Scaffolding Training Module Aug 2002
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SCAFFOLDING
TRAINING MODULE
SCAFFOLDING
Tubular Systems
Frame Systems
Free-standing
Mobile
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3/37PAGE 1SCAFFOLDING - TRAINING NOTES
TRAINING
SUBJECT: SCAFFOLDING
PURPOSE: To provide all employees at all levels with a sound basic understanding of the
use of scaffolds, to allow them to recognise potential or real faults and identify
and report them ashazards under the HSE Act 1992.
NUMBERS: Up to 20 persons, dividing them into groups of four to six as may be required.
METHOD:
First - A brief explanation of scaffolding terms and principles of scaffold.
Second - A brief outline of the OSH Code of Practice as it applies to Fletcher Construction.
Third - Participants will explore the several rules which apply in the Code of Practice,
and discover why - in commonsense terms - those rules exist.
The contents of this Module cover the bare essentials of scaffolding only. The Trainer is
expected to be competent to expand on the topic, and also provide resources.
Fourth - A brief evaluation will conclude the session to indicate how well the participant
has absorbed the points discussed. This will comprise a simple multiple-choice
questionnaire which will be identified and passed to the Trainer for marking.
MATERIALS: Hand-outs based on the Code of Practice.
OHPs of good - and bad - practices.
Whiteboard
Pens and paper for participants
Copies of assessment
Trainees should have the current Code of Practice and
Joint AS/NZS 4576 (1995).
DURATION: Three hours maximum.
Ideally two hours, for the most basic coverage.
DEVELOPMENT: Expansion of the course can include design factors, and detailed
requirements of the Code, for management and supervisory staff.
NOTES: It is not intended that the course be regarded as a step towards staff being
competent to erect, alter or dismantle scaffold. This point will be stressed to participants.
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PAGE 2
SCAFFOLDINGScaffolding is an essential component of construction in New
Zealand.
There are however a number of accidents each year because the
simple basics are overlooked.
This module discusses tubular scaffolding, frame scaffolding,
free-standing scaffolding and mobile scaffolding, with emphasis on
the basic rules of safety applicable to all types.
SCAFFOLDING
Tubular
Scaffold
Mobile
Scaffold
Free-Standing
Scaffold
Frame
Scaffold
Brace
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 3
SCAFFOLDING ... 1
What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is a temporary structure for the support of persons and materials. It provides
access to elevated construction work areas, and is subject to strict safety requirements.
Notifiable Works:
Any scaffold 5 metres or more in height must benotified to OSH, Department of Labour.
Any Employer whose employees are using a scaffold 5 metres or more in height must also notify
OSH, Department of Labour.
When does scaffold have to be inspected?
If suspended, it must be inspected DAILY.
If any other form of scaffold, it must be inspected WEEKLY.
After any addition, alteration, or change - to either the scaffold, its anchorages, base or ties.
After any gales, storms, earthquakes, or other natural event which may affect the safety of the
scaffold.
If not in use, it must regardless be inspected MONTHLY.
Who inspects scaffolding?
Any scaffold in the above category must be inspected and certified by:
A certified scaffolder, OR
Any other competent person (e.g; a registered engineer).
Certification and any notes are to be contained in a "register", which can be a logbook, a
specific form, or similar.
Who does our scaffold erection, alterations and dismantling?
Fletcher uses contractors who are both registered and competent.
On NO account should Fletcher personnel attempt to make any alterations to existing scaffold,
or dismantle scaffold, which is 5 metres or more in height - that is, "notifiable"..
(This does NOT apply to proprietary falsework systems, which are designed and installed to
carry formwork and the like.)
What do we need to know about scaffolding?
We need to know that it has been erected by registered contractors.
We need to know that it has been inspected by competent and qualified people, and that it
is safe for the work it has been intended for.
We need to know what its safe working limits are - what we can and cannot do with it.
We need to know that our safety depends on a number of people doing their job properly.
What types of scaffold are there?
The more common form is tubular scaffold, which can be erected in virtually any configuration.
It can be either free-standing, or tied to a structure. In either case it uses cross-bracing and
rakers to provide rigidity.
The other form is frame scaffold, which uses proprietary systems of frames and bracing.
Any of these systems can be either fixed in place, or mobile. There are however strict rules
covering their use, which are covered in the following sheets.
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7/37PAGE 5SCAFFOLDING - GLOSSARY
LIFT
A lift describes a section of scaffold forming each horizontal level of scaffold.
OUTRIGGERA cantilevered beam which is usually fixed to a floor slab and has a part of its length
reaching out from the structure to suspend, for example, a swinging stage.
Also referred to as aneedle.
PUTLOG
Otherwise referred to as abearerortransom, the putlog is a horizontal section of
tubular scaffold which is fixed betweenstandards and ledgers, and on which the
scaffold planks are placed (and secured).
RAKER
An angled load-bearing piece of scaffold which provides rigidity to the scaffold
frame and braces the structure.
STANDARD
The vertical members of a scaffold frame. These are the columns of the scaffold,
and carry all the weight.
SWIVEL COUPLER
A pair of special bolt couplers which have a swivel joint between them, allowing
tubular scaffold to be clamped at different angles.
SOLE PLATE
Usually a piece of timber, on which the scaffold base plate sits, and which takes the
load of the scaffold and its occupants. A sole plate stops the verticalstandards
from digging into the ground under and causing instability.
SPAN
The distance between two scaffold components, such as the distance a plank
spans.
TIE
A means of securing a scaffold to a structure. In many cases it comprises wire but
can also include an extendedputlog or spreader, to prevent the scaffold from
moving about.
TOEBOARD
A vertical barrier at the edge of the platform which is to prevent both materials and
workers from slipping off the platform. It must be of sufficient height to retain
materials.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 6
SCAFFOLDING ... 2What are the important parts of tubular scaffolding?
Planks
Putlog
Guardrail
Toeboard
Ledger
Coupler
Base plate
Diagonal bracing
Standard
Bay
Working Platform
Tie, or
Anchorage
MOBILE
SCAFFOLD
FRAME
SCAFFOLD
TUBULAR
SCAFFOLD
Diagonal
Raker
Brace
Lift
Span
Note that there are a number of CRITICAL points relating to scaffold -
these are shown on Sheets 7 and 8.
Platformheight
* Height is the DECK HEIGHT of the UPPERMOST working platform.
Mid-rail
(if req'd)
(Free-standing scaffold shown here)
Height*
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 7
When a plank overhangs the end of a
scaffold or frame, the overhang must bebetween 80mm and 220mm - no less,
and no more.
Where planks are butted together, a putlog
must be used under the end of each plank,
as shown.
If a bearer is to be used under butted
planks, it must be at least 150mm
wide and centred under the joint.
A mid-rail is required
UNLESS there is a
toe-board fitted (as
shown), OR there is anequivalent protection
such as mesh.
This diagram covers the
critical dimensions for
tubular scaffold.
At any time, there must be at least 450mm
clear walking space when stacking
materials on scaffolding planks.
When lapping planks, fillets should be used
as shown to prevent tripping and provide a
smooth transition between levels.
NOTE: Scaffold tube must be cut with square ends. Do not gas-cut; use a pipe-cutter. This is
critical for base plates, putlogs and similar whare the end is bearing on something.
SCAFFOLDING ... 3
What are the critical points on tubular scaffolding?
Min. 80mm
Max. 220mm
75 75
150
160mm min.
Gap as small
as possible
675mm min.
Planks
200
max.
Min. 900
Max. 1100
Tie
Toeboard
(High enough
to retain any
materials on
the planks)
Max
200
Height of rail:
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 8
SCAFFOLDING ... 4
700
1050
min. height
Diagonal bracing
Level of deck
Level of working platform
Rail at 700mm height
Where scaffolding framesare used with double
cross-bracing, the guardrail
may be lowered to 700mm,
PROVIDED the minimum
height of the intersection of
the cross-bracing is
1050mm above the
working platform.
Where
More critical points on tubular scaffolding....
Steel base plates MUST be
used with all tubular scaffold.
Where the ground is
anything else but concrete or
other firm material, ADD
timber sole plated under the
steel base plates.
On concrete or
firm material:
Steel base plate.
On any other material:
Min. timber size = 500mm
x 200mm x 38mm thick
Light duty working platform:
Dimensions - span of bay between
standards -
Max. 2.4m x 1.5m wide; loading = 220kg
per bay.
Heavy duty working platform:
Dimensions - span of bay between
standards -1.8m x 1.275m wide; loading = 660kg
per bay.
Note - planks
secured if risk of
high winds.
First lift - max 3.1m due to columnstrength of standards.Head heights - 1.8m min; 2.1m max.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 9
SCAFFOLDING ... 5
How do we arrange footings on difficult ground? ... 1
Extra soleplate
as a minimum.
Spurred standard which must
be capable of carrying the
additional load.
Scrap
timber
Masonry
block Too close
to trench
No baseplate
Not centrally
supported on
soleplate
Straddling
trench
Here's how NOT to arrange a
scaffold over a trench area:
This is the correct - and safe -way to handle it.
Unsupported
at base.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 10
SCAFFOLDING ... 6
How do we arrange footings on difficult ground? ... 2
Sloping
ledger
Sloping
ledger
Right-angledcoupler
Right-angledcoupler
Standard centred
on a fully-bedded
soleplate
Here is the right way to set up
scaffold on sloping ground.
Standard not
centred
Soleplate not
fully bedded
Standard not evenly
bearing on baseplate.
It could skid off down
the slope.
And here's how NOT
to organise
baseplates and
soleplates:
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 11
SCAFFOLDING ... 7
How is scaffolding "tied" to a structure?
Column Column Column
Double-lip or 'U'-tie Box tie Column tie with
butt transom
Examples of tie assemblies
Box tie
Tie tube
Through-ties such as this
should be placed as close
as possible to the openingedges, and secured with
right-angle couplers only.
There are several means of tying scaffolding
to a structure. This first uses scaffold tubetightly boxed around a column (or other
structural member) using rigid right-angle
clamps.
Another means is using scaffold
tube on the other side of an
opening, and securely tied to the
scaffolding proper.
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Transverse diagonals:
At each end of standards and not more than every tenthpair of standards along the scaffold.
Longitudinal diagonals:
One diagonal for every three bays or less in length, and
three lifts in height of scaffold on outer face, and approx.
40 slope arranged in zig-zag or sloping continuously
from bottom to top.
SCAFFOLDING PAGE 12
SCAFFOLDING ... 8
Tie wire can be fixed to
an eye (as shown), to a
ledger, structural
member or similar. Note
- the structure must be
checked for strength first!
Putlog acts in
compressionTie wire acts
in tension
See detail
at right
Ties must be as close as possible to
ledger intersections on standards.
How is scaffolding tied to a structure? ... 2
A typical means of fixing uses special wire.
Remember - the purpose of a tie system is to prevent movement of the scaffold system
either inward, or outward.
Wire to be
twitched tight.
Horizontal spacing of ties: 4.8m max on alternative pairs of standards.
Vertical spacing - 4.2m max. on alternative lifts.
Transverse: Longitudinal:
DIAGONAL BRACING:
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 13
SCAFFOLDING ... 9
What sort of couplings are used on scaffolding?
a). Right - angle couplers
b). Swivel couplers.
c). Putlog couplers.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 14
SCAFFOLDING ... 10
What sort of couplings are used on scaffolding? ... 2
e). Finial coupler
g). Putlog blade
h). Adjustable baseplate i). Castor
f). Baseplate
I). Expanding joint pin type end-to-end coupler
II). Overcoat-type end-to-end coupler
III). Sleeve type end-to-end coupler
d). End-to-end Couplers
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 15
SCAFFOLDING ... 11
MINIMUM ENGAGEMENT FOR
ADJUSTABLE SCREW FEET
Free-standing scaffolding uses similar rules to tubular scaffold, but as it has no support
from any other structure, it must be securely braced to maintain its rigidity.
The diagram below covers the important points.
Frames must be
in alignment at
the joints
Couplings should be
secure, especially if the
assembly is to be
transported.Cross braces must be used on BOTH
sides, unless ledgers are used; then
brace on the outside only.
Guard rails and mid-rails to be
used at working platform where
cross-bracing is removed.
FIRM footing
200
min.
Varies
Base plate - least
width to be 2 x
height
Horizontal tie is
essential for this form of
bracing. The tie must be
as low as possible.
Alternative -
extended base
which allows for
easier moving.
BRACING TO MOBILE
SCAFFOLDING
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 16
SCAFFOLDING ... 12
Free-standing scaffolding ... continued
The ratio of height to base width must not
exceed 3. This means that a scaffold 6
metres in height requires a base 2
metres in width, and for a 9-metre height
the base width must be 3 metres.
Alternatively, some other means may be
used to prevent overturning, such as
tying to the structure.
Diagonal bracing must be provided,
UNLESS the system being used
provides satisfactory bracing. The
makers' manuals will advise this.
Frame sections should be fixed together
so they will not accidentally disengage -
for example, a crane load becomingaccidentally wedged under part of the
scaffold and being raised.
Access to the working platform must be
within the scaffold frame, and if ladders
are used, they must be tied at both top
and bottom.
Bracing
as
required
Z-Z-Z-Z-I-P-P-P!!!
Note: Use of mesh cloth or netting can
create a "sail effect" on scaffolding.
Check ties and jointings as part of the
regular scaffolding checks.
3
1
9
3
9
3
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 17
SCAFFOLDING ... 13
Mobile scaffolding
This form of scaffold, usually frame-type, is mounted on wheels or similar to allow for
easy movement on firm and level surfaces. Again, special requirements apply:
Wheels must be swivel-type, at least
125mm in diameter, and the spigot
above the wheels must enter into the
tube or frame by at least 150mm.
When the mobile scaffold is in use, the
wheels MUST be locked and turned out.
(This has the effect of increasing the
base width, and improving stability.)
Mobile scaffold cannot be used closer
than ONE METRE to any edge or
opening, UNLESS there is an effective
method to prevent the scaffold from
toppling (for example, tied to the
structure).
Where a scaffold is closer than 1m, the
effective height of the scaffold becomes
significantly altered to incorporate the
height of the drop-off.
Only use mobile scaffold on level, firm
and even ground. Sloping, uneven or
soft ground is dangerous.
Access is to be within the frames,
and ladders shall be used. They
must be tied top and bottom.
HELP!!
1m min.
Lock on
Min
125
Min
150
Ensure your scaffold supplier knows your requirements when ordering.
Actual
height
Design
height
(An alternative method of locking wheels is to use two wedges as shown)
Working platformheight
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 18
SCAFFOLDING ... 14Mobile scaffolding ... continued ...
Bracing is required, with one set to be
as close as possible to the wheels.
This includes horizontal bracing (often
referred to as "plan bracing"), as shown
in the diagram. In this instance, the plan
bracing is tying the frames together in
the flat direction, with diagonalshandling the two vertical directions.
A solid and secure mobile frame!
SCAFFOLD PLANKS
All scaffold planks used by Fletcher
Construction are made to a New ZealandStandard. Most planks used in
construction are glue-laminated, and
these must be manufactured in
accordance with NZS 3620:1985.
They are identifiable by branding on an
edge.
As a minimum, there will be a brand
"NZS 3620", indicating they are built to
the Standard, along with "L 1234", the
license number issued by SANZ to use
the Standards mark, and the letter 'M',
indicating that the plank has been
mechanically tested.
A plank must be capable of holding a
working load of 160kg applied as two
equal working loads 300mm apart on
either side of centre span with the
plank supported at 2.400m centres.
NZS2620 L12
34 M
300 300
CL
NZS 3620 L 1234 M
160kg
Horizontal ("Plan") bracing to be
as close as possible to the wheels
Cross bracing
shown dashed
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 19
SCAFFOLDING ... 15
Sawcuts. Someone used
the plank as a workbench.
The plank is dangerous.
A hole through the
plank means it is
dangerous to use.
Split. The plank has been
dropped on to its end.
It is unsafe.Notched side. Someone sawed the
plank instead of the workpiece.
The plank is dangerous.
These are the sorts of dangers we often find with planks, because
someone has not taken a little care:
Burning. Someone cut a
piece of steel using the
plank as a bench.
The plank could be
dangerously weakened.
Planks are NOT handy workbenches.
They should NEVER be used as a
handy work surface for drilling,
sawing, welding, gas cutting or
similar.
ALWAYS report any mishap you mayhave with a plank, and DO NOT take
any chances. NEVER try to cover up
damage. Remove any damaged plank
if in doubt.
All that'sholding you
up.
A long way
down.
The accepted test load is (3 x 160) = 480kg.
Planks are robust tools and will give
good service provided they are
looked after and used for what they
were designed for.
480kg
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 20
SCAFFOLDING ... 16
There are, as at March 2000, four manufacturers of scaffolding planks who are
licensed to build planks to the requirements of New Zealand Standard 3620.
Without the Standards markings, as shown on Sheet 18, a scaffold plank cannot be
relied upon to meet the rigourous requirements both of testing and of everyday use.
The four manufacturers are:
Barts Glue Laminated Timbers
Hamilton
Tel. (07) 849 5276
Fax (07) 849 5477
Inglewood Timber Processors
Inglewood, Taranaki
Tel. (06) 756 8803
Fax (06) 756 8803
John Nissho Limited
Masterton, Wairarapa
Tel. (06) 377 4944
Fax (06) 377 1166
Northern Laminating Limited
Auckland
Tel. (09) 426 8562
Fax (09) 427 8563
License No: L2447
License No: L2557
License No: L2558
License No: L2590
NOTE: This list is accurate as as March 2000.
Further licenses may be issued or licenses cancelled over time.
Please ensure that you have updated your list of license holders.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 21
SCAFFOLDING ... 17
How is alloy scaffolding erected? ... 1
1. Insert
adjustablelegs/castors
into base
frame. Ensure
leg enters with
minimal
clearance to
end of leg.
2. Attach
horizontal
brace (yellow
hooks) to
vertical frame.
Ensure castors
are locked.
Frame is now
self-supporting.
3. Attach brace to
second frame as
shown. Fit second
brace, and plan
brace (red hook).4. Attach four diagonal
(silver) braces as
shown. Level base
using adjustable legs.
Base is now complete.
5. Add additional
extensions as
required. Note -
diagonal bracing
must be within 1
node point of
preceding
diagonal
bracing.
6. Fit the plain
platform, then the
hinged access
platform (hinges to
outside). Insert
guard rail sections
to top as shown.
NOTE: Outriggers are
required if the structure
exceeds two lifts high.
Any scaffolding over 5
metres height must be
erected by a qualified
scaffolder.
(Continued next sheet)
BRACES:
Yellow hooks -
HORIZONTAL.Silver hooks -
DIAGONAL.
Red hooks -
PLAN.
Note: While 4 diagonal braces is a good
practice, two in opposite directions will
suffice for low level scaffold.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 22
SCAFFOLDING ... 18
How is alloy scaffolding erected? ... 2
7. Attach two horizontal (yellow) braces to the
top rung of the guardrail frames. Add two
yellow braces to the frame midrails and add
one diagonal brace (silver) as shown.
8. Fit toeboards to allow platform
trapdoor to open. Attach ladder through
access platform. Fit stand-off braces from
ladder base to frame rung at base.
9. Should more than one ladder be required, provide one access platform to allow
change-over. Fit platform first. Provide four horizontal braces - are fitted as guard rails
and midrails.
Toeboards
Access ladder
Base frame
2.2m high
Horizontal braces
(Yellow)
Midrail
Guard rail frame
Diagonal braces
(Silver)
Platforms (2)
1 access
1 standard
Extension frames:
2.05: 5-rung
1.6: 4-rung
1.2: 3-rung
0.8: 2-rung
Horizontal brace
(Yellow hooks)
Plan brace
(Red hooks)
0.8m /
1.3m /
1.8m /
2.5m
1.5m /
2.0m /
2.5m /
3.2m
200 castors /
adjustable legs.
350mm adj. max.
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 23
SCAFFOLDING ... 19
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
1. Scaffold Vicinity:
When the scaffold is to be erected near to or
over public space or adjoining property, theremay be a need to provide specific controls
(e.g; hoardings, catch platforms, barricades,
warning lights, mesh cloth).
Power lines are a major hazard. Unless there is
positive confirmation that de-energising has
taken place, scaffolds constructed of timber or
other non-conductive materials should not be
closer than 1.5m to powerlines. Scaffolds with
metallic components should not be closer
than 4.0m to power lines. Check with the
power authority for exact information.
Uncontrolled vehicle movement in close
proximity to scaffold is a hazard that could lead
to the scaffold or its supporting structure
collapsing or becoming unstable. It may be
necessary to provide protective buffers,
re-route traffic, or otherwise control the
movement of vehicles.
Where cranes operate in the vicinity of
scaffold, there is a hazard in the potential for
loads to snag on the scaffold or endanger
people using the scaffold. Specific site safety
management procedures may be required to
manage the hazard.
Where corosive substances are to be used on
the scaffold or in its vicinity, specific
procedures may be required to manage the
hazard.
Soil under scaffold should be well
consolidated and drained to prevent
waterlogging. Floors, walls and otherstructures that provide support or transmit
loads from the scaffold should be checked for
soundness.
Some structures may require an engineer's
certificate. Point loads transmitted by
standards and other members such as ties
should be estimated, taking into account dead
loads, live loads and environmental loads. The
supporting structure may need to be
strengthened by back-propping or other
suitable means.
1a. Has sufficient public
protection been provided?
2. Supporting Structures:
1b.
1c.
1d.
1e.
2b.
2a.
Have sufficient
safeguards against
electric power lines been
provided?
Is there adequate
control over vehicle
movement?
Is there sufficient control
over crane operations?
Are there adequate controls
over storage, handling and use
of hazardous substances?
Is the supporting structure
suitable for the intended use?
Does the supporting structure
have adequate strength?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Checked Explanatory Notes
NB: Page numbers in RH column refer to AS/NZS 4576.
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 24
SCAFFOLDING ... 20
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
2. Supporting Structures:
When a scaffold is founded on soil, trenching
or other excavation work in the vicinity couldbe a hazard unless control measures are used.
Partial demolition of supporting structures also
needs close control.
Back-propping should comply with AS/NZS
3610. Controls are required ensuring that any
material or equipment used to strengthen the
supporting structure is not inadvertently
removed or damaged.
The supporting structure may be subject to
various loads from vehicles, stored materials,
impact forces and build-up of debris. Wherethis could result in overloading the support
structure, control measures are required.
Soleplates should be provided to distribute
the load transmitted by standards unless the
strength and rigidity of the structure is
sufficient to prevent any subsidence or failure
under full load.
Soleplates must be of robust material such as
timber scaffold planks or steel. They should be
able to distribute the loads transmitted by
standards when the scaffold is under full load,
without damage or failure.
Soleplates should be positioned to prevent
them being dislodged or undermined.
Unless standards are bearing on steel
surfaces at least 6mm thick or are mounted on
casters, they should be fitted with metal
baseplates to distribute the load.
Prefabricated scaffolds generally require
adjustable baseplates to provide levelling.
Standards founded on beams generally
require u-heads to prevent dislodgement.
Baseplates which are bowed or bent will not
provide an even bearing surface. To comply
with standards, baseplates need to be at least
6mm thick and have a minimum plan area
equivalent to 150mm x 150mm.
2c. Are there adequate
controls to prevent
adverse deterioration of
the supporting structure?
3. Soleplates & Baseplates:
2d.
2e.
3a.
3b.
3d.
3c.
Are all measures to
strengthen the supporting
structure adequate?
Is the risk of the supporting
structure being overloaded
from other sources
adequately controlled?
Are there sufficient
soleplates?
Are the soleplates of a suitablematerial and in good condition?
Are the soleplates secure?
Are there sufficient
baseplates?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Checked Explanatory Notes
3e.
3f.
Are the baseplates of the
appropriate type?
Are the baseplates serviceable
and of suitable dimensions?
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 25
SCAFFOLDING ... 21
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
Where there is a possibility of slip or
dislodgement, baseplates should be fixed
with nails, screws, bolts, welding or other as
appropriate.
A "floating" standard will cause additional
loading to ledgers and adjacent standards,
which could lead to failure.
Standards which are not vertical will take less
load than vertical standards. Unless specifically
allowed for in the design, this may lead to
failure of the scaffold.
If the longitudinal standard spacing is wider
than designed, there may be excessive loads
placed on ledgers and standards.
If the transverse standard spacing is wider than
designed, excessive loads may be placed on
putlogs or transoms. If it is narrower than
designed, the stability of the scaffold may be
adversely affected and it may not be possible
to provide platforms that are wide enough for
the intended work.
Wrongly positioned joints in standards may
lead to failure. Joints should be located in
accordance with design specifications and
suppliers' information.
Unless otherwise allowed for in the suppliers'
information or design specification, joints
should be positively fixed to preclude uplift or
dislodgement.
Ledgers that are not level may place additional
loads on standards and other members.Unless specifically allowed for in the design,
this may lead to structural failure, and prevent
the provision of adequate platforms.
Unless specifically designed, ledgers should
be continuous for the full length of the
scaffold.
Where the vertical distance between ledgers
exceeds the design or the suppliers'
information, the load-bearing capacity of the
standards will be reduced and the rigidity of
the scaffold may be adversely affected.
4a.
Are the baseplates
secure?
3. Soleplates & Baseplates:
4b.
4c.
4d.
4e.
4g.
4f.
Are the standards bearing
firmly?
Are the standards plumb
(or as designed)?
Are the longitudinal
standard spacings correct?
Are the transverse standard
spacings correct?
Are the joints in standards
correctly positioned?
Are the joints in standards
correctly secured?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Checked Explanatory Notes
4h.
4i.
Are the ledgers level (or asdesigned)?
Are the ledgers continuous (or
as designed)?
3g.
4. Scaffold Structure:
Are the lift heights correct?
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 26
SCAFFOLDING ... 22
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
Except where provided for in the makers'
information or the design, at each lift there
must be a ledger for each longitudinal row of
standards. At any lift, all ledgers should be in
the same plane.
Ledgers that are not fixed in acordance with
the makers' information or design may not be
capable of sustaining the intended loads.
The incorrect position of ledger joints may lead
to failure under load. Joints should be
staggered and should not occur in end bays.
Unless otherwise designed, joints in ledgersshould be fixed with sleeve-type end-to-end
couplers or should be scarfed to prevent
separation under load.
Unless otherwise designed, in each lift there
should be a transom or putlogs at each
standard/ledger node point. Missing transoms
or putlogs will reduce the load capacity of
standards, decrease rigidity and create traps in
the scaffold.
Transoms should be positioned as closely as
possible to the standard/ledger node points.Putlogs should be positioned on the upper
surface of ledgers. The fixing method should
be in accordance with the suppliers' information
or design.
A scaffold generally requires longitudinal and
transverse bracing systems to achieve the
required rigidity. Plan bracing may also be
required. The minimum amount, maximum
spacing, positioning and fixing of braces
should comply with suppliers' information or
design.
Unless it is designed to be freestanding, the
stability of a scaffold will depend on the ties by
which it is fixed to the supporting structure.
Needles or counterweights that provide free
standing stability should be positively secured
against displacement or removal.
4k.
Are the horizontal ledger
spacings correct?
4l.
4m.
4n.
4o.
4q.
4p.
Are the ledgers correctly
secured?
Are ledger joint correctly
positioned?
Are the joints in ledgers
correctly secured?
Are there sufficient
transoms/putlogs?
Are the transoms/putlogscorrectly positioned and
secured?
Is the bracing adequate?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Is the scaffold sufficiently
stable?
4j.
4. Scaffold Structure:
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 27
SCAFFOLDING ... 23
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
The spacing and fixing methods must comply
with the suppliers' information or designrequirements. Ties should rigidly fix the
scaffold to the supporting structure but should
not interfere with access along working
platforms, access platforms or landings.
The number of working platforms should be
sufficient for the intended work, but should be
not more than the number stated in the
suppliers' information or design.
Working platforms should be positioned sothat the intended task can be carried out
without unnecessary restriction or
over-reaching. The height of the platform and
the amount of clearance from the working face
are critical factors.
Where catch platforms are required they
should be positioned so as to minimise the
distance that debris can fall and should be
positioned to comply with the suppliers'
information or design. The provision of
cantilevered catch platforms (fans) may require
the scaffold to be provided with additional ties.
The nature of the work to be performed from
the scaffold and the weight of materials to be
deposited on the platforms will determine
whether the platforms should be light duty,
medium duty, heavy duty or special duty.
Working platforms should be wide enough to
allow for the storage of any material that will
need to be placed on the platform while
maintaining clear access along their entire
length and allowing sufficient space to peform
the intended work tasks without unnecessary
obstruction. Catch platforms need to be large
enough to trap any falling debris.
Edge protection is required at the open sides
and ends of all working platforms and access
platforms from which a person or object could
drop 2m or more. Additional infill may be
required to adequately contain materials and
equipment.
Are the ties correctly
positioned and correctly
fixed?
5a.
5b.
5c.
5d.
5f.
5e.
Does the scaffold have the
required number of
working platforms?
Are the working platforms at
the required locations?
Are catch platforms correctly
positioned?
Are the platforms and
supporting scaffold
constructed for the
appropriate duty live loads?
Are the platform dimensions
suitable for the intended
work?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Is there adequate edge
protection?
4r.
4. Scaffold Structure:
Checked Explanatory Notes5. Platforms:
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 28
SCAFFOLDING ... 24
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
Scaffold planks and prefabricated platform
units should be checked for damage or
deterioration. Working platforms are required
to have a slip-resistant surface, be closely
decked, be incapable of uplift under working
conditions, be level and free of trip hazards.
Where specifically designed, a working
platform may have a slope of up to 7 from the
horizontal. This is equal to a rise of 1 in 8.
Some locations - e.g; highrise city buildings,
gale-prone areas, alpine regions - are prone to
excessive wind gusts, which may dislodge
planks.
Means of safe access and egress to working
platforms should be provided. This can be
achieved with stairways, access ways, ladders
or other suitable means.
Portable ladders used for access and egress
should be industrial-grade ladders. Theyshould be checked for defects and
deterioration.
Access ways need to be 450mm wide for
persons or 675mm wide for persons and
materials. Slope must not exceed 20 (a rise of
1 in 3) to the horizontal and if over 7 must be
cleated.
Additional ties and braces may be required toensure stability.
Inspections must be made regularly for any
damage or deterioration to the sheeting,
including its ties.
Are the platforms correctly
constructed?
6a.
6b.
6c.
6d.
7a.
Is there safe access and
egress to all working
platforms?
Are the working platforms at
the required locations?
Are portable ladders of an
industrial grade, serviceable
and correctly installed?
Are access ways correctly
installed?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Has the scaffold beendesigned for wind loading
on any containment
sheeting?
5g.
Checked Explanatory Notes
5. Platforms:
5h.
6. Access and Egress:
Are planks secured
against wind?
Checked Explanatory Notes7. Containment Sheeting:
7b. Are the fixing ties secure?
7c. Are there any rips or tears?
7d. Are the overlap joints OK?
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SCAFFOLDING: CHECKLIST PAGE 29
SCAFFOLDING ... 25
MODEL INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SCAFFOLDING
Where material or equipment is intended to be
placed on platforms or removed from the
scaffold, suitable means or devices should be
incorporated or provided. Depending on the
circumstances, they may include items such as
gin wheels, builders' hoists, tile or brick
conveyors, rubbish chutes, personnel and
material hoists, crane loading bays and
winches. The design should allow for any
significant loads that may be transmitted to the
scaffold through such items.
Specific clearances may be critical, particularly
where cladding or similar work is to be done
from the scaffold. Boilers and similar plant maybe subject to significant expansion and
contraction due to temperature variations.
Some work tasks, such as demolition and
abrasive blasting may require the scaffold to
be sheeted. Precautions may need to be
taken to protect people from sparks and
molten metal caused by hot work such as
welding or gas cutting.
When lifting equipment such as chain blocks
are supported from the scaffold, significant
loads can be applied to structural members.
Concrete pumplines can transmit impact
forces. The sheeting of scaffold increases the
impact of wind loads.
Where there is insufficient natural lighting,
artificial lighting should be provided and set up
so as to avoid glare and deep shadows.
A soft or uneven supporting surface will cause
instability and may lead to collapse of the
scaffold.
It may be necessary to clearly limit the
operational area of mobile scaffold by erecting
barricades or implementing other forms of
control in order to isolate the scaffold from
hazards.
A mobile scaffold should not be left
unattended or worked from while the castors
are in a free-running state. Castors with
inoperative or missing wheel locks should be
replaced.
Is there adequate
provision for material
handling?
8c.
8d.
8e.
9a.
9b.
Is there adequate
protection from falling
debris?
Has the scaffold been well
designed to support allattachments?
Are all approaches and
platforms effectively lit?
Is the supporting surface hard
and flat?
Checked Explanatory Notes
Is the operating area free from
floor penetrations, power lines
and other hazards?
8a.
8. Fitness for Purpose:
8b. Are the clearances between
the scaffold and adjacent
structure adequate?
Checked Explanatory Notes9. Mobile Scaffolds:
9c. Are the castor wheel locks
working properly?
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 30
SCAFFOLDING ... 26Suspended scaffolding
Needle, or
Outrigger
There are several types of suspended scaffolding, all of which require specific design and
certification before use.
Needle, or
Outrigger
Counterweight
The basic form
is a needle or
outrigger which
is bolted into, or
through, the
floor slab.
An alternative is
the use of a
counterweight,
which is secured
to the outrigger or
needle, and which
offsets any load on
the outer end with
a high safety
factor.
Powered suspended scaffolds are fitted with
load limiters.
Cradles are specified in AS/NZS 4576, and
should be identified accordingly.
require these.
Controls must not be altered (e.g; use of
cords, or tying off the dead-man's switch).
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD
SHOULD HAVE:
First Aid box
Fire extinguisher
Communications system
OR
Full-time observer
Means of rescueClear operating path
Safe access in and out
Trained operators
Means of isolating when
out of service
Load limit signs
Overload protection
Attachment points for safety
harnesses on double -suspended cradles.
A common type of
suspended scaffold is the
powered cradle, which
has an electric or air motor
to lower and raise it.
The single-suspension cradle requires a
secondary safety rope usually with an overspeed
brake or safety rope device (or both), which is
attached to the structure (NOT the needle) and to
which the operator's safety harness is clipped.
This provides full safety should the needle or
suspension rope ever fail.
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SCAFFOLDING PAGE 31
SCAFFOLDING ... 27Suspended scaffolding
Another more complex set-up is the double-slung suspended scaffold ("swinging stage").
This has two hoist motors, and is shown here tied to an opening with scaffold ties.
This set-up requires specific hook-up points for operators' safety harnesses.
IT IS NOT ACCEPTABLE TO CLIP A HARNESS TO THE HANDRAIL.
It is, however, acceptable for a person to be connected to an independent safety line if the
stage does not have engineered fixing points (as per the previous sheet).
Needles bolted to structure
or ballasted
Hoist motor
Cradle
Harness clip point
Suspension rope
Each needle for these set-ups is designed to handle the full load of the entire
suspended components, including personnel, on its own. Should a needle or
suspension rope ever fail, the other will handle the load in safety.
Safety
rope
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THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF
SCAFFOLDING
1. Ensure loadings will not be exceeded. Check the Register.
2. Bases are complete, firm, on level ground.
3. Diagonal bracing to be adequate.
4. Check ties, and mesh cloth, as part of regular inspections.
5. Lock wheels on mobile scaffold BEFORE using it.
6. Ladders MUST be secured at the top AND bottom.
7. Handrails and/or kickboards MUST be in place before anyone starts working.
8. Planks should be secured.
9. Scaffold is NOT a workbench. You dont gas-cut, grind, weld, or straighten rebars
with it.
10. IF IN DOUBT - ASK.
THE TEN POINTS ARE:
REGISTER
BASES
BRACING
TIES & MESH CLOTH
WHEELS
LADDERS
HANDRAILS
PLANKS
NOT A WORKBENCH.
IF IN DOUBT - ASK.
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9. Who can certify scaffold for use?
The registered scaffolders
The General Foreman
The people who will be working on the scaffold
10. What is the minimum height of a scaffold handrail?
500mm from the working deck
900mm from the working deck
1200mm from the working deck
11. What minimum height is a toeboard required to be?
225mm, or high enough to retain tools / materials on the platform.
350mm
The height of a pair of safety boots.
12. Should frame sections be tied together so they cannot separatevertically?
If they are to be transported as an assembly.
In all cases
Never, so any damage is limited to only one frame
Now check your answers with the correct answers which are on the next
sheet.
_________________________________________________________
Name: ...............................................................
Current job: ...............................................................
Score: ..................
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION.Now lets find out how you did.
Question: Correct Answer1 5 metres
2. Weekly
3. Only if the height is less than 5 metres, and with a competent erector
4. Three planks (675mm)
5. Base at least 1/3 of height.
6. Both faces and ends
7. Turn wheels out
8. Timber wedges
9. The registered scaffolders
10. 900mm
11. 225mm min; or high enough to retain tools / materials on the platform12. If they are to be transported as an assembly.
If you gotall answers correct, youre not just a clever cookie - youre also a safe
operator. Well done!
If you got10 correct, you have done pretty well, but need to pay attention to those
areas where your answer was not correct. Its your life were trying to protect here!
If you gotfive right, you havent been trying. Come on -you can do better, and willneed to if you want to keep safe.