generally low in riverine environments which may bias estimates of fish position within the beam (Kieser et al. 2000) and resulting TS (Fleischman and Burwen 2000). The combination of these factors potentially result in variable TS measurements that makes it difficult, if not impossible, to identify fish species using only target strength as the discriminating metric.

On the Kenai River in southcentral Alaska, chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrate concurrently with more numerous sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. The two species differ in size and migratory behavior: sockeye salmon average less than 60 cm in length and migrate primarily in shallow water close to the river bank; chinook salmon often exceed 100 cm and migrate in deeper water near mid-channel. These differences were used as justification to initiate a chinook salmon sonar assessment program in the late 1980s (Eggers et al. 1995). Currently, the Kenai River chinook sonar program is the only assessment in Alaska that apportions sonar counts by species using only acoustic data (cf. Fleischman and Burwen 2003). Target strength and range criteria are used to separate the more abundant sockeye from chinook salmon (Miller et al. 2003). Recent studies indicate that a fraction of sockeye salmon are being erroneously classified as chinook salmon, which results in an inflated chinook abundance estimate (Burwen et al. 1998, 2003).

In the mid-1990’s, results from experiments on the Kenai River using tethered and free-swimming fish identified echo envelope length as a potential species discriminating metric. An echo envelope is the time-dependent intensity of the reflected sound. Echo envelope metrics characterize a target primarily using time delay rather than the amplitude of the returned echo. Burwen and Fleischman (1998) found that the accuracy of distinguishing chinook from sockeye salmon increased when using echo envelope length relative to target strength. This result is promising for species classification but the mechanism influencing echo length is not understood and uncertainty remains why this metric performs better than target strength in riverine applications.

Experiments conducted in 2002 included a recently developed sonar technology that enables acoustic imaging of fish targets. The DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar) imaging sonar can be used to examine how echoes are influenced by the size and behavior of fish as they swim through a side-looking acoustic beam. The DIDSON provides near video-quality images for identifying objects underwater (Belcher et al. 2001). During the 2002 field measurements, a splitbeam echosounder was paired with a DIDSON to record echo intensity and fish orientation from 12 tethered chinook and 9 sockeye salmon. A few sockeye salmon serendipitously swam through the beam during tethered fish measurements. Repeated series of measurements were collected from these fish at various ranges (4-17 meters) to assess potential range effects on echo intensities and the measurements used to characterize echo shapes. Ongoing analyses of the data indicate that as fish swim through the beam and are oriented at oblique angles relative to the transducer face echoes are recorded that have complex envelope shapes including multiple peaks. This is the first indication why target strength measurements are highly variable. The duration of an echo from a large target such as a chinook salmon was also observed to be sensitive to the length of the target, potentially due to near simultaneous reflections from several body parts (e.g. head and tail).

The next logical step in this research is to examine the influence of fish orientation and position in the beam on the number, shape, and intensity of echoes recorded by the splitbeam echosounder. For riverine applications, time-based metrics appear to be superior predictors of fish length and therefore species because they exploit or are robust to factors that compromise amplitude-based metrics such as target strength. It is imperative to understand how sound interacts with and forms echoes from large target that simultaneously reflects sound from multiple body parts. This knowledge will improve precision and accuracy of acoustic-based fish length, species, and abundance estimates in freshwater and marine environments.

This proposal addresses the Fisheries Theme in Alaska Sea Grant’s (ASG) strategic plan. An investigation into the relationship between fish size and swimming behavior on echo returns directly applies to the goal of “Developing management strategies that balance optimum sustainable yield with conservation of Alaska’s living resources from a coastal watershed ecosystem.” It also meets both objectives under this goal because it seeks to:

1) conduct biological research on new methodologies to optimize fishery harvests that are

sustainable, and 2) develop collaborative partnerships with NOAA Fisheries and the Alaska Department of Fish

and Game to fund relative research.

To assist in managing its salmon stocks for optimal sustainable yields, ADF&G establishes escapement goals for many of its economically important fish stocks. These escapement goals attempt to produce optimal yields for each stock by ensuring that a sufficient number of fish are guaranteed access to their spawning grounds. To ensure that escapement goals are met, fisheries managers rely heavily on timely and accurate inseason estimates of inriver stock abundance to regulate both commercial and sport interception fisheries. Acoustic technologies will continue as the primary assessment tool used in the management and conservation of some of Alaska’s most economically important salmon resources (e.g. Kenai River chinook salmon). This proposal seeks to improve the information provided by these assessment programs. Improving our ability to apportion acoustic estimates to species, this research will directly aid the ADF&G with its task of optimizing fishery harvests. Because fisheries acoustic research is technically challenging and requires expertise that is limited within the ADF&G, collaborating with University and Industry personnel is an effective way to further the research efforts and needs of department staff.

Research results will be communicated through: a Master’s student thesis; peer-reviewed publications; presentations at national or international scientific conferences; regional seminars at the ADF&G sportfish and marine divisions; and be integrated within the ADF&G Information and Education and ASG Extension and Education Services Programs.

Methods

An important first step in this research program is to identify a suitable candidate for a graduate program for training in Fisheries Acoustics. A previous attempt in 2001 to identify an Alaskan resident with a quantitative background and interest in fisheries research was unsuccessful. It is envisioned that this student will be supported as a National Sea Grant Scholar and enroll at the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences under the supervision of Dr. John Horne. ADF&G and Dr. Horne are currently completing a salmon

research collaborative project that includes the training of a Masters student (who is also a Hydroacoustic Technology Incorporated (HTI) employee). The student’s thesis is entitled, “Acoustic characterization of chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.” Features of the echo envelope, the time-dependent intensity of the reflected sound, are being quantified and examined on their ability to distinguish between the two species.

The addition of a DIDSON imaging sonar extended the breadth of the current project and is will be used during field measurements in the proposal. A 200 kHz splitbeam echosounder was paired with a multibeam, imaging sonar to simultaneously record echo intensity and orientation of tethered fish. The DIDSON unit operates at 1.0 and 1.8 MHz to provide near video quality images. Synchronizing data acquisition between the DIDSON sonar and the splitbeam echosounder showed that data from the two technologies improves species identification, provides additional data on fish behavior, and can be used to increase understanding of fish as acoustic targets. For each split-beam echo, the exact position and orientation of the fish can be determined from the DIDSON image (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing how a fish (upper left) is perceived by the DIDSON imaging sonar (lower) and the splitbeam echosounder (upper right).

In the current project, 16 echo metrics were tabulated from individual echoes returned from tethered and free-swimming salmon. Echo metrics, grouped by attribute, include: range (i.e. distance) from the transducer, envelope shape, phase stability (i.e. consistency of position in space), roughness (i.e. geometry and self-similarity), and amplitude (Table 1).

Table 1. Echo attribute type and metrics used to characterize echoes from chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.

If smaller sockeye act as point source scattering targets, echoes are predicted to have

constant range and position, envelope widths/shapes similar to the original pulse, and low variability in echo intensity. Larger chinook (relative to the acoustic wavelength), are predicted to exhibit higher variability in all echo metrics. Pairwise comparisons from data collected at 0.2 milliseconds resulted in 12 of the 16 metrics differing between the two species. All range, echo width/shape, and position metrics were significantly different (p

range) echo intensities from known tethered and free-swimming fish. Digitized echo intensity data from the echosounder will be quantified using echo shape metrics and compared to echo intensities and fish orientations from sonar data images. Echosounder and sonar comparisons will be used to quantify the number, magnitude, and variability of echoes as a function of fish width, length, and orientation relative to the transducer face.

Outreach Component From the onset, student, scientific, and public outreach will form integral parts of this

research program. We are interested in initiating a recruitment program with Alaska Sea Grant (ASG) to identify interested, qualified Alaskan residents as candidates for graduate student programs in aquatic science. We believe that the probability of a student returning to Alaska is higher if that student is an Alaskan resident. We feel that ASG is the best administrative body to identify and recruit interested students who could apply to graduate school. This joint initiative is potentially the first step in increasing participation of Alaskans, including natives and women, in advanced technical and academic training. Successful completion of this program will result in fisheries acoustics expertise to be transferred directly to the State of Alaska through student training and collaboration with ADF&G scientists. Assuming that the student returns to Alaska, he or she will then be available to ADF&G, NOAA fisheries, or the acoustics industry as a potential employee for a growing applied science field.

A comprehensive outreach program has been developed to translate and disseminate findings of this project to scientific and public audiences (Table 2). The student will work directly with extension and education specialists in ADF&G and ASG. The ADF&G outreach plan consists of two goals: to communicate research efforts to stakeholders in the community, and to communicate research efforts to scientists and practitioners involved in fisheries acoustics.

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iver

Sp

ortfi

shin

g A

ssoc

iatio

n

Few

er n

egat

ive

inte

ract

ions

at s

onar

si

te (w

here

spor

t fis

hing

act

ivity

is

rest

ricte

d by

rese

arch

ef

forts

and

som

etim

es

rese

nted

)

#2:

Enco

urag

e hi

gh sc

hool

st

uden

ts a

nd

com

mun

ity

colle

ge st

uden

ts

to c

onsi

der

wor

king

for

AD

F&G

in

hom

e to

wn

Hig

h sc

hool

and

co

mm

unity

co

llege

stud

ents

an

d ed

ucat

ors

If y

ou e

njoy

wor

king

w

ith c

ompu

ters

, and

m

ath,

fish

, and

wor

king

ou

tdoo

rs, c

onsi

der a

jo

b at

AD

F&G

in o

ne

of th

e so

nar p

rogr

ams –

w

e ne

ed e

mpl

oyee

s th

at a

re b

oth

tech

nica

l an

d en

joy

outd

oor

wor

k

Pres

enta

tions

in

clas

sroo

ms,

orga

nize

d to

urs a

t son

ar si

tes,

post

er o

r vid

eos a

t es

tabl

ishe

d di

visi

onal

ed

ucat

ion

even

ts su

ch a

s sa

lmon

cel

ebra

tions

Salm

onid

s in

the

Cla

ssro

om

prog

ram

, sci

ence

fa

irs, M

obile

A

quat

ic E

duca

tion

Cla

ssro

om, c

aree

r fa

irs; K

ache

mak

B

ay R

esea

rch

Res

erve

Incr

ease

d ap

plic

ant

pool

for p

ositi

ons o

n lo

cal A

DF&

G so

nar

asse

ssm

ent p

roje

cts,

num

ber o

f ret

urn

post

card

s ask

ing

for

mor

e in

form

atio

n

Obj

ectiv

e T

arge

t aud

ienc

eM

essa

ge

Pack

ages

D

istr

ibut

ion

Cha

nnel

s O

utco

me/

Eva

luat

ion

#3: I

ntro

duce

re

sear

ch

fund

ing

oppo

rtuni

ties t

o ot

her a

genc

ies

that

are

in

tere

sted

or

have

bee

n re

cept

ive

in th

e pa

st

Ken

ai R

iver

Sp

orts

fishi

ng

Ass

ocia

tion

Opp

ortu

nity

to fu

nd

rese

arch

that

impr

oves

pu

blic

per

cept

ion

of

agen

cy

Pres

enta

tion

of re

sear

ch

effo

rts a

t app

ropr

iate

m

eetin

gs

Ken

ai R

iver

Sp

orts

fishi

ng

Ass

ocia

tion

mon

thly

mee

tings

, pr

esen

tatio

n to

B

oard

of D

irect

ors

Incr

ease

d pa

rtner

ship

w

ith c

omm

unity

th

roug

h co

llabo

rativ

e ef

forts

and

fund

ing.

Th

is o

rgan

izat

ion

fund

ed th

e fir

st

DID

SON

stud

y

GO

AL

2: C

omm

unic

ate

rese

arch

eff

orts

to sc

ient

ists

and

pra

ctiti

oner

s inv

olve

d in

fish

erie

s aco

ustic

s O

bjec

tive

Tar

get a

udie

nce

Mes

sage

Pa

ckag

es

Dis

trib

utio

n C

hann

els

Out

com

e\E

valu

atio

n

#1: I

ntro

duce

ne

w te

chni

ques

fo

r ana

lyzi

ng

and

inte

rpre

ting

fishe

ries

acou

stic

dat

a (c

lass

ifyin

g ac

oust

ic ta

rget

s to

spec

ies)

Scie

ntis

ts, p

eers

at

AD

F&G

, ot

her f

ishe

ries

sona

r pr

actit

ione

rs

Mor

e ac

cura

te e

scap

emen

t da

ta fr

om fi

sher

ies a

cous

tic

asse

ssm

ent p

rogr

ams

Pres

enta

tion

of

rese

arch

eff

orts

at

app

ropr

iate

sc

ient

ific

mee

tings

Aco

ustic

al S

ocie

ty

of A

mer

ica

mee

tings

, Am

eric

an

Fish

erie

s Soc

iety

m

eetin

gs (l

ocal

and

na

tiona

l), IC

ES

Aco

ustic

s in

Fish

erie

s and

A

quat

ic

Com

mun

ities

m

eetin

g, IC

ES

WG

FAST

mee

tings

Peer

revi

ew o

f res

earc

h re

sults

, acc

epta

nce

of n

ew

tech

niqu

es fo

r cla

ssify

ing

fish

spec

ies b

y br

oade

r sc

ient

ific

com

mun

ity a

nd

thos

e in

volv

ed w

ith

asse

ssm

ent p

rogr

ams,

impr

oved

stan

dard

izat

ion

of m

etho

dolo

gy fo

r co

llect

ing,

pro

cess

ing,

an

alyz

ing

acou

stic

dat

a

#2: I

ntro

duce

re

sear

ch

fund

ing

oppo

rtuni

ties t

o ot

her a

genc

ies

that

are

in

tere

sted

or

have

bee

n re

cept

ive

in th

e pa

st

Ken

ai R

iver

Sp

orts

fishi

ng

Ass

ocia

tion

Opp

ortu

nity

to fu

nd

prog

ress

ive

rese

arch

that

im

prov

es p

ublic

per

cept

ion

of a

genc

y

Pres

enta

tion

of

rese

arch

eff

orts

at

app

ropr

iate

m

eetin

gs

Ken

ai R

iver

Sp

orts

fishi

ng

Ass

ocia

tion

mon

thly

m

eetin

gs,

pres

enta

tion

to

Boa

rd o

f Dire

ctor

s

Pote

ntia

l for

add

ition

al

fund

ing

from

the

Ken

ai

Riv

er S

portf

ishi

ng

Ass

ocia

tion.

Thi

s or

gani

zatio

n fu

nded

the

first

DID

SON

stud

y

Ava

ilabl

e R

esou

rces

D

r. Jo

hn H

orne

has

bee

n us

ing

acou

stic

s as a

rese

arch

tool

and

exa

min

ing

how

aqu

atic

or

gani

sms r

efle

ct so

und

sinc

e 19

85.

He

has t

augh

t fis

herie

s aco

ustic

cou

rses

at t

he

unde

rgra

duat

e an

d gr

adua

te le

vels

, pub

lishe

d 24

pee

r-re

view

ed sc

ient

ific

pape

rs a

nd

pres

ente

d 70

ora

l pap

ers t

hat u

se o

r inv

estig

ate

acou

stic

tech

nolo

gies

in a

quat

ic e

cosy

stem

s.

Dr.

Hor

ne c

urre

ntly

hea

ds th

e Fi

sher

ies A

cous

tics R

esea

rch

Labo

rato

ry a

t the

Uni

vers

ity o

f W

ashi

ngto

n an

d is

aff

iliat

ed w

ith th

e ac

oust

ic a

sses

smen

t gro

up a

t the

NO

AA

Ala

ska

Fish

erie

s Sci

ence

Cen

ter.

Dr.

Hor

ne w

ill h

elp

desi

gn a

nd c

oord

inat

e fie

ld m

easu

rem

ents

, su

perv

ise

the

grad

uate

stud

ent,

anal

yze

data

, and

co-

auth

or a

man

usc

help

coo

rdin

ate

Deb

by B

urw

en is

a re

sear

ch B

iolo

gist

with

the

Ala

ska

Dep

artm

ent o

f Fis

h an

d G

ame

and

has s

peci

aliz

ed in

impl

emen

ting

and

supe

rvis

ing

fishe

ries a

cous

tic a

sses

smen

t pro

gram

s si

nce

1986

. Si

nce

1995

, her

rese

arch

has

prim

arily

focu

sed

on sp

ecie

s cla

ssifi

catio

n us

ing

acou

stic

info

rmat

ion.

She

has

pub

lishe

d se

vera

l pee

r-re

view

ed sc

ient

ific

pape

rs a

nd

pres

ente

d or

al p

aper

s at a

num

ber o

f nat

iona

l mee

tings

rela

ted

to th

is re

sear

ch.

Reg

iona

l In

form

atio

n Se

rvic

es w

ithin

AD

F&G

Spo

rtfis

h di

visi

on w

ill w

ork

dire

ctly

with

the

grad

uate

st

uden

t on

all o

utre

ach

com

pone

nts o

f the

pro

ject

.

Patri

ck N

eals

on h

as b

een

wor

king

in th

e fis

herie

s aco

ustic

s ind

ustry

sinc

e 19

82 a

nd

curr

ently

dire

cts t

he c

onsu

lting

rese

arch

div

isio

n at

Hyd

roac

oust

ic T

echn

olog

y, In

corp

orat

ed

(HTI

). H

is fi

eld

expe

rienc

e in

clud

es o

ver 2

00 st

udie

s qua

ntify

ing

fish

dist

ribut

ions

at d

ams,

lake

s, riv

ers,

and

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent i

n N

orth

Am

eric

a, S

outh

Am

eric

a, E

urop

e, a

nd

Scan

dina

via.

His

cur

rent

rese

arch

exa

min

es ta

rget

iden

tific

atio

n ba

sed

on a

cous

tic e

cho

enve

lope

info

rmat

ion.

He

has t

augh

t fis

herie

s aco

ustic

cou

rses

in th

e in

dust

ry si

nce

1985

an

d as

sist

ed in

gra

duat

e-le

vel c

ours

es a

t the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Was

hing

ton.

HTI

will

pro

vide

st

aff t

ime

from

Pat

rick

Nea

slon

and

a sp

litbe

am e

chos

ound

er to

supp

ort t

his p

roje

ct.

Dr.

Ed B

elch

er, f

ound

er o

f Sou

nd M

etric

s Cor

pora

tion,

will

supp

ly a

nd su

ppor

t a D

ual

Freq

uenc

y Id

entif

icat

ion

Sona

r (D

IDSO

N) t

o be

use

d at

the

Ken

ai R

iver

fiel

d si

te.

The

field

site

at K

enai

Riv

er, s

taff

supp

ort t

o su

pply

and

man

age

fish,

aco

ustic

eq

uipm

ent,

and

proc

essi

ng so

ftwar

e ha

s bee

n id

entif

ied

for t

his p

roje

ct.

The

AD

F&G

, HTI

, an

d th

e U

W w

ill jo

intly

par

ticip

ate

in th

is p

roje

ct.

The

Nat

iona

l Sea

Gra

nt S

chol

ar w

ill b

e en

rolle

d in

a M

aste

rs p

rogr

am a

t the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Was

hing

ton,

Sch

ool o

f Aqu

atic

and

Fi

sher

y Sc

ienc

es.

Seve

ral k

ey p

artn

ersh

ips w

ithin

the

Ken

ai R

iver

use

r com

mun

ity w

ill a

lso

parti

cipa

te a

nd

cont

ribut

e to

the

prog

ram

. A

s out

lined

in th

e ou

treac

h pr

ogra

m ta

bles

, the

Ken

ai R

iver

Sp

orts

fishi

ng A

ssoc

iatio

n an

d th

e K

enai

Riv

er G

uide

Ass

ocia

tion

will

rece

ive

regu

lar

upda

tes o

n pr

ogre

ss fr

om th

e pr

ojec

t. H

igh

scho

ol a

nd c

omm

unity

col

lege

edu

cato

r and

st

uden

t pre

sent

atio

ns a

re a

lso

plan

ned

for t

he S

alm

onid

s in

the

Cla

ssro

om p

rogr

am, s

cien

ce

fairs

, Mob

ile A

quat

ic E

duca

tion

Cla

ssro

om, c

aree

r fai

rs, a

nd th

e K

ache

mak

Bay

Res

earc

h R

eser

ve

Res

ults

from

Pre

viou

s Sea

Gra

nt S

uppo

rt

Co-

PI’s

in th

is p

ropo

sal h

ave

not r

ecei

ved

prev

ious

fund

ing

from

Ala

ska

Sea

Gra

nt.

Bud

get J

ustif

icat

ion

Per

sonn

el

Fund

s are

requ

este

d to

supp

ort J

ohn

Hor

ne fo

r one

mon

th p

er y

ear.

Dr.

Hor

ne w

ill h

elp

desi

gn fi

eld

sam

plin

g m

easu

rem

ents

, sup

ervi

se th

e gr

adua

te st

uden

t, an

d co

-aut

hor a

sc

ient

ific

man

uscr

ipt.

Sup

port

for a

Mas

ters

stud

ent i

s es

sent

ial t

o th

e pr

ojec

t but

fund

s to

supp

ort t

he st

uden

t are

not

incl

uded

in th

is b

udge

t req

uest

.. W

e an

ticip

ate

that

fund

s to

supp

ort t

he st

uden

t will

be

prov

ided

by

the

Nat

iona

l Sea

Gra

nt S

chol

ars P

rogr

am.

Sala

ry

cost

s for

the

stud

ent a

re p

roje

cted

to b

e: Y

rI 1

7,40

0; Y

rII 1

7,74

8; Y

rIII

18,

103.

Sal

arie

s re

flect

a 4

% c

ost-o

f-liv

ing

incr

ease

in y

ears

II a

nd II

I. F

ringe

ben

efit

rate

s are

thos

e cu

rren

t at

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Was

hing

ton:

facu

lty 2

2.6%

; stu

dent

11.

7%.

Stud

ent f

ringe

cos

ts a

re n

ot

incl

uded

in th

e bu

dget

but

are

pro

ject

ed to

be:

YrI

2,0

36; Y

rII 2

,077

; YrI

II 2

,118

. Tu

ition

co

sts a

re p

roje

cted

at:

YrI

$8,

339;

YrI

I $8,

673;

YrI

II $

9,01

9. M

atch

ing

sala

ry fu

nds a

re

prov

ided

by

AD

F&G

($8,

000)

. Le

tters

of s

uppo

rt fr

om 3

rd p

arty

con

tribu

tors

are

app

ende

d to

the

prop

osal

.

Perm

anen

t Equ

ipm

ent

A la

ptop

com

pute

r to

be u

sed

by th

e st

uden

t is r

eque

sted

for u

se in

the

field

and

for

outre

ach

activ

ities

.

Expe

ndab

le S

uppl

ies a

nd E

quip

men

t

Fund

s are

requ

este

d fo

r com

pute

r sof

twar

e, re

cord

able

med

ia, a

nd a

por

tabl

e ha

rd d

isk

to

be u

sed

durin

g fie

ld m

easu

rem

ents

. A

lum

p su

m o

f $2,

500

is in

clud

ed to

pur

chas

e su

pplie

s or

serv

ices

to su

ppor

t all

outre

ach

activ

ities

.

Trav

el

We

are

requ

estin

g tra

vel s

uppo

rt at

$70

0/tri

p/pe

rson

to se

nd 2

peo

ple

durin

g Y

rI a

nd o

ne

pers

on d

urin

g Y

rII t

o th

e K

enai

Riv

er fi

eld

site

. A

n ad

ditio

nal $

3,00

0 is

allo

cate

d to

supp

ort

acco

mm

odat

ion

and

field

exp

ense

s dur

ing

thos

e tri

ps.

Fund

s are

incl

uded

to p

rese

nt re

sults

at

one

nat

iona

l sci

entif

ic c

onfe

renc

e in

yea

r III

of t

he p

roje

ct ($

1,20

0).

Publ

icat

ion

and

Doc

umen

tatio

n C

osts

A

tota

l of $

1,30

0 w

ill b

e pr

ovid

ed fr

om U

nive

rsity

of W

ashi

ngto

n fu

nds t

o co

ver p

ublic

atio

n co

sts a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

is p

roje

ct a

s a m

atch

ing

fund

s con

tribu

tion.

O

ther

Dire

ct C

osts

Fund

s are

requ

este

d fo

r a su

bcon

tract

to H

ydro

acou

stic

Tec

hnol

ogy,

Inc.

(HTI

) to

prov

ide

parti

al su

ppor

t Pat

Nea

lson

’s ti

me

durin

g fie

ld e

xper

imen

ts.

An

equa

l am

ount

of

sala

ry h

as b

een

pled

ged

as m

atch

mon

ey fr

om H

TI.

Com

mun

icat

ions

cos

ts o

f $45

0 ha

ve

been

incl

uded

to c

over

long

dis

tanc

e ph

one,

fax,

and

cou

rier c

harg

es a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e pr

ojec

t.

Indi

rect

Cos

ts

Off

-cam

pus i

ndire

ct ra

tes a

re 2

6% m

odifi

ed to

tal d

irect

cos

ts in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Was

hing

ton’

s ind

irect

cos

t agr

eem

ent d

ated

Oct

ober

27,

200

4. A

cop

y of

this

ag

reem

ent i

s app

ende

d.

Ref

eren

ces

Bel

cher

, E.O

., B

. Mat

suya

ma,

G.R

. Trim

ble.

200

1. O

bjec

t Ide

ntifi

catio

n w

ith A

cous

tic

Lens

es.

Proc

eedi

ngs o

f MTS

/IEEE

Oce

ans 2

001,

Hon

olul

u, H

awai

i. V

olum

e 1,

Pgs

6-1

1.

Bur

wen

, D.L

., an

d S.

J. Fl

eisc

hman

. 199

8. E

valu

atio

n of

side

-asp

ect t

arge

t stre

ngth

and

pul

se

wid

th a

s hyd

roac

oust

ic d

iscr

imin

ator

s of f

ish

spec

ies i

n riv

ers.

Can

adia

n Jo

urna

l of

Fish

erie

s and

Aqu

atic

Sci

ence

s 55:

249

2-25

02.

Bur

wen

, D.,

D. B

osch

, and

S.J.

Fle

isch

man

. 199

8. E

valu

atio

n of

hyd

roac

oust

ic a

sses

smen

t te

chni

ques

for c

hino

ok sa

lmon

on

the

Ken

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John K. Horne School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Box 355020 Seattle, WA 98115-0070

Phone: (206) 221-6890 Fax: (206) 221-6939 E-mail: jhorne@u.washington.edu

Education 1995 Ph.D. Memorial University of Newfoundland, Fisheries Ecology 1988 M.Sc. Dalhousie University, Fisheries Ecology 1985 B.Sc. (Honours) Dalhousie University, Marine Biology

Professional Appointments 2004- Research Associate Professor – School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University

of Washington. Affiliated with the Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management Program, University of Washington.

2001-2004 Research Assistant Professor – University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Affiliated with the Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management Program.

1999-2000 Research Scientist – Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington.

1997-1999 Research Scientist - NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Adjunct Assistant Professor - School of Natural Resources and Environment and College of Engineering, University of Michigan.

1995-1997 Postdoctoral Fellow - Great Lakes Center. Adjunct Assistant Professor - Department of Biology. State University of New York College at Buffalo State.

Relevant Publications Horne, J.K. and J.M. Jech. 2005. Models, measures, and visualizations of fish backscatter. In H.

Medwin [ed.]. Sounds in the Seas: Introduction to Acoustical Oceanography. Academic, New York (in press).

Gauthier, S. and J.K. Horne. 2004. Potential acoustic discrimination of boreal fish assemblages. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 836-845.

Hazen, E.L. and J.K. Horne. 2004. Comparing modeled and measured target strength variability of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 363-377.

Horne, J.K. 2003. Influence of ontogeny, physiology, and behaviour on target strength of Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). ICES Journal of Marine Science 60: 1063-1074.

Towler, R.L., J.M. Jech, and J.K. Horne. 2003. Visualizing fish movement, behaviour, and acoustic backscatter. Aquatic Living Resources 16: 277-282.

Other Related Publications

Clay, C.S. and J.K. Horne. 1994. Acoustic models of fish: the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96: 1661-1668.

Horne, J.K. 2000. Acoustic approaches to remote species identification: a review. Fisheries Oceanography 9: 356-371.

Horne, J.K. and C.S. Clay. 1998. Sonar systems and aquatic organisms: matching equipment and model parameters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 1296-1306.

Jech, J.M. and J.K. Horne. 2001. Effects of in situ target spatial distributions on acoustic density estimates. ICES Journal of marine Science 58: 123-136.

Gauthier, S. and J.K. Horne. 2004. Potential acoustic discrimination of boreal fish assemblages. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 836-845.

Synergistic Activities Coordinator of the NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center and University of Washington,

School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Undergraduate Summer Intern Program. Developer of web-based simulcast of Fisheries Acoustics course lecture content. University of Washington’s research committee member to the North Pacific Universities

Marine Mammal Consortium. Co-coordinator of University of Washington and University of Alaska multicast of Acoustics

Seminar course using Internet II.

Collaborators & Affiliations Whitlow L. Au University of Hawaii John K.B. Ford Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Stephane Gauthier University de Montreal Sarah Hinckley NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center J. Michael Jech NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center Rudy J. Kloser CSIRO, Australia Richard Towler University of Washington Paul D. Walline NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center

Graduate and Postdoc Advisors Stephen B. Brandt NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory David C. Schneider Memorial University of Newfoundland Steven E. Campana Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada

Thesis Advisor (total: 11) and Postgraduate-Scholar Sponsor (total: 3) Current Students/PostDocs Carlos Alvarez Alaska Fisheries Science Center Steve Barbeaux University of Washington Julian Burgos University of Washington Mark Henderson University of Washington Patrick Nealson University of Washington Carolina Parada Alaska Fisheries Science Center Sandra Parker-Stetter University of Washington

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