Sayre2e ch33 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150674

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Les Fêtes de Nuit à la Exposition. From L’Exposition de Paris (1900). 1900.

The Paris Exposition of 1889

What was the significance of the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris?

• The future was the chief attraction of the Paris Exposition, and invention was the key word of the day. Thomas Edison exhibited 493 new devices. The most popular object was Gustav Eiffel’s tower placed at the entrance of the fair and which quickly became one of the city’s landmarks.


Charles Garnier. Japanese house (left) and Chinese house (right) in Garnier's "History of Habitation" exhibit, Exposition Universelle, Paris.

1889.

The Fin de Siecle: From Naturalism to Symbolism

What is the fin de siecle?

• Art Nouveau — As an international movement, Art Nouveau included architecture, glassware, textiles, furniture, and painting. This “new art” endeavored to elevate feelings, imagination, and the power of dreams as creative inspiration.

• Exposing Society’s Secrets: The Plays of Henrik Ibsen — The fin de siecle spirit was apparent in the later works of Ibsen. His play, A Doll’s House offered a depiction of Victorian marriage, with it s oppression of women and cruelty of men.

• The Symbolist Imagination in the Arts — The Symbolists aimed to describe the transitory feelings of people through symbolic language and images in an effort to convey the essential mystery of life. The sculptor Rodin, in his most famous sculptures, The Kiss, was a purposeful homage to the opposite sex. A number of artists engaged in experiments that combined music, dance, painting, and the new electrical lighting technology. Dancing the can-can became popular at the Moulin Rouge. Music’s ability to bring to mind a torrent of images and thoughts without speech is almost perfectly realized in Debussy’s composition Prelude a l’apres-midi d’un faune.

• Discussion Question: What is the tension in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House?


Louis Comfort Tiffany. Stained-glass window. ca, 1894.43" × 27-1/2”.


Victor Horta. Tassel House, Brussels. 1892-93.


Jan Toorop. Delftsche Slaolie. Dutch advertisement poster. 1894.37-3/4" × 21-1/4”.


Auguste Renoir. The Kiss. 1888-89.54-1/2" × 43-1/2" × 46-1/2”.


Auguste Renoir. Monument to Balzac. Garden of the Museum. 1898.106-1/4" × 47-1/4" × 50-3/8”.


Auguste Renoir. Dancing Figure. 1905.12-7/8" × 9-7/8”.


Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Miss Loïe Fuller. 1893.Sheet: 15-1/8" × 11-1/16”.


Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. At the Moulin Rouge. 1892-95.4’ 3/8" × 4’ 7-1/4”.

Active Listening Guide: Debussy: La Mer, I

MyArtsLabChapter 33 – The Fin De Siècle: Toward the Modern

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Post-Impressionist PaintingWhat is Post-Impressionism?

• Pointillism: Seurat and the Harmonies of Color — Seurat’s masterpiece, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte depicts a crowd of Parisians enjoying the weather. It is a carefully controlled, scientific application of tiny dots of color—pointilles.

• Symbolic Color: Van Gogh — Van Gogh studied Seurat’s paintings and Seurat’s emphasis on contrasting colors became an ingredient in his synthesis of techniques. Color become symbolic, charged with feelings.

• The Structure of Color: Cezanne — Cezanne’s color is not symbolic but is used to structure the space of the canvas. He painted en plein-air which allowed a representation of nature as a series of patches of color.

• Escape to Far Tahiti: Gauguin — Symbolists valued the comparative quiet of the countryside over the turmoil of cities. Gauguin left France for the island of Tahiti. In his paintings color is freed of its representational function to become an almost pure expression of the artist’s feelings.

• Escape to Giverny: The Late Monet — The tract of land owned by Monet included a pond where he planted water lilies and built a Japanese bridge. Then he began to paint the ensemble repeatedly.

• Discussion Question: What are some of the dominant characteristics of Post-Impressionist painting?


Georges Seurat. A Sunday on La Grande Jatte. 1884-86.81-3/4" × 121-1/4”.

Closer Look: George Seurat, Sunday on La Grande Jatte


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Georges Seurat. Les Poseuses (The Models). 1886-88.78-3/4" × 98-3/8”.


Vincent van Gogh. Night Café. 1888.28-1/2" × 36-1/4”.


Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889.28-3/4" × 36-1/4”.

Closer Look: Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night


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Paul Cézanne. The Gulf of Marseilles seen from l’Estaque. ca. 1885.31-1/2" × 39-1/4”.


Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire. 1902-04.28-3/4" × 36-3/16”.


Paul Cézanne. Closer Look: The Peppermint Bottle. 1893-95.26" × 32-3/8”.


Paul Cézanne. Closer Look: Still Life with Plaster Cast. ca. 1894.26-1/2" × 32-1/2”.

Closer Look: Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Plaster Cast


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Paul Gauguin. Mahana no atua (Day of the God). 1894.27-3/8" × 35-5/8”.


Claude Monet. Setting Sun. Panel from the Water Lillies murals. ca. 1921-22.

6’ 6-3/4" × 19’ 8-3/8”.

Toward the ModernHow does Symbolism manifest itself outside of France?

• The New Moral World of Nietzsche — Rather than the rationality of Socrates, Nietzsche described the turbulent conflict between the “Apollonian” force that leads to the art of sculpture, the beautiful illusion of the ideal form, and the “Dionysian” force which expresses itself in music and dance, with their ability to excite the senses.

• On the Cusp of Modern Music: Mahler and Brahms — These composers dominated the music scene in Vienna. Mahler was influenced by Nietzsche’s The Birth of Tragedy in his Symphony No. 1. The compositions of Brahms are rich in musical allusions to Beethoven and Bach among others. His Fourth Symphony is startlingly modern.

• The Painting of Isolation: Munch — In Skrik (The Scream) the artist’s depiction of the horrifying anxiety of modern life is unmatched in the work of any previous painter.

• The Vienna Secession: Klimt — This artist was a master of the erotic who sought to liberate art from the confines of conventional morality, believing that human life was driven by sexual desire.

• Discussion Question: What does Nietzsche mean by the “death of God”?


Claude Monet. Room 1 of the Water Lilies, Musée de l’Orangerie, Paris, France.

Closer Look: Claude Monet, Water Lilies




Active Listening Guide: Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III


Active Listening Guide: Brahms: Symphony No. 4, IV



Edvard Munch. Skrik (The Scream). 1893.36" × 29”.


Gustav Klimt. Judith I. 1901.33" × 16-1/2”.

Africa and Empire

How did developments in Africa reflect European beliefs and sensibilities?

• European Imperialism — European domination of the continent spread after 1880 beginning with the opening of the Suez Canal. Economic wealth was at stake in the form of phosphates, ivory, rubber, and especially diamonds.

• Social Darwinism: The Theoretical Justification for Imperialism — This view explained the supposed social and cultural evolution that elevated Europe (and the white race) above all other nations and races. Europeans were the “fitter” race, and thus destined to dominate the world. This view was used to validate imperialism.

• Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness — No fiction writer examined European imperialist schemes in Africa more critically than Joseph Conrad. He used his experiences as captain of a river steamboat in the Congo as the basis of his novella Heart of Darkness. Ambiguity lies at the heart of the story – “darkness” itself being a metaphor for a world without clarity.

• Discussion Question: What is social Darwinism? Was Darwin a proponent of this theory?


Map: Imperial expansion in Africa to 1880.


Map: Imperial expansion in Africa from 1880 to 1914.


Giorgio de Chirico. Continuity & Change: The Child's Brain. 1914.31-1/8" × 25-5/8”.

Sayre2e ch33 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150674

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