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The following members of the Academic Board met on 10th August 2016 at 11 a.m. in the Department

of Physics, University of Mumbai, 3rd Floor, Lokmanya Tilak Bhavan Vidyanagari, Mumbai 400 098 for

revising the syllabus of :- PSPHC01, PSPHC02, PSPHC03, PSPHC04, PSPHP05, PSPHC05, PSPHP06, PSPHC06

PSPHP07, PSPHC07, PSPHP08, PSPHC08, PSPHP09, PSPHC09, PSPHP10, PSPHC10, PSPHP11, PSPHC11,

PSPHP12, PSPHC12, PSPHC13.

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NAAC Accredited “A” Grade University University with Potential for Excellence

Department of Physics (Autonomous)

M. Sc. Physics

Prospectus 2016-17

1

M. Sc. Physics Course Structure

Overview

M. Sc. in Physics Program consists of a total of 16 theory courses, 6 practical laboratory

courses and 2 project courses spread over four semesters. Of these, 12 theory core

courses and 6 practical laboratory courses are common and compulsory to all the

students. The remaining 4 theory courses can be chosen from the list of elective courses

offered by the department. The list is updated every year. Each theory course is of 4

credits, each practical lab course is of 4 credits and each of the two projects is of 4

credits. A project can be on theoretical physics, experimental physics, applied physics,

developmental physics, computational physics or based on industrial product

development. A student earns 24 credits per semester and total 96 credits in four

semesters. Students can earn 2 additional credits during the four semester period, by

giving seminars. The course structure is as follows:

Semester Sem-1 Sem-2 Sem-3 Sem-4

Theory – 1 Mathematical

Methods Nuclear Physics

Statistical

Mechanics

Experimental

Physics /

Numerical

Techniques and

Programming

Theory - 2 Classical

Mechanics

Electrodynamic

s

Atomic and

Molecular Physics

Semiconductors

and Electronic

Devices

Theory – 3 Quantum

Mechanics-I

Quantum

Mechanics-II Elective 1 Elective 3

Theory – 4 Advanced

Electronics

Solid State

Physics Elective 2 Elective 4

Lab - 1 /

Project

General Physics

– 1

General Physics

– 2 Project - 1 Project – 2

Lab – 2 Electronics and

Programming - 1

Electronics and

Programming -

2

Advanced Physics

Lab – 1 / Advanced

Electronics Lab – 1

Advanced Physics

Lab – 2 / Advanced

Electronics Lab – 2

M. Sc. Physics Prospectus 2016-17

2

Detailed credit distribution

Semester – 1 Course code Subject Hours (L + T) Credits

PSPHC01 Mathematical Methods 60 04 PSPHC02 Classical Mechanics 60 04 PSPHC03 Quantum Mechanics I 60 04 PSPHC04 Advanced Electronics 60 04 PSPHP01 General Physics Lab 1 120 04

PSPHP03 Electronics and

Programming Lab - 1 120 04

Semester - 2 Course code Subject Hours (L + T) Credits

PSPHC05 Electrodynamics 60 04 PSPHC06 Nuclear Physics 60 04 PSPHC07 Quantum Mechanics-II 60 04 PSPHC08 Solid State Physics 60 04 PSPHP02 General Physics – 2 120 04

PSPHP04 Electronics and

Programming Lab - 2 120 04


PSPHC09 Statistical Mechanics 60 04

PSPHC10 Atomic and Molecular

Physics 60 04

PSPHExx Elective 1 60 04 PSPHExx Elective 2 60 04 PSPHP05 Project - 1 120 04

PSPHP07/09 Advanced Lab - 1 120 04


PSPHC11 Semiconductors and Electronic Devices

60 04

PSPHC12 / 13 Experimental Physics / Numerical Techniques

and Programming 60 04

PSPHExx Elective 3 60 04 PSPHExx Elective 4 60 04 PSPHP06 Project – 2 120 04

PSPHP08 / 10 Advanced Lab – 2 120 04

3

Semester 1: Theory courses

PSPHC01: Mathematical Methods

Unit-1: Matrices and tensors

1. Matrices: Vector spaces, basis vectors, inner product, linear operators and

matrices; Matrix algebra, determinant, inverse and rank of a matrix; Special

Matrices: Symmetric, hermitian, unitary, normal; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

of matrices; change of basis, similarity transformations and diagonalization of

matrices

2. Tensors: Cartesian tensors, tensor algebra, differentiation and integration,

General and covariant co-ordinate transformations and tensor algebra

Unit-2: Complex analysis

1. Complex variables, limits, continuity, derivatives, Cauchy-Riemann equations,

Analytic functions, Harmonic functions, Elementary functions: Exponential and

Trigonometric, Taylor and Laurent series, Residues, Residue theorem, Principal

part of the functions, Residues at poles, zeroes and poles of order m, Contour

Integrals, Evaluation of improper real integrals, improper integral involving

sines and cosines, Definite integrals involving sine and cosine functions.

Unit-3: Differential equations and integral transforms

1. Differential equations: Ordinary differential equations - Series Solution method:

Illustration using Bessel, Legendre, Hermite and Laguerre equations

2. Transforms: Fourier series (review), Fourier transforms and properties, Laplace

transforms and properties, Some applications of Laplace transforms in solution

of ordinary differential equations

Unit-4: Partial differential equations and Green’s functions

1. Definitions: PDE, order of a PDE, linear PDE, homogeneous PDE Boundary

conditions, initial conditions. Classification of PDEs of the form

Auxx +2Buxy +Cuyy = F(x, y, z, ux, uy, uz)

2. Wave Equation in one dimension and its solution using Fourier series. D’

Alembert’s solution. Wave equation in two dimensions for a rectangular

membrane and its solution using Double Fourier series; Heat equation in one

dimension and its solutions using Fourier series and using Fourier transforms;

Laplace’s equation in two dimensions with rectangular boundary conditions.

Laplacian in polar coordinates, Circular membrane, Fourier-Bessel series

3. Green’s Function and its relation to delta function. Green’s function in one

dimension and its application to ordinary differential equations. Green’s function

in three dimensions.


4

Main references:

[1] K F Riley, M P Hobson and S J Bence,Mathematical Methods for Physics and

Engineering, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press (2006)

[2] R. V. Churchill and J.W. Brown, Complex variables and applications, 5thed,

McGraw-Hill(1990)

[3] E. Kreyszig,Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9thed, Wiley India (2013)

[4] F.W. Byron and R.W Fuller, Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics (Vol 1

and 2), Dover Publications (1992)

[5] M.L. Boas, Mathematical methods in the Physical Sciences, Wiley India (2006)

Additional references.

[1] G. Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press

[2] A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal and S.J. Chua, Mathematical Physics, McMillan

[3] J. Mathews and R.L. Walker, Mathematical Methods of Physics

[4] P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki, Mathematics for Physicists

[5] A. W. Joshi, Matrices and Tensors in Physics, Wiley India

[6] M. Spiegel, Schaum’s Outline of Complex Variables

PSPHC02: Classical Mechanics (Likely to undergo revision)

Unit-1

1. Review of Newton’s laws, Mechanics of a particle, Mechanics of a system of

particles, Frames of references, rotating frames, Centrifugal and Coriolis force,

Constraints,

2. D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equations, Velocity-dependent potentials

and the dissipation function, Simple applications of the Lagrangian formulation.

3. Hamilton’s principle, Calculus of variations, Derivation of Lagrange’s equations

from Hamilton’s principle, Lagrange Multipliers and constraint exterimization

Problems, Extension of Hamilton’s principle to nonholonomic systems,

4. Advantages of a variational principle formulation,

Unit-2

1. Conservation theorems and symmetry properties, Energy Function and the

conservation of energy. The Two-Body Central Force Problem: Reduction to the

equivalent one body problem, The equations of motion and first integrals, The

equivalent one-dimensional problem and classification of orbits,

2. The virial theorem, The differential equation for the orbit and integrable power-

law potentials,

3. The Keplerproblem : Inverse square law of force, The motion in time in the

Kepler problem, Scattering in a central force field, Transformation of the

scattering problem to laboratory coordinates.

Semester 1 Theory Courses

5

Unit-3

1. Small Oscillations: Formulation of the problem, The eigenvalue equation and the

principal axis transformation, Frequencies of free vibration and normal

coordinates,

2. Forced and damped oscillations, Resonance and beats.

3. Legendre transformations and the Hamilton equations of motion, Cyclic

coordinates and conservation theorems, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations from

a variational principle.

Unit-4

1. Canonical Transformations, Examples of canonical transformations, The

symplectic approach to canonical transformations,

2. Poissson brackets and other canonical invariants, Equations of motion,

infinitesimal canonical transformations and conservation theorems in the

Poisson bracket formulation, The angular momentum Poisson bracket relations.

Main References :

[1] H. Goldstein, Poole and Safko, Classical Mechanics,3rd ed., Narosa(2001)

Additional References :

[1] N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag, Classical Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill

[2] S. N. Biswas, Classical Mechanics, Allied Publishers (Calcutta).

[3] V. B. Bhatia, Classical Mechanics, Narosa (1997)

[4] L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann

[5] R. V. Kamat, The Action Principle in Physics, New Age International (1995)

[6] E. A. Deslogue, Classical Mechanics (Vol 1and 2), John Wiley (1982)

[7] Theory and Problems of Lagrangian Dynamics, Schaum Series, McGraw (1967).

[8] K. C. Gupta, Classical Mechanics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, Wiley Eastern

(2001)

PSPHC03: Quantum Mechanics-I

Unit-1: Theory

1. Brief review of concepts: Analysis of the double-slit particle diffraction

experiment; the de Broglie hypothesis; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle;

probability waves

2. Postulates of QM: Observables and operators; measurement; the state function

and expectation values; time-dependent Schrodinger equation; time

development of state functions.Solution to the initial value problem

3. Superposition and Commutation: The superposition principle.Commutator

relations; their connection to the uncertainty principle; degeneracy; complete

sets of commuting observables

4. Evolution of state functions, wave packets, the Gaussian wave packet, the free-

particle propagator; time evolution of expectation


6

values,Ehrenfesttheorems.Conservation of energy, linear momentum and

angular momentum, parity.

Unit-2: Formalism

1. Dirac notation; Hilbert space; Hermitian operators and their properties.

2. Matrix mechanics: Basis and representations; matrix properties; unitary and

similarity transformations; the energy representation. Schrodinger, Heisenberg

and Interaction pictures.

Unit-3: Schrodinger equation: one-dimensional problems

1. General properties of one-dimensional Schrodinger equation.Stationary

states.Particle in a well.Finite potential well. Harmonic oscillator - via creation

and annihilation operators;Hermite polynomial solutions. Unbound states: one-

dimensional potential step and rectangularbarrier.

Unit-4:Schrodinger equation: three-dimensional problems

1. Orbital angular momentum operators in cartesian and spherical polar

coordinates, commutation and uncertainty relations, eigenvalues and

eigenfunctions of L2 and Lz using spherical harmonics. Angular momentum and

rotations.

2. Particle in a box. Two-particle problem: coordinates relative to the centre of

mass; radial equation for a spherically symmetric central potential. Hydrogen

atom: eigenvalues, radial eigenfunctions, degeneracy, probability distribution

[NOTE: Topics left incomplete in the QM I course will be covered in QM II]

Main References:

[1] R.Liboff, Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 4thed, (2003)

[2] D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, (1995)

[3] R. Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 2nded, (1994)

Additional References:

[1] W. Greiner, Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction, 4thed, (2004)

[2] S. N.Biswas, Quantum Mechanics, (1998)

[3] A. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications, 5thed,

(2004)

[4] E. Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics, 3rded, (1998)

[5] G. Baym, Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, (1969)


7

PSPHC04: Advanced Electronics

Unit-1: Microprocessors, microcontrollers and PIC microcontrollers

1. Microprocessors: Overview of the Microprocessors, 8085 Architectural Block

Diagram, Pin Diagram and Pin Functions, Bus Organization, Programming Model,

Addressing Modes and Instruction Set.

2. Microcontrollers: Overview of the Microcontrollers, 8051 Architectural Block

Diagram, Pin Diagram and Pin Functions, General Purpose and Special Function

Registers, Flags, Memory Organizations, Oscillators Circuits and Timing, Clock,

Program Counter and Data Pointer, Input / Output Ports and Circuits. Counters

and Timers, Serial Data Input / Output, Interrupts. Introduction to Atmel 89C51

and 89C2051 Microcontrollers, RISC and CISC Processors, Assembly Language

Programming, Introduction to Atmel 89C51 & 89C2051 Microcontrollers,

Applications of Microcontrollers.

3. PIC microcontrollers: Overview and Features of PIC 16C6X/7X, PIC Reset

Actions, PIC Oscillator Connections, PIC Memory Organization, PIC 16C6X/7X

Instructions Addressing Modes, Input / Output Ports, Interrupts, Timers, Analog

to Digital converter

Unit-2: ARM processors and embedded systems

1. Architectural of ARM Processors: Fundamentals and Architectural Block Diagram

of ARM Processor, Registers, Current Program Status Register, Pipeline, Core

Extensions and RISC.

2. ARM Programming: Instruction Set: Data Processing Instructions, Addressing

Modes, Branch, Load, Store Instructions, PSR Instructions, Conditional

Instructions. Thumb Instruction Set: Register Usage, Other Branch Instructions,

Data Processing Instructions, Single-Register and Multi Register Load-Store

Instructions, Stack, Software Interrupt Instructions.

3. Embedded Systems: What is an embedded system, Embedded System v/s

General Computing System, Classification of Embedded Systems, Purpose of

Embedded Systems, Core of the embedded system Characteristics and quality

Attributed of Embedded Systems: Embedded Systems-Application and Domain–

Specific: Washing Machine, Automatic-Domain Specific examples of embedded

system. Design Process and design Examples: Smart Card, Digital Camera, Mobile

Phone, A Set of Robots.

Unit-3: Analog conditioning and data acquisition systems

1. Power Supplies: Overview of Linear Power Supply, Switch Mode Power Supply,

Uninterrupted Power Supply, and Step up and Step down Switching Voltage

Regulators.

2. Inverters: Principle of voltage driven inversion, Principle of current driven

inversion, sine wave inverter, Square wave inverter.

3. Signal Conditioning: (Overview of Operational Amplifier, Instrumentation

Amplifier using IC, Precision Rectifier, Voltage to Current Converter, Current to


8

Voltage Converter, Op-Amp Based Active Filters and Multiple Feedback Filters

and Voltage Controlled Oscillator). PLL Characteristics, Analog Multiplexer,

Sample and Hold circuits, Analog to Digital Converters, Digital to Analog

Converters, Fourier Transforms, Lock in Detector, Box Car Integrator.

Unit-4: Communication electronics

1. Analog and Digital Communications, Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse

Width Modulation (PWM), Pulse Position Modulation ( PPM), Time Division

Multiplexing (TDM), Introduction to Digital Modulation (PCM), Modems.

2. Introduction to optical fibers, wave propagation and total internal reflection in

optical fiber, structure of optical fiber, Types of optical fiber, numerical

aperture, acceptance angle, single and multimode optical fibers, optical fiber

materials and fabrication, attenuation, dispersion, multiplexers, splicing and

fiber connectors, , fiber sensor, optical sources and optical detectors for optical

fiber. Modulation Characteristics and Driver, fiber optic communication system,

Introduction to Optical Amplifiers.

3. Microwave Oscillators-Klystron, Reflex Klystron, Magnetron, Gunn Diode, Cavity

Resonators, and Standing Wave Detectors

Main Reference:

[1] R. S. Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with

the 8085, 4thed, Penram International

[2] M. A. Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, 2nded, Prentice-

Hall

[3] A. V. Deshmukh, Microcontrollers, Tata Mcgraw-Hill

[4] K. J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller: Architecture, Programming and Applications,

3rded, Thompson Learning

[5] R. Kapadia, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Jaico

[6] M. A. Mazidi, R. D. McKinlay, D. Causey, Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education International (2008)

[7] John B. Peatman, Design with PIC Microcontrollers, Pearson Education, Asia. [8] R. S. Gaonkar, PIC Microcontroller, Penram [9] K. V. Shibu, Introduction to embedded systems, Tata McGraw-Hill (2012)

[10] R. Kamal, Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming and Design, 2nded, McGraw-Hill

[11] A. N. Sloss, D. Symes, C. Wright, ARM Systems Developers Guide- Designing and Optimizing system software, (2008)

[12] A. Jain, Power Electronics and its Applications, 2nded, Penram [13] R. A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, 3rded, Prentice-Hall

India [14] R. F. Coughlin and F. F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated

Circuits, 6thed, Pearson Education Asia [15] K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna Publishers [16] G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, McGraw-Hill [17] R. Papannareddy, Light Wave Communication Systems, Penram [18] Kennedy and Davis, Electronic Communication Systems; 4thed, TataMcGraw-Hill

9

Semester 1: Laboratory courses

PSPHP01: General Physics Laboratory - 1 The course consists of up to 9 experiments from the list shown below (this pool of

experiments is also extended to PSPHP02: General Physics Laboratory – 2, and some

experiments from that list may also be included here)

List of experiments

1. Michelson Interferometer

2. Analysis of sodium spectrum

3. h/e by vacuum photocell

4. Study of He-Ne laser-Measurement of divergence and wavelength

5. Susceptibility measurement by Quincke's method

6. Susceptibility measurement by Guoy’s balance method

7. Coupled Oscillation

8. Carrier lifetime by pulsed reverse method

9. Resistivity by four probe method

10. Temperature dependence of avalanche and Zener breakdown diodes

11. DC Hall effect

12. Magneto resistance of Bi specimen

References

[1] Worsnop and Flint, Advanced Practical Physics

[2] H. E. White, Atomic Spectra

[3] Melissinos, Experiments in modern physics

[4] R. S. Sirohi, A course of experiments with Laser

[5] G. White, Elementary experiments with Laser

[6] B. G. Streetman and A. Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices

[7] J. Millman and C. Halkias, Electronic devices and circuits

[8] E. Hecht, Optics

PSPHP03: Electronics and Numerical Programming Laboratory - 1 The course consists of up to 9 experiments from the list shown below (this pool of

experiments is also extended to PSPHP04: Electronics and Numerical Programming

Laboratory – 2, and some experiments from that list may also be included here)

List of experiments

1. Diac - Triac phase control circuit

2. Delayed linear sweep using IC 555

3. Regulated power supply using IC LM 317

4. Regulated dual power supply using IC LM 317 and IC LM 337 voltage regulator

5. Constant current supply using IC 741 / IC LM 317


10

6. Active filter circuits (second order)

7. Temperature on-off controller using. IC

8. Numerical programming: Simple programs 1

9. Numerical programming: Simple programs 2

10. Numerical programming: Array manipulation

11. Numerical programming: Interpolation

References

[1] A. P. Malvino, Electronic Principles

[2] Coughlin and Driscoll, Operational amplifiers and linear Integrated circuits

[3] L. McDonald, Practical analysis of electronic circuits through experimentation,

Technical Education Press

[4] K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits

[5] R. Gayakwad, Op-amps and linear integrated circuit technology

[6] R. Tokheim, Digital Electronics

[7] C. B. Clayton, Opertional amplifiers: experimental manual

[8] Malvino and Leach, Digital principles and applications

[9] R. P. Jain, Digital circuit practice

[10] E. Balaguruswamy, Object Oriented Programming With C++, 4thed, Tata McGraw-

Hill Education (2008)

[11] B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, 2nded, Prentice

Hall, (1988) [The ANSI C version]

[12] W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P Flannery, Numerical Recipes

in C++, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press (2003)

[13] Rajaraman, Computer oriented Numerical methods, Prentice-Hall India(2004)

[14] M. K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar, R. K. Jain, Numerical methods for scientific and

Engineering Computation, New Age International (1992)

[15] H. M. Antia, Numerical methods for scientists and engineers

[16] S. S. Sastry, Introductory method of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall India (2005)

[17] M. E. Levine, Digital theory and experimentation using integrated circuits,

Prentice-Hall

[18] J. F. Waker, Logic design projects using standard integrated circuits, John Wiley

and sons

[19] A. F. Lent and S. Miastkowski, Practical applications circuits handbook, Academic

Press

11

Semester 2: Theory courses

PSPHC05: Electrodynamics

Unit-1:

1. Maxwell's equations, The Poynting vector, The Maxwellian stress tensor

2. Electromagnetic waves in vacuum, Polarization of plane waves. Electromagnetic

waves in matter, frequency dependence of conductivity, frequency dependence

of polarizability, frequency dependence of refractive index

Unit-2:

1. Wave guides, boundary conditions, classification of fields in wave guides, phase

velocity and group velocity, resonant cavities

2. Introduction to plasmas, quasi-neutrality, particle motions in EM fields in a

plasma, adiabatic invariants, magnetic confinement

Unit-3:

1. Lorentz transformations, Four Vectors and Four Tensors, The field equations and

the field tensor, Maxwell equations in covariant notation.

2. Relativistic covariant Lagrangian formalism: Covariant Lagrangian formalism for

relativistic point charges, the energy-momentum tensor, Conservation laws

Unit-4:

1. Moving charges in vacuum, gauge transformation, the time dependent Green

function, The Lienard- Wiechert potentials, Leinard- Wiechert fields, application

to fields-radiation from a charged particle,

2. Antennas, Radiation by multipole moments, Electric dipole radiation, Complete

fields of a time dependent electric dipole, Magnetic dipole radiation.

Main References:

[1] W.Greiner, Classical Electrodynamics, Springer-Verlag (2000)

[2] M.A.Heald and J.B.Marion, Classical Electromagnetic Radiation, 3rded, Saunders

(1983)

[3] J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rded, John Wiley and sons (2005)

Additional references:

[1] D.J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 2nded, Prentice-Hall India (1989)

[2] J.R. Reitz,E.J. Milford and R.W. Christy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory,

4thed, Addison-Wesley (1993)

[3] A. Zangwill, Modern Electrodynamics, Cambridge University Press (2013)


12

PSPHC06: Nuclear Physics

Unit 1.

1. Nuclear Masses, Experimental determination (mass spectrographs- principle

only), binding energy curve, B-W mass formula, fission and fusion, liquid drop

model

2. Nuclear size and shapes, electron scattering, form factor, charge distribution,

mass- radius relation, nuclear saturation property, inference about NN force

(comparison with liquid drop)

3. Two-body system, square well results, scattering, scattering length and effective

range, deuteron quadrupole moment and tensor force, high energy scattering

(qualitative)

Unit 2

1. Shell model, evidences, justification in terms of Pauli blocking, spin-orbit

coupling, deformed shell model (Nilsson), Predictions.

2. Gamma decay, internal conversion, multipole radiation, selection rule for gamma

ray transitions, gamma ray interaction with matter,

3. Nuclear reaction- Kinematics, Q-value, cross sections, compound nucleus

reactions, resonances, direct reactions (elementary).

4. Fusion Reaction, Characteristics of Fusion, synthesis of element from Hydrogen

to heavy nuclei e.g U238, p-p cycle, CNO cycle.

Unit 3

1. Beta decay and its energetic, Fermi theory, Information from Fermi–curie plots,

Comparative half-lives, selection rules: Fermi and G-T transitions.

2. Properties of Neutrino, helicity of Neutrino, Parity, Qualitative discussion on

Parity violation in beta decay and Wu’s Experiment,

3. Introduction to the elementary particle Physics, The Eight fold way, Qualitative

discussion of experimental evidences of quarks, the Quark Model, colour

quantum number, the November revolution and aftermath, The standard Model

Unit 4

1. Fundamental interactions: strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational;

properties (qualitative), gauge particle (carriers) (qualitative).

2. Deep inelastic scattering (qualitative), gluons, confinement and asymptotic

freedom, Quantum Chromodynamics (qualitative), Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP)

and its phase transition (qualitative), Quantum Eletrodynamics (qualitative).

3. Introduction to. Weak interactions and Unification Schemes (qualitative

description), Lorentz transformations, Four-vectors, Energy and Momentum.

Charge conjugation, Time reversal, CP violation and TCP theorem (qualitative).

NOTE:

1. Special lecture/tutorials arranged by the instructor on advanced topics may be

considered an integral part of the course


13

2. The instructor should conductat least one introductory lecture on these topics:

a) Introduction to Regulatory framework and nuclear safety in India

b) Introduction to 3-stage Nuclear programme of India

Main References:

[1] K. Krane, Introduction to Nuclear Physics, Wiley India

[2] D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Elementary Particles, John Wiley and sons

[3] A. Das and T. Ferbel, Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics, World Scientific

[4] D. H. Perkins, Introduction to high energy physics, Addison-Wesley

Other References:

[1] C. A. Bertulani, Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell, Princeton University Press

[2] H. Fraunfelder and E. Hanley, Subatomic Particles, Prentice-Hall

[3] W. E. Burcham and M. Jobes, Nuclear and Particle Physics, Addison-Wesley

[4] S. B. Patel, Nuclear Physics - An Introduction, New Age International

[5] D. H. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Cambridge University Press

PSPHC07: Quantum Mechanics-II

Unit-1: Angular momentum

1. Total angular momentum J; Ladder operators; eigenvalues of J2 and Jz.

2. Angular momentum matrices.Pauli spin matrices; spin eigenvalues and

eigenfunctions; free particle wave functions including spin

3. Addition of angular momentum:coupled and uncoupled representation of e-

functions, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for j1=j2=1/2 and j1= 1, j2 =1/2.L-S coupling

4. Identicalparticles: symmetric / antisymmetricwavefunctions; exchange

interaction

Unit-2: Perturbation theory

1. Time-independent perturbation theory: First-order and second-order

corrections in non-degenerate perturbation theory. Degenerate perturbation

theory: First order energies andsecular equation. Examples

2. Time-dependent perturbation theory; Fermi’s golden rule. Examples

Unit-3: Approximation methods

1. Ritz variational method: basic principles, illustration by simple examples.

2. WKB method.

3. (Topics not completed from unit 4, QM I course)

Unit-4: Scattering theory

1. Scattering cross-section and scattering amplitude.

2. Partial wave phase shift analysis: scattering cross-section, optical theorem

3. S-wave scattering.Center of massframe v/s laboratoryframe. the Born

approximation


14

Main References:

[1] R.Liboff, Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 4thed, (2004)

[2] D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, (1995)


[1] W. Greiner, Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction, 4thed, (2004)

[2] R. Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 2nded, (1994)

[3] A. K. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan, Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications,

5thed, (2004)

[4] S. N. Biswas, Quantum Mechanics, (1998)

[5] E. Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics, 3rded, (1998)

[6] G. Baym, Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, (1969)

[7] C. Cohen-Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics (Vol 1 and 2), (1977)

PSPHC08: Solid State Physics

Unit-1: Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice

1. Crystal Diffraction Methods for X rays- Laue, Rotating Crystal, Powder Method;

Periodic Structures and the Reciprocal Lattice, Brillouin Zones

2. Reciprocal Lattice to simple cubic (sc), face centred cubic (fcc), body centred

cubic (bcc). Scattered wave amplitude, Fourier analysis of the basis; Structure

Factor of lattices (sc, bcc, fcc); Atomic Form Factor; Temperature dependence of

reflection lines

3. Elastic scattering from Surfaces; Elastic scattering from amorphous solids

Unit-2: Lattice vibrations and thermal properties

1. Vibrations of Monoatomic Lattice, normal mode frequencies, dispersion relation;

Lattice with two atoms per unit cell (diatomic linear chain), normal mode

frequencies, dispersion relation, Quantization of lattice vibrations: Phonons,

phonon momentum,

2. Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons, Surface vibrations, Inelastic Neutron

scattering, Complementarity between X-ray and Neutron Diffraction methods

3. Thermal Energy of a harmonic oscillator (Specific Heat models of Einstein and

Debye; review), Anharmonic Crystal Interaction. Thermal conductivity – Lattice

Thermal Resistivity, Phonon collision: Normal and Umklapp Processes, Effects

due to anharmonicity: Thermal Expansion

Unit-3: Dielectric properties

1. Maxwell’s equations in dielectric medium, Polarization, Theory of Local Electric

field at an atom, Clausius-Mossotti relation, Electronic polarizability, Frequency

dependence of polarizability, Polarization Catastrophe

2. Ferroelectricity, Antiferroelectricity, Piezoelectricity, ferroelasticity with suitable

examples


15

Unit-4: Introduction to magnetism and superconductivity

1. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism, Langevin theory of diamagnetism, Hund’s

rules to determine ground state of ions with partially filled shell, Temperature

dependence of paramagnetism: Curie Law, Magnetic ordering in solids:

Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic, Magnetic hysteresis and

ferromagnetic domains, Examples of magnetic materials for various applications

2. Superconductivity: Occurrence of superconductivity, Meissner effect, Isotope

effect, Critical fields: Type I and Type II behavior

3. Theoretical survey: London equations, Outline of BCS theory, Josephson

superconducting effect (DC and AC), Superconducting materials: Conventional

and High-Tc and some applications

Main References:-

[1] C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7thed, John Wiley and sons

[2] J. R. Christman, Fundamentals of Solid State Physics, John Wiley and sons

[3] M. A. Wahab, Solid State Physics –Structure and properties of Materials, Narosa

(1999)

[4] M. A. Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison-Wesley


[1] N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, HRW International Edition

[2] H. Ibach and H. Luth, Solid State Physics – An Introduction to Principles of

Materials Science, 3rded, Springer International Edition (2004)

[3] T. V. Ramakrishnan and C. N. R. Rao, Introduction to Superconductivity

[4] H. E. Hall, Solid State Physics, John Wiley and sons

17


PSPHP02: General Physics Laboratory - 2 The course consists of up to 9 experiments from the list shown below (this pool of

experiments is also extended to PSPHP01: General Physics Laboratory – 1, and some


List of experiments

1. Zeeman Effect using Fabry-Perot etalon / Lummer-Gehrcke plate

2. Characteristics of a Geiger Muller counter and measurement of dead time

3. Ultrasonic Interferometry - velocity measurements in liquids

4. Measurement of Refractive Index of Liquids using Laser

5. I-V/ C-V measurement on semiconductor specimen

6. Double slit- Fraunhofer diffraction (missing order etc.)

7. Carrier mobility by conductivity

8. Curie-Weiss law in ferroelectrics

9. Barrier capacitance of a junction diode

10. Linear Voltage Differential Transformer

11. Energy band gap by four probe method

12. Energy band gap using a thermistor

References

[1] Worsnop and Flint, AdvancedPractical Physics

[2] Mellissinos, Experiments in modern physics

[3] E. V. Smith, Manual of experimental physics

[4] Whittle and Yarwood, Experimental physics for students

[5] R. S. Khandpur, Medical Electronics

[6] R. S. Sirohi, A course of experiments with He-Ne Laser, Wiley Eastern

[7] B. G. Streetman and A. Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices

[8] C. Kittel, Introduction to solid state physics

[9] A. J. Dekker, Solid state physics

[10] J. Millman and C. Halkias, Integrated Electronics

PSPHP04: Electronics and Numerical Programming Laboratory - 2 The course consists of up to 9 experiments from the list shown below (this pool of

experiments is also extended to PSPHP03: Electronics and Numerical Programming

Laboratory – 1, and some experiments from that list may also be included here)

List of experiments

1. Study of 8085 microprocessor Kit and execution of simple programs

2. Waveform generation using 8085

3. Ambient Light control power switch


18

4. Study of lock-in amplifier

5. Waveform Generator using ICs

6. Instrumentation amplifier and its applications

7. Study of 8 bit DAC

8. Numerical programming: Zeroes of functions 1

9. Numerical programming: Data fitting 1

10. Numerical programming: Zeros of functions 2

11. Numerical programming: Data fitting 2

References

[1] Malvino and Leach, Digital principles and applications

[2] R. P. Jain, Digital circuits practice

[3] H. S. Kalsi, Electronic Instrumentation

[4] K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits

[5] R. S. Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with

the 8085

[6] R. Tokheim, Microprocessor fundamentals, Schaum Series

[7] R. Tokheim, Digital Electronics

[8] E. Balaguruswamy, Object Oriented Programming With C++, 4thed, Tata McGraw-

HillEducation (2008)

[9] B. W. Kernighan, D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, 2nded, Prentice-Hall

(1988) [The ANSI C version]

[10] W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P Flannery, Numerical Recipes

in C++, 2nded, Cambridge University Press (2003)

[11] Rajaraman, Computer oriented Numerical methods, Prentice-Hall India (2004)

[12] M. K. Jain,S. R. K. Iyengar, R. K. Jain, Numerical methods for scientific and

Engineering Computation, New Age International (1992)

[13] H. M. Antia, Numerical methods for scientists and engineers

[14] S. S. Sastry, Introductory method of numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall India (2005)

19

Semester 3: Theory (core) courses

PSPHC09: Statistical Mechanics

Unit 1: Equilibrium statistical mechanics – 1

1. Revision of thermodynamics, Introduction to probability theory

2. Statistical description of a system of particles, Phase space and number of

accessible microstates for a given the macrostate; Statistical definition of

entropy; Concept of Shannon entropy for probability distributions; Gibb’s

paradox and correct counting of microstates

3. Ensemble Theory: Phase space density and ergodic hypothesis; Liouville

theorem; Microcanonical ensemble; Examples of classical ideal gas; Canonical

ensemble: Equilibrium between a system and an energy reservoir, Canonical

partition function (Z) and derivation of thermodynamics; Energy fluctuations,

Virial and equipartition theorems. Quantum systems in Boltzmann statistics –

system of quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillators, paramagnetic system

Unit 2: Equilibrium statistical mechanics - 2

1. Grand canonical ensemble: Equilibrium between a system and a particle-energy

reservoir; Grand partition function and derivation of thermodynamics;

Fluctuations

2. Density operator for N particle systems, spin and statistics, quantum Liouville

equation and Gibbs density. Quantum ideal gases: counting particle states for

Bose and Fermi gases. Comparison to Boltzmann gas

3. Calculation of partition function and thermodynamic variables. Ideal gases in

quantum mechanical microcanonical ensemble; Occupation number distribution

for ideal Bose, Fermi and Boltzmann gases

4. Ideal gas in quantum mechanical canonical and grand canonical ensembles;

Statistics of occupation numbers

Unit 3: Ideal Bose and Fermi systems

1. Thermodynamics of an ideal Bose gas. Calculation of number density of particles,

total internal energy, equation of state and thermodynamic variables. Bose

condensation temperature and number density; Examples – blackbody radiation,

the phonon field and specific heat of solids, etc

2. Thermodynamics of an ideal Fermi gas. Calculation of number density of

particles, total internal energy, equation of state and thermodynamic variables.

Concept of Fermi energy and degenerate Fermi gas

3. Examples – free electron gas in metals, thermionic emission, White dwarf stars,

Thomas-Fermi model, etc.

Unit 4: Advanced topics in statistical mechanics

(Any 2 of the following modules may be covered, as per the choice of the instructor)


20

1. Mean free path, collision frequency and kinetic theory of diffusion, Random walk,

Binomial distribution, Brownian motion, Gaussian and Poisson distributions,

mean value and standard deviation; Langevin equation, driven, damped, thermal

systems. Mean square velocities, mean square displacements, autocorrelation

functions for random variables, Fluctuation-dissipation theorem

2. Definition of noise, stochastic processes, power spectral theorem of Wiener-

Khintchine;Markov processes, Master equation. Fokker Planck equation.

Diffusion and other transport equations

3. Gibbs density for spin systems with interaction. Ising and Heisenberg

Hamiltonians with quantum mechanical interaction between electric/magnetic

dipoles. Calculating partition function for a finite number of interacting spins.

Solution of one dimensional Ising model

4. First order phase transitions. Thermodynamic potentials and derivatives. Van

der Waals equation, reduced equation of state, P-V and P-T diagrams, Gibbs free

energy, number density, entropy and transition temperature, pressure. Gibbs

phase rule. Claussius-Clapyeron equation

5. Second order phase transitions. Thermodynamic potentials and derivatives.

Universality of second order phase transitions. Transition temperature, critical

exponents

Main references:

[1] R. K. Pathria and P. Beale, Statistical mechanics

[2] Greiner, Niese and Stocker, Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

[3] F. Reif, Fundamentals of Thermal and Statistical physics

[4] K. Huang, Statistical mechanics

[5] J.K. Bhattacharjee, Statistical Physics

Additional References :

[1] L .Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical physics [2] D. Amit and F. Walecka, Statistical mechanics [3] R. Feynman, Statistical mechanics [4] Gould and Tobochnik, Statistical mechanics

PSPH302 Atomic and Molecular Physics

Unit 1: One- and two-electron atoms

1. Review* of one-electron eigenfunctions and energy levels of bound states,

graphical representations of orbitals

2. Fine structure of one-electron atoms; Lamb shift; hyperfine structure and

isotope shift

3. Two-electron atoms, identical particles and Pauli’s exclusion principle, exchange

forces, ground and excited states of two-electron atoms

4. Linear and quadratic Stark effect; Zeeman effect in weak and strong fields


21

Unit 2: Interaction of one-electron atom with radiation field

1. Review* of time-dependent perturbation theory

2. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atoms – semiclassical theory,

absorption and emission rates, dipole approximation; Einstein coefficients;

selection rules

3. Line intensities and lifetimes of excited states; line shapes and line widths

Unit 3: Many-electron atoms

1. The central field approximation, gross structure of the alkalis, Hartree theory,

ground state of many-electron atoms and the periodic table; Thomas-Fermi

model

2. LS coupling approximation – allowed terms in LS coupling, fine structure,

relative intensities; jj coupling approximation

Unit 4:

1. Born-Oppenheimer approximation – rotational, vibrational and electronic

energy levels of diatomic molecules

2. Molecular orbitals – linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)

approximation; valence bond (VB) approximation; comparison of LCAO and VB

approaches

3. Rotation of molecules – rotational energy levels of rigid diatomic molecules,

homo- and hetero-nuclear molecules

4. Vibration of molecules – vibrational energy levels of diatomic molecules, simple

harmonic and anharmonic oscillators, diatomic vibrating rotator and vibrational-

rotational spectra

5. Raman effect and its applications; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy – NMR, ESR,

applications

*NOTE: Review of topics only, no questions need be asked on these topics

Main references:

[1] B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, 2nded, Pearson

Education (2003)

[2] G. K. Woodgate, Elementary Atomic Structure, 2nded, Oxford University Press

(1983)

[3] C. N. Banwell, E. M. McCash, H. K. Choudhury, Fundamentals of Molecular

Spectroscopy, 5thed, Tata McGraw-Hill (2013)

[4] I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, 7thed, Pearson Education (2016)


[1] R. B. Leighton, Principles of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill (1959)

[2] R. Eisberg and R. Resnick, Quantum Physics: of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and

Particles, 2nded, Wiley (2006)


22

[3] G. Aruldhas, Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, 2nded, Prentice-Hall India

(2007)

[4] C. J. Foot, Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press (2004)

[5] S. Svanberg, Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, 4thed, Springer (2004)

[6] W. Demtroder, Atoms, Molecules and Photons, Springer (2010)

[7] H. A. Bethe and R. Jackiw, Intermediate Quantum Mechanics, 3rded,Sarat Book

House (2005)

[8] H. E. White, Introduction to Atomic Spectra, McGraw-Hill (1934)

23


PSPHP07 Advanced Physics Laboratory – 1 The course consists of up to 10 experiments from the list shown below (this pool of

experiments is also extended to PSPHP08: Advanced Physics Laboratory – 2, and some


List of experiments:

X-ray Powder Diffraction – (4-5 experiments/ analysis of given data)

1. Structure determination of powder polycrystalline sample

2. Intensity analysis of XRD peaks

3. Strain analysis and Particle size determination by XRD

4. XRD Studies of Thin Films: Phase determination by JCPDS

Hall Effect

5. AC & DC effect in given semiconducting specimen

6. AC & DC effect at different temperatures and determination of carrier

mobility

7. Calibration of unknown magnetic field using a Hall probe

Thermometry

8. Measurement of thermo-emf of Iron-Copper (Fe-Cu) or chromel-alumel

thermocouple as a function of temperature.

9. Voltage-Temperature characteristics of a Silicon diode sensor

Dielectric Constant using LCR bridge

10. Determination of Transition Temperature of a Ferroelectric Material

11. Determination of Dielectric constant and studying its frequency dependence

Laser physics

12. Measurement of laser parameters.

13. Laser interferometer to find the wavelength

14. Passive Q-switching.

Plasma physics

15. Measurement of critical spark voltage at different separation at a constant

pressure

16. Measurement of plasma parameters. - Double probe method at constant

pressure.

Nuclear Physics

17. Mass absorption Coefficient of Beta rays and energy range calculation.

18. Understanding of Poisson distribution and Gaussian distribution.

19. Compton scattering

20. Understanding of Surface barrier detector

21. Relative efficiency of beta and gamma rays using GM counter and feather

comparison method to find range of unknown beta source.

Semiconductors and devices


24

22. Resistivity of Ge sample by van der Pauw method at different temp and

determination of band gap

23. Optical transmission and absorption studies of elemental/ compound

semiconductors

24. Band gap of semiconductors by photoconductivity

25. I-V measurements of Ge, Si, GaAs diodes at room temp, identification of

different regions, determination of ideality factor

26. Carrier lifetime by light pulse method

Vacuum techniques and thin films

27. Pump-down characteristics: pumping speed of rotary and diffusion pump at

constant volume

28. Pumping speed of rotary and diffusion pump at constant volume

29. Vacuum evaporation method of thin film preparation and estimation of sheet

resistance

30. Measurement of thickness of vacuum evaporated thin films by gravimetric

method and by interferometry (Tolansky)

Electronics (Microprocessor & Microcontroller)

31. Study of 8051microcontroller kit.

32. Study of IN and OUT ports of 8051.

Microscopy

33. Texture determination by polarizing microscopy

Astronomy and Space Physics

34. Image processing in Astronomy: Use of one of the standard software

packages like IRAF / MIDAS. Aperture photometry using the given

observational data. Seeing profile of a star.

35. CCD: Characteristics of a CCD camera. Differential photometry of a star w.r.t.

a standard star.

25

Semester 4: Theory (core) courses

PSPHET401: Experimental Physics [Tentative – to be approved by Academic Board]

Unit 1:

1. Error analysis (review):[Data analysis and error measurements of actual data

will form a part of the course work in the form of tutorials or home assignments]

2. Vacuum Techniques : Fundamental processes at low pressures, Mean Free Path,

Time to form monolayer, Number density, Materials used at low pressure,

vapour pressure Impingement rate, Flow of gases, Production of low pressures;

High Vacuum Pumps and systems, Ultra High Vacuum Pumps and System,

Measurement of pressure, Leak detections

[A total of 12 modules to be taught from Units 2,3, 4, with a minimum of three modules

from each unit.]

Unit 2:

Microscopy

1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

2. Optical Microscope (polarising)

3. Transmission Electron (TEM)

4. Atom Force Microscope(AFM)

5. Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)

Unit 3:

Spectroscopy of EM radiation:

0. Introduction and General review

1. UV-visible Spectroscopy

2. FTIR

3. Raman Spectroscopy

4. Gamma-ray Spectroscopy

5. X-ray Spectroscopy

6. Terahertz Spectroscopy

7. Microwave

8. Radio wave

Unit 4:

Particle Spectroscopy:

0. Introduction and General review

1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

2. Auger electron Spectroscopy (AES)

3. Neutron


26

4. Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS)

5. Mass spectroscopy

6. Energy loss Spectroscopy

7. PIXE

8. NMR/ESR

References:-

[1] Data Analysis for Physical Sciences (Featuring Excel®) Les Kirkup, 2nd Edition,

Cambridge University Press (2012),

[2] Theory of error measurement: R.G.Taylor

[3] Vacuum Technology, A. Roth, North Holland Amsterdam

[4] Vacuum Science and Technology, V. V. Rao, T. B. Ghosh, K. L. Chopra, Allied

Publishers Pvt. Ltd (2001)

[5] An Introduction to Materials Characterization, Khangaonkar P. R., Penram

International Publishing

[6] A Guide to Materials Characterization and Chemical Analysis, John P. Sibilia,

Wiley-VCH; 2 edition

[7] “Spectroscopy” ed D.R. Browning McGrawHill (1969)

[8] “Characterization of Materials” John B. Watchman and Zwi H. Kalman, Manning

Publications (1993)

[9] D.A. Scoog, F.J. Holler and T.A. Nieman“ Principles of Instrument Analysis”

Harcourt Pvt ltd. (1998).

[10] “Surface Analytical Methods” D.J. O’Conner, B.A. Sexton and R. St. C. Smart (ed)

Springer Verlag (1991)

PSPH402: Solid State Devices

Unit-1:

Semiconductor Physics:

1. Classification of Semiconductors; Crystal structure with examples of Si,

Ge&GaAssemiconductors; Energy band structure of Si, Ge&GaAs; Extrinsic and

compensatedSemiconductors; Temperature dependence of Fermi-energy and

carrier concentration.

2. Drift, diffusion and injection of carriers; Carrier generation and

recombinationprocesses-Direct recombination, Indirect recombination, Surface

recombination, Augerrecombination;

3. Applications of continuity equation-Steady state injection from one side,Minority

carriers at surface,

4. Haynes Shockley experiment, High field effects. Hall effect;Four – point probe

resistivity measurement; Carrier life time measurement by light pulsetechnique.

Introduction to amorphous semiconductors, Growth of semiconductor crystals.


27

Unit-2:

Semiconductor Devices I:

1. p-n junction : Fabrication of p-n junction by diffusion and ion-implantation;

Abrupt and linearly graded junctions; Thermal equilibrium conditions; Depletion

regions; Depletioncapacitance, Capacitance – voltage (C-V) characteristics,

Evaluation of impurity distribution,

2. Varactor; Ideal and Practical Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics; Tunneling and

avalanche reverse junction break down mechanisms; Minority carrier storage,

diffusion capacitance,transientbehavior; Ideality factor and carrier concentration

measurements; Carrier lifetime measurement by reverse recovery of junction

diode;

3. p-i-n diode; Tunnel diode, Introduction to p-n junction solar cell and

semiconductor laser diode.

Unit-3:

Semiconductor Devices II:

1. Metal – Semiconductor Contacts: Schottky barrier – Energy band relation,

Capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics, Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics;

Ideality factor, Barrier height and carrier concentration measurements; Ohmic

contacts.

2. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): Static Characteristics; Frequency Response

and Switching. Semiconductor heterojunctions, Heterojunction bipolar

transistors,

3. Quantum well structures.

Unit-4:

Semiconductor Devices III:

1. Metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET)- Device structure,

Principles of operation, Current voltage (I-V) characteristics, High frequency

performance.

2. Modulation doped field effect transistor (MODFET); Introduction to ideal MOS

device; MOSFET fundamentals, Measurement of mobility, channel conductance

etc. from Ids vs, Vds and Ids vs Vg characteristics. Introduction to Integrated

circuits.

Main References:

[1] S.M. Sze; Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology, 2nd edition, John

Wiley, New York, 2002.

[2] B.G. Streetman and S. Benerjee; Solid State Electronic Devices, 5th edition,

Prentice Hall of India, NJ, 2000.

[3] W.R. Runyan; Semiconductor Measurements and Instrumentation, McGraw Hill,

Tokyo, 1975.

[4] Adir Bar-Lev: Semiconductors and Electronic devices, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall,

Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1984.


28


[1] Jasprit Singh; Semiconductor Devices: Basic Principles, John Wiley, New York,

2001.

[2] Donald A. Neamen; Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, 3rd

edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2002.

[3] M. Shur; Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,

1995.

[4] Pallab Bhattacharya; Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi, 1995.

[5] S.M. Sze; Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New

Delhi, 1985.

29


PSPHP08 Advanced Laboratory The course consists of up to 10 experiments from the list shown below (this pool of

experiments is also extended to PSPHP07: Advanced Laboratory – 1, and some


List of experiments:

Neutron Diffraction:

1. Data analysis for structure and dynamic Q-factor

Mössbauer Spectroscopy

2. Fe57 Mossbauer spectra: Calibration and determination of isomer shift and

hyperfine field

3. Determination of isomer shift in stainless steel

4. Determination of isomer shift and quadrupole splitting in Sodium

Nitroprusside

5. Fe-based specimen: Determination of isomer shift, hyperfine field, estimation

of oxidation state in ferrite samples

Computational physics

6. Hartree–Fock Calculations

Magnetization and Hysteresis

7. B-H loop in low magnetic fields (dc and ac methods)

8. Hysteresis of ring-shaped ferrite

9. Determination of Curie/ Neel temperature

10. Susceptibility of paramagnetic salt by Guoy’s method

Resistivity and Magnetoresistance

11. Resistivity of metallic alloy specimens with varying temperatures

12. Study of percolation limit by resistivity measurement on ceramic specimens

13. Tracking of first and second order transition by resistivity measurement in

shape memory (NiTi) alloy

14. MR of Semiconductor, Bismuth and LSMO (Manganate) specimen

15. Calibration of magnetic field using MR probe

Laser-based physics

16. Refractive index of the given materials

17. Refractive index of the Air at different pressure.

18. Mode operation and TEM00 operation

Plasma physics

19. Measurement of plasma parameters. - Single probe

20. Measurement of plasma parameters. - Double probe method at constant

current.

Nuclear Physics


30

21. Energy resolution of NaI detector and understanding of its Pulse processing

electronics

22. Peak to total ratio and efficiency of NaI detector.

23. Sum peak analysis and detector size effect on peak to total ratio using NaI

detector.

24. Angular correlation ratio using NaI detector.

25. Coincidence Technique

26. Working mechanism of Plastic detector and measurement of lifetime of

muon.

Semiconductors and devices

27. Si, Ge and LED:

28. I-V at different temperatures,

29. C-V at room temperature and determination of barrier height.

30. Schottky diode Fabrication

31. Determination of carrier concentration and barrier height from C-V

measurements

32. MOS diode Fabrication

33. I-V characteristics and identification of the current conduction mechanisms

34. Determination oxide charge, carrier concentration and interface states of

from C-V measurements.

35. Solar Cells: I-V characteristics and spectral response

36. Semiconductor lasers- Study of output characteristics and determination of

threshold current, differential quantum efficiency and divergence.

37. Infrared detector characteristics and spectral response.

38. Optical fibers- Attenuation and dispersion measurements.

39. Gunn diode characteristics.

40. Determination of surface concentration and junction depth of diffused silicon

wafers by four point probe method.

Electronics (Microprocessors and Microcontrollers)

41. Study of external interrupts of 8051.

42. 8086 assembly language programming: -- Simple data manipulation

programs

Astronomy and Space Physics

43. The temperature of an artificial star by photometry.

44. Study of the solar limb darkening effect.

45. Polar aligning an astronomical telescope.

46. Study of the atmospheric extinction for different colors.

47. Study the effective temperature of stars by B-V photometry.

48. Estimate of the night sky brightness with a photometer.

Any classical Experiment (available in department or affiliated institutions)

49. Millikan’s oil-drop method,

50. Raman effect in liquids,

51. Michelson interferometer,


31

52. e/m by Thomson’s method

33

Semester 3/4: Theory (elective) courses

Introduction The elective courses can be chosen from a wide range starting from Nuclear and Particle

Physics, Solid State Physics, Solid State Device Physics, Electronics and

Communications, Electronics Microprocessor, Microcomputers, Embedded systems,

Astronomy, Space Physics, Materials Science, Laser Physics, Plasma Physics and

Quantum Field Theory up to other advanced specialized topics. In a given year, only

some of the electives will be offered by the department. Every year different electives

may be offered depending on the availability of experts.

The elective courses being offered in the Academic Year 2016-17 are as follows:

Semester 3 Semester 4

Course code

Subject Course

code Subject

PSPHE01 Experimental Techniques in

Nuclear Physics PSPHE03 Nuclear Structure

PSPHE02 Particle Physics PSPHE04 Nuclear Reactions

PSPHE07 Electronic Structure of Solids PSPHE05 Accelerator and Beam Physics

PSPHE08 Surfaces and Thin Films PSPHE06 Quantum Field Theory

PSPHE11 Fundamentals of Materials Science PSPHE09 Crystalline & Non crystalline solids

PSPHE13 Semiconductors Physics PSPHE10 Properties of Solids

PSPHE14 Liquid Crystals PSPHE12 Materials and their Applications

PSPHE15 Polymer Physics PSPHE16 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

PSPHE17 Energy Studies PSPHE18 Applied Thermodynamics

PSPHE19 Signal Modulation and

Transmission Techniques PSPHE21

Digital Communication Systems and

Python Programming language

PSPHE20 Microwave Electronics, Radar and

Optical Fiber Communication PSPHE22 Computer Networking

PSPHE26 Galactic and Extragalactic

Astronomy PSPHE23 Computational Methods in Physics

PSPHE25 General Theory of Relativity and

Cosmology

PSPHE27 Plasma Physics

The detailed syllabi for these courses are shown below.


34

PSPHE01: Experimental Techniques in Nuclear Physics

Unit 1:

1. Radiation sources: electrons, heavy charged particles, neutrons, neutrinos, and

electromagnetic radiation. Charge particle interaction:

2. Stopping power, energy loss and range straggling, scaling laws, bremsstrahlung,

Cherenkov radiation. Interaction of photons: photoelectric effect,

3. Compton scattering, pair production.

4. Slow and fast neutron cross-sections, neutrino interactions, Radiation exposure

and dose,

5. Biological effects, Radiation safety in Nuclear Physics Laboratory.

Unit 2:

1. Characteristics of Probability Distributions, The binomial Distributions, The

Poisson Distribution, The Gaussian Distribution,

2. Measurement of errors: systematic errors, Random errors. Error propagation

General

3. Characteristics of Detectors: detector response and sensitivity, energy

resolution, timing characteristics, dead time, detection efficiency. Modes of

detector operation.

Unit 3:

1. Gas-filled ionization detectors: ionization chamber, proportional counters

including Multi-Wire Proportional Counters, Geiger-Muller counter. Scintillation

detectors: organic (crystals, liquids and plastics) and inorganic (alkali halide and

activated).

2. Light collection, Photomultiplier tubes. Semiconductor detectors: silicon diode

detectors (surface barrier, ion-implanted, lithium-drifted), position-sensitive

detectors, intrinsic germanium detectors, Introduction to Large Detector Arrays.

Unit 4:

1. Electronics for pulse Signal Processing: Pre-amplifiers, Main Amplifiers, Pulse

shaping networks in Amplifiers, Biased Amplifiers, Discriminators, Constant

fraction Discriminator, Single channel Analyser, Analog to Digital converter,

Multi-channel Analyser, Time to Amplitude Converter. Delayed Coincidence

Techniques,

2. Slow and fast Coincidence Techniques, Electrostatic and Magnetic

Spectrometers, Overview of Instrumentation Standards.

[Note: tutorials may include demonstration of the various instruments]

References:

[1] Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W.R. Leo, Springer-

Verlag

[2] Radiation Detection and Measurement, Glenn F. Knoll, John Wiley and sons, Inc.

Elective Courses

35

[3] Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, Stefaan Tavernier,

Springer

PSPHE02:Particle Physics

Unit 1: General concepts

1. Survey of Particle Physics:

The four fundamental interactions, classification by interaction strength and

decay lifetimes, numerical estimates, use of natural units.

Classification of elementary particles by masses, interactions and conserved

quantum numbers

2. Experimental Techniques:

Fixed target and collider machines, basic idea of cyclotron, siynchrotron and

linac, brief introduction to modern experiments like CMS/ATLAS/neutrino

experiments

3. Klein Gordon equation:

Relativistic energy-momentum relation, Klein-Gordon equation, solutions of the

equation, probability conservation problem, relation with negative energy states

4. Dirac equation:

Dirac equation, algebra of gamma matrices, conservation of probability, solutions

of Dirac equation, helicity and chirality, Lorentz covariance, bilinear covariants,

trace relations and similar identities, C, P and T invariance of the Dirac equation.

Unit 2: Quantum electrodynamics

1. The QED Lagrangian:

Lagrangian formulation of classical electrodynamics (Revision), Structure of the

QED Lagrangian, gauge invariance and conserved current, scalar

electrodynamics, Feynman rules for QED (no derivation)

2. Basic Processes in QED:

Feynman diagram calculation for e+ e- → μ+μ-, phase space integration, Moller and

Bhabha scattering, polarisation vectors, Compton scattering and pair

creation/annihilation, Klein-Nishina formula.

3. Higher Orders in QED:

Concept of multi-loop diagrams (no computation), momentum integral, UV and

IR singularities, idea of regularisation, running coupling constant

Unit 3: Quark parton model

1. The Eightfold Way:

Isospin and strangeness, introduction to unitary groups, generators, Casimir

invariants, fundamental and adjoint representations, root and weight diagrams,

meson and baryon octets, baryon decuplet and the prediction of the Ω-, Gell-

Mann-Nishijima formula

2. Quark Model:


36

Product representations and irreps, symmetry group, quark model, meson and

baryon wavefunctions

3. Deep Inelastic Scattering:

Elastic scattering off a point particle, form factors, Rosenbluth formula, Breit

frame, inelastic scattering, structure functions, dimensionless variables.

4. Parton Model:

Bjorken scaling, parton model, structure functions in terms of PDFs, Callan-Gross

relation, kinematic regions, valence and sea quarks, gluons.

Unit 4: Weak interactions

1. Fermi theory:

Beta decay, Fermi and Gamow-Teller transitions, inverse beta decay, Reines and

Cowan experiment

2. V-A interaction:

Current-current form of weak interactions, Fermi constant, universality, muon

decay, pion decay, form factor

3. Parity violation:

Intrinsic parity, parity conservation in strong and electromagnetic interactions,

parity violation in weak interactions, experiments of Wu et al and of Goldhaber

et al, maximal parity violation, Garwin-Lederman-Weinrich experiment

4. Flavour Mixing and CP Violation:

FCNC suppression, Cabibbo hypothesis, kaon decays, theta-tau puzzle, 𝐾0 − 𝐾 0

mixing, CCFT experiment, GIM mechanism, CKM matrix and quark mixing,

Neutrino oscillations

Main References:

[1] Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. J. Griffiths, Wiley (1987).

[2] Introduction to High Energy Physics, 2nd. ed, D. Perkins, Addison-Wesley (1982).

[3] Introduction to High Energy Physics, 4th ed, D. Perkins, Cambridge University

Press (2000).

[4] Elementary Particles and Symmetries, L. Ryder, Gordon and Breach (1975).

[5] Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A. D. Martin, Wiley (1984).

[6] Particle Physics, B. R. Martin and G. Shaw, Wiley (2008).

[7] R. L. Garwin, L. M. Lederman and M. Weinrich, Phys. Rev. 105, 1415 (1957).

PSPHE03: Nuclear Structure

Unit 1: Microscopic Models I

Experimental evidence for shell effects, Concept of average potential, Spin-orbit

coupling, Single-particle shell structure, Predictions of the independent particle shell

model: spin-parity, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments; Isospin, Two-

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37

and Multi- particle configurations, Residual interactions, Pairing interactions: BCS

model.

Unit 2: Microscopic Models II

Fermi-Gas Model: symmetry, surface and Coulomb energy; Deformed shell model,

Nilsson Hamiltonian, Single-particle energies in a deformed potential, Shell corrections

and the Strutinski method, Hartree-Fock approximation: general variational principle,

Hartree-Fockequations and applications.

Unit 3: Collective models

Liquid drop model and mass formulas, Fission barriers and types of fission;

Parameterization of nuclear surface deformations, Prolate and oblate shapes, Types of

multipole deformations, Rotational states in axially symmetric deformed even-even and

odd-A nuclei, Rotation of axially asymmetric nuclei, Octupole and higher-order

deformations, Rotation-vibration coupling in deformed nuclei: beta and gamma

vibrations; Giant resonances;

Unit 4: Related concepts and selected phenomena

Cranking model and its semi-classical derivation, Cranking formula and applications,

High-spin states and nucleon pair breaking at high angular momentum, Cranked Nilsson

model, Yraststates in nuclei, Nuclear Isomerism and types of isomers, Superdeformed

states in nuclei, Particle-plus-rotor model: weak-coupling limit and strong-coupling

approximation

References:

[1] Nuclear Models, W. Greiner and J. A. Maruhn, Springer (1996)

[2] Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective, by R. F. Casten, Oxford University

Press (1990)

[3] Structure of the Nucleus, M. A. Preston and R. K. Bhaduri, Levant Books, (2008)

[4] The Nuclear Many-Body Problem, P. Ring and P. Schuck, Springer (1980)

[5] Theory of Nuclear Structure, M. K. Pal, East-West Press (1982)

PSPHE04: Nuclear Reactions [likely to undergo minor revision]

Unit 1: Basics:

1. Basic elements of nuclear reactions cross section (𝜎), mean free path;

definition/expression for 𝜎: experimental and theoretical. Use of 𝜎 to calculate:

Stopping length, life time modification of unstable states in a medium, mean life

of a moving particle in an interacting volume, etc.

2. Conservation laws: Energy, momentum, angular momentum, parity, isospin.

3. Frame of reference: Laboratory and c.m. , Q‐values and threshold energies, Lab to

c.m. conversion in velocity, energy, theta, solid angle and cross-section.


38

4. Partial wave decomposition, phase shifts and partial wave analysis of the cross

sections in terms of phase shifts.

5. Optical potential: Basic definition. Relation between the imaginary part, W of the OP

and σ abs, and between W and mean free path. Folding model and a high energy

estimate of the OP.

6. Decaying states. Relation between the mean life time and the width of the states,

Energy definition, Lorentzian or Breit‐Wigner shape.

7. Brief introduction of Direct and Compound nuclear reactions and their differences

(eg. Time scales, angular distributions and energy regions.

8. Distance of closest approach and angle of scattering relation.

Unit 2: Categorization of Nuclear Reaction mechanisms

1. Low energies: Discrete region, Continuum Region, Discrete Region: Resonance

scattering. Derivation of the resonance cross section from phase shift description

of cross section. Transmission through a square well and resonances in

continuum. Coulomb barrier penetration for charged particles scattering and

centrifugal barrier for l non‐zero states. Angular distributions of the particle sin

resonance scattering. Application to hydrogen burning in stars.

2. Continuum Region: Bohr’s compound nucleus model, and its experimental

verifications. Statistical parameters and their estimates for the continuum

region. Energy distribution of evaporated particles from compound nucleus.

3. Higher energies: Direct Reaction Cross section in terms of the T‐matrix. Phase

space, and its evaluation for simple cases. Lippmann Schwinger equation for the

scattering wave function, and its formal solution. On‐shell and off‐ shell

scattering. Plane wave and distorted wave approximation to the T‐matrix

(PWBA, DWBA). Application to various direct reactions like, stripping, pick‐up,

knock‐ out etc. High energy scattering. Eikonal approximation to the scattering

wave function. Evaluation of scattering cross section in eikonal approximation.

Unit 3: Physics of ion (stable and unstable)scattering

1. Stable ions: Basics of heavy ions: short wave length, large angular momentum

transfer, kinematics and Coulomb potential. Classical scattering: rainbow,

orbiting, glory, etc. Semi‐classical scattering. Quantum mechanical description.

2. Radioactive ion beams(RIB): From stable to exotic nuclei in nuclear chart.

Production and acceleration of radioactive ion beams(RIB). Shell structure of

exotic nuclei and magicity. Structural properties of unstable nuclei: radii, skins

and halos, spins and electromagnetic moments. Coulomb excitation and

knock‐out in RIBs. RIBs and nuclear astrophysics. Energy production in stars.

Nucleosynthesis.

3. Nuclear Astrophysics: Hydrogen and CNO cycle, Importance of Hoyle state in 12C,

synthesis of elements, Supernovae explosion, thermonuclear rates, astrophysical

S-factor.

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Unit 4:

Intermediate Energy Physics and Non‐nucleonic Degrees of Freedom

1. Introduction: Classification of elementary particles, Isospin, Conservation rules

for strong interaction, Threshold beam energies in pp collisions for the

production of various mesons and baryons.

2. Proton‐nucleus scattering at high energies: Eikonal approximation, Glauber

model,etc.

3. Electron‐nucleus scattering and the structure of hadrons. Quark model for

hadrons.

4. Pion‐nucleon scattering, 33resonance. Pion‐nucleon coupling, pseudo scalar and

pseudo vector. Pion capture in nuclei. One nucleon and two nucleon mechanisms.

5. Pion production and excitation of nucleonic resonances in p‐p and p‐nucleus

collisions, experiments and theory.

6. An introduction to production of other mesons. Possibility of meson‐nucleus

bound states.

References:

[1] Nuclear reactions, D. F. Jackson (Methuen &Co.1970)

[2] Introduction to nuclear reactions, C. A. Bertulani and P. Danielewicz, IOP (2004)

[3] Physics of radioactive beams, C.A. Bertulani, M. Hussein and G. Muenzenberg,

Nova Science (2002)

[4] Nuclear Interactions, Sergo De Benedetti, John Wiley (1964)

[5] Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics, by A. Dasand and T. Ferbel, World

Scientific (2009)

[6] Subatomic Physics, E . M. Henley and A. Garcia, World Scientific (2007)

[7] Physics of nucleons, mesons, quarks and heavy ions, Y. K. Gambhir (Ed.), Quest

publications (2003)

[8] The pion‐nucleon system, B. H. Bransden and R. G. Moorhouse, Princeton

University Press (1973)

[9] SERC school series Nuclear Physics, B. K. Jain (Ed.), World Scientific (1988)

[10] Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J. M. Blatt and V. F. Weisskopf, John Wiley

[11] Direct Nuclear Reaction Theories, Norman Austern, John Wiley

[12] Concepts of Nuclear Physics, B. L. Cohen, Tata McGraw‐Hill

[13] Semi‐classical methods for nucleus‐nucleus scattering, D. M. Brink, Cambridge


[14] Nuclear heavy ion reactions, P. E. Hodgson, Clarendon Press (1978)

[15] Introduction to nuclear reactions, G. R. Satchler, McMillan (1990)

[16] Nuclear reactions for astrophysics, I. J. Thomson and F. Nunes, Cambridge


[17] Structure and reactions of light nuclei, CRC press.

[18] Scattering Theory of Waves and Particles, Roger G. Newton, Spring‐Verlag


40

PSPHE05: Accelerator and Beam Physics

Unit 1: Introduction and Survey

1. What is an accelerator? What is a beam? Classification of accelerators (DC & RF;

linear & circular; lepton & hadron; NC & SC); Historical review of accelerators

(van de Graaff, pelletron, cyclotron, linac, synchrotron, colliders - with examples,

including a brief account of Mega accelerator facilities: LHC, RHIC, J-Parc).

2. Typical components of an accelerator: Electron & ion sources, magnets for

bending and focusing, RF cavities for acceleration; vacuum systems; beam

diagnostics (current, position); brief overview of other essential systems (power

supplies, cooling, cryogenics, radiation safety).

Unit 2: Beam dynamics

1. Transverse dynamics: Brief review of relativistic formulae; Charged particle

motion in static electric and magnetic fields; Accelerator coordinates; Dipole and

Quadrupole Magnets; Principle of strong focusing; Hills equation and solution;

Betatron oscillations; Twiss parameters; Phase space and emittance; Matrix

formulation; Tune point and resonances; Dispersion.

2. Longitudinal dynamics: Electromagnetic fields in cylindrical cavities, Q of a

cavity; shunt impedance; transit-time factor; multi-cell cavities; beam bunching

and acceleration; synchrotron oscillations and phase stability; principle of phase

stability; Hamiltonian approach and phase-space bucket; adiabatic damping and

longitudinal emittance.

Unit 3: Advanced topics in accelerators

1. High intensity proton accelerators: Beam optics of a simple Low Energy Beam

Transport (LEBT) beamline, effect of space-charge on beam dynamics, Radio-

Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQs) - function, two-term potential, construction;

need for superconducting cavities; design considerations for s/c cavities and

cryogenic system; low and high beta cavities; higher-order modes.

2. Photon sources: Radiation from moving charges; Lienard-Wiechert potentials,

fields; Larmor formula; synchrotron radiation; wiggler and undulator radiation;

synchrotron radiation sources; free-electron lasers (FELs); Self-Amplified

Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FELs as X-ray lasers.

Unit 4: Further advanced topics and Applications

1. Plasma-based accelerators: Limitations of RF accelerators; linear plasma waves;

laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) - basic concept, ponderomotive force, laser

guiding in a plasma, wavebreaking and bubble formation; quasi-monoenergetic

electron acceleration in the bubble; diffraction, dephasing and depletion lengths,

injection mechanisms, Overview of plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA);

prospects and limitations of plasma-based accelerators.

2. Applications of accelerators: Low-energy accelerators for industrial and medical

applications; medium-energy accelerators for nuclear physics (including RIB),

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41

synchrotron radiation, materials science, spallation neutron sources, ADS; high-

energy accelerators for particle physics.

3. Visits to TIFR / BARC / SAMEER (taken as 4 lecture hours of the syllabus)

Reference books:

[1] An introduction to the physics of high-energy accelerators, D. A. Edwards and M. J.

Syphers, Wiley (2004)

[2] The physics of particle accelerators: an introduction, K. Wille, Oxford University

Press (2000)

[3] An introduction to particle accelerators, E. J. N. Wilson, Oxford University Press

(2001)

[4] Introduction to accelerator physics, A. Jain, MacMillan India (2007)

[5] Particle accelerator physics, H. Wiedemann, Springer (2007)

[6] Principles of charged particle acceleration, S. Humphries Jr., Dover (2012)

[7] Introduction to the physics of highly charged ions, H. F. Beyer and V. P.

Shevelko,Taylor and Francis (2002)

[8] CERN accelerator school notes

PSPHE06: Quantum Field Theory

Unit 1: Relativistic wave equations, Quantisation of non-relativistic string

1. Klein Gordon equation:

Relativistic energy-momentum relation, Klein-Gordon equation, solutions of the

equation, probability conservation problem, relation with negative energy states

2. Dirac equation:

Dirac equation, algebra of gamma matrices, conservation of probability, solutions of

Dirac equation, helicity and chirality, charge conjugation, wavefunction of

antiparticle, Lorentz covariance, bilinear covariants, trace relations and similar

identities

3. Mechanical model of a classical field:

The linear atomic chain as a system of coupled oscillators, periodic boundary

conditions, normal modes, continuum limit, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian density,

Euler-Lagrange equations for fields, extension to two and three dimensions,

velocity of sound

4. Quantisation of solids:

Quantisation of the linear chain, creation and annihilation operators, phonons,

occupation number representation, extension to two and three dimensions,

polarisation vector, free fields

Unit 2: Classical fields and canonical quantisation of free fields

1. Classical field theory:

Lagrangian formulation for the Schrödinger, Dirac and Klein‐Gordon fields,

Noether’s theorem, global gauge symmetries and associated Noether currents


42

2. Quantisation of the Schrodinger field:

Expansion of the Schrodinger field in terms of eigenstates of the single particle

wave equation, creation and annihilation operators, number operator,

occupation number representation, Slater determinant

3. Quantisation of Relativistic fields:

Quantisation of the Klein-Gordon field, positive and negative energy solutions,

expansion in terms of creation and annihilation operators, antiparticles,

eigenvalues of energy and charge

Quantisation of the Dirac field along same lines as quantisation of the scalar field

Quantisation of the electromagnetic field using Hamiltonian method, gauge

invariance, modification of the commutation relation, spontaneous emission,

Lamb shift

Unit 3: Interacting fields and Feynman diagrams

1. Dyson formulation for scattering: S matrix:

Interaction picture, time evolution operator, Dyson expansion and S matrix,

transition matrix, cross sections and S matrix

2. Wick expansion and contractions:

Normal-ordered product, time-ordered product and contractions, Wick’s

theorem for the Schrodinger, Dirac and Klein-Gordon fields

3. Feynman diagrams and Feynman rules:

Diagrammatic representation, computing S matrix elements from Feynman

diagrams, tree and loop diagrams, Feynman rules from the Wick expansion;

Examples: 𝜆𝜙4 theory, Yukawa theory

4. The QED Lagrangian:

Structure of the QED Lagrangian, gauge invariance and conserved current,

Feynman rules for QED, basic processes in QED

Unit 4: Path integral formulation, Renormalisation

1. Introduction to Path integral Formulation:

The wave function and the propagator, The S-matrix, Time ordered product, Path

integrals for scalar field theory, Loop diagrams in 𝜙3 theory, Fermions

2. Quantum Electrodynamics in Higher Orders:

QED to second order, loop diagrams: electron self-energy, vacuum polarisation,

vertex correction, UV and IR divergences, dimensional regularisation, cutoff

regularisation

3. Introduction to renormalisation:

Power counting and regularisation, 𝜙3 theory as an example, proving

renormalisability, the renormalisation of QED

References:

[1] Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory, Franz Gross, Wiley (2004)

[2] Gauge Theories in Particle Physics: A Practical Introduction, 3rd ed, I. J. R. Aitchison

and A. J. G. Hey, CRC press (2002)

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[3] Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, F. Mandl, Wiley (1966)

[4] A First Book of Quantum Field Theory, A. Lahiri and P. B. Pal, CRC Press (2005)

[5] An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, M. E. Peskin and D. V. Schroeder,

Perseus (1995)

[6] Quantum Field Theory, C. Itzykson and J.-B. Zuber, McGraw-Hill (1980)

[7] Advanced Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, Addison-Wesley (1967)

[8] Quantum Field Theory, L. H. Ryder, Cambridge University Press (1985)

[9] Gauge Field Theories, 3rd ed, P. Frampton, Wiley (2008)

PSPHE07: Electronic Structure of Solids

Unit 1: Prototype Electronic Structure

1. Free electron gas in infinite square well potential – Sommerfeld theory of metals

2. Electron energy levels in a periodic potential

3. Nearly-free electron approximation

4. The tight-binding method

Unit 2: Electronic Band Structure Methods

1. Cellular method; Augmented plane-wave (APW) method; Green’s function (KKR)

method; Orthogonalized plane wave (OPW) method; Pseudopotentials.

2. Band structure / Fermi surface of selected metals – alkali and noble metals,

simple multivalent metals, transition metals, rare-earths, semi-metals,

semiconductors Si and Ge.

3. Fermi surface probes: Electrons in a magnetic field - the de Haas-van Alfen effect.

Magneto-acoustic effect, cyclotron resonance.

Unit 3: Motion of Band Electrons

Semi-classical electron dynamics; Motion of band electrons and the effective

mass; currents in bands and holes; scattering of band electrons; Boltzmann

equation and relaxation time; band electrons in electric field; electrical

conductivity of metals; thermoelectric effects; Wiedemann-Franz law; Electrical

conductivity of localized electrons; Band electrons in cross E and B fields –

magnetoresistance and Hall effect.

Unit 4: Many – Body Effects

1. The Hartree-Fock method; exchange and correlation

2. Density Functional Theory

3. Computations on simple atoms

Main References:

[1] Solid State Physics, 3rd ed, H Ibach and H Luth, Springer (2003) [Ch. 6, 7, 9]

[2] Solid State Physics, N W Ashcroft and N D Mermin (1976) [Ch. 2, 8-17]

[3] Condensed Matter Physics, 2nd ed, M P Marder, Wiley (2010) [Ch. 6-10]

[4] Solid State Physics, Vol. 28, N D Lang, Academic Press (1973) [Pg. 225-238]


44


[1] Introduction to the Physics of Electrons in Solids, B Tanner, Cambridge University

Press (1995)

[2] Solid State Physics, M A Wahab, Narosa (2005)

[3] Solid State Physics, G Grosso and G Paravicini, Academic Press (2000)

PSPHE08: Surfaces and Thin Films

Unit 1: Physics of Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin films

1. Mechanism of thin film formation: Condensation and nucleation, growth and

coalescence of islands, Crystallographic structure of films, factors affecting

structure and properties of thin films

2. Properties of thin films: Transport and optical properties of metallic,

semiconducting and dielectric films; Application of thin films.

Unit 2: Thin films: Formation & Measurement

1. Vacuum Techniques: Review – Production of low pressures; Measurement of

pressure, Leak detections, Materials used

2. Preparation of Thin Films: Thermal evaporation, Cathode Sputtering, Chemical

Deposition, Laser Ablation, Langmur-Blochet Films

3. Thickness Measurements: Stylus Method, Electrical Method, Quartz Crystal

Method, Optical Methods, mass measurements (microbalance)

Unit 3: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

1. Band structure and Density of States at Nanoscale, Quantum mechanics for

Nanoscience – size effects, application of Schrodinger equation, quantum

confinement.

2. Growth techniques for nanomaterials- Top down, Bottom up technique.

3. Nanotechnology applications: nano structures of Carbon, BN nanotubes,

Nanoelectronics, nanobiometrics

Unit 4: Surface Analytical Techniques

X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron spectroscopy (AES),

Depth profiling by Ar ions, Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), Secondary

Ion Mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford Backscattering spectroscopy (RBS),

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

with EDAX, Scanning Probe Microscopy – a) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

(STM) , and b) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Main References:-

[1] Thin Film Phenomena, K.L. Chopra, McGraw-Hill (1969)

[2] Physics of Thin Films, L. Eckertova, Plenum Press (1986)

[3] Vacuum Technology, A. Roth, North Holland

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45

[4] Introduction to NanoScience and Nanotechnology, K. K. Chattopadhyay and A.N.

Banerjee, Prentice-Hall India (2009)

[5] Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices, S. K. Kulkarni, Capital publishing

(2007)

[6] Surface and Thin Film Analysis, H. Bubert and H. Jennet (eds.), Wiley –VCH (2003)

[7] Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis” L. C. Feldman and J. W. Mayer

North Holland (1986)

[8] Surface Analytical Methods D.J. O’Conner, B.A. Sexton and R. St. C. Smart (eds.),

Springer-Verlag (1991)

PSPHE09: Crystalline & Non crystalline solids

Unit 1: Crystal Growth and Crystal Defects

1. Crystal growth: Phase equilibria and Crystallization Techniques, phase diagrams

and solubility curves, Kinetics of Nucleation, Rate equation, Heterogeneous and

secondary nucleation, Crystal surfaces, growth mechanisms, mass transport,

crystal morphology,, influence of supersaturation, temperature, solvents,

impurities; Polymorphism – phase transition and kinetics.

2. Crystal Defects: Point Defects, equilibrium concentration of point defects,

Activation Energy, ColourCentres, Screw and Edge Dislocations, Burger Vector

and Burger circuit, Frank Read source, Stacking Faults, Grain boundaries, partial

dislocations. Role of Crystal Defects in Crystal Growth

Unit 2: Crystal Growth Technology

Silicon, Compound semiconductors, CdTe, CdZnTe - ,Czochralski technique,

Bridgman technique, Float zone Process, Liquid Phase expitaxy, Molecular Beam

epitaxy. Growth of Oxide & Halide crystals- Techniques and applications,

Unit 3: Non Crystalline Solids:

1. Amorphous Materials: Amorphous semi conductors: Processing, Properties: (1)

Structural and Electrical conduction mechanism, band-gap, Hall effect (2)

Optical: Absorption of light(U.V.,I.R) Applications of amorphous semiconductors:

Solar Cells, Device and Device Materials Amorphous Metals: Metallic Glasses,

Quasi Crystals. Rapid Quenching Technique, Properties Applications.

2. Liquid Crystals: Classification-isotropic-nematic, smectic-cholestic phases, Phase

transition of liquid phases, Properties:- optical, electric and magnetic fields,

Application of liquid crystals

3. Polymers: Major Polymer Transitions, Polymer Synthesis and Structures, Chain

Polymer and Step Polymer, Cross Linking, fillers, Macromolecule Hypothesis,

Phases: amorphous & Crystalline States


46

Unit 4: Bulk Characterization Techniques

Bulk Characterization Techniques and their applications: Normal and small angle

XRD, FTIR, UV Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence, Mossbauer, NMR, ESR, neutron

diffraction

References:

[1] From Molecules to Crystallizers: An introduction to Crystallization, R Davy and J

Garside, Oxford University Press (2000)

[2] Solid state Physics : an Introduction, 5th ed, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern [Ch 17 and 18]

[3] Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin [Chap 30]

[4] Crystal Growth Technology, H J Scheel and T Fukuda (eds.), Wiley (2004)

[5] Liquid crystals, P J Collins and M Hind, Taylor and Francis [Ch 1 and 9]

[6] The Physics of Amorphous Solids, R. Zallen, John Wiley (1983)

[7] Topics in Applied Physics 38 Amorphous Semiconductors, M. H. Brodsky (ed)

(1979).

[8] Physics of amorphous Materials, S.E. Elliot, Longman (1990)

[9] Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, L.H. Sperling, Wiley interScience (2001)

[Ch 1, 5 and 6]

[10] Textbook of Polymer Science, F. W. Billmeyer, Wiley (1971)

[11] Spectroscopy, D. R. Browning (ed.), McGraw-Hill (1969)

[12] Characterization of Materials, J. B. Watchman and Z. H. Kalman, Manning

Publications (1993)

[13] Principles of Instrument Analysis, D. A. Scoog, F. J. Holler and T. A. Nieman

Harcourt (1998)

PSPHE10: Properties of Solids

Unit 1: Optical and Dielectric properties

1. Maxwell’s equations and the dielectric function, Lorentz oscillator, the Local field

and the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant, Polarization

catastrophe, Ferroelectrics

2. Absorption and Dispersion, Kraemers’ Kronig relations and sum rules, single

electron excitations and plasmons in simple metals, Reflectivity and

photoemission in metals and semiconductors

3. Interband transitions and introduction to excitons, Infrared spectroscopy

Unit 2: Transport Properties

Motion of electrons and effective mass, The Boltzmann equation and relaxation

time, Electrical conductivity of metals and alloys, Mathiessen’s rule, Thermo-

electric effects, Wiedmann-Franz Law, Lorentz number, ac conductivity,

Galvanomagnetic effects

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Unit 3: Magnetism and Magnetic materials

1. Review: Basic concepts and units, basic types of magnetic order

2. Origin of atomic moments, Heisenberg exchange interaction, Localized and

itinerant electron magnetism, Stoner criterion for ferromagnetism, Indirect

exchange mechanism: superexchange and RKKY

3. Magnetic phase transition: Introduction to Ising Model and results based on

Mean field theory; Other types of magnetic order: superparamagnetism,

helimagnetism, metamagnetism, spin-glasses

4. Magnetic phenomena: Hysteresis, Magnetostriction, Magnetoresistance,

Magnetocaloric and magneto-optic effect

5. Magnetic Materials: Soft and hard magnets, permanent magnets, media for

magnetic recording

Unit 4: Superconductivity

1. The phenomenon of superconductivity: Perfect conductivity and Meissner effect,

Electrodynamics of superconductivity: London’s equations, Thermodynamics of

the superconducting phase transition: Free energy, entropy and specific heat

jump

2. Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity: GL equations, GL parameter and

classification into Type I and Type II superconductors, The mixed state of

superconductors

3. Microscopic theory: The Cooper problem, The BCS Hamiltonian, BCS ground

state; Josephson effect: dc and ac effects, Quantum interference

4. Superconducting materials and applications: Conventional and High Tc

superconductors, superconducting magnets and transmission lines, SQUIDs

References

[1] Solid State Physics, H. Ibach and H. Luth, Springer (2003)

[2] Solid State Physics, N Ashcroft and D Mermin

[3] Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th ed, C Kittel

[4] Principles of Condensed Matter Physics, Chaikin and Lubensky

[5] Intermediate theory of Solids, A Animalu

[6] Optical Properties of Solids, F Wooten, Academic Press (1972)

[7] Electrons and Phonons, J M Ziman

[8] Electron transport in metals, J L Olsen

[9] Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, K H J Buschow and F R de Boer

[10] Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, D Jiles

[11] Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, B D Cullity

[12] Solid State Magnetism, J Crangle

[13] Magnetism in Solids, D. H. Martin

[14] Superconductivity Today, T.V. Ramakrishnan and C.N.R.Rao

[15] Superconductivity, Ketterson and Song

[16] Introduction to Superconductivity, Tinkham


48

PSPHE11:Fundamentals of Materials Science

Unit 1: Introduction to Materials Science

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Types of Materials,

Competition among Materials, Future trends In Materials Usage, Atomic

Structure and Bonding, Types of Atomic and Molecular Bonds, Ionic Bonding,

Covalent Bonding, Metallic Bonding, Secondary Bonding, Mixed Bonding, Crystal

Structures and Crystal Geometry, The Space Lattice and Unit Cells, Crystal

Systems and Bravais Lattices, Principal Metallic Crystal Structures, Atom

Positions in Cubic Unit Cells, Directions in Cubic Unit Cells, Miller Indices For

Crystallographic Planes In Cubic Unit Cells, Crystallographic Planes and

Directions In Hexagonal Unit Cells, Comparison of FCC,HCP, and BCC Crystal

Structures, Volume, Planar, and Linear Density Unit Cell Calculations,

Polymorphism or Allotropy, Crystal Structure Analysis.

Unit 2: Imperfection, Dislocation and Strengthening Mechanism in Solids

Solidification, Crystalline Imperfections, and Diffusion In Solids, Solidification of

Metals, Solidification of Single Crystals, Metallic Solid Solutions, Crystalline

Imperfections, Rate Processes In Solids, Atomic Diffusion In Solids, Industrial

Applications of Diffusion Processes, Effect of Temperature on Diffusion In Solids.

Unit 3: Mechanical Properties of Solids

Mechanical Properties of Metals, the Processing of Metals and Alloys, Stress and

Strain In Metals, The Tensile Test and The Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram,

Hardness and HardnessTesting, Plastic Deformation of Metal Single Crystals,

Plastic Deformation of PolycrystallineMetals, Solid-Solution Strengthening of

Metals, Recovery and Recrystallization of PlasticallyDeformed. Metals, Fracture

of Metals, Fatigue of Metals, Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals

Unit 4: Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams, Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances, Gibbs Phase Rule, Binary

IsomorphousAlloy Systems, The Lever Rule, Nonequilibrium Solidification of

Alloys, Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems, Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems, Binary

Monotectic Systems, Invariant Reactions, Phase Diagrams With Intermediate

Phases and Compounds, Ternary Phase Diagrams

References:

[1] Materials Science and Engineering, 4th ed, W F Smith, J Hashemi, R Prakash, Tata

McGraw-Hill

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PSPHE12: Materials and their Applications

Unit 1:

Engineering Alloys, Production of Iron and Steel, The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase

Diagram, Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon Steels, Low-Alloy Steels, stainless steel,

cast irons

Unit 2:

1. Aluminum Alloys, Copper Alloys, Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel Alloys

2. Corrosion, Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals, Galvanic Cells, Corrosion Rates

(Kinetics), Types of Corrosion, Oxidation of Metals, Corrosion Control

Unit 3:

1. Polymeric Materials, Polymerization Reactions, Industrial Polymerization

Methods, Crystallinity and Stereoisomerism In Some Thermoplastics, Processing

of Plastic Materials, General-Purpose Thermoplastics, Engineering

Thermoplastics, Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets), Elastomers (Rubbers),

Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic Materials, Creep and Fracture of

Polymeric Materials

2. Ceramic Materials, Simple Ceramic Crystal Structures, Silicate Structures,

Processing of Ceramics, Traditional and Technical Ceramics, Electrical Properties

of Ceramics, Mechanical Properties of Ceramics, Thermal Properties of Ceramics,

Glasses.

Unit 4:

1. Electrical properties of materials: electrical conduction in metals, Energy-band

model for electrical conduction, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic

semiconductor, semiconductor devices, compound semiconductors, electrical

properties of ceramic, Nanoelectronics

2. Magnetic properties of materials: Magnetic fields, types of magnetism, effect of

temperature on ferromagnetism, ferromagnetic domains, magnetization and

demagnetization of ferromagnetic metal, soft magnetic material, hard magnetic

materials, ferrites

Reference:

[1] Materials Science and Engineering, 4th ed, W F Smith, J Hashemi, R Prakash, Tata

McGraw-Hill


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PSPHE13: Semiconductors Physics [likely to undergo revision]

Unit 1: Transport Properties of Semiconductors

1. The Boltzmann transport equation and its solutions for (i) Electric field alone (ii)

Electric and Magnetic fields together. Hall Effect and Magneto resistance (van der

Ziel).

2. Scattering mechanism and Relaxation time concept, Transport in high electric

fields, hot electrons (Wang), transferred electron effects (Smith).

3. Transport in 2-Dimentional quantum well - (a) High field effects (i) Landau

levels, (ii) Shubnikov de Hass effect, (iii)Quantum Hall effect (b) Perpendicular

transport - Resonant Tunnelling

Unit 2: Optical Properties of Semiconductors

1. Optical properties of Semiconductors: Fundamental absorption, Exciton

absorption, Impurity absorption, free carrier absorption. Radiative

recombination.

2. Photoconductivity. Surface recombination (Smith).

3. Optical processes in quantum wells: Interband transitions in quantum wells,

Intraband transitions

Unit 3: Amorphous and Organic Semiconductors

1. Electronic density of states, localization, Transport properties, Optical

properties,

2. Hydrogenization of amorphous silicon, Si: H fields effect transistors-design,

fabrication and characteristics.

3. Organic semiconductors, Polymers.

Unit 4: Advanced Electronic Materials

1. Photovoltaics Fundamentals & Materials, Spintronics materials,

2. Dilute magnetic semiconductors, Magnetites, Giant-magneto resistance.

3. Composites, Glasses, Ceramics, Liquid crystals, Quasicrystals.

Main References:

[1] Solid State Physical Electronics, 2nd ed, Aldert van der Ziel, Prentice-Hall, New

Delhi (1971)

[2] S.Y. Wang, Introduction to Solid State Electronics, North Holland, 1980,

[3] R.A. Smith, Semiconductors, 2nd edition; Cambridge University Press, London,

1978.

[4] Jasprit Singh, Physics of Semiconductors and their Heterostructures, McGraw-

Hill, NewYork, 1993.

[5] M.H. Brodsky (ed), Topics in Applied Physics Vol.36, Amorphous

Semiconductors,

[6] S.R. Elliott, Physics of Amorphous Materials, Longman, London, 1983.

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[7] C.S. Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics-Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications,

PHILPL, New Delhi, 2009.


[1] J.I. Pankove, Optical processes in semiconductors,

[2] J. Singh, Semiconductors, Optoelectronics, Mc-Graw Hill,

PSPHE14:Liquid Crystals

Unit 1: Introduction to Liquid Crystals.

Classification of liquid crystals and different types of mesophases, Calamitic

liquid crystals, Polymeric liquid crystals, Chiral liquid crystals, Lyotropic liquid

crystals, Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLC), Liquid Crystal Elastomers

(LCE).

Unit 2: Theoretical Insights

Phase transition: Concept of phase, first order phase transition, condition for

phase coexistence, Clapeyron equation, Ehrenfest classification of phase

transitions, Van der Waals equation of state, virial expansion, critical points,

Maxwell construction.Anisotropy, tensor algebra, microscopic structure,

continuum theory of liquid crystal elastomers, disclinations. Liquid crystals in

electric and magnetic field: electric polarizability, magnetization, freedericksz

transition, helix unwinding transition, connective instabilities. Landau-de Gennes

theory, Maier-Saupe theory, extension to Smetic A phase, pretransitional

fluctuations, simulation techniques, defect phases

Unit 3: Properties and features of liquid cystals

General Properties: Laminar flow, elasticity, surface tension, and viscosity,

dielectric properties, optical properties, magnetic properties, viscoelastic

properties, mechanical properties. Light and Liquid crystal:Electro optical

Properties: Cholesteric, Ferroelectric, Antiferroelectric. Nature’s anisotropy

fluids: Electric and magnetic anisotropy

Unit 4: Synthesis, Characterization Techniques and Applications

Synthesis of liquid Crystal – strategies and methods. Techniques used for

Identification and characterizations of Liquid crystal phases, Microscopic

textures and defects, Optical polarizing microscopy, Thermal analysis,

Refractometer study, High-temperature XRD, Survey over flat panel technologies.

Liquid crystal displays, Applications of liquid crystals, Future scope of PDLCs and

LCEs.

Text Book and References

[1] Introduction to liquid crystals: Physics and Chemistry: Peter J Collings and

Michael Hird Taylor and Francis,1997.


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[2] The physics of liquid crystals: P G de Gennes and J Prost, Oxford University

[3] Liquid Crystal: Experimental Study of Physical Properties and Phase Transitions

Satyen Kumar, Cambridge University Press, 2001

[4] The Optics of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Steve Elston and Roy Sambles.

[5] Handbook of Liquid Crystal Fundamental: D.Demus, J. Goodby, G.W.Gray,

H.W.Spiess, V. Vill, Wiley VCH.

[6] Liquid Crystals Fundamental: Shri Singh, Word Scientific Publishing Co.Ltd.

[7] Liquid crystal: The fourth state of matter.Frankin D saeva. Wiely publication.

[8] Liquid Crystals: S Chandrsekhar, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 1992.

[9] Ferroelectric liquid crystals: Principle properties and Applications: Gooby et

a.lGordon& Breach Publishing Group, 1991

[10] Thermotropic liquid crystals: Fundamental Vertogen and de jeu.

[11] Polymer materials-Macroscopic properties and molecular Interpretations. Jean-

Louis Halary,Lucienmonnerie.published by Wiley.

[12] Textures of Liquid Crystals. DetrichDemus, LotharRichter.Newyork 1978

[13] Textures of Liquid Crystals-Ingo Dierking John Wiley & Sons, 08-May-2006 -

Technology & Engineering.

[14] Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals: George W. Gray, VolkmarVill, Hans W.

Spiess, Dietrich Demus, John W. GoodbyJohn Wiley & Sons, -2009 Technology &

Engineering.

[15] Principles of condensed matter physics – P.M. Chalkin and T.C. Lubensky.

[16] Collidal Dispersions-W.B Russel, Cambridge University Press. New York (1989)

PSPHE15: Polymer Physics

Unit 1

1. What are monomers, polymers, how are polymers made, Classification of

polymers: Natural synthetic, organic and inorganic, biodegradable polymers,

Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, plastics, liquid resins, elastomers,

functionality of monomers and its importance in polymers

2. Polymerisation Mechanisms, addition and condensation polymerization

reactionsmechanisms. i.e. Chemistry of polymers: like Chain polymerization, free

radical polymerization, cationic and anionic polymerization, Initiation,

propagation, termination, chain transfer agents , inhibitors, ionic polymerization,

coordination polymerization, step polycondensation, polyaddition

polymerization, etc..

Unit 2

1. Polymerization techniques: Bulk polymerization, solution polymerization,

emulsion polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization. Condensation

Polymerization techniques viz melt, solution, interfacial and condensation

polymerization.

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2. Molecular weight and size: Molecular weight, Average molecular weight, degree

of polymerization, molecular weight distribution,.

3. Polymer microstructure and chemical structure: Homochain, heterochain

polymers, copolymers, linear, branched, and cross- linked polymers, terpolymer,

random, alternating, block, graft polymer, optical and geometric isomerism and

tacticity in polymers.

Unit 3

1. Polymer Characterization: Methods for determination of molecular weight and

molecular weight distribution, Thermal Behaviour characterization viz. Glass

transition temperature, states of phase, factors affecting glass transition

temperature, melting temperature, crystallinity in polymers, spherullites, TGA,

DST, TMA

2. X-ray diffraction technique. Morphological Characterization, Electrical properties

characterization, Acoustic property characterization,

3. Mechanical properties of polymers: Young’s modulus,, yield strength,

semicrystalline plastic polymers. Rheological studies in polymers.

Unit 4

1. Processing of polymers: Compression moulding, injection moulding, injection

moulding, extrusion: blown film, polymer fibres.

2. Advance Polymers: Conducting polymers, preparation of thin films by solution

casting, electrochemical, CVD , interfacial method, LB technique, derivation of

conductivity of conducting polymers. Liquid crystal polymers.

3. Application of polymers: Polymer additives, as coating materials, fillers,

plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, colorants, flame retardants, Conducting

polymers as gas sensors, and biosensors. Optical sensors.

PSPHE16: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Unit 1:

1. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies: An Overview, Why Nanomaterials? Scale,

Structure, and Behavior, A Brief History of Materials, Nanomaterials and

Nanostructures in Nature.

2. Nanomaterials: Classes and Fundamentals, Classification of Nanomaterials Size

Effects, Surface to Volume Ratio Versus Shape, Magic Numbers, Surface

Curvature, Strain Confinement

3. Synthesis and Characterization, Synthesis of Nanoscale Materialsand Structures,

Methods for Making 0 D Nanomaterials, Methods for Making 1 D and 2 D,

Nanomaterials, Methods for Making 3 D Nanomaterials, Top-Down Processes,

Intermediate Processes, Bottom Up Processes, Methods for Nanoproflling,

Characterization of Nanomaterials


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4. Cohesive Energy: Ionic solids, Defects in Ionic solids, Covalently bonded solids,

Organic crystals, Inert-gas solids, Metals, Conclusion

5. Quantum effect: Quantum wells, wires and dots: Fabricating Quantum

Nanostructures: Solution fabrication, Size and dimensionality effects: Size effects,

Size effects on conduction electrons, Conduction electrons and dimensionality,

Fermi gas and density of states, Potential wells, Partial confinement, Properties

dependent on density of states; Excitons, Single electron Tunneling; Applications:

Infrared detectors, Quantum dot lasers

Unit 2:

1. Vibrational Properties: The finite One-dimensional monoatomic lattice, Ionic

solids, Experimental Observations: Optical and acoustical modes; Vibrational

spectroscopy of surface layers of nanoparticles – Raman spectroscopy of

surface layers, Infrared Spectroscopy of surface layers; Photon confinement,

Effect of dimension on lattice vibrations, Effect of dimension on vibrational

density of states, effect of size on Debye frequency, Melting temperature,

Specific heat, Plasmons, Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, Phase

transitions.

2. Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured: Materials : Stress-Strain Behavior of

materials; Failure Mechanism of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials; Mechanical

Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials; Nanostructured Multilayers;

Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices: General

considerations, Nanopendulum, Vibrations of a Nanometer String, The

Nanospring, The Clamped Beam, The challenges and Possibilities of

Nanomechanical sensors, Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices

Unit 3:

1. Magnetism in Nanostructures: Basics of Ferromagnetism; Behavior of Powders

of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles : Properties of a single Ferromagnetic

Nanoparticles, Dynamic of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles, Measurements of

Superparamagnetism and the Blocking Temperature, Nanopore Containment of

Magnetic Particles; Ferrofluids; Bulk nanostructured Magnetic Materials: Effect

of nanosized grain structure on magnetic properties, Magnetoresisitive

materials, Antiferromagnetic nanoparticles.

2. Electronic Properties: Ionic solids, Covalently bonded solids; Metals: Effect of

lattice parameter on electronic structure, Free electron model, The Tight-Binding

model; Measurements of electronic structure of nanoparticles: Semiconducting

nanoparticles, Organic solids, Metals.

3. Nanoelectronics: N and P doping and PN junctions, MOSFET, Scaling of MOSFETs;

Spintronics: Definition and examples of spintronic devices, Magnetic storage and

spin valves, Dilute magnetic semiconductors; Molecular switches and electronics:

Molecular switches, Molecularelectronics, Mechanism of conduction through a

molecule; Photonic crystals.

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Unit 4:

1. An introduction to nanochemistry concepts: Nanochemistry introduction,

Surface, Size, Shape, Self-assembly, Defects, The bio-nano interface, Safety.

2. Gold: Introduction, Surface, Size, Shape, Self-assembly, Defects, Bio-nano, Gold-

Nano food for thought.

3. Cadmium Selenide: Introduction, Surface, Size, Shape, Self-assembly, Defects,

Bio-nano, CdSe-Nano food for thought.

4. Iron Oxide: Introduction, Surface, Size, Shape, Self-assembly, Bio-nano, Iron

Oxide-Nano food for thought.

5. Carbon: Introduction, Surface, Size, Shape, Self-assembly, Bio-nano, Conclusion,

Carbon-Nano food for thought.

6. Carbon molecules: Nature of the carbon bond, New Carbon clusters: Small

Carbon clusters, Buckyball, The structure of molecular C60, Crystalline C60,

Larger and smaller Buckyballs, Buckyballs of other atoms; Carbon nanotubes:

Fabrication, Structure, Electronic properties, Vibrational properties,

Functionalization, Doped Carbon Nanotubes, Mechanical properties; Nanotube

Composites: Polymer-carbon nanotube composites, Metal-Carbon nanotube

composites; Graphene nanostructures.

Main References:

[1] The Physics and Chemistry of Nanosolids, Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole,

Wiley-Interscience, 2008.

[2] Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design: An Introduction for Engineers and

Architects, Daniel L. Schodek, Paulo Ferreira, Michael F. Ashby, Publisher:

Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.

[3] Concepts of Nanochemistry, LudovicoCademartiri and Geoffrey A. Ozin, Wiley-

VCH, 2009.

PSPHE17: Energy Studies

Unit 1:

1. A brief history of energy technology, Global energy trends, Global warming and

the greenhouse effect, Units and dimensional analysis, Heat and temperature,

Heat transfer, First law of thermodynamics and the efficiency of a thermal power

plant, Closed cycle for a steam power plant, Useful thermodynamic quantities,

Thermal properties of water and steam, Disadvantages of a Carnot cycle for a

steam power plant

2. Rankine cycle for steam power plants, Gas turbines and the Brayton (or Joule)

cycle, Combined cycle gas turbine, Fossil fuels and combustion, Fluidized beds,

Carbon sequestration, Geothermal energy, Basic physical properties of fluids,

Streamlines and stream-tubes, Mass continuity, Energy conservation in an ideal

fluid: Bernoulli’s equation, Dynamics of a viscous fluid, Lift and circulation,

Euler’s turbine equation


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Unit 2:

Hydropower, power output from a dam, measurement of volume flow rate using

a weir, Water turbines; Impact, economics and prospects of hydropower; Tides,

Tidal power, Power from a tidal barrage, Tidal resonance, Kinetic energy of tidal

currents, Ecological and environmental impact of tidal barrages, Economics and

prospects for tidal power, Wave energy, Wave power devices; Environmental

impact, economics and prospects of wavepower; Binding energyand stability of

nuclei, Fission, Thermal reactors, Thermal reactor designs, Fast reactors,

Present-day nuclear reactors, Safety of nuclear power, Economics of nuclear

power, Environmental impact of nuclear power, Public opinion on nuclear

power, Outlook for nuclear power, Magnetic confinement, D-T fusion reactor,

Performance of tokamaks, Plasmas, Charged particle motion in E and B fields,

Tokamaks, Plasma confinement, Divertortokamaks, Outlook for controlled fusion

Unit 3:

Source of wind energy, Global wind patterns, Modern wind turbines, Kinetic

energy of wind, Principles of a horizontal-axis wind turbine, Wind turbine blade

design, Dependence of the power coefficient Cp on the tip-speed ratioλ, Design of

a modern horizontal-axis wind turbine, Turbine control and operation, Wind

characteristics, Power output of a wind turbine, Wind farms, Environmental

impact and public acceptance, Economics of wind power, Outlook, Conclusion,

The solar spectrum, Semiconductors, p-n junction, Solar photocells, Efficiency of

solar cells, Commercial solar cells, Developing technologies, Solar panels,

Economics of photovoltaics (PV), Environmental impact of photovoltaics,

Environmental impact of photovoltaics, Outlook for photovoltaics, Solar thermal

power plants, Photosynthesis and crop yields, Biomass potential and use,

Biomass energy production, Environmental impact of biomass, Economics and

potential of biomass, Outlook.

Unit 4:

Generation of electricity, High voltage power transmission, Transformers, High

voltage direct current transmission, Electricity grids, Energy storage, Pumped

storage, Compressed air energy storage, Flywheels, Superconducting magnetic

energy storage, Batteries, Fuel cells, Storage and production of hydrogen,

Outlook for fuel cells, Environmental impact of energy production, Economics of

energy production, Cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment, Designing safe

systems, carbon abatement policies, Stabilization wedges for limiting CO2

emissions, Conclusions.

Main Reference:

[1] ENERGY SCIENCE: principles, technologies, and impacts, John Andrews and Nick

Jelley, Oxford University Press

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PSPHE18: Applied Thermodynamics [Syllabus under formulation]

PSPHE19: Signal Modulation and Transmission Techniques

Unit 1:

1. Single Sideband Techniques: Evolution and description of SSB, Suppression of

carrier, Suppression of unwanted sideband, Extensions of SSB, Frequency

Modulation: Theory of frequency and phase modulation, Noise and frequency

modulation, Generation of frequency modulation. Radio Receivers: Receiver

types, AM receivers, Communication receivers, FM receivers, Single- sideband

receivers, Independent-sideband receivers.

Unit 2:

1. Transmission Line Theory: Fundamental of transmission lines, Different types of

transmission lines; Telephone lines and cables, Radio frequency lines, Micro strip

transmission lines. Definition of characteristics impedance, Losses in

transmission lines, Standing waves, Quarter and Half wavelength lines,

Reactance properties of transmission lines, Fundamental of the Smith charts

and its applications.

Unit 3:

1. Electromagnetic Radiation and Propagation of Waves: Fundamental of

electromagnetic waves, Effects of the environment, Propagation of waves;

Ground waves, Sky wave propagation, Space waves, Tropospheric scatter

propagation, Extraterrestrial communication

Unit 4:

1. Antennas: Basic considerations, Wire radiators in space, Terms and definitions,

Effects of ground on antennas, Antenna Coupling at medium frequencies,

Directional high frequency antennas, UHF and Microwave antennas, Wideband

and special purpose antennas

Main References:

[1] Electronic Communication Systems by George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, 4th

ed., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

[2] Electronic Communication Systems-Fundamentals through Advanced by Wayne

Tomasi; 4th Edition, Pearson education Singapore.


[1] Electronic Communications by Dennis Roddy & John Coolen, (4th ed., Pearson

Ed.)

[2] Modern Electronic Communication by Gary M. Miller, (6th ed., Prentice Hall

International Inc.)


58

PSPHE20: Microwave Electronics, Radar and Optical Fiber Communication

Unit 1:

1. Waveguides, Resonators and Components: Rectangular waveguides, Circular and

other waveguides, Waveguide coupling, matching and attenuation, Cavity

resonators, Auxiliary components.

Unit 2:

1. Microwave Tubes and Circuits: Microwave triodes, Multicavity Klystron, Reflex

Klystron, Magnetron, Traveling wave tube.

2. Microwave Semiconductor Devices and Circuits: Passive microwave circuits,

Transistors and integrated circuits, parametric amplifiers, Tunnel Diodes and

Negative Resistance Amplifier, Gunn effect and diodes, Avalanche effects and

diodes. PIN Diode, Schottky barrier diode, backward diode.

3. Microwave Measurements: Slotted line VSWR measurement- Impedance

measurement, insertion loss and attenuation measurements

Unit 3:

1. Radar Systems: Basic principles; Fundamentals, Radar performance factors

Pulsed systems; Basic pulsed radar system, Antennas and scanning, Display

methods, Pulsed radar systems, Moving radar systems. Moving target indication,

Radar beacons, CW Doppler radar, Frequency modulated CW radar, Phased array

radars, Planar array radars.

Unit 4:

1. Optical Fiber Communication Systems: Introduction to optical fibers, signal

degradation in optical fibers, Fiber optical sources and coupling, Fiber optical

receivers, System parameters, Analog optical fiber communication links, Design

procedure, Multichannel analog systems, FM/FDM video signal transmission,

Digital optical fiber systems.

Main References:

[1] Electronic communication systems by George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, 4th

ed., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

[2] Optical Fiber Communication by Gerd Keiser; McGraw-Hill International,

Singapore, 3rd Ed; 2000.

[3] Electronic Communication Systems Fundamentals through Advanced by Wayne



[1] Electronic Communications by Dennis Roddy and John Coolen, (4th ed., Pearson

Education).


International, Inc.).

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[3] Digital Communications Systems by Harold Kolimbiris, (Pearson Education Asia).

PSPHE21: Digital Communication Systems and Python Programming language

Unit 1:

1. Digital Modulation: Introduction , information capacity , bits , bit rate , Baud and

M-Ary encoding , ASK , FSK , PSK , QAM , Bandwidth efficiency , carrier recovery ,

clock recovery.

2. Digital Transmission: Introduction, Pulse modulation, PCM sampling, Signal to

quantization noise ratio, Commanding, PCM line speed, Delta modulation PCM,

Adaptive delta modulation.

Unit 2:

1. Telephone Instruments and Signals: Introduction, The subscriber Loop, Standard

telephone set, Basic telephone call procedures, Call progress tones and signals,

Cordless telephones, Caller ID, Electronic telephones, paging system.

2. Telephone Circuits: Introduction, Local subscriber loop, Transmission

parameters and private line circuits (concepts only), Voice frequency circuit

arrangement.

Unit 3:

1. Study of PC Serial Port: Options and choices, Formats and protocols, The PCs

serial port from the connector in, PC programming.

2. Cellular Phone Concepts : Introduction ,Mobile phone service , evolution of

cellular phone , frequency reuse , interference , cell Splitting , sectoring ,

segmentation and dualization , cellular system topology , roaming and handoffs

3. Cellular Phone Systems: Digital cellular phone, Interim standard 95, CDMA, GSM

communication.

Unit 4:

Python Programming language: Introduction, Installing Python, First steps, The basics,

operators and expressions, control flow, Functions.

Main References:

[1] Advanced Electronic Communications Systems (Sixth edition) by Wayne Tomasi

(PHI EE Ed)

[2] Serial Port Complete by Jan Axelson; Penram International Publications.

[3] A Byte of Python by C. H. Swaroop.


[1] Electronic Communication Systems Fundamentals Through Advanced by Wayne



60

[2] Electronic Communications by Dennis Roddy and John Coolen, (4th ed., Pearson

Education).


International, Inc.).

[4] Wireless Communication Technology by Roy Blake, (Delmar – Thomson

Learning).

[5] Digital Communications Systems by Harold Kolimbiris, (Pearson Education Asia).

PSPHE22: Computer Networking

Unit 1:

1. Overview of Data Communication and Networking: Introduction, Data

communications, Networks, The internet, Protocols and standards; Network

models, Layered tasks, Internet model, OSI model.

2. Data Link layer: Error detection and correction, Types of errors, Detection, Error

correction, Data link control and protocols, Flow and error control, Stop and wait

ARQ, Go-back-N ARQ, Selective repeat ARQ, HDLC, Point to point access, Pont to

point protocol, PPP stack, Multiple access, Random access, Controlled access,

Channelization.

Unit 2:

Local Area Networks: Ethernet: Traditional ethernet, Fast ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,

Wireless LANs, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth. Connecting LANs, Connecting devices

(Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Two layer switch, Router and three layer switches),

Backbone networks, Virtual LANs, Virtual circuit switching, Frame relay, ATM, ATM

LANs.

Unit 3:

1. Network Layer: Internetworks, Addressing, Routing, Network layer protocols,

ARP, IP, ICMP, IPV6, Unicast and multicast routing protocols, Unicast routing,

Unicast routing Protocols, Multicast routing, Multicast routing Protocols.

2. Transport Layer: Process to process delivery, User datagram protocol (UDP),

Transmission control protocol (TCP).

3. Application Layer: Domain name system, Name space, Domain name space,

Distribution of name space, DNS in the internet, Resolution, DNS messages,

DDNS, Encapsulation, Electronic mail, File transfer (FTP), HTTP, World wide web

(WWW).

Unit 4:

Network Security: Cryptography, Introduction, Symmetric cryptography, Public-key

cryptography, Message security, Digital signature, User authentication, Key

management, Kerberos, Security protocols in the internet, IP level security (IPSEC),

Transport level security, Application layer security, Firewalls, Virtual private network.

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References:

[1] Data Communications and Networking by B. A. Forouzan (3rd ed., Tata McGraw

Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi). Chapters

[2] Advanced Electronic communications systems (Sixth edition) by Wayne Tomasi

(PHI – EE Ed)

[3] Data Communications and Computer Networks by Prakash Gupta.

PSPHE23: Computational Methods in Physics

Unit 1: Deterministic Methods

Molecular dynamics (MD) method: Integrating equation of motion of a few

variables, three-body problem, role of molecular dynamics (MD), the basic

machinery, Lennard-Jones potentials, modeling physical system, boundary

conditions, time integration algorithm, starting a simulation, simulation of

microcanonical (NVE) and canonical ensemble (NVT), controlling the system

(temperature, pressure), thermostats and barostats, equilibration, running,

measuring and analyzing MD simulation data, measurement of statistical

quantities, interatomic potentials, force fields.

Unit 2: Multiscale Modelling Methods (MMM)

1. Phase transition of particles interacting through Lennard-Jones potentials using

MD, need for multiscale modelling methods.

2. Approaches for MMM: Summary of standard modelling techniques, atomistic and

molecular modelling, degrees of coarse graining, mesoscale and continuum

modelling.

3. Applications: Macromolecular materials, Mechanical properties of

nanocrystalline metals and alloys, Diffusion and radiation damage in metals,

Biomimetic materials.

Unit 3: Stochastic Methods

1. Random number: Definition, True and Pseudo random number generators

(RNG), uniform and non-uniform RNG, Linux RNG, testing a RNG.

2. Monte Carlo simulation: Buffon's needles, MC Integration, hit and miss,

stochastic processes, sample mean integration, important sampling, Markov

Chain, Metropolis method, master equation, introduction to 2d-Ising model.

3. Case Study: Phase transition in 2d Ising model

Unit 4: High Performance Computing (HPC) System

1. Clustering fundamentals and building a working cluster: Historical review of

high performance supercomputers, basic architecture and components of a HPC

system.

2. Cluster Management: Resource manager, job scheduling.


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3. Introduction to Parallel Computing: Approaches to parallel programming,

distributed, shared and hybrid distributed-shared memory approach, message

passing interface (MPI), openMP.

4. Case Study: Calculation of p (using MC); Array Processing; Matrix-Vector

Multiplication; Simple Heat Equation; 1-D Wave Equation

References:

[1] K. Dowd & C. Severance, High Performance Computing, O’Reilly, 2nd Edition July

1998.

[2] Introduction to High Performance Scientific Computing , Victor Eijkhout , Edmond

Chow, Robert van de Geijn , 2nd edition, revision (2015 ).

[3] High Performance Computing For Dummies, Sun and AMD Special Edition, Douglas

Eadline, Wiley Publishing, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (2009).

[4] Rocks Cluster http://www.rocksclusters.org/wordpress/?p=519

[5] https://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/c_src/openmp/openmp.html

[6] https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/

PSPHE25: General Theory of Relativity and Cosmology [Course being conducted by UM-DAE-CBS]

PSPHE26: Galactic and Extragalactic Astronomy [Course being conducted by UM-DAE-CBS]

PSPHE27: Plasma Physics [Course being conducted by UM-DAE-CBS]

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Semester 3/4: Projects

Introduction

The project courses are PSPHP301 and PSPHP401 in semester 3 and 4 respectively. In

the project courses, the student can perform an experimental / theoretical /

computational project under supervision of one or more faculty members. In the first

part of the project, the student is expected to learn the basics of the topic chosen, learn

how to do literature survey and learn and set up the basic experimental /theoretical /

computational techniques needed for the project. In the second part, the student

addresses the objectives of the project. The second part can also be a reading/learning

project if the topic chosen is sufficiently advanced. The Department encourages projects

both in experimental and theoretical areas of Physics, in collaboration with other

institutes like UM-DAE CBS, TIFR, BARC, ICT, IIT, SAMEER, IIG or any other institute or

industry. In the first two years of its implementation (2013-14 and 2014-15), there

were some projects carried out in collaboration with TIFR, BARC and IIG. There were

conference presentations and publications in peer reviewed journals that emerged from

a few of these projects.

Some projects being undertaken in the Academic Year 2015-16 are as follows:

1. Accelerator Physics

2. Application of ultra fine thin films for electronic devices

3. Beam-cavity interaction, beam dynamics simulations.

4. Characterization of CNTs, nano ferroelectric and, Mixtures of Liquid crystals.

5. Design and simulation of an x-ray spectrometer for atomic physics experiments

6. Development of Everhart-Thornley Detector(ETD) for Scanning Electron

Microscopy

7. Development of Graphene-oxide and codoped-TiO2 nanocompositephotocatalyst

for removal of organic water pollutants.

8. Dye synthesized Solar cells

9. Electronic Communications: PC-PC Communications, MobilesTechnology, Radar,

Microwave Technology, Optical Fiber, Computer Networking etc

10. Equivalence of Light-front and covariant field Theory

11. FD, GLE and GS simultaneously occurring events and their impacts on space

weather.

12. Finite-temperature effects on nano-materials

13. Investigation of strong interaction physics using quarkonium spectra

14. Low Temperature Cryostat for measurements up to liquid nitrogen (77K)

temperatures

15. Magneto-optic measurements

16. Measurement of fission neutrons in the mass region A~200


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17. Shape and size controlled synthesis of Pd nanoparticles and its application in

catalysts

18. Structure of Rotating Nuclei

19. Study of numerical models for trace gas transport

20. Synthesis and characterisation of oxide polymer composites

21. Synthesis and Characterization of bilayer films

22. Synthesis of silica aerogels at an ambient pressure and its application

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