Scaffolding Training

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Purpose:

To establish the minimum safety-related technical requirements for temporary elevated work areas, ladders, and scaffolds.

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I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY

SILL (SOLE BOARD)

BASE PLATE

RUNNER (LEDGER)

STANDARD

TOEBOARD

FALSE UPRIGHT

DROP BAR

MID RAIL

TOP RAIL

SCAFFOLD PLANKS

BEARER (TRANSOM)

LONGITUDINAL BRACING

SWIVEL COUPLER

FIXED COUPLER (90)

TRANSVERSE BRACING

BASE LIFT

(KICKER LIFT)

LADDER CLAMP

0.95m 1.15 m

(38-45)

36 min.

6"

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SILLS (SOLE BOARDS)

BEARERS (TRANSOMS)

BIOARD BEARER (INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

RUNNERS (LEDGERS)

BASE PLATES

BASE LIFT (KICKER LIFT)

RUNNERS & BEARERS INSTALLED INSIDE POSTS TYP.

BAY LENGTH

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POST

(STANDARD)

RUNNERS

(LEDGERS)

BEARERS

(TRANSOMS)

BAY LENGTH

SCAFFOLD WIDTH

BASE LIFT

(Foot Tie or Kicker Lift)

LIFT HEIGHT

6

BAY

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II. ELEVATED WORK AREAS - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
FALL PROTECTIONEach person who could fall more than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) shall be protected from falling by means of guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems.GUARDRAIL SYSTEMSGuardrail system shall be able to withstand a force of at least 90kg. (200 lbs.) It consists:
false upright (puncheon)

self closing drop bar
Toprails - top edge height of toprails shall not be less than 0.95 m. (38 ) and not more than 1.15 m. (45) above the walking/working surface of a platform.Midrails installed approximately halfway between the walking/working surface and toprail.Toeboards shall have no more than 6 mm. (1/4) gap above the working surface and should withstand a force of at least 23 kg (50 lbs).Uprights shall not be spaced more than 2.7 m. (9 ft.) apart.
toprails

midrails

toeboards

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PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMSFull body harnesses, lanyards, lifelines or overhead structural anchorage, and other components of personal fall arrest system shall have a capacity of at least 2,300 kgs. (5,000 lbs.).Lanyards shall have a maximum length of 1.8 m. (6 ft.) thus it shall be anchored high enough to prevent the worker from free falling more than 6 feet (1.8m.) or striking any lower level should a fall occur.Horizontal and vertical lifelines shall be made from 10 mm. (3/8) min. diameter wire rope. Horizontal lifelines shall be maintained with a sag at the center of no greater than 300mm.. (12) for every 10 m. (33 ft.) of lifeline length between attachments.
FALLING OBJECT PROTECTIONToeboards shall be installed on all edges of elevated work areas more than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) above lower levels. It shall conform the ffg. requirements:Minimum dimension of 100 mm. (4) in height and 25 mm. (1) thick.No more than 6 mm. (1/4) above the working surface.Should withstand a force of at least 23 kg. (50 lbs.)When there is a danger for objects falling through guardrails a protective screen (minimum No. 18 gauge wire with a maximum 13 mm. mesh) shall be securely fixed to the toeboard, midrail and guardrail.

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ENTRY AND EXITA safe means of access shall be provided whenever the scaffold platform is 0.6 m (2 feet) above or below a point of access.If horizontal travel distance exceeds 15 m (50 feet) each elevated work area shall have at least 2 means of exit. A means of exit shall be provided at least every 30 m (100 feet).Minimum clear headroom above scaffold platforms shall be 1.8 meters (6 feet).TEMPORARY STAIRWAYS
PARTS OF STAIRWAYREQUIREMENTSLANDINGAt least 560 mm. (22) wide & 760 mm. (30) long.Shall have landing not more than every 3.7 m. (12) of vertical distance.RISER150 mm. (6) to 215 mm. (8) depth.Shall be uniform with each flight of stairs.TREAD220 mm. (9) to 280 mm. (11) wide.STAIR SLOPEBetween 30 to 35 degreesHANDRAIL860 mm. (34) to 940 mm. (37) in height.80 mm. (3) clearance between wall or other object.Can withstand a force of at least 90 kg. (200 lbs.)

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TEMPORARY RAMPSShall not be inclined more than a ratio of 1 : 3 or 20 above the horizontal although a slope not over 15 is preferred.If steeper than ratio 1 : 4 the ramp shall have cleats no more than 350 mm (14) apart.HIGH WINDSPersonnel shall not be on any scaffold or other temporary elevated work area during storms or high winds sustained winds more than 65 kph (40 mph).WORK OVER WATERPersonnel working over water shall have floatation ring provided at intervals not greater than 15 meters (50 feet) and a man watch shall also be provided.LADDERSA slope of 4:1, side rails rigidly attached to supporting structure (top, middle, bottom).Rungs uniformly spaced between 250 mm (10) and 360 mm (14) although 300 mm (12 inches) is preferred.Shall have a minimum clear distance of 760 mm (30) to the nearest protruding object on the climbing side. This distance maybe reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector plates are provided.Distance on the climbing side to the nearest object on the back side of the ladder shall be no less than 250 mm (10 inches). When unavoidable a minimum vertical toe clearance of 100 mm. (4) shall apply.

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GENERALScaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers should not be intermixed unless the components are compatible and the scaffolds structural integrity is maintained.All defective scaffold component s shall be marked with bright fluorescent orange paint and immediately removed from Saudi Aramco property or project site.
III. SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS

( Scaffold tubing, 48.30 mm [1.90 inch] nominal outside diameter )
SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONSTypeGradeMin. Yield Stress (Sy)Nominal Wall Thickness ASTM A500B290 N/mm42 ksi30 Kg/mm3.40 mm3.76 mmASTM A53B240 N/mm35 ksi24 Kg/mm3.68 mmBS 1139Part 1, Sec. 1.1235 N/mm34 ksi24 Kg/mm4.00 mmEN 10129-320 N/mm46 ksi32 Kg/mm3.20 mm

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Safe Working Load of Individual Coupler

SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONSType of couplerType of loadMin. EN 74 classSWL(Min.)Right angle coupler, (Double or load bearing)Slip along tubeA6.25 KN1,400 lbs.Adjustable coupler, (Swivel)Slip along tubeA5.3 KN1,190 lbs.End-end coupler(Sleeve)TensionB3.0 KN6.75 lbs.BendingB0.59 KN-m435 lbs-ft.Bearer coupler(Putlog / Single)Force to pull the tube axially out of the coupler-0.53 KN120 lbs.Girder coupler(Drop forged)Shear-30 KN6,740 lbs.(per pair)

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PLATFORM UNITSScaffold planks shall not be used as concrete forms, trench shoring, or as sills for scaffolds.
Wood PlankDimensionsCertified / Approved byRequirementsSolid Sawn Wood2x10 inch (nom)West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLB) Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB)American Lumber Standards CommitteeShall be certified and bear a grade stampFree from defectsSplits 25mm (1) max. w/o banding300mm (1)max. w/ bandingTwist 13mm (1/2) max. end to endShall not be painted treated or coated (except at the ends)Shall be properly stacked. If height stack exceeds 20 planks, succeeding layers should be tied or bond.Shall not stood on end unattended2x9 inch (rough)38x25mm or 50x225 mm (basic)Laminated Veneer Lumber38mm (1-1/2) by 225mm (9) wide or largerShall have the word PROOF TESTED SCAFFOLD PLANK and OSHA or Saudi Aramco accepted equivalent, continuously embossed on both edges.

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IV. REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO ALL SCAFFOLDS
CAPACITYEvery scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight (dead load) and at least four (4) times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it (D + 4*L).Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of their load rating.The maximum allowable span for planks/platforms shall be the shortest span required to support, without failure, the platform units own weight and at least four times the most critical maximum intended load as shown.The maximum deflection for platform units shall not exceed 1/60th of the span length when supporting any of the unfactored concentrated or uniformly distributed concentrated loads.
110 kg (250 lbs.)

One Man

Two Man

110 kg (250 lbs.)

110 kg (250 lbs.)

(250 lbs.)

(250 lbs.)

Three Man

(250 lbs.)

Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units

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FOUNDATIONSFoundations shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the scaffold self-weight plus the maximum intended load without settling or displacement.Scaffolds shall not be hung from or supported by guardrails or handrails.
ComponentsRequirementsTimber Sills(sole boards)At least 225 mm. (9) wide by 38 mm. (1-1/2) thickShall extend under at least two posts (standard), if not applicable sills under individual posts shall be at least 765 mm. (30) longSteel Base PlatesAt least 150 x 150mm. & 6mm. thick (6 x 6 inches & 1/4 inch thick)For special scaffolds base shall be designedScrew JacksShall not be adjusted to more than two-thirds (2/3) of the total length of the threaded section

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STABILITYScaffold posts and frames shall be vertically plumb and vertically braced in both directions.Supported scaffolds with a height to the uppermost planked level that is over four times the minimum base dimension (over a 4:1height-to-width ratio) shall be restrained from tipping by ties, guys, outrigger frames, or equivalent means.Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:

TIE TUBES COUPLED TO TWO POSTS (STANDARDS)

TIE TUBE

REVEAL TUBE

RIGHT-ANGLECOUPLERS

TIE TUBES COUPLED TO TWO RUNNERS (LEDGERS)

BOX TIE

BOX TIES

REVEAL TIES(MAXIMUM 50% OF TOTAL TIES)

SCAFFOLD TIES

REVEAL TUBE

PLAN VIEW OF REVEAL TIES

RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE) COUPLERS (TYP.)

REVEAL PIN

WALL OR SOLID STRUCTURE


TIMBER PACKING

TIE TUBES TO SCAFFOLD

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STABILITYTies and guys shall be installed as follows:
Ties or guys shall be spaced vertically every 8 m. (26)(4 lifts) or less.Ties or guys shall be installed on both ends of the scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to exceed 9 m. (30) measured from one end toward the other.
PLAN VIEW OF COLUMN BOX TIE





TIMBER PACKING



PLAN VIEW OF TWO-WAY TIES

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CROSS TUBE
STABILITY

45APPROX.

1.25 mAPPROX.

GROUND LEVEL

ONLY ONE ADDITIONAL LIFT ALLOWED ABOVE RAKER TIE-IN POINT

RAKER TIE-IN POINT

SINGLE RAKER TUBE 6.4m (21ft.)MAX. LENGTH (NO SPLICES)

LONGITUDINALSTRUT TUBE

BASE PLATE

SOLE BOARD

DETAIL

SHORT BUTTTUBE

ALTERNATIVE ONHARD GROUND

BASE PLATE

HORIZONTAL TIETUBES (REQUIRED)

RAKER

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SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USEIf the front edge of a working platform is less than 360 mm. (14) from the face of the wall or structure, guardrails do not need to be erected from that edge.For medium-duty and more heavily loaded scaffolds, at least one board bearer (intermediate transom) shall be used in every bay at each platform level.Planks should be secured on both ends by using fiber rope/wire lashing, clamped toe boards or other equivalent means. Planks & toeboards should not be nailed.The slope of platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.Scaffold platforms, landings, and walkways should be at least 675 mm. (27) (3planks) wide, including during erection, dismantling and alteration.Scaffold materials shall not be thrown or dropped from heights.

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SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USEGaps between platform units shall be less than 25 mm. (1) wide. When larger gaps are unavoidable, they shall be covered as follows:Gaps less than 600 mm. (2) in width shall be covered at least 20 mm. (1) thick, exterior grade plywood. Plywood covering shall be overlapped with at least the width of the gap, 12 min., on both sides of the opening and held with cleats.Gaps larger than 600 mm. (2) in width shall be covered with properly secured cross planks.Safe landings shall be provided at the top of all ladders and at least every 9m. (30) of ladder height.If an internal ladder is used, opening shall be at least 675mm. (27) (3 planks) wide & not less than 900mm (36) deep.If an external ladder is used, step-through opening width on guardrails shall not be less than 675 mm. (27) or more than 760 mm. (30).The slope of scaffold platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.

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SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE

1.5 m(5 ft.) MAX.

VARIES

38 mm.(1.5") THK.

POSTS (STANDARD)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

RUNNER (LEDGER)

BOARD BEARER (INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS38mm (1-") THICK

2.4 m(8 ft.) MAX.

VARIES

50 mm.(2") THK.

POSTS (STANDARD)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

RUNNER (LEDGER)

BOARD BEARER (INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS50mm (2") THICK

BEARER(TRANSOM)

OVERLAP

OVERHANG

BOARD BEARER(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM)

POST(STANDARD)

150 mm. (6") MIN. (UNLESS CLEATED)300 mm. (12") MAX.

300 mm.(12") MIN.

RUNNER(LEDGER)

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CLEARANCESScaffold operations adjacent to overhead power lines are prohibited unless one of the following conditions are satisfied:The power line has been de-energized, relocated, or protective coverings installed to prevent accidental contact with the lines. It should be lockout/tagut.Satisfies clearance between scaffold and power lines.
CLEARANCES BETWEEN SCAFFOLDS AND POWER LINES:

Alternative: 2x the length of the line insulator but never less than 3 meter (10 feet).
Bases of scaffold shall be at least 1.5 times the depth of excavation away from the edges of the excavations (including trenches).
InsulatedMinimum DistanceUninsulatedLess than 300 Volts.1 meter (3 feet)- - - - -300 Volts to 50 Kv.3 meters (10 feet)Less than 50 Kv.More than 50 Kv.3 meters (10 feet) + 4 inches per Kv over 50 Kv.More than 50 Kv.

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RAISING AND LOWERING MATERIALS USING GIN WHEELSThe gin wheel shall be mounted on a cantilevered horizontal tube projecting outward from the scaffold and shall be kept to a minimum distance, not greater than 750 mm. (30). Tube shall be fixed with right-angle couplers to two scaffold post (standard).Materials to be raised shall not exceed 50 kg. (110 lbs.), the rope shall be of the correct size to suit the gin wheel, usually 18-mm. (3/4).

750mm. (30")MAX.

RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)COUPLERS

STANDARDS

RING TYPE GIN WHEEL (PREFERED)

RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)COUPLERS

STANDARDS

750mm. (30")MAX.

MOUSING

HOOK TYPE GIN WHEEL

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V. REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO SYSTEM AND TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

PLANKING

(BOARDS)

GUARDRAIL SYSTEM

INCLUDING TOEBOARDS

TOEBOARD

CLIPS

RUNNER

(LEDGER)

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

POST

(STANDARD)

SILL

LONGITUDINAL

(FAADE) BRACING

RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE) COUPLER

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL) COUPLER

TRANSVERSE CROSS (X) BRACING

1/4 THK. (Min.) BASE PLATE

150 mm.

(6) Min.

150 mm.

(6) Min.
TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

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HORIZONTAL MEMBERSNo lift height shall exceed 2m.

SCAFFOLD LIFTS

6"

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HORIZONTAL MEMBERSBearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transom) shall be installed on top of and not underneath supporting runners.Every line of posts (standards) shall have runners (ledgers) installed horizontally in continuous lengths along the entire scaffold length (longitudinally) and bearers (transoms) installed in continuous lengths across the entire scaffold width (transversely), at each lift.

BEARER(TRANSOM)

RUNNER(LEDGER)[UNDERNEATH BEARER]

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HORIZONTAL MEMBERSBridging of scaffolds shall be as conceptually as follows:

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYSLIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD

BRACING TO OUTER ANDINNER POST (STANDARD) LINES

MAXIMUM 2 BAYS

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HORIZONTAL MEMBERSBridging of scaffolds

IN CERTAIN CASES, CHECK COUPLERS AND DOUBLE POST (STANDARDS) MAY BE REQUIRED BRACING AND LADDER BEAMS TO OUTER AND INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES

LADDERBEAM

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYSMEDIUM-DUTY SCAFFOLD

MAXIMUM 2 BAYS

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HORIZONTAL MEMBERSBridging of scaffolds

LATTICE /UNIT BEAM

IN CERTAIN CASES, CHECK COUPLERS AND DOUBLE POST (STANDARDS) MAY BE REQUIRED BRACING AND LATTICE / UNIT BEAMS TO OUTER AND INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYSHEAVY-DUTY SCAFFOLD

MAXIMUM 2 BAYS

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BracingVertical bracing to prevent excessive sway is necessary in both the transverse and longitudinal direction of all system and tube & coupler scaffolds for the full height of the scaffold.Transverse (sectional) braces shall be connected to either posts (standards) or runners (ledgers) as close as possible to the intersection (node point) of the bearer (transom) and post (standard).Longitudinal (faade) braces shall be connected to posts (standards) as close as possible to the intersection (node point) of the runner (ledger) and post (standard).

35o-55o

(TYP.)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

4th LIFT

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS

RUNNER (LEDGER)

POST (STANDARD)

LONGITUDINAL (FAADE) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

35o-55o

(TYP.)

BRACING REPEATED EVERY 5th POST (STANDARD)

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BracingBrace ends may be joined together with end-to-end (sleeve) couplers. Alternatively, for braces subject to large tension loads, shall be overlapped & joined with at least two adjustable (swivel) couplers,

100 mm.

(4")Min.

300mm. (12") Min.

OVERLAP

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)COUPLERS

DIAGONAL BRACE

DIAGONAL BRACE

BRACE SPLICE

POST(STANDARD)

RUNNER(LEDGER)

300 mm (12")Max. (typ.)

NODE POINT(TYP.)

BEARER(TRANSOM)

300 mm (12")Max. (typ.)

ADJUSTABLE(SWIVEL) COUPLER

BRACE CONNECTION

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VI. SYSTEM SCAFFOLDS
System ScaffoldsAll system scaffolds shall be erected per manufacturers published instructions
TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BASE IN THE PROCESS OF BEING ASSEMBLED AND LEVELED

TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BEING ASSEMBLED

SYSTEM SCAFFOLD ERECTION

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System ScaffoldsUnless otherwise specified in manufactures instruction, all system scaffold shall be vertically braced in both directions with diagonal braces (as close to 45 as possible) to its full height for each 10 m. (33) of run.Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be intermixed (except when needed in bracing).Where specially designed system bracing cannot be used, tube & coupler scaffold components may be used for bracing of system scaffolds.Connections shall be tightened with a single hammer blow to the wedge or cup to provide high degree of rigidity.Shall be connected by means of one of the following fastening methods:
Captive wedge system (such as Saudi Scaffolding Factory (Kwikstage)Quick-fix system (such as Layher All-around)Cup locking system (such as SGB Cuplock)System scaffold components shall not be used to construct underhung scaffolds.

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System ScaffoldsThe locking-pin type of system scaffold shall not be used.Posts (standards) shall be connected by bolted spigots and shall be secured into place using two spigot pins for situations where uplift may occur. The upper post (standard) shall slide over the spigot.

LOCKING-PIN TYPE OF SYSTEM SCAFFOLD(PROHIBITED)

UPPER POST SPIGOT(STANDARD)

SPIGOT

SPIGOT PIN

LOWER POST(STANDARD)

BOLTED SPIGOT

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System ScaffoldsUnless otherwise justified and stated in writing by the system scaffold manufacturer, the maximum number of working levels and total planked levels shall be as follows:
LIGHT DUTY

MEDIUM DUTY

Maximum Numberof Working LevelsMax. Total Number Planked/Platformed LevelsMaximum Scaffold Height1938 m. (125 ft.)2638 m. (125 ft.)3328 m. (91 ft.)Maximum Number of Working LevelsMax. Total NumberPlanked/PlatformedLevelsMaximum ScaffoldHeight1738 m. (125 ft.)2224 m. (78 ft.)

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VII. TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

PLANKING

(BOARDS)

GUARDRAIL SYSTEM

INCLUDING TOEBOARDS

TOEBOARD

CLIPS

RUNNER

(LEDGER)

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

POST

(STANDARD)

SILL

LONGITUDINAL

(FAADE) BRACING

RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE) COUPLER


TRANSVERSE CROSS (X) BRACING

1/4 THK. (Min.) BASE PLATE

150 mm.

(6) Min.

150 mm.

(6) Min.

TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

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POSTSJoint pins or, preferably, end-to-end (sleeve) couplers shall be used for joints in post (standards). However, joint pins are only designed for compression load. End-to-end couplers shall be used where tension (uplift) can be present in a posts (standard) or other scaffold tube.Joints in posts (standards) shall be staggered. Joints in adjacent posts shall not occur in the same lift height.

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RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)Runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) shall be securely fixed to the inside of each posts. (standard).When bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transoms) are coupled to runners (ledgers) they shall always be installed on top of the supporting runnersBearers (transoms), including board bearers, shall extend at least 100 mm. (4) beyond the runner centerline.

[on top of ledger]

[on top of ledger]

SILLS (SOLE

BOARDS)

BEARERS

(TRANSOMS)

BIOARD BEARER

(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM)

POST

(STANDARD)

RUNNERS

(LEDGERS)

BASE PLATES

BASE LIFT

(KICKER LIFT)

RUNNERS &

BEARERS

INSTALLED

INSIDE POSTS

TYP.

BAY LENGTH

AT LEAST 100mm. (4")

AT LEAST 100mm. (4")

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RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)Runners (ledgers) shall be connected to posts (standards) only with right-angle (load bearing) couplers.When bearers (transoms) are coupled to posts (standards), the bearer shall be connected to the posts only with right-angle (load bearing) couplers and the coupler shall rest directly on the runners (ledgers) right-angle couplers.When a bearer (transom) is coupled to a supporting runner (ledger), the coupler shall never be more than 300 mm. (12) apart from the post.At lifts to be planked, right-angle couplers should not be used to attach bearers or board bearers to runners, because the coupler bolts may interfere with proper placement of planks. Instead bearer (putlog) couplers shall be used.

BEARER(TRANSOM)

RUNNER(LEDGER)[UNDERNEATH BEARER]

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RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)Runners (ledger) or bearers (transoms) shall not have more than one joint between adjacent posts, joints shall be staggered (adjacent joints shall not occur on the same bay).End-to-end couplers may be used may be used for joints in runners (ledgers) or bearers (transoms), the joint shall not be located more than 300mm. (12) from a post (standard).Alternatively, joints in runners or bearers may be made by abutting the runner or bearer ends together and overlapping this ends with a separate parallel tube. This parallel tube shall be coupled to each abutted runner or bearer end with at least two equally spaced adjustable swivel couplers. In this case, the joint shall not be located in the middle third of the runner or bearer span.

300 mm.(12") Min.

300 mm.(12") Min.

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL) COUPLERS - Min. of four (4)

BEARER (TRANSOM)OR RUNNER (LEDGER)

PARALLEL TUBE

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RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)Right-angle (double) couplers shall be installed such that the load is against the hinge and not against the bolt.Scaffold couplers shall be tightened to the torque as indicated by the manufacturer preferably between 40 kg-m. (30 ft.-lbs.) and 80 kg-m. (60 ft-lbs.) Only proper scaffold spanner wrenches shall be used. Cheater bars or longer handled wrenches shall not be used, as they give greater leverage than proper scaffold spanner wrenches and could damage the coupler.

INSTALLATION OF RIGHT-ANGLE COUPLERS

HINGE

BOLT

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VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse Zigzag Bracing)Transverse (sectional) zigzag bracing: The first diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first post (standard) diagonally upward to the first lift at whichever post (standard) is required to make the angle of the diagonal brace be between 35 and 55 degrees (may be across two bays in one lift height). Additional diagonal braces shall be installed in alternating directions (zigzag) until reaching the top of the scaffold.

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL)ZIG-ZAG BRACING

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VERTICAL BRACING
( Transverse Zigzag Bracing)
For wide scaffolds, this transverse zigzag bracing shall be shall be repeated across the width of the scaffold such that no more than 3 adjacent bays are open without transverse bracing. This set of transverse zig-zag braces shall be installed at both scaffold ends and repeated along the length of the scaffold at least every third line of posts (standards).

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) ZIGZAG BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

BEARER(TRANSOM)

35 - 55(TYP.)

BASE LIFT

1st LIFT

2nd LIFT

3rd LIFT

300mm. (12")Max. (Typ.)

NODE POINT(TYP.)

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL) COUPLER (TYP.)

6"

POST(STANDARD)

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VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse Zigzag Bracing)For wide scaffolds

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

4th LIFT

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

35o-55o

(TYP.)

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS

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VERTICAL BRACING
(Transverse X Bracing)
Transverse (sectional) X bracing: the first two diagonal braces are installed forming an X shape. Thus, the first brace is installed from the base of the first post (standard) diagonally upward to the first lift at the post (standard) required for the base to be between 35 and 55 degrees (may be across two bays in one lift height). The second brace is installed from the base of the same post (standard) diagonally upward to the first post (standard). This X bracing should be repeated up to the height of the scaffold at least every third lift (two adjacent open lift heights permitted.

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) X BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

35 - 55(TYP.)

BASE LIFT

1st LIFT

2nd LIFT

3rd LIFT

BEARER(TRANSOM)

300mm. (12")Max. (Typ.)

NODE POINT(TYP.)

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL) COUPLER (TYP.)

6"

POST(STANDARD)

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VERTICAL BRACING (Transverse X Bracing)For wide scaffolds, such transverse X bracing shall be repeated across the width of the scaffold such that no more than 3 adjacent bays are open without transverse bracing. This set of transverse X braces shall be installed at both scaffold ends and repeated along the length of the scaffold at least every third line of posts (standards).

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "X" BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

4th LIFT

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

LIFT HEIGTH(TYP.)

35o-55o

(TYP.)

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS

*
VERTICAL BRACING (Longitudinal Facade Bracing)Longitudinal (faade) bracing for a scaffold whose length is greater than its height: A diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first post (standard) upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to the extreme top of the scaffold. This longitudinal bracing shall be repeated along the length of the scaffold at least every 5th posts (standard). This longitudinal (faade) bracing shall be installed in opposite directions, along the front (inner) and rear (outer) lines of posts (standards).

RUNNER (LEDGER)

POST (STANDARD)

LONGITUDINAL (FAADE) BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

35o-55o

(TYP.)

BRACING REPEATED EVERY 5th POST (STANDARD)

POST (STANDARD)

RUNNER (LEDGER)

300 mm (12")Max. (typ.)

NODE POINT(TYP.)

BEARER (TRANSOM)


BRACE CONNECTION

*
VERTICAL BRACING
(Longitudinal Facade Bracing)
Longitudinal (faade) bracing for a scaffold whose length is less than its height: The first diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first end post (standard) upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, along the entire length of the scaffold to the last end post. Additional diagonal braces shall then be installed, at between 35 and 55 degrees, in alternating directions (zigzag) across the entire scaffold length until reaching the top of the scaffold. This longitudinal (faade) bracing shall be installed in opposite directions, along the front (inner) and rear (outer) lines of posts (standards).

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

8th LIFT

TRANSVERSE (FACADE) DIAGONAL BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

4th LIFT

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

5th LIFT

6th LIFT

7th LIFT

35o-55o

(TYP.)

*
VERTICAL BRACING (Interior Longitudinal Zig-zag Bracing)Interior longitudinal zig-zag bracing for a scaffold with multiple bays across its with (birdcage scaffold): The first diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first post (standard) diagonally upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to
the second post at the first lift (across one bay in one lift height). Additional diagonal braces shall then be installed in alternating directions (zig-zag) until reaching the top of the scaffold. Such longitudinal zig-zag bracing shall be repeated along the length of the scaffold such that no more than 4 adjacent bays are open without longitudinal braces. This set of longitudinal zig-zag braces shall be repeated across the width of the scaffold at least every third line of post.


POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE ZIG-ZAG BRACINGTUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

4th LIFT

3rd LIFT

2nd LIFT

1st LIFT

Base Lift

35o-55o

(TYP.)

5th LIFT

6th LIFT

7th LIFT

8th LIFT

BEARER (TRANSOM)

MAX. 4 OPEN BAYS

*

LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSLIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD LOADING
1 METER

1 METER

ONE MAN AND 20 kg MAXIMUM PER SQUARE METERMAXIMUM TOTAL LOAD 120 kg PER SQURE METER (25 PSF)

*
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSEmbossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
OPTION 1

EmbossedTubingNumber of 225mm (9) wide planks per bay widthTransverse post Spacing (Bearer/Transom Span)Longitudinal Post Spacing (Runner/Ledger Span)Option 141.0 m (3.25 ft.)2.7 m (9.0 ft.) max.Option 251.2 m (4.0 ft.)2.4 m (8.0 ft.) max.
2.7 m (9') max.

2.7 m (9') max.

225 mm (9)wide planks (boards)

POST (standard)

BEARER (transom)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACINGLIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS(EMBOSSED TUBING)

RUNNER (ledger)

BOARD BEARER (intermediate transom)

1.0 m (3'-3") max.

Transverse Post Spacings

1.0 m (3'-3") max.

Cover gap with plywood

Longitudinal Post Spacings

*

OPTION 2
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSEmbossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing


1.2 m (4') max.


1.2 m (4') max.



RUNNER (ledger)

BEARER (transom)

POST (standard)


2.4 m (8') max.

2.4 m (8') max.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACINGLIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS(EMBOSSED TUBING)

*
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSNon-Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
(Based on 48.3 mm O.D., 3.2 mm wall thickness, Fy = 235 N/mm2 (34 ksi), steel tubing)

OPTION 1

EmbossedTubingNumber of 225mm (9) wide planks per bay widthTransverse post Spacing (Bearer/Transom Span)Longitudinal Post Spacing (Runner/Ledger Span)Option 141.0 m (3.25 ft.)2.3 m (7.5 ft.) max.Option 251.2 m (4.0 ft.)1.8 m (6.0 ft.) max.

1.0 m (3'-3") max.


1.0 m (3'-3") max.



RUNNER (ledger)

BEARER (transom)

POST (standard)


2.3 m (7'-6") max.

2.3 m (7'-6") max.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACINGLIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS(NON-EMBOSSED TUBING)

*
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSNon-Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
(Based on 48.3 mm O.D., 3.2 mm wall thickness, Fy = 235 N/mm2 (34 ksi), steel tubing)

OPTION 2



1.2 m (4') max.


1.2 m (4') max.



RUNNER (ledger)

BEARER (transom)

POST (standard)


1.8 m (6') max.

1.8 m (6') max.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACINGLIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS(NON-EMBOSSED TUBING)

*
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSLarger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or load test submitted for review per G.I. 8.001, along with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.All light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of three working levels in use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units are installed. The maximum total number of levels that can be planked at one time depends on the number of working levels simultaneously used by workers. The maximum uniformly distributed load on each working level shall be 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the table, shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly designed and reviewed per G.I. 8.001. Preferably, a properly designed system scaffold should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds over 38 m. (125 ft.) tall
Maximum Number of Working LevelsMax. Total Number Planked/Platformed LevelsMaximum Scaffold Height1938 m. (125 ft.)2638 m. (125 ft.)3328 m. (91 ft.)

*
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSMEDIUM-DUTY LOADING

1 METER

1 METER

90

TWO MEN AND 40 kg MAXIMUM PER SQUARE METERMAXIMUM TOTAL LOAD 240 kg PER SQURE METER (50 PSF)

*
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSAll tubing used to construct Medium-duty and more heavily loaded tube & coupler scaffolds shall be embossed.Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
OPTION 1



1.2 m (4') max.


1.2 m (4') max.



RUNNER (ledger)

BEARER (transom)

POST (standard)


1.8 m (6') max.

1.8 m (6') max.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACINGMEDIUM-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS(EMBOSSED TUBING)

*
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSMaximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
OPTION 2



1.2 m (4') max.


1.2 m (4') max.


RUNNER (ledger)

BEARER (transom)

POST (standard)


1.8 m (6') max.

1.8 m (6') max.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACINGMEDIUM-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS(EMBOSSED TUBING)

*
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDSLarger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or load test submitted for review per G.I. 8.001, along with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.Medium-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of two working levels in use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units are installed. However, when only one working level is being used, a maximum of additional 6 levels may be planked if they are not being used at the same time. The maximum distributed load on each working level shall not exceed 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50 lb./ft2).Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the table, shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly designed and reviewed per G.I. 8.001. Preferably, a properly designed system scaffold should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds over 38 m. (125 ft.) tall
Maximum Number of Working LevelsMax. Total Number Planked/Platformed LevelsMaximum Scaffold Height1738 m. (125 ft.)2224 m. (78 ft.)

*

VIII. MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLDS
MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTIONMobile and tower scaffolds shall be plumb, level, and square and be horizontally and vertically braced (in both directions) by diagonal braces.Plan (horizontal) bracing shall be installed at the base, at the top, and at least every third lift of all mobile and tower scaffolds to prevent racking (twisting).
PLAN BRACE UNDER DECK

PLAN BRACE

*

MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTIONTube & coupler mobile and tower scaffolds that are one bay long and one bay wide (only 4 posts):LOADINGMAX. POST SPACING IN BOTH DIRECTION(only 4 post)STEEL TUBING MANUFACTURED & EMBOSED AS PER SPECIFICATIONSADDL REQUIREMENT / CONDITIONLight-duty2 m. (6.5ft)YesUsed only for personnel access and inspectionAt least two equally spaced board bearers shall be usedUppermost work platform height shall not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension Light-duty1.7 m. (5.5ft)NoUppermost work platform height shall not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension Medium-duty1.5 m. (5 ft)YesUppermost work platform height shall not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension

*
MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTIONMOBILE SCAFFOLD

PLAN BRACE UNDER DECK

PLAN BRACE

TOEBOARD

TIMBER COVER FOR ACCESS HOLE (OR HINGED)

TOP RAIL

MIDRAIL

WIRE LASHING (TOP, MIDDLE & BOTTOM)

LADDER SHOULD BE FIXED TO THE NARROWER WIDTH

TRANSVERSE (LEDGER) BRACING

LOCKING CASTERS

BOTTOM OF LADDER SUPPORTED

*
MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTIONMobile scaffolds rated for Light-duty shall have steel casters not less than 120 mm. (5) in diameter.Mobile scaffolds rated for Medium-duty shall have heavy-duty steel casters not less than 170 mm. (7) in diameter.All casters shall be fitted with a positive wheel lock (which cannot be accidentally released) to prevent movement while the mobile scaffold is being used.Casters shall be securely fixed to the base of scaffold posts or screwjacks by locking pins.

INSERT SHAFT

HOLE FOR FASTENING PIN

SWIVEL

LOCKING ASSEMBLY

MOBILE SCAFFOLD CASTER

*
MOBILE SCAFFOLD OPERATIONMobile scaffold shall only be used and moved on surfaces sufficiently firm level to ensure stability. Where the scaffold is to be used on an elevated floor or roof, it shall be designed to apply loads no greater than the capacity of the floor or roof.A mobile scaffold shall be moved only by manually pushing or pulling at the base. Force shall not be applied at a height greater than 1.5 m. (5) above the supporting surface.No men, equipment, or materials shall be on the working platform or elsewhere on the scaffold while it is in motion.Casters shall be lock at all times except during scaffold movement.Temporary foundations or tracks shall be properly set in place on soft or uneven ground to facilitate movement of the mobile scaffold. The temporary foundation or track shall be level and properly secured.

*

IX. FABRICATED TUBULAR FRAME SCAFFOLDS
Fabricated Tubular Frame ScaffoldsAll fabricated tubular frame scaffold shall be erected per manufacturers published instructions.It shall not be used for a loading greater than a Light-duty loading of 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).The maximum height shall be 6 meters.Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be intermixed.Each frame must have flip-lock fittings, in good condition, for the attachment of horizontal members and diagonal members.Scissor (cross) bracing shall be installed on both sides in every bay between each lift.A complete guardrail system shall be provided at every platform.

*

X. BRACKET SCAFFOLDS
Brackets and StrapsBracket scaffolds shall only be used to support a Light-duty loading of 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).
*

SAFASFAF

BRACKET SCAFFOLD

TOEBOARD

TOPRAIL(STEEL TUBING OR 3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)

TANK SHELL

MIDRAIL(STEEL TUBING OR 3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)

PLANKS(BOARDS)

SPACER

BRACKET

BRACKETSTRAP

2.4 m (8 ft.) MAX.FOR 50 mm (2") THK. PLANKS

1.5 m (5 ft.) MAX.FOR 38 mm (1-") THK. PLANKS

BRACKET (TANK BUILDERS) SCAFFOLD

*

Brackets and StrapsBrackets shall be installed vertically.Prior to welding on any tank, approval of welding procedures and verification of tank integrity is required from the Proponents Engineering Unit. Only welders certified shall weld bracket straps.Prior to attaching the bracket, completed bracket straps shall be inspected and approved by a welding inspector.Brackets scaffold shall be inspected prior to installation by scaffold craftsmen and prior to each used by scaffold users.
WELD

75 mm. (3")

5 mm (3/16") FILLET WELD TO TANK SHELL

25 mm MAX. SIDE WELDS

75 mm (3') MIN.

DEPTH

10 mm (3/8")THK. (min.) STEEL PLATE

250 mm (10")

(min.)

BRACKET STRAP DETAIL

*
GUARDRAILS AND PLATFORMS FOR BRACKET SCAFFOLDSA continuous guardrail system shall be provided along the outside platform edge. If the gap on the inside platform edge to the platform exceeds 360 mm (14) a guardrail system shall be provide.Guardrails shall be constructed using either wire rope [10mm (3/8) diameter min.] or steel tubing [can withstand a force of at least 90 kg. (200 lbs.)].All working levels shall be fully planked (at least 2 but not more than 3 planks wide).Planks shall be overlap in 1 direction only, 230 mm (9) min.The area below the bracket scaffolds shall be barricaded and warning signs posted.

3 - BOARDS

675 mm (27") MAX.

WIRE ROPEFILLING HOLE

GUARDRAIL SUPPORTUPRIGHT38" - 45" HIGH

PERMANENTLY WELDED OR SECURED TO 150 mm (6") HIGH SLEEVE OR INTERNAL SPIGOT/PIN

ANGLE STEEL

ANCHORPLATE

SPACER

*

XI. UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS
CRITERIA FOR UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDSAll underhung scaffolds shall be hung from structures capable of supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold.A guardrail system shall be provided.UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY TUBES & COUPLRESSuspension points of hanger tubes shall be securely fixed to prevent their being dislodged by all potential forces acting upon them.When a hanger tube is coupled to a horizontal tube that is placed across the top of a supporting beam a second horizontal tube shall be attached underneath the supporting beam with a pair of girder couplers. Both horizontal tubes shall be attached to the hanger with a right-angle couplers.Check coupler shall be installed at top & bottoms of all hanger tubes and beneath trapeze tubes.Whenever possible vertical hanger tubes should be in one length where joints are necessary, the tubes should be single lapped using at least four couplers.

*

UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY TUBES & COUPLRESTrapeze tubes shall be installed approximately 600 mm (2) below the runners (ledgers) to assist in erection, modification and dismantling, and also to serve as a secondary support should the runner slip.Runners and bearers shall be coupled to hanger tubes using right-angle couplers.Hanger tube spacing shall comply with the tube and coupler post spacing requirements for the load duty of scaffold.At least one board bearer shall be installed when the hanger spacing is more than 1.5 m (5) apart in the longitudinal direction.Only drop-forged girder couplers shall used for the support of hanging scaffolds. Pressed girder couplers shall not be used for the support of hanging scaffolds.

*
UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY TUBES & COUPLRES

TOEBOARD

HANGERTUBES

PAIR OF GIRDER COUPLERS (TYP.)

GIRDER

TRAPEZE TUBE

PLAN BRACE

LADDER BEAM

TOPRAIL

RIGHT ANGLE COUPLER

PUNCHEONTUBE

MIDRAIL

A

A

B

B

LOWER PLATFORM

TOPRAIL

PREFERRED METHOD OF HANGER TUBE FIXING

SECTION B-B

SECTION A-A

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLD

c.c.

*
UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY WIRE ROPEA working platform shall have at least six (6) suspension points evenly spaced and kept taut, and shall be tied or otherwise secured to prevent it from swaying,Wire rope cable including connecting hardware shall be capable of supporting at least six (6) times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted without failure.Wire suspension rope shall be minimum 9 mm (3/8) diameter (splices in wire ropes are not permitted.When an underhung scaffold is suspended by wire rope, such rope shall be wrapped at least twice around (softeners shall be used) the supporting members and twice around the bearers of the scaffold.Spacing of wire ropes used to carry the scaffold shall comply with the post spacing requirements for the duty of the scaffold.Suspension wire ropes shall be shielded from heat producing processes.Wire ropes shall be inspected for defects prior to each work shift and after every occurrence, which could affect a ropes integrity.

*
USE OF WIRE ROPE CLIPSThere shall be minimum of 3 clips installed at the load end and 3 clips installed at the attachment end of each rope.Clips installation and retightening after initial loading shall be according to the manufacturers recommendation.When wire rope clips are used, the U-bolt shall be placed over the dead end of the rope, and saddle (bridge) shall be placed over the live (loaded) end of the rope.
DONT SADDLE A DEAD HORSE


LIVE END

DEAD END

*
WELDING FROM UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY WIRE ROPESTo reduce the possibility of welding current flowing through the suspension wire rope when performing welding from underhung scaffolds, the following precautions shall be taken, as applicable:An insulated thimble shall be used to attach each suspension wire rope to its support. Additional independent lines to provide grounding shall be insulated.All suspension wire rope shall be covered with insulating material extending at least 1.2 m (4) above the working platform.In addition to work lead attachment required by the welding process, a grounding conductor shall be connected from the scaffold to the structure. The size of this conductor shall be at least the size of the welding process work lead, and this conductor shall not be in series with the welding process or the work piece.If the scaffold grounding lead is disconnected at any time, the welding machine shall be shut off.An active welding rod or uninsulated welding lead shall not be allowed to contact the scaffold or its suspension system.

*

MMG SCAFFOLD TAGGING
RED SCAFFOLD TAGIndicates the scaffold has not been inspected or is not safe for use (by anyone other than the scaffold erection craftsmen.

*
GREEN SCAFFOLD TAGIndicates the scaffold is complete, has been inspected, and is safe for use at the time of inspection.
MMG SCAFFOLD TAGGING

*
Competent or trained scaffolder only can erect or dismantle scaffoldA trained or competent scaffolding supervisor/foreman must over-see the erection or dismantling1 week-signing interval (maximum), tags to be revalidated as needs ariseOver 20 ft. high, Must have engineering designDancing Scaffold, Must have engineering designYellow tag will be used rarely. Full body harness required for scaffolds yellow tagged.
Safety Tips

*
CouplersRiveted type prohibitedBS 1139, EN74 acceptable
Safety Tips

*

Lashed with rope

to prevent movement

Extend 1 meter

or 3 to 4 rung above the working platform

4m

1m

Ladder set at a

4 to 1 ratio

Stile feet resting

on a firm and level

surface

Positioning and securing ladders in scaffold platform

Safe Use of Ladder

*

Safe Use of Ladder

Wire or Nylon rope lashing

Tie rod

Do not use bricks or blocks to extend the reach of ladders

Only use side rails to secure ladders

Do not use in a horizontal position as platforms, walkways or supports for planks

Keep area around ladders clear of trash & debris

Install on a firm level surface

Ladder clamp

EMBED PBrush

Do not use damaged or weakened ladders: for example broken or split side rails and rungs, loose or missing rungs, any other damage that hinders safe use of the ladder.

Side rails must be smooth and without slivers or projections.

not the rungs

EMBED MSPhotoEd.3

EMBED PBrush
_1091451100.bin

*

Safe Use of Ladder

Do not use ladder with broken or damage rungs

Do not use rebar to replace missing rungs

Do not lash ladders together to extend the reach

Use the proper extension ladders

*

Safe Use of Ladder

6"

110 kg (250 lbs.)

One Man

110 kg (250 lbs.)110 kg (250 lbs.)

Two Man

(250 lbs.)

Three Man

(250 lbs.)(250 lbs.)

Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units

TIE TUBES

COUPLED TO

TWO POSTS

(STANDARDS)

TIE TUBEREVEAL TUBE

RIGHT-ANGLE

COUPLERS

TIE TUBES

COUPLED TO

TWO RUNNERS

(LEDGERS)

BOX TIE

BOX TIES

REVEAL TIES

(MAXIMUM 50% OF TOTAL TIES)

SCAFFOLD TIES

REVEAL TUBE

PLAN VIEW OF

REVEAL TIES

RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)

COUPLERS (TYP.)

REVEAL PIN

WALL OR

SOLID

STRUCTURE

WALL OR

SOLID

STRUCTURE

TIMBER PACKING

TIE TUBES TO

SCAFFOLD

PLAN VIEW OF COLUMN BOX TIE


COUPLERS (TYP.)

TIE TUBES TO

SCAFFOLD

PLAN VIEW OF TWO-WAY TIES


COUPLERS (TYP.)

WALL OR

SOLID

STRUCTURE

TIMBER PACKING

TIE TUBES TO

SCAFFOLD

WALL OR

SOLID

STRUCTURE

45

APPROX.

1.25 m

APPROX.

GROUND LEVEL

ONLY ONE ADDITIONAL

LIFT ALLOWED ABOVE

RAKER TIE-IN POINT

RAKER TIE-IN POINT

SINGLE RAKER TUBE 6.4m (21ft.)

MAX. LENGTH (NO SPLICES)

LONGITUDINAL

STRUT TUBE

BASE PLATE

SOLE BOARD

DETAIL

SHORT BUTT

TUBE

ALTERNATIVE ON

HARD GROUND

BASE PLATE

HORIZONTAL TIE

TUBES (REQUIRED)

RAKER

1

.

5

m

(

5

f

t

.

)

M

A

X

.

V

A

R

I

E

S

38 mm.

(1.5") THK.

POSTS (STANDARD)

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

RUNNER

(LEDGER)

BOARD BEARER


BEARER

(TRANSOM)

SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS

38mm (1-") THICK

2

.

4

m

(

8

f

t

.

)

M

A

X

.

V

A

R

I

E

S

50 mm.

(2") THK.

POSTS (STANDARD)

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

RUNNER

(LEDGER)

BOARD BEARER


BEARER

(TRANSOM)

SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS

50mm (2") THICK

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

OVERLAP

OVERHANG

BOARD BEARER


POST

(STANDARD)

150 mm. (6") MIN.

(UNLESS CLEATED)

300 mm. (12") MAX.

300 mm.

(12") MIN.

RUNNER

(LEDGER)


COUPLERS

STANDARDS

RING TYPE GIN WHEEL

(PREFERED)

7

5

0

m

m

.

(

3

0

"

)

M

A

X

.


COUPLERS

STANDARDS

7

5

0

m

m

.

(

3

0

"

)

M

A

X

.

MOUSING

HOOK TYPE GIN WHEEL

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

2 Meters (6 6)

maximum lift height

2 Meters (6 6)

maximum lift height

BASE LIFT

(KICKER LIFT)

POSTS

(STANDARDS)

RUNNERS

(LEDGERS)

BEARERS

(TRANSOMS)

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

2 Meters (6 6)

maximum lift height

2 Meters (6 6)

maximum lift height

BASE LIFT

(KICKER LIFT)

POSTS

(STANDARDS)

RUNNERS

(LEDGERS)

BEARERS

(TRANSOMS)

SCAFFOLD LIFTS

6"

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

RUNNER

(LEDGER)

[UNDERNEATH BEARER]

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYS

LIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD

BRACING TO OUTER AND

INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES

MAXIMUM 2 BAYS

IN CERTAIN CASES, CHECK COUPLERS AND DOUBLE POST (STANDARDS) MAY BE REQUIRED

BRACING AND LADDER BEAMS TO OUTER AND INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES

LADDER

BEAM


MEDIUM-DUTY SCAFFOLD

MAXIMUM 2 BAYS

LATTICE /

UNIT BEAM

IN CERTAIN CASES, CHECK COUPLERS AND DOUBLE POST (STANDARDS) MAY BE REQUIRED

BRACING AND LATTICE / UNIT BEAMS TO OUTER AND INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES


HEAVY-DUTY SCAFFOLD

MAXIMUM 2 BAYS

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING

TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

4

th

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS

RUNNER (LEDGER)

POST (STANDARD)

LONGITUDINAL (FAADE) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING


3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

BRACING REPEATED EVERY

5

th

POST (STANDARD)

1

0

0

m

m

.

(

4

"

)

M

i

n

.

3

0

0

m

m

.

(

1

2

"

)

M

i

n

.

O

V

E

R

L

A

P

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)

COUPLERS

DIAGONAL

BRACE

DIAGONAL

BRACE

BRACE SPLICE

POST

(STANDARD)

RUNNER

(LEDGER)

300 mm (12")

Max. (typ.)

NODE POINT

(TYP.)

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

ADJUSTABLE

(SWIVEL) COUPLER

300 mm (12")

Max. (typ.)

BRACE CONNECTION

TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BASE IN THE PROCESS OF

BEING ASSEMBLED AND LEVELED

TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BEING ASSEMBLED

SYSTEM SCAFFOLD ERECTION

LOCKING-PIN TYPE OF SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

(PROHIBITED)

UPPER POST SPIGOT

(STANDARD)

SPIGOT

SPIGOT PIN

LOWER POST

(STANDARD)

BOLTED SPIGOT

SILLS (SOLE

BOARDS)

BEARERS

(TRANSOMS)

BIOARD BEARER


POST

(STANDARD)

RUNNERS

(LEDGERS)

BASE PLATES

BASE LIFT

(KICKER LIFT)

RUNNERS &

BEARERS

INSTALLED

INSIDE POSTS

TYP.

BAY LENGTH

[on top of ledger]

[on top of ledger]

A

T

L

E

A

S

T

1

0

0

m

m

.

(

4

"

)

A

T

L

E

A

S

T

1

0

0

m

m

.

(

4

"

)

3

0

0

m

m

.

(

1

2

"

)

M

i

n

.

3

0

0

m

m

.

(

1

2

"

)

M

i

n

.

A

D

J

U

S

T

A

B

L

E

(

S

W

I

V

E

L

)

C

O

U

P

L

E

R

S

-

M

i

n

.

o

f

f

o

u

r

(

4

)

B

E

A

R

E

R

(

T

R

A

N

S

O

M

)

O

R

R

U

N

N

E

R

(

L

E

D

G

E

R

)

P

A

R

A

L

L

E

L

T

U

B

E

INSTALLATION OF

RIGHT-ANGLE

COUPLERS

HINGE

BOLT

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL)

ZIG-ZAG BRACING

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) ZIGZAG BRACING


35 - 55

(TYP.)

BASE LIFT

1

st

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

300mm. (12")

Max. (Typ.)

NODE POINT

(TYP.)

ADJUSTABLE

(SWIVEL) COUPLER

(TYP.)

6"

POST

(STANDARD)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING


4

th

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) X BRACING


35 - 55

(TYP.)

BASE LIFT

1

st

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

BEARER

(TRANSOM)

300mm. (12")

Max. (Typ.)

NODE POINT

(TYP.)

ADJUSTABLE

(SWIVEL) COUPLER

(TYP.)

6"

POST

(STANDARD)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "X" BRACING


4

th

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS

LIFT HEIGTH

(TYP.)

RUNNER (LEDGER)

POST (STANDARD)

LONGITUDINAL (FAADE) BRACING


3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

BRACING REPEATED

EVERY 5

th

POST

(STANDARD)

POST (STANDARD)

RUNNER (LEDGER)

300 mm (12")

Max. (typ.)

NODE POINT

(TYP.)

BEARER (TRANSOM)

ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)

COUPLER

BRACE CONNECTION

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE (FACADE) DIAGONAL BRACING


4

th

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

5

th

LIFT

6

th

LIFT

7

th

LIFT

8

th

LIFT

BEARER (TRANSOM)

POST (STANDARD)

TRANSVERSE ZIG-ZAG BRACING


4

th

LIFT

3

rd

LIFT

2

nd

LIFT

1

st

LIFT

Base Lift

35

o

-55

o

(TYP.)

5

th

LIFT

6

th

LIFT

7

th

LIFT

8

th

LIFT

BEARER (TRANSOM)

MAX. 4 OPEN BAYS

1

M

E

T

E

R

1 METER

ONE MAN AND 20 kg MAXIMUM

PER SQUARE METER

MAXIMUM TOTAL LOAD 120 kg PER

SQURE METER (25 PSF)


1.0 m

(3'-3") max.

Transverse

Post Spacings

1.0 m

(3'-3") max.

Cover gap

with

plywood

BOARD BEARER

(intermediate transom)

RUNNER

(ledger)

BEARER

(transom)

POST

(standard)

225 mm (9)wide

planks (boards)

2.7 m (9') max.

2.7 m (9') max.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACING

LIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

(EMBOSSED TUBING)


1.2 m

(4') max.

Transverse

Post Spacings

1.2 m

(4') max.

Cover gap

with

plywood

BOARD BEARER


RUNNER

(ledger)

BEARER

(transom)

POST

(standard)

225 mm (9)wide

planks (boards)

2.4 m (8') max.

2.4 m (8') max.



(EMBOSSED TUBING)


1.0 m

(3'-3") max.

Transverse

Post Spacings

1.0 m

(3'-3") max.

Cover gap

with

plywood

BOARD BEARER


RUNNER

(ledger)

BEARER

(transom)

POST

(standard)

225 mm (9)wide

planks (boards)

2.3 m (7'-6") max.

2.3 m (7'-6") max.



(NON-EMBOSSED TUBING)


1.2 m

(4') max.

Transverse

Post Spacings

1.2 m

(4') max.

Cover gap

with

plywood

BOARD BEARER


RUNNER

(ledger)

BEARER

(transom)

POST

(standard)

225 mm (9)wide

planks (boards)

1.8 m (6') max.

1.8 m (6') max.



(NON-EMBOSSED TUBING)

1

M

E

T

E

R

1 METER

TWO MEN AND 40 kg MAXIMUM

PER SQUARE METER

MAXIMUM TOTAL LOAD 240 kg PER

SQURE METER (50 PSF)

90


1.2 m

(4') max.

Transverse

Post Spacings

1.2 m

(4') max.

Cover gap

with

plywood

BOARD BEARER


RUNNER

(ledger)

BEARER

(transom)

POST

(standard)

225 mm (9)wide

planks (boards)

1.8 m (6') max.

1.8 m (6') max.


MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

(EMBOSSED TUBING)


1.2 m

(4') max.

Transverse

Post Spacings

1.2 m

(4') max.

Cover gap

with

plywood

RUNNER

(ledger)

BEARER

(transom)

POST

(standard)

225 mm (9)wide

planks (boards)

1.8 m (6') max.

1.8 m (6') max.


MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

(EMBOSSED TUBING)

PLAN BRACE

UNDER DECK

PLAN BRACE

PLAN BRACE

UNDER DECK

PLAN BRACE

TIMBER COVER FOR

ACCESS HOLE (OR HINGED)

TOP RAIL

MIDRAIL

TOEBOARD

WIRE LASHING

(TOP, MIDDLE &

BOTTOM)

LADDER SHOULD

BE FIXED TO THE

NARROWER WIDTH

TRANSVERSE

(LEDGER) BRACING

LOCKING CASTERS

BOTTOM OF LADDER

SUPPORTED

INSERT SHAFT

HOLE FOR

FASTENING PIN

SWIVEL

LOCKING

ASSEMBLY

MOBILE SCAFFOLD CASTER

BRACKET SCAFFOLD

TOEBOARD

TOPRAIL

(STEEL TUBING OR

3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)

TANK SHELL

PLANKS

(BOARDS)

SPACER

BRACKET

BRACKET

STRAP

1

.

5

m

(

5

f

t

.

)

M

A

X

.

F

O

R

3

8

m

m

(

1

-

"

)

T

H

K

.

P

L

A

N

K

S

BRACKET (TANK BUILDERS) SCAFFOLD

MIDRAIL

(STEEL TUBING OR

3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)

2

.

4

m

(

8

f

t

.

)

M

A

X

.

F

O

R

5

0

m

m

(

2

"

)

T

H

K

.

P

L

A

N

K

S

7

5

m

m

.

(

3

"

)

W

E

L

D5 mm (3/16") FILLET

WELD TO TANK SHELL

25 mm MAX. SIDE

WELDS

75 mm

(3') MIN.

DEPTH

10 mm (3/8")

THK. (min.)

STEEL PLATE

2

5

0

m

m

(

1

0

"

)

(

m

i

n

.

)

BRACKET STRAP DETAIL

3

-

B

O

A

R

D

S

6

7

5

m

m

(

2

7

"

)

M

A

X

.

WIRE ROPE

FILLING HOLE

GUARDRAIL SUPPORT

UPRIGHT

38" - 45" HIGH

PERMANENTLY WELDED

OR SECURED TO

150 mm (6") HIGH SLEEVE

OR INTERNAL SPIGOT/PIN

ANGLE STEEL

ANCHOR

PLATE

SPACER

A

A

B

B

TOEBOARD

HANGER

TUBES

PAIR OF GIRDER

COUPLERS (TYP.)

GIRDER

TRAPEZE

TUBE

PLAN

BRACE

LADDER

BEAM

TOPRAIL

RIGHT ANGLE

COUPLER

PUNCHEON

TUBE

MIDRAIL

LOWER

PLATFORM

TOPRAIL

PREFERRED

METHOD OF HANGER

TUBE FIXING

SECTION

B-B

SECTION

A-A

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

c.c.

UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLD

LIVE END

DEAD END

Do not use in a horizontal position as

platforms, walkways or supports for

planks

Do not use damaged or weakened ladders: for

example broken or split side r

ails and rungs,

loose or missing rungs, any other damage that

hinders safe use of the ladder.

Side rails must be smooth and without slivers or

projections.

not the rungs

Only use side rails to

secure ladders

Ladder

clamp

Wire or Nylon

rope lashin

g

Tie rod

Install on a firm

level surface

Keep area around ladders

clear of trash & debris

Do not use bricks or

blocks to extend the

reach of ladders

Scaffolding Training

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Transcript of Scaffolding Training