Schesiology: an introduction - Uni Hohenheim · Schesiology: an introduction ... Schesiological...
Transcript of Schesiology: an introduction - Uni Hohenheim · Schesiology: an introduction ... Schesiological...
Schesiology: an introduction
Food Security Centre, University of Hohenheim
Tuesday 25 October, 2011.
Peter Stebbing
Hochschule für Gestalting
Schwäbisch Gmünd
Germany
Schesiology is the study of
relationships (∑XE∑H, grk.) and
their Consequences.
l
c
Case Study 1. NOT thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel,
but must cut emissions
by 20% by 2020 & so will
replace 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels
“...
Future fuel supplies are of
acute importance to the US
army because it is believed to
be the biggest single user of
petrol in the world...
... Glen Sweetnam, main oil
adviser to the Obama
administration, admitted that
“a chance exists that we may
experience a decline“ of world
liquid fuels production
between 2011 and 2015 if the
investment was not
forthcoming.”
Guardian Weekly,
16-22.04.2010, p.1
How much oil &
coal remains?
The planet‟s vast store of coal could fuel
the world economy for centuries– and
fiercely stoke global warming– but a few
analysts are raising the prospect of an
immanent shortfall.
source: Kerr, R., 2009, How much coal remains,
Science, 13 March, vol 323, no 5920, pp 1420 -
1421
source: Pearce, F., 2006, New Scientist, 18 Feb, p.10
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol
but must cut emissions
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels
Upfront, New Scientist, 13 Nov, 2010, vol 208, no 2786, p. 13
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels
where? Brazil, Africa ?
source: Vidal, J., 2011, Hectares
going for a song, The Guardian
Weekly, 25-31.3.2011, vol 184, no
15, p.18
Gambella
Source: Service, R.F., 2009, Another Biofuels Drawback: The
Demand for Irrigation, Science, 23 October, 2009, vol 326, no
5952, pp 516 - 517
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels corn ethanol
requires 2.2 - 8.6
million litres of H20 &
soyabean biodiesel needs
13.9 - 27.9 million litres of H20 where? Brazil, Africa...
per MegaWatt hour of energy
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels corn ethanol
requires 2.2 - 8.6
million litres of H20 &
soyabean biodiesel needs
13.9 - 27.9 million litres of H20 where? Brazil, Africa...
per Megawatt hour of energy
but land clearance
will produce 80 - 167%
more emissions than
by continuing to use
100% fossil fuels
source: Searchinger, T., et al, 2008, Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases
greenhouses gases..., Science, 29.02.2008, vol 319, no , pp 1238-
source: Science, 17 Aug, 2007, vol 317, no, 5840, p 902
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels corn ethanol
requires 2.2 - 8.6
million litres of H20 &
soyabean biodiesel needs
13.9 - 27.9 million litres of H20 where? Brazil, Africa,...
per Megawatt hour of energy
but land clearance
will produce 80 - 167%
stupid question no. 1 more emissions than
doesn‟t Africa have by continuing to use
a FOOD problem? 100% fossil fuels
source: “Secret Report: biofuel caused food
crisis,” The Guardian Weekly, Fri, 4.7.2008, p.1-2
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels corn ethanol
requires 2.2 - 8.6
million litres of H20 &
soyabean biodiesel needs
13.9 - 27.9 million litres of H20 where? Brazil, Africa...
per Megawatt hour of energy
but land clearance
will produce 80 - 167%
stupid question no. 2 stupid question no. 1 more emissions than
doesn‟t Africa have doesn‟t Africa have by continuing to use
a WATER problem? a FOOD problem? 100% fossil fuels
Vidal, J., 2009, „Our
land is dying: Climate
change is here, it is a
reality.‟ The Guardian, 4
Sept, pp 16 - 17
WATER: emergency assistance needed, 2009
source:Vidal, J., 2009, „Our land is dying: Climate change is here, it is a reality.‟ The Guardian, 4 Sept, pp 16 - 17
...not thinking schesiologically...
Europe needs more fuel, answer: bioethanol 4.1 - 6.9 million
but must cut emissions hectares of land needed
by 20% by 2020 by
replacing 10% fossil
fuel with biofuels corn ethanol
requires 2.2 - 8.6
million litres of H20 &
How many soyabean biodiesel needs
lives to the kilometre 13.9 - 27.9 million litres of H20 where? Brazil, Africa...
will a car travel per Megawatt hour of energy
in 2020?
but land clearance
will produce 80 - 167%
stupid question no. 2 stupid question no. 1 more emissions than
doesn‟t Africa have doesn‟t Africa have by continuing to use
a WATER problem? a FOOD problem? 100% fossil fuels
Schesiological Case Study 2.
the mobile Phone:
obscurity through channels of supply
Quelle: nach Theis, 2007
...you might also be
supporting war barons
in the Congo to
commit mass
rape and genocide.
Case Study 3.
Design anticipated to benefit...
1.5-2 million people
...but analysed schesiologically
actually benefits 1.5 billion!
source: The Economist, 25 Sept-1 Oct.
2010, vol. 396, no. 8701, p. 67
source: Tollefson, J., Climate‟s smoky spectre, Nature, 2009, 2 July, vol 460, no 7251, pp 29-32
The Economist,
20-26 Nov 2010,
vol 397, no 8709,
p84
The Chulha Stove
...will not only help to eliminate the health hazard
of smoke for 1.5 mn people,
but also contribute to securing the water supply
for 1.5 bn people !
Designed by Unmesh Kulkarni & Praveen
Mareguddi, India & Bas Griffioen & Simona
Rocchi from Philips Design, Netherlands. (INDEX
award winning design, 2009)
teaching schesiology
Results from Students‟ Working Group No 7,
Seminar: In a Planet of our Own, 5 Nov. 2009,
Industrial Design Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Schesiological
Analysis of a Shoe
Dyeing
Machining &
Cutting
Fabric Component of Shoe
Cotton Fibre
Weaving
Ginning
Harvesting
Spinning
Results from Students‟ Working Group No 7,
Seminar: In a Planet of our Own, 5 Nov. 2009,
Industrial Design Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Dyeing
Dyeing Boidegradable residue
Dumping of
residual waste in
water
Water Pollution
Health hazard
Synthetic dyes
Natural dyes
Water
Organic Pigments
Chemical Pigments
Water Cadmium
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Results from Students‟ Working Group No 7,
Seminar: In a Planet of our Own, 5 Nov. 2009,
Industrial Design Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Shoe
Leather
Metal
Fabric
Rubber
“Design box”
ME laptop
clothes
bicycle
I-phone
my possessions &
activities
sho
Product
Product
Product
A design space for innovation: when resources run out,
how will we adapt? ...with energy & resource saving devices?
The future past The future present
A design space for innovation: when resources run out,
how will we adapt? ...with resource saving devices?
The future past The future present
Die Schweiz importiert Nahrungsmittel aus über 90 Entwicklungsländern
source: Hauser-Schäublin, 1986, Mensch, Kultur, Umwelt: Rund ums Essen, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, p. 8
Diet
Diet
Diet
Resource
reduction or
exhausted:
e.g. oil
Resource
reduction or
exhaustion:
e.g. oil
Consequences
C1
C2
C3
C4
sail
Resource
reduction or
exhaustion:
e.g. oil
Arena for Design Innovation
Consequences
C1
C2
C3
farming
C4
transpor
t
horses
haulage
water
manure
source: Shaw, J., 2010, Future power, Ships, May, vol 45, no 5, pp 20-24
Identifying schesiologically space for innovation: when the oil runs out,
how will agriculture adapt, using as it does 70% of fossil fuel production?
yesterday today tomorrow?
Science, 15 August 2008, vol 321, p. 927
Source: Pearce, F., 2010, Earth‟s
nine lives, New Scientist, 27 Feb.,
vol 205, no 2749, pp 31-35
Source: Rockström, J., et al, 2009, A safe
operating space for humanity, Nature, 24 Sept, vol
461, no 7263, pp 472-475
A safe operating
space for humanity
“It’s a new paradigm. Markets are not fully aware of these risks, and don’t know how to deal with them.
The report comes amid growing concern that no-one is made to pay for the disastrous impact of pollution and the rapid loss of
freshwater, fisheries and fertile soils...The report, led by economist Pavan Sukhdev, is likely to argue for abolition of billions of
dollars of subsidies to harmful industries such as agriculture, energy, and transport, tougher regulations and more taxes on
companies that cause the damage. source: Jowit, J., 2010, The Guardian Weekly, 26 Feb - 4 Mar, 2010, vol 182, no 11, p 17”
source: Dobson, A.P., 1996, Conservation & Biodiversity, Scientific American Library, New York, p. 69
An IRRI worker examines submergence-tolerant rice that survived being
underwater for 2 weeks; a non-tolerant variety had grown on the left where there is
clear water. In addition to submergence tolerance scientists are looking for a gene
which will give rice a salt tolerance. So far the Saltol gene has been identified but
conveys tolerance only during the seedling stage.
source: Normile, D., 2008, Reinventing rice to feed the world, Science, 18 July, vol 321, no 5887, pp 330-333
A “Keystone” Species: the sea-otter
Upcoming meeting will set out global conservation targets
A lack of money for conservation projects is a key reason why governments have failed to meet
their 2010 targets... For example, the 33 member nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development donated US$8.5 billion for climate change mitigation projects in
2008, but only $3 billion annually for biodiversity.
Source: Gilbert, N., 2010, Nature, 14 October, vol 467, no 7317, p 764
source: Young, E., 2010, The hot zone, New Scientist, 24 April, vol 206, no.2757, pp 32- 35
The Factor Complex
source: King, T.J., 1989, Ecology, Thomas Nelson & Sons, Walton-on-Thames, p.23
•F
elle
t, M., N
ew
Scie
ntis
t, 8 O
ct, 2
01
1 p
.21
e.g. “just in time” business practice i.e. phase transitions
source: MacKenzie, D., 2008, Are we doomed? New Scientist, 5 April, vol 198, no 2650, p. 32 - 35
Thanks; any questions, please.
Source: Nature, 11.11.2010, vol 468, no 7321, pp 141-142
Quelle: National Geographic / January 2008 / p. 64
Motif promoting “Building a Global Knowledge Society,” 2012 AAAS Conference
theme advertisement, Science, 5 August 2011, vol 333, no 6043, p 674
source: Kruse, L., 2006, Methodological reflections on learning & teaching sustainability in Higher Education, in Higher Education for Sustainability, ed. Adomssent, M., et al, 2006, Verlag für Akademische Schriften, Waldkirchen
Russell, P., 1982, The
Awakening Earth,
Routledge & Kegan
Paul, London
source: Vidal, J., Guardian Weekly, 3-9
September, 2004, p. 27
Nature, 9 June 2005, vol 435, no 7043, p 723
Interaction between
natural & human sphere
(WBGU 1994: 168;
based on Stern et al
1992)
source: Kruse, L., 2006,
Methodological reflections on learning
& teaching sustainability in Higher
Education, in Higher Education for
Sustainability, ed. Adomssent, M., et
al, 2006, Verlag für Akademische
Schriften, Waldkirchen
Product
“Design box”
source: News in brief, 2004, Nature, 2 Dec,
vol 432, no 7017, p 542
source: Normile, D., 2008, Reinventing rice..., Science, 18
July, vol 321, no 5887, pp 330 - 333
Zhang, X., et al, 2007, Detection of human influence on twentieth-
century precipitation trends, Nature, 26 July, 2007, vol 448, no 7152,
pp 461-465
THANK YOU TO THE STUDENTS OF...
Working Group No 7 and their Professor VeeJay,
Seminar: In a Planet of our Own, 5 Nov. 2009,
Industrustrial Design Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
The new extended design curriculum
Well-to-wheel emission changes for a range of 1st- and 2nd-generation biofuels (excluding land use change)
compared with gasoline or mineral diesel. Source: OECD, 2008 based on IEA and UNEP analysis of 60
published life-cycle analysis studies giving either ranges (shown by the bars) or specific data (shown by the
dots). IEA's Report on 1st- to 2nd-Generation Biofuel Technologies, Ralph Sims, Michael Taylor, Jack
Saddler and Warren Mabee March 9, 2009
source: Nature, 2 July, 2009, vol 460, no 7251, pp 29-32
source: The Guardian Weekly,
04-10.07.2008, p 42
Source: Nature, 20.1.2011,
Vol 469, no 7330, p 299
source: Searchinger, T., et al, 2008, Use of U.S. croplands for biuofuels
increases greenhouses gases..., Science, 29.02.2008, vol 319, no , pp
1238-
source: Foy, H., 2010, „Food is here, but the ability to buy it isn‟t‟, The Guardian Weekly, 25 June- 1 July, vol 183, no 2, p.4
source: Vidal, J., 2011, Hectares
going for a song, The Guardian
Weekly, 25-31.3.2011, vol 184, no
15, p.18
Gambela
source: The Guardian, Wed, 16 June, 2010, p.16
Source: The Guardian, Wed, 18 June 2008, p. 11
source: The Guardian
Sat 25 Sept 2010, p 5
Quelle: nach Theis, 2007
Source: Ashby, M.F., 2009, Materials and the Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam
“During the past 50 years or so...our actions have
resulted in the loss of roughly one-fifth of the Earth‟s
topsoil, one-fifth of its land suitable for agriculture,
almost 90 percent of its large commercial fisheries,
and one third of its forests, while we need these
resources more than ever, as our population has
almost tripled during this period of time, increasing
from 2.5 to more than 6.5 billion.” p.xi
“The concensus of scientists is that the current rate
of species extinctions is on average somewhere
between 100 and 1,000 times greater than prehuman
levels, and that we are moving toward an extinction
rate that is on average 10,000 times greater.” p.18
“As a result, some biologists have concluded that we
have entered what they are calling „the sixth great
extinction.‟” p.xi
A design space for innovation: when resources run out,
how will we adapt? ...with energy & resource saving devices?
The future past The future present