Scaling-up to MPA networks in the Coral Triangle: The Way Forward Stuart Green, Alan White, Stacey...
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Transcript of Scaling-up to MPA networks in the Coral Triangle: The Way Forward Stuart Green, Alan White, Stacey...
Scaling-up to MPA networks in the Coral Triangle: The Way Forward
Stuart Green, Alan White, Stacey Kilarski, Anna Meneses, Patrick Christie, Giselle Samonte-Tan, Leah Karrer, Helen Fox,
Stuart Campbell, John Claussen and Barbara Best
MPA network: collection of individual MPAs or reserves operating cooperatively and synergistically, at various
spatial scales with a range of protection levels designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve
sustainable financing
setting MPA networksin a broader context
economic & social considerationsspatial & temporal considerations
scientific & information management considerationsinstitutional & governance considerations
best practices for planning and implementation
ecological design criteria
Making it happen
politicalwill &
leadership
compliance &enforcement
monitoring &assessment
public education,communication
& awareness
sustainable financing
MPAs created to:
1. Enhance fisheries production2. Generate income for communities3. Conserve biodiversity
Why focus on MPAs?Biophysical results known and provide
incentives for EBM/ICM--more fish in MPAs
Apo Reserve
Source: Russ and Alcala 2003
25
20
15
10
5
Den
sity
(no
./100
0m)
2
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
M arine m anagem ent Planfor entire island
Closed to F ishingfor 18 years
MPAs Build Resilience to Coral Bleaching and WarmingAverage for Six Sites Inside and Outside of Marine Sanctuaries
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
700%
800%
900%
1000%
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003
Year
Rel
ativ
e %
Cha
nge
in F
ish
Abu
ndan
ce
All Fish (IN) All Fish (OUT)
Coral Triangle and MPA network survey sites
1. Berau
2. Tubbataha
3. Wakatobi
4. Kimbe Bay
5. Karimunjawa
6. Cebu
Learning partnership among TNC, WWF, TNC, WWF, CI, WCS and USAID-CI, WCS and USAID- started in 2004 with
two overarching questions…1. “How can we effectively design,
implement, and manage representative and resilient MPA networks in tropical marine ecosystems?”
2. “What ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional principles, if met, will ensure that MPA networks provide enduring and effective conservation for marine diversity?”
Results from Survey: Level of impact of human Results from Survey: Level of impact of human activities and natural disturbancesactivities and natural disturbances
N = 94, * The mean difference is significant at 0.05 level
Stressors Disturbance
General illegal fishing*
Highest
Commercial fishing*
2nd Highest
Waste (plastics etc)*
3rd Highest
Chemical Poisoning—Live food fish*
4th Highest
Stressor Disturbance
Industrial Pollution*
4th Lowest
Coral Bleaching*
3rd Lowest
Typhoons* 2nd Lowest
Aquarium Fishing*
Lowest
Planning and Design Phase of MPA Development
“It is quite difficult to put places under certain management regimes as you think best, when you need to consider social / economic considerations of people living in the area”
- Main assisting NGO
Dependent and independent variables (strongest predictors)Dependent
variableIndependent variables
Correlation Coefficient (r)
Perceived increased fish catch
Sustainable financing for management 1 .412(**)
Clarity of MPA network rules .382(**)
Enforcement by community enforcers .487(**)
Local skills development .375(**)
Multi-stakeholder planning workshops .333(**)
Communication activities (e.g., film showings, photo exhibits) .327(**)
Involvement in management of traditional leaders / elders .313(*)
Involvement in management of local elected politicians .310(*)
Stakeholders’ participation in activities .290(*)
Involvement in management of police and law enforcement agencies
.284(*)
Trainings in MPA management and leadership development .282(*)
Participatory biophysical assessments .278(*)** Correlation is significant at the .01 level* Correlation is significant at the .05 level
13
Dependent and independent variables found (cont’d.)
Dependent variable
Independent variablesCorrelation
Coefficient (r)
Perceived improved critical habitats in no-take zones
Local skills development .540(**)
Involvement in management of local elected politicians
.386(**)
Enforcement by community enforcers .518(**)
Stakeholders’ participation in activities .456(**)
Participatory biophysical assessments .403(**)
Clarity of MPA network rules .394(**)
Trainings in MPA management and leadership development
.322(*)
** Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).* Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed).
14
Results from workshop for 6 sites on ideal vs reality of MPA network implementation--2008
1. Ecology:• How to easily design for
resilience to climate change?• How to consider
connectivity issues in MPA network design?
• Evaluation of ecosystem services beyond fisheries
• Lack of effective biophysical monitoring with data management
…points in MPA workshop
2. Social and Governance:
• Devolution from national to local--governance
• Need for holistic conflict resolution
• Increased community engagement and participation
• More education to raise awareness
• Simpler regulations better than complex (zoning)
• Support comprehensive management plans
• More and better social and learning networks
…points: 3. Finance and economic returns
• Value coastal resources and return on investment to support buy-in
• Start sustainable financing early
• Broad economic development strategies• Financial support for integrated plans• Generate revenues thru MPAs, tours, etc.• Integrate alternative livelihood within ICM
Recurring Themes in the Coral Recurring Themes in the Coral Triangle areas surveyed in 2008Triangle areas surveyed in 2008
• Opportunities for capacity building of MPA managers & supporting governments and NGOs
• Lack of understanding of “network” among practitioners and scientists
• Use of known and accepted biophysical and social science lacking in design and implementation across most sites
• Need for basic planning and management within most to all MPAs before "networks" will be functional
Prerequisites to form MPA networks
• Need baseline information in sufficient detail (size, locations, habitat parameters, hydrology)
• Must have institution that operates at scale of potential network OR
• Institutions must be networked and coordinated
• Social networks must be formed• Monitoring capability and data
management system capability within institution at scale of management
Prerequisites to form MPA networks…
• Clarification on benefits of MPA networks for whom?
• MPA networks are beneficial in the eyes of scientists and those well versed in marine conservation, but…
• Must get local stakeholders on board with knowledge and motivation to support and implement
1970s 1980s 1990s2000’s
Command and control Co-managementEnvironmental
Governance
Although large investments exist in MPAs/networks—management effectiveness is
poor and apparent results from large areas under legal protection are not indicative of the actual level of management and conservation
being achieved
MPAs cannot succeed as islands in a complex coastal environment—they must be part of integrated management systems with interventions tailored to local needs and conditions