School Education India EvalDesign

8/10/2019 School Education India EvalDesign

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School Education in India:A Handbook

Akanksha Bapna, Ph.D.

Namrata Sharma

January 2015


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About the Handbook0'.1&''23 45$ 6&4$ .7 *,,.%&4*., 5&) 1$$, 8,96$-$($,4$( .%$6 45$ '&)4 :; 2$&6)3 '$&(*,+

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1.

History of Education in India

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1.1. The Kothari Commission (1964-66)

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2.

Government Institutions

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2.2. CABE

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2.5. DIETs

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2.8. NUEPA

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2.11.NCPCR

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Figure 3. Overall distribution of rural and urban schools in India according to the U-

DISE data

3.1. Types of Elementary Schools

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4.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

4.1. Overview

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4.3. Activities

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Figure 6. Trends in SSA expenditure and allocations over time (in Billion INR)


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5.1.

Activities

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Figure 7.

Bar graph showing the difference between the sanctioned and

constructed schools, computer and science labs, toilet blocks and classrooms allocated

under RMSA.

5.2. Funding

Figure 8. Trends in RMSA budget allocations over time (in Billion INR).


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6.

The Right of Children to Free and

Compulsory Education Act (2009)

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6.1. Reservation in Private Schools

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A list of criteria with which schools need to comply with in order to beTable 3.

recognized under the RTE.

Teacher Characteristics

Minimum teacher qualifications and salaries

School Organization

The minimum number of working days in an academic year and instructional hours in

a week

1. Two hundred working days for first grade to fifth grade

2.

Two hundred and twenty working days for sixth grade to eighth grade

3. Eight hundred instructional hours for first grade to fifth grade

4.

One thousand instructional hours for sixth grade to eighth grade

5. Forty five teaching including preparation hours

The pupil teacher ratio

1.

Up to sixty students 2 teachers

2. Between sixty-one to ninety 3 teachers

3.

Between ninety-one to one hundred and twenty 4 teachers4. Between one hundred and twenty-one to two hundred 5 teachers

5. Above one hundred and fifty children 5 teachers plus one Head Teacher

6.

Above two hundred children - PTR (excluding Head Teacher) shall not

exceed forty

School Characteristics

School Infrastructure

1.

At least one class-room for every teacher and an office cum-store-cum-

Head teachers room

2.

Arrangements for securing the school building by boundary wall or fencing

3.

Separate toilets for boys and girls4. Safe and adequate drinking water facility to all children

5. Playground and the provision of games and sport material to students

6. Barrier free access

7.

Kitchen where mid-day meal is cooked in the school

8. Library

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Summary of research studies for and against the validity of school inputTable 4.

norms.

Input Studies For Studies Against

Minimum teacher qualifications and

salaries

Chetty et al., 2011

(32)

Banerjeet et al., 2007

(33)

Minimum number of working days in

an academic year and instructional

hours in a week

Abadzi , 2009 (34)

World Bank, 1997

(35)

Pupil Teacher Ratio Dreze, 2001 (36) Hanushek, 2003 (37)

School infrastructure Glewwe et al., 2013

(38)

Abogan, 2013 (39)

Muralidharan, 2012 (40)

Kitchen where mid-day meal is

cooked in the school

Afridi, 2012 (41) Vermeersch (2005) (42)

Presence of a Library in school Kremer, 2009 (43)

Borkum, 2012 (44)

6.3.

School Management Committee

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Assessment mechanism under CCE.Table 5.

Type of Assessment Weightage Month

Term 1

Formative Assessment 1 10% April-May

Formative Assessment 2 10% July-August

Summative Assessment 1 30% September

Term 2

Formative Assessment 3 10% October-November

Formative Assessment 4 10% January-February

Summative Assessment 2 30% March

Total FA = 40%, SA = 60%

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7.

Assessments and Outcomes

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7.1. National Achievement Surveys

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_[h -.8'( (. (*%*)*., Z)%^#

Figure 9. Math scores for Grade 3 students segregated by competencies (NAS 2012-

13).


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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 5$ B,,8&' K4&48) .7 A(8-&4*., C$9.64 ZBKAC^ 4$)4) 1&)*- -./9$4$,-*$) &-6.)) -5*'(6$, .7

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F;;_3 /$&)86*,+ 6$&(*,+ &,( &6*45/$4*- '$%$') .7 -5*'(6$, *, 45$ `IG\ 2$&6 &+$ +6.89 *,

686&' &6$&)#


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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./FF

B--.6(*,+ 4. BKAC F;G:3 .,'2 F`h .7 +6&($ _ )48($,4) -.8'( (. & )*/9'$ (*%*)*., &,( FGh

-.8'( 6$&( & )*/9'$ 9&6&+6&95# >5*) ,8/1$6 (6.99$( 4. fh 7.6 (*%*)*., &,( G[h 7.6

6$&(*,+ & )*/9'$ 9&6&+6&95 7.6 +6&($ : )48($,4)#

7.3.

Programme for International Student Assessment

>5$ R6.+6&//$ 7.6


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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 5$


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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./F\

8.

Teacher Training and Qualifications

A(8-&4*., *) & 9&64 .7 45$ -.,-866$,4 '*)4 8,($6 45$ D.,)4*484*., .7 A3 45$ /&*, .1J$-4*%$ .7 "5*-5 *) 4.

&-5*$%$ 9'&,,$( &,( -..6(*,&4$( ($%$'.9/$,4 .7 45$ 4$&-5$6 $(8-&4*., )2)4$/

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96$I)$6%*-$ 46&*,*,+# >5$ XD>A &'). +6&,4) 6$-.+,*4*., 4. *,)4*484*.,) Z+.%$6,/$,43

Government ofIndia

MHRD

NCTE

RegionalCommittees

(Teacher EducationInstitutes)

NCERT

Regional Institutesof Education

Centrally SponsoredSchemes

29 SCERTs

UGC

NUEPA


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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *,


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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./F`

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9$6 45$ ,.6/) .7 45$ `45

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(*-4&4$ 96*%&4$ )$-4.6 )&'&6*$)#

Figure 14. Graphic representation of full time vs. contract teachers

8.3. Teacher Qualifications

$&-5$6 A'*+*1*'*42 >$)4 Z>A>^

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4$&-5*,+ 4&)=7.6-$ Z%%^#


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Figure 15. Top spending ministries in the education sector

B''.-&4*.,) 12 45$ STCU 4."&6() $(8-&4*., &6$ 78645$6 (*%*($( *,4. )$-4.6)3 "*45 45$

/&M*/8/ &''.-&4*., 4."&6() $'$/$,4&62 $(8-&4*.,3 7.''."$( 12 8,*%$6)*42 $(8-&4*.,

&,( 45$, )$-.,(&62 $(8-&4*.,# >5$ ($4&*') .7 45$ 18(+$4$( $M9$,(*486$ ., $(8-&4*., 12

45$ STCU *, F;GFIG: &6$ +*%$, *, 45$ ,$M4 4&1'$#

Budgeted expenditure on education, by the education department ofTable 8.

central government (MHRD) (2012-13 Budget Estimates, Revenue Account)

Sector Total Billion INR

Elementary Education 382.98

Secondary Education 97.73

Adult Education 7.09

Language Development 2.90

University/DL/Scholarship 156.28

Technical Education 91.52General Education 1.89

Total 740.40


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Total Plan and Non-plan budgeted expenditure on elementary educationTable 10.

by education departments (2012-13 Budget Estimates, Revenue Account)

Centre Billion

INR

State/UT Billion

INR

Total Billion

INR

Expenditure by

Education Department

382.98 1248.06 1631.04

Percentage share 23.48% 76.52% 100%

Expenditure by All

Departments

410.22 1282.28 1692.50

Percentage share 24.23% 75.76% 100%

U$4&*') .7 .45$6 5$&() .7 $M9$,(*486$ 8,($6 $'$/$,4&62 $(8-&4*., &6$ '*)4$( *, 45$ 4&1'$

1$'."#

Budgeted expenditure for 2012-13 on elementary education by educationTable 11.

department of central government (Revenue Account)

Elementary Education Total

Billion INR

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 255.55

Mid Day Meal 119.37

Teachers Training (Strengthening of Teachers Training

Institutions) 5.00Scheme for providing Quality Education in Madrassas 1.75

Mahila Samakhya (EAP) 0.60

Infrastructure Development In Minority Institutions (IDMI) 0.50

National Bal Bhawan Society 0.21

National Investment Fund 0

TOTAL (Elementary Education) 382.98

e*45*, 45$ $'$/$,4&62 $(8-&4*., )$-4.63 &''.-&4*.,) &6$ /&($ 12 45$ STCU 7.6 &

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10.2.Status of ICT

*, )-5..') *) ,." & -./9.,$,4 .7 45$ CSKB#


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10.3.State Government Schemes with regards to Technology

&/*' X&(8 +.%$6,/$,4 )&,-4*.,$( & )8/ .7 [#GF L*''*., 5$ */9'$/$,4&4*., .7 )8-5 )-5$/$) &,( 45$*6 */9&-4 6$/&*,) 8,=,.", Z0+^#10.4.Private Providers

>5$6$ &6$ ,8/$6.8) .6+&,*a&4*., *, 45$ 96*%&4$ )$-4.6 45&4 96.%*($ )$6%*-$) &,( 4..') 7.6

$(8-&4*.,# >5$ 7.''."*,+ 4&1'$ +*%$) & )8//&62 .7 )$'$-4$( .6+&,*a&4*.,) -'&))*7*$( 12

45$ )$6%*-$) 45$2 96.%*($ Z1,'1&^#

List of private providers of ICTTable 12.

DigitalContent

SchoolAdministration

Assessments TeacherSupport

Educomp Fedena Classalyze Pearsons

Tata Class Edge NextERP Edulabs Eduora

Extramarks Tally Grey Matters GuruG

Pearsons Report Bee Pearson Group CourseHub

Merit Nation Educational

Initiatives

Learning

Outcomes

Edurite

Mango Reader

Zaya Labs


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11.1.Education Incentives for Parents and Children in India (73)

>+)17-+.?086+&.,3 T&62&,&3 5$ *,4$6%$,4*., 4$)4$( "5$45$6 45$ *($,4*42 .7 45$ 6$-*9*$,4

.7 $(8-&4*., *,-$,4*%$)m$*45$6 45$ 9&6$,4 .6 -5*'(m-&, *,7'8$,-$ .7 45$ $77$-4*%$,$)) .7

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'$&6,*,+ '$%$')#

11.2.Diagnostic Feedback for Teachers on Student Learning (74)

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($%*&4*.,) 5*+5$6 ., 45$ T*,(* 6$&(*,+ 4$)4 &,( ;#G:_ )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) 5*+5$6 ., 45$

T*,(* "6*44$, 4$)4# K48($,4) *, DDA .,'2 )-5..') (*( ,.4 9$67.6/ )*+,*7*-&,4'2 (*77$6$,4'2

&) -./9&6$( 4. )48($,4) *, -.,46.' )-5..')#

11.4.Extra Contract Teachers in Schools (75)

>+)17-+.? B,(56& R6&($)53 5*) $M9$6*/$,4 &((6$))$( 456$$ @8$)4*.,)b ZG^ 45$ */9&-4 .7

& -.,46&-4 4$&-5$6) ., )48($,4 '$&6,*,+3 ZF^ "5*-5 )48($,4) 1$,$7*4$( 76./ &, &((*4*.,&'

4$&-5$6 &,(? Z:^ 5." (*77$6$,4 "&) 45$ 1$5&%*.6 .7 -.,46&-4 4$&-5$6) -./9&6$( "*45 45&4.7 6$+8'&6 4$&-5$6)n

A4(=,7(b K48($,4) *, )-5..') "*45 &, $M46& -.,46&-4 4$&-5$6 9$67.6/$( )*+,*7*-&,4'2 1$44$6

45&, 45.)$ *, -./9&6*)., )-5..') 12 ;#G` &,( ;#G_ )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) *, S&45 &,(

'&,+8&+$ 4$)4 )-.6$) 6$)9$-4*%$'2# D.,46&-4 4$&-5$6) "$6$ )*+,*7*-&,4'2 '$)) '*=$'2 4. 1$

&1)$,4 45&, 6$+8'&6 4$&-5$6) ZG]h %$6)8) Ffh^ &,( /.6$ '*=$'2 4. 1$ $,+&+*,+ *, &-4*%$

4$&-5*,+ Z\]h %$6)8) \Fh^ "5$, 45$2 "$6$ 96$)$,4#

11.5.Improved Methods for Teaching Reading (76)

>+)17-+.b S8/1&*3 S&5&6&)546&3 5$ 96.+6&/d) &*/$( 4. ($%$'.9 6$&(*,+ &,( -./96$5$,)*.,

)=*'') &/.,+ -5*'(6$, &+$( 7.86 4. 7*%$ *, 96$9&6&4*., 7.6 96*/&62 )-5..' /&46*-8'&4*.,#

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*,)4*484*.,)# R6&45&/d) $&6'2 '*4$6&-2 )=*'') ($%$'.9/$,4 -866*-8'8/ */96.%$( 45$ 6$&(*,+

)=*'') .7 96$I)-5..' &,( G)4

06&($ -5*'(6$,#


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)*/*'&6'2 $77$-4*%$ &4 */96.%*,+ )48($,4)d A,+'*)5 )-.6$)# >5$ $M4$6,&''2 */9'$/$,4$(

96.+6&/ *,-6$&)$) )48($,4)d )-.6$) 12 ;#F` )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) "5*'$ )48($,4) )81J$-4 4.

45$ 4$&-5$6 */9'$/$,4$( *,4$6%$,4*.,) */96.%$ 45$*6 4$)4 )-.6$) 12 ;#:` )4&,(&6(

($%*&4*.,)# >5$ '."$6 9$67.6/*,+ )48($,4) 1$,$7*4 /.6$ 76./ *,4$6%$,4*.,) 45&4 *,-'8($

4$&-5$6 */9'$/$,4$( &-4*%*4*$)3 "5*'$ 5*+5$6 9$67.6/*,+ )48($,4) +&*, /.)4 76./ 45$

6$'&4*%$'2 )$'7I9&-$( /&-5*,$I.,'2 *,4$6%$,4*.,# >5$)$ 6$)8'4) )8++$)4 45&4 )*+,*7*-&,4

+&*,) -.8'( 1$ &-5*$%$( 12 4&6+$4*,+ (*77$6$,4 &996.&-5$) 4. *,(*%*(8&' 429$) .7 -5*'(6$,#

11.8.Informational Campaigns to Raise Awareness and Local

Participation in Primary Education (79)

>+)17-+.? P&8,9863 V44&6 R6&($)53 5$6$ "&) &, *,-6$&)$ .7 f#] 9$6-$,4&+$ 9.*,4) *, YAD /$/1$6)

"5. =,$" 45$2 -.8'( &--$)) 981'*- 78,()3 &,( & G: 9$6-$,4&+$ 9.*,4 *,-6$&)$ .7

/$/1$6) "5. 5&( 1$$, 96.9$6'2 46&*,$(# R&6$,4) "$6$ &'). F#[ 9$6-$,4&+$ 9.*,4) /.6$

'*=$'2 4. =,." 45&4 & YAD $M*)4$( *, 45$*6 -.//8,*42# T."$%$63 45$6$ "&) '*44'$ (*77$6$,-$

1$4"$$, 45$ )48($,4 9$67.6/&,-$ *, 46$&4/$,4 &,( -./9&6*)., %*''&+$)# e5$6$ YAD)

"$6$ $/9."$6$( 4. 4&=$ (*6$-4 &-4*., )8-5 &) 45$ 5*6*,+ .7 4$&-5$6)3 )48($,4 .84-./$)

*/96.%$(#


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11.9.Balsakhi Remedial Tutoring (33)

>+)17-+.? Y&(.(6& &,( S8/1&*3 5$ 484.6) "$6$ 9&*( & 76&-4*., .7

45$ -.)4 .7 -*%*'I)$6%*-$ 4$&-5$6) ZVKU G;IG_ 9$6 /.,45^# >5$ 96.+6&/ 5&( )81)4&,4*&'

9.)*4*%$ */9&-4) ., -5*'(6$,d) &-&($/*- &-5*$%$/$,4# >5$ 96.+6&/ )*+,*7*-&,4'2

*/96.%$( .%$6&'' 4$)4 )-.6$)? 12 ;#G\ )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) *, 45$ 7*6)4 2$&6 &,( ;#F]

)4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) *, 45$ )$-.,( 2$&63 "*45 45$ '&6+$)4 +&*,) *, S&45# >5$ "$&=$)4

)48($,4)3 "5. "$6$ 45$ 96*/&62 4&6+$4 .7 45$ 96.+6&/3 +&*,$( 45$ /.)4#


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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 58) 45$

/$45.( &,( -.,4$M4 .7 */9'$/$,4&4*., .7 45$ DBO 96.+6&/ /&2 9'&2 & )*+,*7*-&,4 6.'$ *,

($4$6/*,*,+ *4) */9&-4#

11.12. Computer-Assisted Learning (33)

>+)17-+.b Y&(.(&6&3 08J&6&43 &=*,+ &(%&,4&+$ .7 & +.%$6,/$,4 96.+6&/ 45&4 9'&-$( 7.86

-./984$6) $&-5 *, ];h .7 96*/&62 )-5..') *, Y&(.(&6 >5*) )48(2 &)=$( *7 DBO */96.%$)

)48($,4)W )=*'' '$%$')3 *7 45$ $77$-4) ".8'( 9$6)*)4 .%$6 4*/$3 &,( 5." -.)4I$77$-4*%$ 45$

96.+6&/ ".8'( 1$ -./9&6$( 4. &'4$6,&4*%$)# K48($,4) "5. 9&64*-*9&4$( *, 45$ DBO

96.+6&/ 5&( 5*+5$6 /&45 )-.6$) ., &%$6&+$ -./9&6$( 4. 45$ -./9&6*)., +6.89# +)17-+.?

K'8/) .7 U$'5*3


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11.15. Impact of Female Leadership on Aspirations and

Educational Attainment for Teenage Girls in India (85)

>+)17-+.?L*6158/ U*)46*-43 e$)4 L$,+&'3 5*) )48(2 $M&/*,$) 45$ */9&-4 .7 7$/&'$ '$&($6)5*9 ., 9&6$,4)d

&)9*6&4*.,) 7.6 45$*6 -5*'(6$, &) "$'' &) &(.'$)-$,4)d &)9*6&4*.,) 7.6 45$/)$'%$)3 &,(

"5$45$6 )8-5 -5&,+$) *, &)9*6&4*.,) -&, */9&-4 $(8-&4*., &,( '&1.6 .84-./$)# 5$ 96$)$,-$ .7 & 7$/&'$ '$&($6 &'). '$( 4. &

($-6$&)$ Z;#Gf .7 & )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,^ *, 45$ +$,($6 +&9 *, &(.'$)-$,4 &)9*6&4*.,)#

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11.16. Encouraging Teacher Attendance through Monitoring

with Cameras (86)

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12.

Cost Effectiveness of Interventions

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13.

References and Links

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