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Scholarship 2019Classical Studies

9.30 a.m. Thursday 21 November 2019

RESOURCE BOOKLET

This booklet contains the resources for Section B of Scholarship Classical Studies.

Either: Question Seventeen: Death and the Afterlife, Resources A–H, pages 2–10

Or: Question Eighteen: Attitudes to Conquest, Resources I–P, pages 11–18.

Check that this booklet has pages 2–19 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

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QUESTION SEVENTEEN: DEATH AND THE AFTERLIFE

EITHER: ANCIENT GREECE

RESOURCE A: The Shield of Heracles (anonymous poem, 6th century BCE)

The unknown poet describes a richly decorated shield made by the god Hephaestus for Heracles. In this excerpt, various divinities are depicted in the battle for a city.

Men were fighting, wearing warlike armour, some warding off destruction for the sake of their city and their parents, others eager to sack it.

She stood there, grinning dreadfully, and

much dust, wet with tears, lay upon her shoulders.

* Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos the three Fates who determine the length of men’s lives** Achlus ‘Darkness of death’, the mist that obscures the vision of the dying

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RESOURCE B: Homeric hymn to Demeter (c.7th century BCE)

Hermes, sent by Zeus, instructs Hades to release Persephone, daughter of Demeter, from the underworld. To entice her to stay, Hades offers Persephone the gift of power over the living and the dead.

Hermes did not refuse, but straightaway left the seat of Olympus and sped down under the recesses of the earth.

But he gave her a honeysweet pomegranate seed to eat, surreptitiously, peering about him, to prevent her from staying up there forever with reverend Demeter of the dark robe.

* Argus-slayer another name for Hermes** Erebos another name for the underworld† Eleusis the site of one of Demeter’s most important temples‡ Aidoneus another name for Hades

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RESOURCE C: Apulian volute krater, Darius Painter, c.340–330 BCE

Detail of an underworld scene on the Apulian volute krater pictured at right. Hades is enthroned in the centre and Persephone, holding a torch, stands next to him. Dionysos, accompanied by maenads (his female worshippers), grasps Hades’ hand. On the right stands Hermes, and behind him are mortals who are now in the underworld.

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RESOURCE D: Apulian volute krater, Black Fury Painter, c.400–375 BCE

At top left, a Fury*, her skin painted black, enters the temple of Apollo in pursuit of Orestes, who has been forced to kill his mother, and who now clings to the altar for sanctuary. At the left, Apollo’s priestess flees in horror, but Apollo defends Orestes. Apollo’s sister, Artemis, at the right, stands by to support him.

* Fury the Furies were goddesses of vengeance

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OR: ANCIENT ROME

RESOURCE E: Lucan, The Civil War (Pharsalia), 1st century CE

In Lucan’s poem about the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great, Sextus, the son of Pompey, requests that the witch Erictho cast a spell to force a recently dead soldier to prophesy the future.

Then she went on to speak plainly in a Thessalian* spell, with accents that went down to Tartarus:

Unhappy wretch! unjustly robbed of death’s last gift – the inability to die a second time.

* Thessaly a region in north-eastern Greece with a reputation for witchcraft** Furies the Furies were goddesses of vengeance

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RESOURCE F: Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things), 1st century BCE

The philosopher Lucretius discredits the myths of the underworld by drawing real-life parallels.

And assuredly whatsoever things are fabled to exist in deep Acheron*, these all exist for us in this life.

The fool’s life at length becomes a hell on earth.

* Acheron another name for the underworld** Tantalus, Tityos, and Sisyphus mythical figures who offended the gods and are punished eternally in the underworld; Tantalus has a boulder suspended over him, so he is afraid to move; Tityos’ liver is eaten by a vulture each day, and regrows each night; and Sisyphus repeatedly rolls a rock up a hill, only to have it roll to the bottom again† the lictor’s rods and axes Roman symbols of political status‡ the Rock the Tarpeian Rock on the Capitoline Hill in Rome from which traitors were thrown

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RESOURCE G: Two views of Pluto

Resource G (i): A Roman statuette of Pluto. His right hand probably held a sceptre. In his left arm, the god holds a cornucopia (now broken), a horn full of fruit that is a symbol of prosperity. The name Pluto derives from the Greek word Plouton, meaning “the wealthy one”.

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Resource G (ii): A Roman sarcophagus from c.200–250 CE depicts three episodes from the myth of the abduction of Persephone by Pluto. The frieze is enlarged below.

At left, Demeter searches for her daughter. At right, earlier, Pluto, assisted by Hermes, surprises Persephone as she picks flowers.

Artemis (at left, in a short tunic) and Athena try to prevent Pluto from abducting Persephone; Hermes leads Pluto’s chariot.

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RESOURCE H: Coins depicting the deification of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE. During the games held in his honour later that year, a comet is recorded as having appeared in the sky over Rome. He was deified in 42 BCE.

Resource H (i): Silver denarius of Octavian, struck in 36 BCE. The obverse shows the mourning Octavian, Julius Caesar’s adopted son, with the inscription, “Imperator Caesar, Son of the Deified, Triumvir for the establishment of the Republic for a second time”. The reverse shows the Temple of the Divine Julius, so named on the temple (“DIV. IUL.”), with an altar to the left and a statue of Julius Caesar in it.

Resource H (ii): Silver denarius of Octavian, the obverse depicting Octavian, with his name, Caesar Augustus, and the reverse showing the comet (in the form of a star) with the inscription “Divus Iulius” (Divine Julius).

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QUESTION EIGHTEEN: ATTITUDES TO CONQUEST

EITHER: ANCIENT GREECE

RESOURCE I: Athenian decree concerning Erythrai, c.450 BCE

Erythrai, an Ionian city on the west coast of modern Turkey, was one of the original members of the Delian League, an organisation set up by various Greek states under the leadership of Athens to protect them against Persian incursions. Athens increasingly undermined the League and its member states to create an Athenian maritime empire.

Erythrai shall have a council of 120 men chosen by lot.

Of the exiles – i.e.

of those who fled to the Medes – I will never receive back a single one, either of my own accord or at the behest of another, without (the authorization of) the council and assembly of Athens, nor of those who remain will I drive any out without (the authorization of) the council and assembly of Athens.”

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RESOURCE J: Thucydides recounts news of an Athenian defeat, 415 BCE

In 415 BCE, during an interlude in the Peloponnesian War, Athens embarked on an expedition to capture the city of Syracuse on the island of Sicily. The Athenian historian Thucydides recounts how the news of a major defeat was received in Athens.

When the news reached Athens, for a long time people would not believe it, even though they were given precise information from the very soldiers who had been present at the event and had escaped; still they thought that this total destruction was something that could not possibly be true.

Next winter the whole of Hellas†, after the great disaster in Sicily, turned immediately against Athens.

* Piraeus the port of Athens** Euboea an island to the north of Athens† Hellas Greece

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RESOURCE K: The Marathon burial mound and a votive offering at Olympia, c.490 BCE

Resource K (i): A ‘soros’ or burial mound raised after the battle at Marathon to bury the ashes of the 192 Athenians who died repelling the invasion of the Persians. Athenians who died in battle were normally buried in the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens. The poet Homer describes the raising of a burial mound as part of burial practices in the Iliad and Odyssey.

Resource K (ii): The Miltiades helmet, Olympia, c.490 BCE. Miltiades, the Athenian general to whom the victory at Marathon was attributed, made this dedication as a votive gift of thanks for victory. The damage to the helmet occurred during the battle. The inscription on the lower left cheek guard says: “Miltiades dedicated [it] to Zeus”.

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RESOURCE L: Black figure amphora attributed to Group E, c.550–540 BCE

King Priam lies sprawling on an altar. Above him, Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, grasps Hector’s son, Astyanax, by the ankle to swing him with the intent to kill. Queen Hecuba stands to the right of the altar. Andromache, Hector’s wife and mother of Astyanax, stands behind Neoptolemus. Near her, a young boy runs away. On the right, two elders look on.

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OR: ANCIENT ROME

RESOURCE M: Plutarch, Life of Pompey, early 2nd century CE

In 67 BCE, the Roman general Pompey was given a special command to rid the Mediterranean Sea of pirates. The campaign was short and the pirates were finally defeated at their base in Cilicia in the far eastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea. Prior to Pompey’s command, another Roman general, Metellus, had been sent to deal with pirates on the island of Crete.

The majority, however, which included the most formidable of the pirates, had brought their families, their property, and all who were unfit for military service into castles and fortresses near the Taurus mountains; they themselves manned their ships and waited to give battle to Pompey near the headland of Coracesium in Cilicia.

He got the pirates into his hands and dealt with them in his own way.

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RESOURCE N: The collection of the tribute, Cicero, Against Verres, c.70 BCE

As part of a series of speeches against the corrupt former Sicilian governor Verres, Cicero sets forth how the Romans should regard the island of Sicily as a resource.

… keep this in view, O judges, that you are going to inquire into the estates and fortunes of all the Sicilians … into the revenues handed down to you by your ancestors – into the life and sustenance of the Roman people. …

See now the wisdom of our ancestors, who, when they had added Sicily, so valuable an assistant both in war and peace, to the republic, were so careful to defend the Sicilians and to retain them in their allegiance, that they not only imposed no new tax upon their lands, but did not even alter the [previous tax] law …

* The right to collect (farm) taxes was usually auctioned in Rome.** censor a magistrate in Rome who had oversight of public finance

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RESOURCE O: Images of Venationes (beast hunts), early 4th century CE

Resource O (i): One leaf of a tinted ivory diptych (an art work with two hinged scenes) showing an emperor presiding over a beast hunt in the arena, c.400 CE.

Resource O (ii): A fresco from the Villa Romana del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicily, depicts goods and various exotic animals, such as ostriches, being loaded on to a merchant ship departing from Africa.

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RESOURCE P: Details of reliefs on Trajan’s column, 113 CE

After the Dacian Wars ended in 106 CE, a triumphal column was erected to celebrate the Emperor Trajan’s success.

Resource P (i): Dacian families with their belongings and livestock are forced off their land for resett lement.

Resource P (ii): Roman soldiers clearing trees in Dacia to open conquered land.

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AcknowledgementsMaterial from the following sources has been adapted for use in this examination:Resource A Hesiod, The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments, ed. and trans. Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library 503 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp 21-23.

Resource B Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer, ed. and trans. Martin L. West, Loeb Classical Library 496 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp 59-61.

Resource C S. S. Torjussen, ‘Dionysos in the Underworld’, Nordlit: Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur 10.2 (2006) p 86, fig. 2.

Resource D http://www.cvaonline.org/tools/pottery/painters/keypieces/apulian/orestes.htm

Resource E Lucan, The Civil War (Pharsalia), trans. J. D. Duff, Loeb Classical Library 220 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928), pp 355-7.

Resource F Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, trans. W. H. D. Rouse, revised Martin F. Smith, Loeb Classical Library 181 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924), pp 264-269.

Resource G (i) http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/6887/unknown-maker-statuette-of-pluto-roman-1st- century-ad/?dz=#8336731b250ad6e1de2f777a08809ae8b19a5f0c (ii) Sarcophagus: https://art.thewalters.org/detail/24938/sarcophagus-with-the-abduction-of- persephone-by-hades/. Details: left end, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/ Sarcophagus_with_the_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Hades_%28detail%29.JPG; right end, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_with_the_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Hades_ (detail)_2.JPG

Resource H https://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/5243/NGC-Ancients/

Resource I Meiggs-Lewis 40 in Naphtali Lewis, Greek Historical Documents: The Fifth Century BC (Toronto: A. M. Hakkert Ltd.,1971), p 7.

Resource J Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Books, 1972), p 538.

Resource K (i) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tumulusmarathon.JPG (ii) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Helmet_of_Miltiades_the_Younger.jpg

Resource L https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_ gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=481435001&objectid=398731

Resource M Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Republic, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Books, 1972), p 186.

Resource N Cicero, Against Verres, Book III.5-6; https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Against_Verres/Second_pleading/ Book_3

Resource O (i) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Diptych_ludi_Louvre_OA9062_left.jpg (ii) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_ de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg

Resource P (i) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dacians-being-led-off-for-resettlement-in-102-Trajans-Column- Rome-Karl_fig5_249218257 (ii) http://www.trajans-column.org/?flagallery=trajans-column-scenes-lxxix-cxxvi-79-126

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