School Counseling
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Transcript of School Counseling
School Counseling
A Relatively New Profession with Historical Roots
Ancient Philosophers and Religious Leaders
Considered to be the first counselorsMoses 1200 BCBuddha 500 BCConfucius 500 BCSocrates 450 BC
Ancient Philosophers/Religious Leaders as First Counselors
Inspired and encouraged thru teachingTried to impart wisdom to stimulate growthHelped followers find way to peaceHippocrates—Medical philosopher, first psychiatrist; credited with homeostasis, prognosis 400 BC
Ancient Philosophers/Religious Leaders as First Counselors
Descartes—studied mind as distinct from body—first psychologist 1596-1656Inhumane early treatments
Three Parallel Movements
Psychometric MovementGuidance EraMental Health Movement
Psychometric Movement—First Quarter of 20th Century
Reliability
Validity
Standardization
Psychometric Movement
1905 Alfred Binet and T. Simon develop scale to measure mental abilityWWI Army Alpha—groupUses in vocational guidance
Guidance Era 1895-1915
Need for skilled workersBelief that individual development could be directed
Guidance Era—ParsonsFrank Parsons—founder of guidance movement, 1905 organized Boston Vocational Bureau, formed model of vocational guidance which included:Analysis of interests, abilities, aptitudesExploration of available occupationsReasoning to find appropriate match
Guidance EraModel led to niche for guidance personnel in schools for 60 yrs.End of WWII fueled vitality of guidance movementSputnik launching led to 1958 National Defense Education Act
Guidance Era--NDEAFederal grants for education includingCounselor TrainingSchool Counseling programsPrograms in math, science and foreign languages
Mental Health MovementFreudComprehensive model for understanding human behaviorCatharsisHypnosisUnconscious
Mental Health Movement
Clifford Beers—compassionate friend approachNational Mental Health Act 1946Carl Rogers—Client Centered Therapy p. 30
Mental Health Movement-Rogers
Stressed importance of relationshipRejected medical “mental illness” modelAdded element of client responsibilityCounseling relationship necessary and sufficient for client change (KEY)1960’s & 70’s competition from theories who argued relationship is needed but not sufficient for change
School Counseling: An Overview
Guidance movement--key influenceCareer/vocational orientationDirective approachGuidance to meet needs of workforce/nation
Psychometric movement added standardization/data
School Counseling: An Overview
Mental Health movement Freud—talking cureRogers—importance of relationship; primacy of person over problem
School Counseling: An Overview
Creation of APGA now American Counseling Association1964 NDEA Amendments extended talent search to elementary school1960’s Gilbert Wrenn advocated developmental approach (prevention) rather than remedial approach (intervention)
School Counseling: An Overview
1970’s & 80’s – developmental approach and accountabilityCritical IssuesLooking to the Future