Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Lee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand...

Scholarly Communications

A System in Crisis


A System in CrisisLee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State UniversityLee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State University

Eventually, Steve looked up. His mother was nowhere in sight and this was certainly no longer the toy department.

Gary Larson

Eventually, Steve looked up. His mother was nowhere in sight and this was certainly no longer the toy department.

Gary Larson

The Scholarly Communications System evolved over centuries to

evaluate/certify

The Scholarly Communications System evolved over centuries to

evaluate/certifyregister

disseminatecreate access tools

archive

register disseminate

create access toolsarchive

the intellectual outputs of scholarsthe intellectual outputs of scholars

evaluate/certify

evaluate/certify

registerregister

archive archive

scholars scholars

secondary publisherssecondary publisherslibrarieslibraries

create access tools

create access tools

disseminatedisseminate

scholarly societies & commercial publishers

scholarly societies & commercial publishers

evaluate/certify

evaluate/certify

registerregister

archive archive

create access tools

create access tools

disseminatedisseminate

scholars

scholarly societies

publishers

libraries

scholars

scholarly societies

publishers

libraries

Net Paradox # 1

1.2 million articles given to publishers each year for free

1.2 million articles given to publishers each year for free

Institutions supplying the

articles cannot afford to buy

them back

Institutions supplying the

articles cannot afford to buy

them back

Net Paradox # 2

Web removed barriers

Web removed barriers

(by providing global, accessible, reliable, affordable network)

(by providing global, accessible, reliable, affordable network)

More barriers

appeared

More barriers

appeared(copyright extensions, license restrictions, loss of fair use doctrine for online content, prohibitive costs)

(copyright extensions, license restrictions, loss of fair use doctrine for online content, prohibitive costs)

Net Paradox # 3

Cost of added distribution on internet near zero

Cost of added distribution on internet near zero

Little or no drop in cost of

online only

Little or no drop in cost of

online only

State of scholarly communications:State of scholarly communications:

• Knowledge output is increasing

• Access is decreasing

• Market is unsustainable economicallylibrary budgets are tapped out

publisher sales are flattening

sales growth coming from mergers

• Disruption is clearest in scientific disciplines

• Disruption has spread to journals in all disciplines and to monographs

• Knowledge output is increasing

• Access is decreasing

• Market is unsustainable economicallylibrary budgets are tapped out

publisher sales are flattening

sales growth coming from mergers

• Disruption is clearest in scientific disciplines

• Disruption has spread to journals in all disciplines and to monographs

Status quo not possible

Status quo not possible

Economic shifts unavoidable Economic shifts unavoidable

Internet yet to be exploited Internet yet to be exploited

Change the Market Change the Market

Change the Academy Change the Academy

Change Public Policy Change Public Policy

peer-reviewed articles per yearpeer-reviewed articles per year

24,00024,000peer-reviewed journalspeer-reviewed journals

750K to 1.2M750K to 1.2M

The Market The Market

earned by top 6:earned by top 6:

$ 16.1 Billion$ 16.1 Billionrevenues in 2006revenues in 2006

$ 5.8 Billion (36%) $ 5.8 Billion (36%) Elsevier, Kluwer Health, Springer, American Chemical

Society, John Wiley, and Blackwell (merged with Wiley in 2007)

Elsevier, Kluwer Health, Springer, American Chemical Society, John Wiley, and Blackwell (merged with Wiley in

2007)

Steelmakers

Auto manufacturers Consumers

Steel

$$

Cars

$$

Authors

Readers

JournalsArticles Publisher

s $$$$

A peculiar marketA peculiar market

dollarsdollars citationscitations

9%

91%

62%

38%

A peculiar marketA peculiar market

Peculiar Market: Exhibit APeculiar Market: Exhibit A

CPI up 57%CPI up 57%

Average serial price up 227%Average serial price up 227%

Average book price up 65%Average book price up 65%


Challenge pricing power of publishers

Challenge pricing power of publishers

Competition (SPARC)Cancellations

Consortia purchasesRegulation

Competition (SPARC)Cancellations

Consortia purchasesRegulation

Raise prices

Bundle journals

Multi-yr contracts

Buy up other publishers

Raise prices

Bundle journals

Multi-yr contracts

Buy up other publishers

The open movementThe open movement

Open source

Open data

Open science

Open education

Open source

Open data

Open science

Open education

Open AccessOpen Access

Open AccessOpen Access

Online

Permanent

Free to all readers

Free of most use restrictions with proper attribution

Online

Permanent

Free to all readers

Free of most use restrictions with proper attribution

Open Access journalsOpen Access journals

OA archivingOA archivingOA publishingOA publishing

Authors

Free to Readers

JournalsArticles Publisher

s

• Grant/Research Foundation funding

• Subsidy: Author/Institution pays

• Subscription to non-research content

• Advertising

Open Access business modelsOpen Access business models


Prove that OA business models

are financially viable

Prove that OA business models

are financially viable

Experiment with hybrid OA business models

Experiment with hybrid OA business models

Full OA journalsFull OA journals

are peer-reviewed Open Access journalsare peer-reviewed Open Access journals

Full OA by the NumbersFull OA by the Numbers

24,00024,000peer-reviewed journalspeer-reviewed journals

3,3093,309

Hybrid OA journalsHybrid OA journals

Hybrid OA by the Numbers

Hybrid OA by the Numbers

• Every major publisher offers a hybrid OA option to its authors• Every major publisher offers a hybrid OA option to its authors

• 19 scholarly societies publish 74 hybrid OA journals• 19 scholarly societies publish 74 hybrid OA journals

New Models of Publishing

Elsevier’s OA experiment

Change the AcademyChange the Academy

From Alma Swan “The Culture of Open Access: researchers’ views and responses”From Alma Swan “The Culture of Open Access: researchers’ views and responses”

Financial reward

Communicate results to peers

Advance career

Personal prestige

Gain funding

Why scholars publish

(Data: Brody & Harnad 2004; Hajjem et al. 2005)(Data: Brody & Harnad 2004; Hajjem et al. 2005)

Open Access increases citations

% increase in citations with Open Access

Open Access journalsOpen Access journals

OA archivingOA archivingOA publishingOA publishing

Self-archivingSelf-archiving

62%62%of publishers allow itof publishers allow it

Self-archiving by the Numbers

Self-archiving by the Numbers1,000+ 1,000+

Institutional Repositories worldwideInstitutional Repositories worldwide

12+ million records12+ million records

indexed by Google Scholarindexed by Google Scholar

Self-archiving mandatesSelf-archiving mandates

Harvard Faculty MandateHarvard Faculty Mandate

February 2008February 2008

Harvard A&S facultyHarvard A&S faculty• require each other to reserve some copyrights

• expect to deposit manuscript in Harvard’s institutional repository upon publication of article

• intend to publish to the world—for free

• require each other to reserve some copyrights

• expect to deposit manuscript in Harvard’s institutional repository upon publication of article

• intend to publish to the world—for free

people.seas.harvard.edu/~nansun/

CopyrightsCopyrights• We give publishers more rights than they need• We give publishers more rights than they need• Then we can’t use and re-purpose our own works without permission• Then we can’t use and re-purpose our own works without permission

• And we may not be allowed to use in classrooms, orpost in institutional/disciplinary repository, or re-use portions in other works

• And we may not be allowed to use in classrooms, orpost in institutional/disciplinary repository, or re-use portions in other works

Author Addendum: a way to compromise

Author Addendum: a way to compromise

www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtmlwww.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml

www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtmlwww.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml

Scholarly Societies & Their Publications

Scholarly Societies & Their Publications

Disseminate?Disseminate?

Create income?Create income?


The Dilemma of the American Anthropological

Society

The Dilemma of the American Anthropological

Society

The Society AdvantageThe Society Advantage

Costs non-profit publisher to publish an article Costs non-profit publisher to publish an article

$ 3,400$ 3,400

$ 730$ 730

Costs commercial publisher to publish an article Costs commercial publisher to publish an article

Roger Clarke, The Cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 3 December 2007

Roger Clarke, The Cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 3 December 2007

Scholarly SocietiesScholarly Societies

427*427*

496 496 Scholarly Societies publishScholarly Societies publish

peer-reviewed full Open Access journalspeer-reviewed full Open Access journals

* 83% charge NO author fees at all* 83% charge NO author fees at all

Tighten embargos Tighten embargos

Sow disinformationSow disinformationManage copyrights

Self-archiveSupport new publishing models

Hold scholarly societies accountable

Reform faculty rewards system

Shun price-gouging publishers

Manage copyrights

Self-archiveSupport new publishing models

Hold scholarly societies accountable

Reform faculty rewards system

Shun price-gouging publishers

Hold fast to IP rights & to authors/editorsHold fast to IP rights & to authors/editors

Change the AcademyChange the Academy

Court society journals

Court society journals

The Principle:

Open Access to publicly-funded research The Principle:

Open Access to publicly-funded research

A worldwide movementA worldwide movement

Supported by patient advocacy groups, libraries, research funding agencies, legislators, universities

Supported by patient advocacy groups, libraries, research funding agencies, legislators, universities

Movement’s poster child:

the NIHMovement’s poster child:

the NIH

$ 28 Billion$ 28 Billionresearch grants each yearresearch grants each year

peer-reviewed articles each yearpeer-reviewed articles each year80,00080,000

NIH MandateNIH Mandate

• Article from NIH funding?

• Accepted by peer-reviewed journal?

• Manuscript must be deposited immediately upon publication in PubMed Central

• Manuscript to become OA within 12 months

• Article from NIH funding?

• Accepted by peer-reviewed journal?

• Manuscript must be deposited immediately upon publication in PubMed Central

• Manuscript to become OA within 12 months

NIH MandateNIH Mandate

We, the taxpayers, just gained free access to about

80,000 health-related journal articles a year, and no more

than 12 months after publication

We, the taxpayers, just gained free access to about

80,000 health-related journal articles a year, and no more

than 12 months after publication


Lobby vs. OA for publicly- funded researchLobby vs. OA for publicly- funded research

Granting agencies funding OA, some with direct payments to publishers

Granting agencies funding OA, some with direct payments to publishers

NIHNIHResearch Councils UKResearch Councils UK

FRPAAFRPAA

EU Research CouncilEU Research Council

OA Mandates:OA Mandates:


Resistance to ChangeResistance to Change

What Were They Thinking?

The PRISM Debacle

What Were They Thinking?

The PRISM Debacle

Change the market Change the market

Change the academy Change the academy

Change public policy Change public policy


A System in Flux


A System in FluxPeer review as

confidential, linear, and fixed process

Peer review as confidential, linear, and fixed process

Peer review as community, circular

and ongoing process

Peer review as community, circular

and ongoing process


A System in Crisis


A System in CrisisStockholder-driven

economicsStockholder-driven

economicsStakeholder-driven

economicsStakeholder-driven

economics


A System in Crisis


A System in CrisisPay to viewPay to view Pay to publishPay to publish


A System in Flux


A System in FluxLibrary (University)

subsidizing publisher profits

Library (University) subsidizing

publisher profits

Library (University) subsidizing costs of

publishing

Library (University) subsidizing costs of

publishing


A System in Flux


A System in FluxJournals online mimic print journals

Journals online mimic print journals

Journals online exploiting web 2.0

applications

Journals online exploiting web 2.0

applications


A System in Flux


A System in FluxChanges in system driven by economic

necessity

Changes in system driven by economic

necessity

Changes in system driven by change in scholarly practice & public expectations

Changes in system driven by change in scholarly practice & public expectations

Roles for Librarians:Roles for Librarians:

Encourage faculty activism

Facilitate faculty compliance with self-archiving mandates

Create institutional repository

Support OA publishing models

Consider publishing OA journal with interested faculty

Encourage faculty activism

Facilitate faculty compliance with self-archiving mandates

Create institutional repository

Support OA publishing models

Consider publishing OA journal with interested faculty

Roles for Faculty :Roles for Faculty :

Manage copyrights

Self-archive

Resist gouging publishers

Explore new publication models/partnerships

Hold scholarly societies accountable to mission

Support OA policies for publicly-funded research

Manage copyrights

Self-archive

Resist gouging publishers

Explore new publication models/partnerships

Hold scholarly societies accountable to mission

Support OA policies for publicly-funded research

Lee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State University

Questions?Questions?Comments?Comments?

Scholarly CommunicationsA System in Crisis

Scholarly CommunicationsA System in Crisis

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– non-commercial educational reuse and adaptation

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