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Transcript of Schaefer c4
Chapter 4
Immigration
Immigration: A Global Phenomenon
• Can be a result of Push and Pull factors
• Chain Migration– An immigrant who sponsors other immigrants
who upon their arrival may sponsor still more– Potent factor contributing to immigration
globally
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Patterns of Immigration to the United States
• Three unmistakable patterns– Immigrantion has fluctuated dramatically over
time due to government policy changes– Settlement has not been uniform across the
country; centered in certain regions and cities– The source of immigrants has changed over
time
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Today’s Foreign-Born Population
• About 12-13% are foreign born
• Six states account for two-thirds of total foreign born population
• Approximately 38.5 million foreign born people are from Latin America
• Europeans account for less than 1 in 7 of the foreign born today
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Early Immigration
• 35% of all immigrants to US eventually emigrated back to their home country
• Not all new arrivals were welcome– Xenophobia– Nativism
• Beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants
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The Anti-Chinese Movement
• Lured by discovery of gold and opening of job opportunities in the West– Railroad provided the greatest demand
• Sinophobes– People with a fear of anything associated with
China– Threat they posed as laborers
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The Anti-Chinese Movement
• Conflict Theory– Chinese were welcomed only when their labor
was necessary– Restrictions were not applied evenly
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882– Denied naturalization rights to Chinese in US– Decline in legal immigration
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Restrictionist Sentiment Increases
• The extension of restrictions from the anti-Asian movement to European nationalities
• 1908 – The Gentleman’s Agreement was signed– Prodded by anti-Japanese feelings– Japan halted further immigration to US & US
agreed end discrimination of Japanese in US
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Restrictionist Sentiment Increases
• Two types of immigrants: old and new
• New immigrants were seen as a threat to democracy and the American way of life
• 1917 Congressional Bill on immigration– Included controversial literacy test– Prohibited immigration from South Sea
Islands & other parts of Asia not excluded
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The National Origin System
• Established quotas based on percent of each ethnic group from the 1910 census– Drawn to block growing immigration from
Southern Europe, such as Greece and Italy
• The National Origin System– Quotas went unfilled and immigration dropped– Backlog in other countries
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Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
• Primary goals were to reunite families and protect American labor market– Also initiated restrictions on immigration from
Latin America
• Naturalization– The conferring of citizenship on a person after
birth
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Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
• Rules for naturalization– 18 years of age; Continuous resident for 5
years (3 years for spouses of citizens)– Good moral character (absence of criminal
offenses)– Ability to read and write ordinary English– Pass a test in U.S. government and history
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Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
• Legally admitted for the following reasons:– Citizen Family unification– Spouses of legal residents – Employment based– Refugees/political asylum seekers– Diversity – Other
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Contemporary Social Concerns
• Brain Drain– Skilled workers, professionals, & technicians
desperately needed by their home countries
• H-1B Visas– Permanent work permits to highly skilled
immigrants resulting in an:• Economic & social cost to the developing nations
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Contemporary Social Concerns
• Conflict Theory– Views brain drain as another symptom of the
unequal distribution of world resources– US does not need to take the steps necessary
• To encourage native members of subordinate groups to enter desirable fields of employment
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Contemporary Social Concerns
• Population Growth– US is continues to accept large numbers of
permanent immigrants• Nation’s birth rate has decreased so consequently,
contribution of immigration is more significant
– Immigration accounts for about 50% of nation’s growth
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Contemporary Social Concerns
– To some, US is overpopulated• Sierra Club took position restricting immigration
– Recognizing more people puts greater strain on nation’s natural resources
– Patterns of uneven settlement in US expected to increase
• Mixed-Status Families
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Language Barriers
• Bilingualism: – Use of 2+ languages in work or education and
the treatment of each language as legitimate
• Bilingual education: – Program designed to allow students to learn
academic concepts in their native language • While they learn a second language
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Illegal Immigration
• Control of illegal or undocumented immigrants bitterly debated
• Exact number of undocumented or unauthorized workers subject to estimates
• Illegal and legal immigrants tied by public to almost every social problem in a nation– Unemployment, “drug runners” & “terrorists”
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Illegal Immigration
• Cost of policing borders and locating illegal immigrants is sizable
• Immigration and Reform Act of 1986 (IRCA)– Historic change in immigration policy– Amnesty granted to 1.7 million illegal
immigrants; document long term residency
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Illegal Immigration
• Conflict Theory– Immigrants, primarily poor and Hispanic or
Asian• Are being lodged at the bottom of the nation’s
social and economic hierarchies
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Illegal Immigration
• Functionalist Theory– Employers, by paying low wages, are able to
produce goods and services • That are profitable for industry and affordable to
consumers
– Despite poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants:
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Illegal Immigration
• They continue to come because it is in their best economic interest
• Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996– Emphasized more effort to keep immigrants
from entering the country illegally• No access to social security and welfare
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Path to Citizenship
• Naturalization: – Citizenship is conferred on a person after birth– This is a process outlined by Congress and
extends to foreigners the same benefits:• Given to native-born United States citizens
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Economic Impact of Immigration
• Much public and scholarly debate
• Most significant factor is whether a study examines national impact of immigration – Or only its effect on a local area
• Many hold stereotypical belief that immigrants end up on welfare – And cause increase in taxes
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Economic Impact of Immigration
• Remittances (Migradollars)– Money that immigrants return to their country – Widely recognized as critical to the survival to
millions of households worldwide– States have sought legal redress because
federal government has not seriously • Considered granting aid to heavily burdened states
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Economic Impact of Immigration
• Paradoxical situation– Strong economy and concerns about
immigration– Suggests other concerns
• Ethnic & racial tension more important in explaining current attitudes toward immigration
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Women and Immigration
• Men dominate much of labor migration worldwide
• Diversified labor force in US and policies that facilitate relatives coming– US immigration has been fairly balanced
• Second-class status of women in society is reflected in immigration
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Women and Immigration
– 1907-1922• Women who married immigrants who were not
citizens lost their citizenship –not applied to men
• Immigrant women face additional challenges– Responsibility of navigating the new society
when it comes to services for their family
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Women and Immigration
– Males are more consumed with work leaving adult women to navigate bureaucracies
• City services, schools, medical facilities, stores, and markets
– Less likely to seek outside help for medical care or issues of domestic violence
– More likely to be the liaison for the household
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The Global Economy and Immigration
• Globalization– The worldwide integration of government
policies, cultures, social movements• And financial markets through trade, movement of
people, and exchange of ideas
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The Global Economy and Immigration
• Transnationals– Immigrants who sustain multiple social
relationships – Linking their societies of origin and settlement
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The Environment and Immigration
• The public expressed growing concern on a variety of environmental issues– From water quality to global warming
• Environmental factors are behind a significant amount of world migration
• Up to 200 million people may move due to environmental factors from 2005 & 2050
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Refugees
• People living outside their country for fear of political or religious persecution
• Enough exist to populate an entire nation
• US makes the largest contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs– Resettles 70,000 refugees annually
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Refugees
• US government is officially committed to accepting refugees from other nations
• 1968 United Nations treaty on refugees– Countries obliged to refrain from forcibly
returning people to territories • Where their lives or liberty might be endangered
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Refugees
• Asylees– Foreigners who have already entered the US
and now seek protection because of • Persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution
• Based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion
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