CLASSIFICATIONSC.912.L. 15.6 Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domain and kingdoms of living organisms.

CC: RST. 11-12.1, SL.11-12.4, MP.4

HOW DO WE NAME THESE SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT ANIMALS?Polar bears and Brown Bears are their common names but how can we scientifically name them?

How do you know the cat on the left?

• Puma

• Mountain lion

• Florida panther

• Cougar

Puma concolor= cougar

Puma concolor coryi= florida panther

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAMEVary among languages and from place to place • Cougar, mountain lion, puma,

panther

Binomial Nomenclature- two word naming system • Created by botanist Carolus Linnaeus • Written in italics • First word begins with a capital letter • Second word is lowercased

Different species can have the same common name • Buzzard (UK)- hawk • Buzzard (USA)- vulture

First part of the name is the Genus to which the organism belongs. • Genus- group of similar species

Second part of the name is unique to each species. • Description of an important trait or the

organism’s habitat

Example: Polar Bear Example: Ursus maritimus

Dichotomous KeyUsed to identify organismsSeries of paired statements or questions that describe alternative

possible characteristics of an organism.

Linnaean Classification System System that organized species into taxa that formed a hierarchy or set of

ordered ranks.

Taxa Description Species Group of individuals

capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Genus (plural: genera) Group of similar species

Family Several Genera that share similar characteristics.

Order Closely related families are grouped into the next larger rank.

Class Similar orders

Phylum Classes are grouped into a phylum

Kingdom Largest and most inclusive

Problems with Traditional Classification

• Linnaeaus System is based on similarities and differences

• The crab, barnacles, and limpet share some similarities and differences.

• Under traditional classification, crabs would be classified into a separate group.

BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!

LIMPET

CRAB

BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.

Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !

Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !

LIMPET

CRAB BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar

Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !

Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS !

LIMPET SNAIL

Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.

Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS

BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS

Scientists today try to assign species to a larger group in ways that reflect how closely members of those groups

are related to each other.

Modern ClassificationEvolutionary Classification- grouping organisms based on evolutionary history.

• Phylogeny: evolutionary history of lineages. Common ancestors get placed in higher taxa whose members are more closely related to one another than to any other group. This classification system groups organisms into groups called CLADES.

Clades- group of species that includes

1. single common ancestor

2. and all descendants of that ancestor—living and extinct.

CLADOGRAMSLinks groups of organisms by

showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branches off from common ancestors.

• Derived Characters- a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants. • certain kinds of characters are looked at when

assigning organisms into clades unlike Linnaeaus classification.

Interpreting Cladograms

Traditional VS. Modern Classification

Linnaean Class Reptilia is not a clade because it does NOT include modern birds.

Birds are descendants of reptiles, which can be seen from the cladogram on the right!

DNA in Classification

Genes can be derived characters. The more derived GENETIC

characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

The NEXT SLIDE WILL SAVEYOU ON THE EOC…

COPY IT DOWN!!!

• Prokaryote- unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus• Eukaryote- organisms whose cells contain a nucleus• Peptidoglycan- serves a structural role in the walls of bacteria. • Cellulose- provides strength and rigidity to plant cells • Chitin- tough, protective covering or structural support for certain

organisms. • Chloroplast- organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms

that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

• Multicellular- two or more cells in an organism • Unicellular- organism is made up of one cell. • Autotroph- organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or

chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds—producer.

• Heterotroph- organism that obtains food by consuming other living things—consumer.

Words To Know: