Say Something. It’s Your Business: Say Something 1.Alberta context 2.What shelters do...
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Transcript of Say Something. It’s Your Business: Say Something 1.Alberta context 2.What shelters do...
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Say Something
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
1. Alberta context
2. What shelters do
3. Risk/danger assessment
4. Impact on children
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It’s Your Business:Alberta Council of Women’s Shelters
ACWS serves as the collective voice for 41 sheltering organizations through:• Networking and information sharing;• Acquiring adequate resources;• Undertaking policy and systems research in
order to influence social change that reduces and prevents domestic violence;
• Increasing public awareness of issues related to family violence;
• Providing professional development for Alberta’s sheltering movement.
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It’s Your Business: Worldwide
• World Health Organization identifies intimate partner violence as a pandemic
• Amnesty International locates it as the key human rights issue impacting women and children around the globe
• The Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces says that family violence is “The most common form of violence against women worldwide . . . a key issue in its own right—comparable to war, hunger and disease.”
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It’s Your Business: It knows no bounds
No matter what your race,
colour,
economic background,
education level or
faith.
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“…gender inequality is doing such ravishing damage in the world it is almost incomprehensible… this is the most important issue facing our world today.”
- Stephen Lewis
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It’s Your Business:Canada’s profile
• Women are 7x more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than by a stranger
• 21% of abused women were assaulted during pregnancy
• 1 million children will witness violence against their mother each year
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It’s Your Business:Say Something
Taking Alberta’s Pulse
• Population Growth
• Housing
• Income Support
• Others?
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It’s Your Business:Say Something
Looking at Alberta’s women
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It’s Your Business:Say Something
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It’s Your Business:Say Something
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It’s Your Business: Say Something Taking Alberta’s pulse
The impact of the boom on women
• 15% will return to relationship– 72% lack of affordable housing (26% in
2005)
• 30% lack of $
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It’s Your Business: What it looks likePower and Control
• Often a pattern of violent & controlling behavior.
• May be physical, emotional, psychological and/or sexual in nature.
• Can include threats to harm children, other family members, pets, and property.
• Violence used to intimidate, humiliate, frighten victim to make her feel powerless.
• May be a single act or a number of acts.
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It’s Your Business: What it looks likePower and Control
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It’s Your Business:Where we work
• Alberta leads the provinces in domestic assault, homicide-suicide, stalking and is second in domestic homicide.
• From 2000 – 2006, over 170 homicides are conservatively estimated as domestic violence related. This represents about one third of all homicides in the province.
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Say Something:Alberta’s shelters respond
• Over 13,000 women and children were resident in shelter;
• Over 25,000 women and children were turned away;
• Crisis calls to shelters have more than doubled over the past two years.
• 53% of women admitted into Alberta emergency shelters self-identify as Aboriginal (2005)
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Prevention Prevention & &
EarlyEarlyInterventionIntervention
InterventionIntervention & &
Protection Protection
Subsequent Subsequent SupportSupport
CONTINUUM OF SERVICES AND SUPPORTS
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Paradox: What are some of the truths about
woman abuse that defy common sense.
If you didn’t know from your own experience,
You would think the truth was false.
Bart Simpson: “Life is a paradox, you're
damned if you do and damned if you don't.”
Understanding the dynamics of abuse
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox:
Assume: Men shouldn’t hit women.
But: She deserved it.
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox
Assume: If it’s minor abuse, she won’t
leave, but if it’s serious, for sure she
would leave.
But: The more severe the abuse, the
harder it is to leave.
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox:
Assume: that a woman who is abused
would recognize it immediately
But: Even when abuse is severe, a
woman may not see herself as abused
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox
Assume: that a woman who loves her
kids would get out of an abusive
relationship to protect them
But: Women stay in abusive
relationships to protect their children.
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox
Assume: that a woman who loves herkids would get out of an abusiverelationship to protect them
But: Women stay in abusiverelationships to protect their children.
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Understanding that the system is only as strong as the weakest link
Risk Assessment, Safety Planning and Risk
Reduction in Domestic Violence Cases
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
“Prediction is very hard to do - especially if it is about the future” Yogi Berra
Danger assessment: Campbell, Jacquelyn. (1995).
Assessing dangerousness.
Newbury Park: Sage.
http://www.dangerassessment.com
• Used to assess the probability of lethality• Used as a basis to develop safety planning
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Helpful in all phases of the justice system Make recommendations to other agencies and
service providers Inform courts regarding custody and access
decisions Warn third parties of potential dangers Limit perpetrator’s access to the victim and children
Why conduct a risk assessment?
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Unemployment Access to Weapons Drugs/Alcohol Recent Separation Highly Controlling Perpetrator Threats of Homicide/Suicide Forced Sex Stepchild Serious Depression Prior History of Domestic Violence
High Risk Factors – Lethality
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
• Unique to femicide – suicide:– Partner suicide
threats – history of poor mental health
– Married– Somewhat higher
education levels (unemployment still a risk factor), more likely to be white
High Risk Factors – Lethality*• Significant
explanatory power for same femicide – suicide risk factors.– Partner access to
gun– Threats with a
weapon– Step child in the
home
*Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment: Implications for Women’s Safety , Dr. J Campbell
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
– The more info the better Information from the victim is the gold standard Criminal record check is important
– Perpetrators will minimize perpetration– Never underestimate victim’s perceptions
(Weisz, 2000; Gondolf, 2002) but often minimize victimization – therefore victim assessment of risk not enough if low
General Principals
*Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment: Implications for Women’s Safety , Dr. J Campbell
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Common Risk Markers - DRC 82% Actual or pending separation
73% Depression (or other mental health or psychiatric problems)
73% Prior history of domestic violence
55% Prior threats to commit suicide or attempts to suicide by perpetrator
55% Access to or possession of firearms
45% Obsessive behavior (including stalking the victim)
45% Controls most or all of victim’s daily activities
45% Excessive alcohol and/or drug use
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Implications
*Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment: Implications for Women’s Safety , Dr. J Campbell
– Engage women’s mothering concerns & skills (Henderson & Erikson ’97 ‘93; Humphreys ‘93; Sullivan et. al.‘00)
– If she says she’s going to leave, cannot leave face to face
– Importance of forced sex & stepchild variables – not on most risk assessment instruments
– Make sure she knows entire range of shelter services
– Be alert for depressed/suicidal batterer– Batterer intervention programs working with partners
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
• Suspect: Criminal Violence History
• Previous DV history • Complainant’s
Perception of Future Violence
• Complainant’s Perception of Personal Safety
• Alcohol/Drugs • Mental Illness• Suicidal Ideation• Current Status of the
Relationship
• Escalation in Abuse • Children Exposed: • Threats • Weapons and Access to
Weapons• Court Orders • Employment Instability • Forced Sex • Strangling, Choking or
Biting • Stalking
FIVR (Family Violence Investigation Report Guide)
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
75% of women resident in shelter are at
further or serious risk of assault or
homicide
What Alberta Shelters Are Seeing
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Why She Stays: Internal & External Barriers to Leaving
Societal Attitudes
Low Minimum Wage/SFI
No Universal Day Care
No Affordable Housing
No Second Stage ShelterNo Legal Aid
Lack of Co-ordinated Community Response
Uninformed Service Providers
Cycle of Violence
“Learned Helplessness” (Seligman)
FearLove
Traumatization
Culture/Values Isolation
Needs of Children
Addictions
External Family
Depression
Loyalty
Low Self-Esteem
Carolyn Goard, M.A., C.Psych, YWCA Sheriff King Home
No Emergency Shelter Beds
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Containing the Abusive Individual
Specialized Domestic Violence Court
Offender Specific Treatment
Adequate Financial Assistance
Breach for Noncompliance
Ongoing Probation Supervision
Risk Assessment – Re-assault
Jail
Probable Cause
All Institutions Hold Men
Accountable (eg. Health Care
Education)
Danger Assessment
Abusive IndividualHis Reality
1. I’m not doing anything wrong.
2. If I am, I won’t get caught.
3. If I do get caught, I’ll talk my way out of it.
4. If there are consequences, they’ll be light
His Agenda
1. To control external forces
2. To deny responsibility
3. To break containment
4. To bring the victim into the circle of containment, deflect his responsibility & blame the victim
Safe Visitation
Gary Gibbens, MA, YWCA Sheriff King HomeShelters
Coordinated Community Response
Child WelfarePolice
Victim Advocacy
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Break time!
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It’s Your Business: Say Something
Children Exposed to
Family Violence
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It’s Your Business:
The true measure of a nation’s standing
is how well it attends to its
children.UNICEF, Innocenti Research
Centre, 2006.
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It’s Our Business:Children Exposed to Family Violence realities
• Research demonstrates exposure to family violence negatively affects a child’s social, emotional, physiological and cognitive development.
• Terror: children can be hyper-vigilant and view their world as unpredictable, threatening and hostile.
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It’s Our Business:Children Exposed to Family Violence realities
• Strong relationship between abuse, child neglect and child abuse
• 52% of sexually abused children also reported domestic violence in their home
• In Canada the rates of sexual offending are highest among males age 13-17, with the highest rate for 13 – 14 years olds (Statistics Canada, 2003)
• 63% had witnessed family violence during childhood (Ryan et al., 1996)
• Child maltreatment is most common in families where adult violence is frequent.
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It’s Your Business:Canada’s children
• Children and youth are more at risk of physical and sexual assault than adults.
• Every 15 minutes, a child in Canada is assaulted by a family member.
• 1 million children will witness violence against their mother each year
• 3-5 children in every classroom witness violence in their homes
• 63% of adolescent sex offenders witnessed family violence during childhood (highest rates of sexual offending in males 13-17)
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It’s Your Business:Canada’s Aboriginal children
• Aboriginal children living in homes with violence in remote and often under-serviced reserves could well be the most pressing and needful group at risk of crime and victimization.
• Family violence victims report 57% of Aboriginal children are exposed to family violence.
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It’s Your Business:Child Abuse in Canada
A Girl in Canada• 0-9 physical assault• 9 – 13 sexual assault by
parent• 12 – 15 emotional
abuse• 14 – 15 sexual assault
by extended family• 16 and on, sexual
assault by spouse
A Boy in Canada
• 0-3 physical assault• 4-8 sexual assault by
parent and family• 8-11 emotional abuse• 9 – 14 physical assault
by family members• 15 and on, assault by
family and others
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It’s Your Business:Risk factors contributing to delinquency
Individual Relationship Community Society
Prenatal •Substance abuse by mother•Poverty and teen pregnancy
Partner violence
Low community support for high risk mothers
Policies supportive of economic inequality
Childhood / adolescence
•Poor readiness to learn•Poor social skills, impulsivity, hyperactivity•Alcohol and drug abuse
•Low family income•Poor parenting•Parental violence•Child abuse•Low school attachment•Delinquent peers
•Low community resources for children and families•Quality/safety of neighborhood•High mobility•Low social cohesion
•Social exclusion•Policies regarding school expulsion•Norms supportive of violence
Holly Johnson, “A picture of crime in Canada,” HRSDC 2006.
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It’s Your Business:Family violence costs
• The costs of violence against women are at least $4.2 billion. This includes costs associated with medical and criminal justice services, lost productivity, shelters and other services (Greaves et al 1995). About $200 million is spent on operating shelters for abused women annually (Statistics Canada 2003a).
• The economic cost of child abuse to victims and adult survivors is estimated to be $15 billion with $11 billion associated with lost earnings alone (Bowlus et el. 2003).
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It’s Our Business: Say Something What is Exposure . . .
• Visual - as “eyewitness”
• Audio - hearing the violence
• Tool of Perpetrator - used in event
• Aftermath - the impact of violence
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It’s Our Business: Say Something What is Exposure . . .
• When a child lives with violence against a woman, it is almost certain that other stressors and adversities will be present in the home
• The more types of abuse and the more severe, the higher the likelihood of problematic
The more frequent the IPV,
The more likely child abuse
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It’s Your Business:Children Exposed to Family Violence
Children’s Role in the Family*• Imposed or assumed• More than one role• Strategy for coping• Continues outside of violence context• May lead to guilt, grief and other hurtful
emotions* Mothering After Domestic Violence, Dr. Linda Baker and Allison Cunningham
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Caught in the Middle
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It’s Your Business:Children Exposed to Family Violence
• Caretaker
• Mother’s confident
• Abuser’s ally
• Abuser’s pawn
• Perfect child
• Referee
• Scapegoat
Children’s Role in the Family*
* Mothering After Domestic Violence, Dr. Linda Baker and Allison Cunningham
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox
Assume: children’s behavior improves
after the abuser – the bad role model –
is out of the home
But: Difficulties and challenging
behaviors in children can get worse
once an abusive man is out of the
home.
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It’s Your Business: Say Something about the Paradox
Paradox
Assume: children recognize their
mother as a victim and their father as
the cause of abuse
But: Children can blame their mothers
as much mo more than they blame
their fathers.
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It’s Your Business:Protective Factors
• Secure attachment of the child to adult family member;
• High levels of paternal care during childhood;
• Lack of associating with delinquent or substance-abusing peers;
• A warm and supportive relationship with a non-offending parent; and
• A lack of abuse-related stress.WHO, Preventing Child Maltreatment, p. 16
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It’s Our Business :Enhancement Act
A child is found to be “in need of intervention” if “there are reasonable and probable grounds that the survival, security or development of the child is endangered…”
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Say something:Custody and Access/Parenting Orders
• The proportion of dependents awarded to the wife has declined steadily since 1988, when custody of 75.8% of dependents was awarded to the wife only.
• Under a joint custody arrangement, dependents do not necessarily spend equal amounts of their time with each parent.
• Custody granted through court proceedings in about 3 in 10 Divorces
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Say something :False Accusations
• “More than one-third of maltreatmentinvestigations are unsubstantiated, but only 4% of all cases are considered to be intentionally fabricated".
• Fathers are FOUR times more likely than mothers to intentionally fabricate allegations of abuse or neglect.
Child Abuse and Neglect 29 (2005) 1333-1345), Nico Trocmé and Nicholas Balab
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It’s Our Business: Ask the right questions
Not “Why does she stay?”
but
“What enables her to leave?”
and
“Why does he get away with it?”
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Say something:A case in point: children’s health
Children resident in shelter:• Scored significantly lower in physical health
status than other children in the same age range, region and social strata
• Had more diagnosable health problems than provincial norms
• Were more absent from school than the national average
Judee Onyskiw, “Health and Use of Health Services of CEFV”, (2002).
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Say something:Key issues in providing education
• Engaging the child: they need to stay connected to their education
• Engaging the moms: supporting moms and schools to connect
• Transportation: funding for buses or taxis is needed
• Safety: collaboration between the shelter and school
• Documents: transferring children between local schools or across provincial borders
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Say Something:Breaking the silence
Women talk with:
Tell women about shelters:
Effectiveness
73%: someone close to them
32%: friend or family member
53% not helpful
30%:doctor or nurse
4%: doctor or nurse
44% not helpful
22%: lawyers 18% police 40% not helpful
12 %: clergy 19% counsellor 48% clergy not helpful
Statistics Canada, 2005 YWCA, Effective Practices
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Say something:ACWS response: public awareness
• Media campaigns• Specialist campaigns on
Children Exposed to Family Violence
• Silent Witness
• Public awareness• November Family
Violence Prevention Month
• Breakfast with the Guys• Standing Together
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It’s Your Business:Keys to healthy child development
Canada identifies:
• Adequate income for families with children;
• Effective parenting within strong and cohesive families;
• Supportive and inclusive communities.
A Canada Fit for Children, p. 8
ACWS and/or member shelters:
• Seek improvements in social assistance
• Provide parenting support
• Leaders in implementing community collaboration and building safer communities
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Say Something:What we’ve learned
The role of women’s emergency and second stage shelters in protecting children from family violence cannot be overstated. Because of their interventions, many children have found safe haven.
So much more needs to be done!
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Say something:ACWS response: looking ahead
ACWS will host the first ever World Conference on Women’s Shelters in autumn 2008
• This developed from attendance at the Inter-American conference in Mexico City (2006)
• A key theme in the World Conference will be CEFV, with a focus on child trafficking
Mark your calendars and watch our webpage: www.acws.ca
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320, 10310 Jasper AvenueEdmonton AB T5J 2W4
P: (780) 456-7000 F: (780) [email protected] www.acws.ca