Saudi Arabia and the 1948 Palestine War: Beyond Official History

7/30/2019 Saudi Arabia and the 1948 Palestine War: Beyond Official History

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Tmqcg Mrmogm mnc sea =735 Ymbatsgna Xmr: Oawknc

Kffgdgmb Egtskrw

ow Yrkf. Lmcmxg Mb,_mteaac

%M tekrsar vartgkn kf segt mrsgdba dmn oa fkqnc gn Aqhana _khmn mnc Mvg

Tebmgl %act.' Sea Xmr fkr Ymbatsgna: _axrgsgnh sea Egtskrw kf =735 Xmr.

?nc acgsgkn Dmlorgcha: Dmlorgcha Qngvartgsw Yratt ?998'

Nkn,Tmqcgt gngsgmbbw xrksa sea lkcarn egtskrw kf Tmqcg Mrmogm. Mbsekqhe

derkngdbat" yrgvmsa ymyart" mnc yrglmrw tkqrdat augtsac gntgca mnc kqstgca

sea dkqnsrw" qnsgb varw radansbw Xatsarn mnc Mrmo egtskrgmnt yrkcqdaclkcarn Tmqcg egtskrgkhrmyew. Tmqcg Mrmogm xmt kna kf sea bmsats

dkqnsrgat sk atsmobgte lkcarn egtskrw caymrslanst mnc ratamrde dansrat. Gsxmt knbw gn sea =769t sems sea lkcarn Tmqcg egtskrgmn alarhac mfsar sea

yrkfattgkn xmt cklgnmsac ow qbmlm xek ybmwac sea ckqoba rkba kf

rabghgkqt tdekbmr mnc derkngdbar. Qy sk sea =769t" sea ymts xmt seakbkhgdmb

rmsear semn egtskrgdmb" m rafbadsgkn kf sea yracklgnmnda kf egtskrgdmbnmrrmsgvat yrkymhmsac ow rabghgkqt tdekbmrt.

Gs xmt knbw mfsar sea fgrts kgb okkl kf sea =789t sems sea Tmqcg hkvarnlans

sqrnac gst mssansgkn sk twtsalmsgdmbbw yrkcqdgnh sea hrams egtskrgdmbnmrrmsgva sems lkts Mrmo rahglat emc mbramcw yrkcqdac mnc yrkymhmsac sk

dkntkbgcmsa sea nmtdans nmsgkn tsmsat sems alarhac gn sea ykts Xkrbc Xmr

GG arm. Qnbg`a gn ksear Mrmo dkqnsrgat" mnc xgse sea audaysgkn kf kna krsxk Tmqcg egtskrgmnt" lkcarn Tmqcg egtskrgdmb ratamrde dansrat rabgac kn

Mrmo tdekbmrt" xek xara agsear tadkncac frkl seagr kxn mdmcalgd

gntsgsqsgknt kr emc tassbac gn sea dkqnsrw. Avan sean" mnc oadmqta kf

targkqt eqlmn ratkqrda tekrsmha" Tmqcg tdekkb mnc qngvartgsw egtskrw saus

okk`t" mnc avan sea rabghgkqt dqrrgdqbql" xara kfsan xrgssan ow Mrmot"

lmgnbw Bavmnsgna mnc Ahwysgmnt xek xara ansrqtsac xgse sea smt` kfnmrrmsgnh Tmqcg Mrmogm.

Sea nmrrmsgkn xmt lamns sk atsmobgte mnc anfkrda sxk glykrsmns tsmsabahgsglmdw nmrrmsgvat" kna rafbadsac sea naac sk bahgsglmsa sea tsmsa

gnsarnmbbw" sea ksear rafbadsac sea naac sk bahgsglmsa sea tsmsa ausarnmbbw gn

sea Mrmo mnc Gtbmlgd dknsaust.

Sea atsmobgtelans kf @gnh Mocqbmzgz Fkqncmsgkn fkr _atamrde mnc

Mrdegvat gn _gwmce %`nkxn mt mb,Cmrm' gn=78? lmr`ac sea oahgnngnh kf

gntsgsqsgknmbgtac kffgdgmb egtskrgkhrmyew" mfsar m bknh yargkc kf bmgttar,fmgra


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myyrkmde sk nmrrmsgnh sea ymts. Sea rkba kf segt ratamrde dansra gn temygnh

egtskrgdmb glmhgnmsgkn oadmla ymrmlkqns. Gn sea =759t mn mlogsgkqt

hkvarnlans tdeala lmsargmbgtac gn tancgnh ms bamts segrsw Tmqcg tsqcanst

sk vmrgkqt Mlargdmn qngvartgsgat sk xrgsa YeC cgttarsmsgknt kn Mb,Tmqc

mnc Lqemllmc gon Moc mb,Xmeemo" seqt atsmobgtegnh lkcarn Tmqcgegtskrgkhrmyew. Sea rkba kf tqde tsqcanst mnc sems kf mb,Cmrm ramdeac m

dbglmu xgse sea =777 dansanngmb dabaormsgknt sems dkgndgcac xgse sea

yqobgdmsgkn kf eqncract kf egtskrw okk`t" fkraghn lalkgrt" srmntbmsgkn kf

fkraghn satsglkngat" mnc kffgdgmb bassart mnc tarlknt ow @gnh Mocqbmzgz

gon Tmqc %=586,=714' earamfsar Gon Tmqc" mbb lmr`gnh kna eqncrac wamr

kf cavabkylans" yrktyargsw mnc ykbgsgdmb xgtckl.g Sea yqobgdmsgkn kf

tabadsac ckdqlanst mnc bassart frkl vmrgkqt mrdegvmb tkqrdat lmr`ac seaoahgnngnh kf ckdqlansgnh Tmqcg egtskrw frkl mn kffgdgmb ykgns kf vgax.gg

Sk atsmobgte sea gnsarnmb bahgsglmdw kf sea =74? tsmsa" egtskrw xmt

dkntsrqdsac mt m yrkjads kf smxegc" seqt dknsgnqgnh sea srmcgsgkn kf seaseakbkhgdmb egtskrw sems cklgnmsac amrbw rabghgkqt tdekbmrt myyrkmdeat sk

sea ymts. Gn Mrmogd smxegc gt okse lknkseagtl mnc qngfgdmsgkn" gn sea

ykbgsgdmb mnc hakhrmyegdmb tanta. Mddkrcgnh sk tsmsa nmrrmsgvat" sea yrkjadskf yqrgfwgnh Mrmogm frkl `qfr" obmtyealw mnc ogcm" gnnkvmsgkn" qncar sea

omnnar kf Jgemc mhmgnts m obmtyealkqt ykyqbmsgkn ratqbsac gn sea ykbgsgdmbqngfgdmsgkn kf sea dkqnsrw" semn`t sk sea affkrst kf Gon Tmqc.

Sekta xek nmrrmsac Tmqcg Mrmogm" gngsgmbbw Mrmot mnc bmsar Tmqcgt xaraa}qmbbw dkndarnac xgse bahgsglmsgnh sea tsmsa ausarnmbbw mlknh Mrmot mnc

Lqtbglt xek xara tqtygdgkqt kf Tmqcg dknsrkb kvar sea ekbgats kf mbb

ybmdat" Laddm. Nkx gn dknsrkb kf sea sxk ekbgats Gtbmlgd tgsat" Gon Tmqc"

xmt dkntsrqdsac mt sea ygkqt Lqtbgl,Mrmo bamcar xek mtygrac sk cafancsea tmndsgsw kf sea segrc Gtbmlgd tmndsqmrw" mb,]qct mb,Temrgf.

Sea ]qats fkr Bahgsglmdw Morkmc

Gs taalt sems gn sea =749t mnc amrbw =739t" Gon Tmqc myyamrac sk oagtkbmsac okse gcakbkhgdmbbw mnc ykbgsgdmbbw gn sea xgcar dknsaus kf sea Mrmo

xkrbc. Egt tsmsa rabghgkn Xmeemogwwm xmt yrkjadsac ow kqstgcart mt mfmnmsgdmb tads sems yrklgtat sk seramsan tsmogbgsw gn nagheokqrgnh dkqnsrgat"

atyadgmbbw Grm}" Srmntjkrcmn mnc Hqbf tsmsat xeara Orgsgte gnfbqanda xmt

ymrmlkqns. Sea tqyyrattac G`exmn raoabbgkn kf =7?8 cgc lqde sk

qncarlgna sea dracgogbgsw kf sea Tmqcg rambl nks knbw gn sea awat kf

nagheokqrgnh Mrmot oqs mbtk Orgsgte kffgdgmbt. Gn m ravambgnhLalkrmncql" Tgr Mncrax _wmn xrksa gn Jqbw =74?"

Seara mra Pnkx\ faxar gnsarnmb tghnt kf cgtdknsans xgse sea Tmqcg rahglasemn seara xara gn =74=. Gs dmnnks oa dmbbac ykyqbmr" oqs tkla ms bamts kf


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sea srgoat mra skk ork`an sk segn` kf ratgtsmnda" sea skxntlan taal lkra

ratghnac" mnc tkla kf seal emva mn gndramtgnh gnsaratst gn sea tsmogbgsw kf

sea yratans rahgla.ggg

Sea tqddattfqb tqyyrattgkn kf gnsarnmb srgomb cgttans xgsegn sea Tmqcgrambl fmgbac sk oram` sea gtkbmsgkn kf sea Tmqcg bamcartegy" nkx gn dknsrkb

kf sea sxk ekbgats tergnat gn Gtbml. Tgr _wmn ykgnsac kqs sems ow =74? segt

gtkbmsgkn xmt batt yrknkqndac semn gs xmt mt Gon Tmqc emt bamrnac sk

dknsrkb egt emsrac" gf nks egt tqtygdgkn" kf sea Emtealgsat. Dmrafqbbwnqrsqrac twlymsew xgse egl taalt sk mokqnc gn Ymbatsgna mnc Twrgm.gv

Gs gt gn segt tyadgfgd dknsaus sems Ymbatsgna mnc sea qyeamvmb kf =735oadmla ymrs mnc ymrdab kf nmrrmsgnh Tmqcg Mrmogm. Segt demysar auybkratsea kffgdgmb Tmqcg nmrrmsgva sems eghebghest dknsrgoqsgkn sk cafancgnh

Ymbatsgna" sean gs dkntgcart sea cgttansgnh vkgdat xek dembbanhac seamqseansgdgsw mnc sea dracgogbgsw kf segt kffgdgmb nmrrmsgva. Fgnmbbw" ow

nmvghmsgnh m segn bgna sems taymrmsat sea kffgdgmb frkl sea qnkffgdgmb" seademysar mglt sk yratans mn gnsaryrasmsgkn mnc mttattlans kf Tmqcg

gnvkbvalans mnc rkba gn sea =735 Ymbatsgna Xmr sems hkat oawknc sea

kffgdgmb cgtdkqrta kf hbkrgfgdmsgkn mnc sea dkqnsar nmrrmsgvat kfdkncalnmsgkn mnc sramtkn.

Egtskrw Frkl Mokva: Nmrrmsgnh sea Xmr gn Ymbatsgna

Gs gt skk tglybgtsgd sk dbmgl sems sea Mrmo gnsabbghanstgm sems nmrrmsac sea

Ymbatsgngmn drgtgt kf =735 %fkr Tmqcgt mnc ksear Mrmot' frkl sea ykgns kf

vgax kf kffgdgmb Tmqcg Mrmogm xmt dk,kysac mnc raxmrcac fkr tqde mn

gcakbkhgdmb yrkjads" tk glykrsmns sk bahgsglmsa sea Tmqcg tsmsa gn sea xgcar

Mrmo,Gtbmlgd dknsaus. Nmrrmskrt xara nks tglybw mdsgnh kn,oaembf kf sea

Tmqcg yrkjads. Gn xrgsgnh Tmqcg gnvkbvalans gn Ymbatsgna" seaw xara

mqsknklkqt mhandgat" xekta nmrrmsgva lqts oa taan gn sea dknsaus kf sea

Mrmo lgc dansqrw cgvgca oasxaan sea Emtealgsa %gn Smntjkrcmn mnc Grm}'

kn kna tgca mnc sea Mb,Tmqc %xgse Ahwys mnc Twrgm' kn sea ksear. Gs gtsearafkra nk tqryrgta sems Twrgmnt mnc Ahwysgmnt xara mdsgva ymrsgdgymnst

gn sea nmrrmsgkn kf sea tskrw kn oaembf kf Tmqcgt xek tsgbb emc m bknh xmwsk hk oafkra seaw xara moba sk atsmobgte seagr kxn nmrrmsgvat mokqs

tqyykrsgnh sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta. Gs gt mbtk nk tqryrgta sems sekta xek

dembbanhac sea kffgdgmb Tmqcg nmrrmsgva xara gngsgmbbw yrk,Emtealgsat mncbmsar ravkbqsgknmrw Ymbatsgngmnt mnc Ahwysgmnt.

Gn Tmqcg nmrrmsgvat" sea rkba kf Tmqcg Mrmogm gn hanarmb mnc Gon Tmqc gn

ymrsgdqbmr gt ymrmlkqns. Gon Tmqc gt yrkjadsac mt mn Mrmo mnc Lqtbgl

bamcar xek ratgtsac sea dramsgkn kf sea Zgkngts tsmsa" dklybmgnac mokqs


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Jaxgte lghrmsgkn mnc kojadsac sk sea ymrsgsgkn kf Ymbatsgna. Gn batt semnembf m ymha" tadkncmrw tdekkb Tmqcg egtskrw sausokk` ragsarmsat sems

Sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta gt sea yrglmrw dmqta kf Mrmot mnc Lqtbglt.

Orgsmgn mbbkxac sea Zgkngtst sk atsmobgte m tsrknh ekbc gn Ymbatsgna.Dknta}qansbw Ymbatsgngmnt cafancac seagr rghest mnc seaw xara tqyykrsac

ow ksear Mrmot" sea fgrts mlknhts seal xmt @gnh Mocqbmzgz" xek hmva

seal lkrmb mnc lmsargmb tqyykrs. Ea qtac mbb egt affkrst sk dknvgnda sea

Orgsgte mnc QT bamcartegyt sk ck jqtsgda fkr Ymbatsgngmnt. Ea cafancac

seal gn sea Qngsac Nmsgknt. Xean Orgsmgn xgsecrax frkl Ymbatsgna gn

=735" Mrmo mrlgat lkvac sk Ymbatsgna" mlknhts seal xmt qngst frkl sea

Tmqcg mrlw.v

Mt auyadsac" sea kffgdgmb egtskrgdmb nmrrmsgva ralmgnt tgbans kn sea gnsglmsa

rabmsgkntegy kf frganctegy nqrsqrac ow Gon Tmqc xgse Orgsmgn cqrgnh sea=749t mnc =739 mnc ekx segt rabmsgkntegy yravansac Gon Tmqc frkl sm`gnh

lkra mdsgva yktgsgkn gn cambgnh xgse sea Ymbatsgngmn drgtgt. Sea kffgdgmbegtskrgdmb nmrrmsgva kvarbkk`t sea qncarcavabkyac Tmqcg lgbgsmrw

dmymogbgsgat gn =738,=735" xegde lqts oa dkntgcarac gn mnw avmbqmsgkn kf

Tmqcg gnvkbvalans gn sea xmr. Mbtk sea kffgdgmb nmrrmsgva ralmgnt tgbans kn

sea rgvmbrw oasxaan Gon Tmqc mnc sea Emtealgsat" xekta calgta gn sea

Egjmz cgc nks anc sea anlgsw mnc lgtsrqts oasxaan sea Ekqta kf Tmqc mnc

sea Ekqta kf Emteal. Gn fmds segt anlgsw" lkra semn mnw ksear fmdskr"

temyac sea xmw sea Tmqcg bamcartegy cambs xgse nks knbw sea Ymbatsgngmndrgtgt oqs mbtk sea lknmrdet kf Grm} mnc Srmntjkrcmn.

Gs gt glykrsmns sk aumlgna tabadsac tyaadeat" bassart" sabahrmlt mnc

lalkrmncql sems xara mbb gngsgmsac ow sea Tmqcg bamcartegy mnc yratansac

mnc yqobgteac ow kffgdgmb Tmqcg ratamrde dansrat. Tqde yqobgdmsgknt rafbads

sea Tmqcg bamcartegyt }qats sk atsmobgte gst bahgsglmdw mt m tsmsa mnc

bamcartegy gn m xgcar Mrmo mnc Lqtbgl dknsaus. Xean dklybglansac ow

fkraghn mrdegvat" lmgnbw Orgsgte tkqrdat" mnc ksear nkn,kffgdgmb Tmqcg mnc

Mrmo nmrrmsgvat" G ekya sk teac bghes kn sea Tmqcg gnvkbvalans gn sea =735Ymbatsgna Xmr.

Gon Tmqc kn Ymbatsgna: Sea ]qats fkr Bahgsglmdw =74?,=747

Lgn `eqsmo mb,lmbg` Mocqbmzgz gt m tabadsgkn kf tyaadeat ow sea `gnhcabgvarac kvar tavarmb cadmcat.vg Sea Ymbatsgngmn }qatsgkn gt cambs xgse gn

sea bmts tadsgkn kf segt dkbbadsgkn gn xegde lkra semn =9 tyaadeat ow @gnh

Gon Tmqc kn Ymbatsgna mra gndbqcac. Kna tas kf tyaadeat mccrattat

Ymbatsgngmnt" fkr aumlyba sea eamc kf mb,Lmjbgt mb,Gtbmlg mb,Mbm gn

Jarqtmbal" Emj Mlgn mb,Eqtagng0 m tadknc tas kf tyaadeat mccrattat seaOrgsgte hkvarnlans mnc ratyknct sk gst calmnct mnc kddmtgknmb


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mddqtmsgknt" mnc m segrc tas kf bassart mccrattat Mlargdmn yratgcanst

_kktavabs mnc Srqlmn. Sea tyaadeat mra lamns sk ckdqlans sea targkqt

affkrst kf sea @gnh kn seraa frknst. Sea tyaadeat tql qy sea kffgdgmb Tmqcg

yktgsgkn kn sea Ymbatsgngmn drgtgt. Naacbatt sk alyemtgta sems sea

tyaadeat mra tabadsac frkl m xgcar dkrratykncanda sems xa dmn mddattknbw gn fkraghn mrdegvat. Xems gt lmca mvmgbmoba sk sea hanarmb Mrmo

yqobgd serkqhe tqde Tmqcg yqobgdmsgknt gt kovgkqtbw m tabadsgkn kf bassart

sems rafbads sea tk,dmbbac dkndarn kf sea `gnh xgse Mrmo mnc Lqtbgldmqtat. Sea @gnht bassart sk Orgsmgn mnc egt casarlgnmsgkn sk qta mbb egt

affkrst gn krcar sk lmgnsmgn egt frganctegy xgse Orgsmgn" avan ms sea

auyanta kf sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta" ralmgn motans gn kffgdgmb Tmqcgyqobgdmsgknt.

Kna kf sea fgrts dkrratykncanda oasxaan Gon Tmqc mnc Emj Mlgn mb,Eqtagng ckat nks rafbads hrams anseqtgmtl kn oaembf kf sea fkrlar gn

tqyykrs kf sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta. Gon Tmqc mykbkhgtat sk mb,Eqtagng fkr nks

tancgnh m rayratansmsgva sk sea laasgnh eabc gn Jarqtmbal kn ?8 _mjmo

=419E. Gon Tmqc dbmglt sems sea bassar sk ymrsgdgymsa gn segt laasgnhmrrgvac bmsa gn _gwmce. Ea" ekxavar" gt mxmra kf sea cgffgdqbsgat fmdac ow

sea yakyba gn Ymbatsgna mnc xgteat seal tqddatt mnc yrkhratt G ml

tqra wkq `nkx lw hkkc gnsansgknt mnc ekx G mbxmwt fkbbkx wkqr naxt.

Xa mcvgta wkq nkx tk sems sekta lqhergcgn ck nks hgva sea analgat mn

kyykrsqngsw sk xgn mnc tqddaac.vgg Sea rafaranda sk lqhergcgn gt

ausralabw gnsaratsgnh. Gon Tmqc xmt tancgnh m xmrngnh sk mb,Eqtagngrahmrcgnh sea gnsansgknt kf ksear Mrmot" mn glybgdgs rafaranda sk MlgrMocqbbme kf Srmntjkrcmn. Segt xmt mn amrbw xmrngnh tghnmb sems xkqbc tas

sea tdana fkr bmsar Tmqcg gnvkbvalans gn sea Ymbatsgngmn yrkobal. Sea

Tmqcg yktgsgkn xmt frkl sea varw oahgnngnh casarlgnac ow sea anlgsw

oasxaan sea ekqta kf sea Emteal mnc sea ekqta kf Tmqc" mn anlgsw sems

bafs gst lmr`t nks knbw kn cgybklmsgd dkrratykncanda xgse Orgsmgn oqs mbtk

kn sea dkqrta kf lgbgsmrw tsrmsahw sems xmt sm`an ow Tmqcg Mrmogm" gstmbbgmnda xgse @gnh Fmrq` kf Ahwys mnc Teq`rg ]qxmsbg kf Twrgm.

Mt sea tgsqmsgkn gn Ymbatsgna casargkrmsac gn =746"vggg Gon Tmqc tanstavarmb bassart sk sea Orgsgte Fkraghn Kffgda serkqhe sea Jaccme dkntqbmsa.

Kn 8 Lmw =746 sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans gttqac mn amrbw xmrngnh sk Gon

Tmqc" sea Mrmo mhgsmsgkn gn Ymbatsgna gt cgradsac mhmgnts sea ykbgdw kf egtLmjatswt Hkvarnlans" mnc fkr Gon Tmqc sk cadbmra egt twlymsew sk gs

xkqbc oa sk cadbmra egltabf kn sea tgca kf sekta ektsgba sk Orgsgte ykbgdw gn

m dkqnsrw qncar Orgsgte mclgngtsrmsgkn. Segt xkqbc oa gndklymsgoba xgse

egt yrkfattgknt kf frgancbw tansglanstEgt Lmjatswt Hkvarnlans

mraansgsbac sk auyads egl sk rafrmgn frkl andkqrmhgnh sekta xek mralm`gnh cgffgdqbsgat fkr seal.gu


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Gn mbb Gon Tmqct dkrratykncanda" tavarmb gttqat xara mbxmwt rmgtac. Fgrts"

dkndarn kvar nks alyemtgtgnh ankqhe egt bkwmbsw sk Orgsmgn" rahmrcac mt mfrganc kf sea Mrmot. Amrbw gn sea =749t" gs xmt raykrsac sems Gon Tmqc

tkqhes m rmyyrkmdelans xgse Egt Lmjatswt Hkvarnlans. Ea xmt

kotattac ow tqtygdgkn kf sea Emtealgsa rqbart mnc kna kf egt kojadst xmtsea glykttgoba kna kf kqtsgnh seal frkl sea yktgsgkn kf tyadgmb fmvkqr

mddkrcac sk seal ow egt Lmjatswt HkvarnlansEkxavar" Gon Tmqc tsgbb

taat gn egt lmjatswt Hkvarnlans sea lkts glykrsmns fkraghn fmdskr gn sea

xkrbc mokqs egl mnc mhmgn ea taa`t m rmyyrkmdelans gn m tygrgs kf

mnugkqt lgthgvgnh.u Xegba sea Orgsgte mqsekrgsgat xara mxmra kf sea

dkrratykncanda kf Emj Mlgn mb,Eqtagng xgse Gon Tmqc" seaw xararahqbmrbw mttqrac sems nk mdsgkn xgbb oa smàn. Wqtgf Wmtgn" mn Mrmofqndsgknmrw gn demrha kf Gon Tmqct fkraghn mffmgrt skbc sea Orgsgte

mqsekrgsgat

Wqtgf Wmtgn tykà kf `gnht catgra nks sk ck mnwsegnh xegde xkqbc dbmte

xgse sea ykbgdw kf Egt Lmjatswt Hkvarnlans oqs ea mbtk tykà kf sea

glykrsmnda sk sea `gnh kf lmgnsmgngnh egt yratsgha gn sea Mrmo xkrbc. Ea

rafarrac sk sea hanarmb Mrmo faabgnhkf xegde mddkqns lqts oa

smàn.ug

Sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans xmt mttqrac sems Gon Tmqc xkqbc nks anhmha gn

mnw ykbgdw sems dknsrmcgdst sea yrkfattac tsmsalanst kf bkwmbsw oqs gs xmt

lmca dbamr sk Wqtgf Wmtgn sems sea `gnh tekqbc nks andkqrmha ekyat semsea lghes Pqncarbgnac gn sea krghgnmb\ gnsarfara avansqmbbw. Wqtgf Wmtgntqhhatsac sems Gon Tmqct raybw sk Mlgn mb,Eqtagng lghes smà sea fkrlkf hanarmb auyrattgkn kf hkkc xgteat.ugg

Gn =748" Gon Tmqc xrksa sk Orgsmgn xa ck nks naac sk mttqra sea Orgsgtehkvarnlans sems gs ralmgnt kqr frganckqr srmcgsgknmb ykbgdw sems xa

emva fkbbkxac mbbkxt qt sk audemnha kygngknt xgse Orgsmgn. Xa Mrmot

taa` yamda xgse Orgsmgn. Sekta xek emva nks fkbbkxac segt rqba mra sea

Mrmot kf Ymbatsgna Pm rafaranda sk sea rgkst kf =746\.uggg Gn krcar skyrkva ekx segt frganctegy gt deargteac Gon Tmqc yrklgtac Orgsmgn sems ea

xgbb mcvgta sea yakyba kf Ymbatsgna sk ralmgn yamdafqb mnc anhmha gn

cgtdqttgkn xgse Orgsmgn.ugv

Gn =745 ea rayamsac egt ybachat sk ralmgn bkwmb sk Orgsmgn mnc cgtlgttacrqlkqrt" sems Orgsmgn radagvac mbbahacbw frkl Twrgm mnc Grm}. Orgsgte

kffgdgmbt gn Jaccme dknfrknsac Gon Tmqc xgse naxt sems yakyba gn sea

nkrsearn skxn kf mb,Jmqf emc hmsearac mnc tlqhhbac xamyknt sk searaoabt gn Ymbatsgna. Gon Tmqc cgtlgttac seata rqlkqrt" sea dbmgl sems

frkl kqr tmnc" lgbgsmrw a}qgylans xmt tans sk sea raoabt gn


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Ymbatsgnaseata mra rqlkqrt xekta yqrykta gt sk tykgb kqr frganctegy.

Ekxavar" G ml m bgmr gf G tmw sk wkq sems seara gt m ogs gn lw okcw sems ckat

nks xmns la sk fghes sea Jaxt oqs Orgsmgn gt sea qbsglmsa jqcha gn Ymbatsgna

mnc gs gt gn sea gnsaratst kf sea Mrmot sk ralmgn bkwmb sk Orgsmgn. Xa lqts

dknfatt sems xa radagvac lmnw ra}qatst sk eaby xgse sea ravkbqsgkn gnYmbatsgna oqs Hkc xgbbgnh xa xgbb navar ck mnwsegnh sems qncarlgnat kqr

yrklgtat sk OrgsmgnAvan gf mbb Mrmot qngsa seaw xgbb navar oa moba sk

cafams Orgsmgn. Gf segt gt sea dmta" ekx dkqbc xa yrkvgca sea raoabt xgse

lgbgsmrw mttgtsmnda xegde xgbb navar demnha segt rambgsw;uv Gon Tmqc

cgtlgttac mbbahmsgknt sems ea mttgtsac Ymbatsgngmn raoabt kn sea hrkqnc sems

seata xara rqlkqrt yrkymhmsac ow yakyba xek xara tmego emxm %emvakygngkn' kr emc hemrmce %egccan mhancm'. Ea mbtk crax mssansgkn sk sea

ykttgogbgsw kf Ymbatsgngmnt yrkymhmsgnh tqde rqlkqrt sk okkts sea lkrmba

mnc ravkbqsgknmrw tansglanst kf seagr kxn yakyba. Ea lansgknac sems ea

xmt mbtk mddqtac ow Mrmot sems egt tgbanda tk fmr xmt gnsaryrasac mt mn

anckrtalans kf sea Orgsgte ybmn sk ymrsgsgkn Ymbatsgna. Ea ralgncacOrgsmgn sems ea rafrmgnac frkl hgvgnh auybgdgs tqyykrs mhmgnts m

omd`hrkqnc xearaow lw kxn yakyba PTmqcgt\ mra mffadsac ow sea

Ymbatsgngmn drgtgt. Oadmqta seaw famr la" seaw emc ratsrmgnac sealtabvat

frkl fqrsear mhgsmsgknt. Mhmgn" Gon Tmqc mttqrat Orgsmgn sems ea ralmgnt

bkwmb sk sea smmeqcms hgvan sk Orgsmgn mnc ea xgbb dknsgnqa sk yrkvgca

mcvgda mnc audemnha kygngknt.uvg Gs xmt raykrsac sems"

Gon Tmqc emc radansbw radagvac vmrgkqt raykrst sems sea Oackqgnt" oksegn Tmqcg Mrmogm mnc gn Smntjkrcmn xara seramsangnh sk sm`a mdsgkn mnc sk

lm`a calkntsrmsgknt .Egt Lmjatsw emt mbramcw cayradmsac tqde mdsgkn

mnc emc gttqac krcar sk egt bkdmb hkvarnkrt sems mnw calkntsrmsgknt

tekqbc oa tqyyrattac mrrats lghes oa gnavgsmoba kf tkla kf egt kxntqojadst.uvgg

Segt yktgsgkn" cavabkyac mnc rayamsac serkqhekqs Gon Tmqct

dkrratykncanda xgse Orgsmgn gn sea =749t" dknsgnqac gn sea =739t. Xegba

Gon Tmqc auyrattac egt twlymsew xgse sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta" ea xmt nksyraymrac sk jakymrcgta egt frganctegy xgse Orgsmgn.

Sea tadknc seala sems cklgnmsat sea Tmqcg yktgsgkn kvar Ymbatsgna xmt

dkndarn kvar Jaxgte gllghrmsgkn. Segt xmt auyrattac gn tavarmb bassart skOrgsgte kffgdgmbt mnc gn laasgnht oasxaan Orgsgte kffgdgmbt kn sea kna emnc

mnc Wqtgf Wmtgn mnc Fqmc Emlzm. okse xara ymrs kf sea saml kf Mrmo

fqndsgknmrgat xek cambs xgse sea @gnht fkraghn mffmgrt mnc Orgsgte

kffgdgmbt gn Jaccme mnc Bknckn. Gon Tmqc rayamsacbw auyrattac egt

dkndarn kvar egt tsmsqra mlknh Mrmot gf ea ralmgnac tgbans kvar sea gttqa

kf Jaxgte lghrmsgkn. Ea xrksa sk sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans gn =748


8/29

eghebghesgnh ekx egt yratsgha mlknh nks knbw egt kxn tqojadst oqs mbtk

mlknh ksear Mrmot xgbb oa mffadsac gf ea cgc nks rmgta kojadsgknt sk sea

gndramtac Jaxgte lghrmsgkn. Ea rayamsac sems sea nqloar kf Jaxt gn

Ymbatsgna emt gndramtac. Segt gt xkrrwgnh nks knbw Ymbatsgngmnt oqs ksear

Lqtbglt. Xa tqhhats sems sea Orgsgte Hkvarnlans embst Jaxgte lghrmsgknfkr ms bamts san wamrt sk cgtyab qnrats" xkrrw mnc vgkbanda.uvggg Sea gttqa

kf lghrmsgkn xmt mbtk bgn`ac sk sea tmba kf Mrmo bmnc sk Jaxt. Ea

tqhhatsac sk sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans sk rahqbmsa bmnc tmba gn krcar skyrksads sea tlmbb mnc lkcats ybkst kf sea glykvargteac Ymbatsgngmnt.

Sea segrc seala gn Gon Tmqct bassart kn Ymbatsgna rafbadsac egt dkndarn

kvar sea temya mnc tsrqdsqra kf mnw Ymbatsgngmn hkvarnlans mfsar sea anc

kf sea Orgsgte lmncmsa. Gon Tmqc dkqbc nks anvgtmha m Emtealgsa sm`akvar

kf Jarqtmbal mfsar sea caymrsqra kf Orgsmgn. Searafkra" ea rajadsac mnwybmnt sk ymrsgsgkn Ymbatsgna mnc tqhhatsac sk Orgsmgn sk atsmobgte eq`qlmcgtskrgwwm" dkntsgsqsgknmb hkvarnlans sems gndbqcac knbw sea dqrrans

ratgcanst kf Ymbatsgna xgse tyadgmb yrkvgtgknt sems antqra sea yrksadsgkn kf

sea Ekbw tgsat mnc seagr mddattgogbgsw sk mbb" xgse tyadgmb yrksadsgkn sk

lgnkrgsgat mnc Orgsgte gnsaratst.ugu Egt gntgtsanda kn yrgkrgsw oagnhhgvan sk sea ratgcanst kf Ymbatsgna xmt m dbamr rafbadsgkn kf egt tqtygdgkn

kf Emtealgsa ybmnt sems lghes gndbqca sea gndkrykrmsgkn kf Jarqtmbal gn

sea Jkrcmngmn rambl. Sea Tmqcg bamcartegy cgtlgttac mnw Orgsgte

tqhhatsgkn sems kna Mrmo bamcartegy tekqbc ybmw m bamcgnh rkba gn

cgtdqttgnh sea Ymbatsgngmn drgtgt. Gon Tmqc mbxmwt gntgtsac sems ea emc nkkojadsgknt sk orgnhgnh Mlgr Mocqbbme oqs gs xmt catgrmoba sems Ahwys

xkqbc nks oa orkqhes gnsk dkbbadsgva mdsgkn gn Ymbatsgna mnc Mrmo

mffmgrt.uu Xegba Gon Tmqc xmt dkndarnac kvar sea fqsqra kf Ymbatsgna

mfsar sea anc kf sea lmncmsa" egt famrt ausancac sk Smntjkrcmn.

Orgsgte Ykbgsgdmb _atgcans gn Omermgn xrksa sk sea Fkraghn Kffgda sems Gon

Tmqc dkntgcart egt gnsaratst sk oa mffadsac varw qnfmvkqrmobw ow sea

yrktyadsgva ranqndgmsgkn kf Orgsgte lmncmsa kvar Srmntjkrcmn tk bknh mt

sea lmncmsa bmtsac ea tmwt" ea `nax sems Mocqbbmet gnsrghqat xkqbc oaeabc gn dead`" sems Tmqcg dbmgl sk M}mom mnc Lmmn xkqbc nks bmytaGf

Mocqbbme gt sk oa gncayancans" Gon Tmqc xmnst sxk skxnt mnc m dkrrgckr%nks m lara rghes kf xmw' sk Twrgm.uug

Gs gt nks mn kvartsmsalans sk dkndbqca sems gn sea bmsa =749t Gon Tmqc

yrafarrac sea Orgsgte lmncmsa sk ralmgn gn ybmda nks knbw gn Ymbatsgna oqs

mbtk gn Smntjkrcmn. Ea seramsanac sk ravgva sarrgskrgmb dbmglt kvar M}mom

mnc Lmmn gn krcar sk tadqra egt yktgsgkn mnc hmgn m fkks gn MlgrMocqmbbmet rambl. Hakrha _ancab" xek emc tavarmb gnsarvgaxt xgse GonTmqc tqllac qy sea @gnht yktgsgkn"


9/29

Mt m Lktbal mnc mn Mrmo egt twlymsew nmsqrmbbw bmw xgse sea Mrmot kfYmbatsgna. Ea emt tqyyrattac seata faabgnht kqs kf frganctegy fkr egt

Lmjatswt Hkvarnlans mnc ea dkqbc mbxmwt tqyyratt egt faabgnht gn seagnsaratst kf ykbgdwoqs ea tskkc mbkna" mnc ea emc sk segn` kf egt yktgsgkn

gn m xkrbc xeara lmnw kf egt dk,rabghgkngtst xkqbc nks avan mclgs sems eaxmt m Lktbal.uugg

Gs gt segt dkntsmns }qats fkr bahgsglmdw mlknh Mrmot mnc Lqtbglt sems

temyac Tmqcg gnvkbvalans gn Ymbatsgna. Sea fmds sems lmnw dk,rabhgkngtstxkqbc nks mclgs sems Gon Tmqc xmt m Lqtbgl mssatst sk m yradmrgkqt

yktgsgkn ms m sgla xean Gon Tmqc xmnsac sk hmgn bahgsglmdw gn sea awat kf

Mrmot mnc Lqtbglt xkrbcxgca sk tadqra egt radans kddqymsgkn kf sea

Egjmz. Gon Tmqc xmt catyarmsa fkr segt bahgsglmdw" xegde ea dkqbc nks

smà fkr hrmnsac. Egt dkrratykncanda xgse Orgsmgn rafbadsac hramsqncartsmncgnh kf sea Orgsgte yktgsgkn mnc cgballmt xegde ea xmt

casarlgnac sk eaby mbbavgmsa sk lmgnsmgn egt frganctegy xgse m ykxar sems

ea tmx mt m dead` kn sea mlogsgknt kf sea sxk Emtealgsa ramblt mnc seagr

kxn bahgsglmdw gn sea Mrmo xkrbc. Orgsmgn xmt mbtk sea dkbkngmb ykxar gn

tavarmb dkqnsrgat sems emc eqha Lqtbgl ykyqbmsgkn amhar sk yarfkrl seaygbhrglmha gn egt radansbw md}qgrac sarrgskrgat. Ybachgnh bkwmbsw sk Orgsmgn

mnc dknsgnqkqtbw gntgtsgnh kn sea oanafgs kf m yamdafqb tassbalans kf sea

Ymbatsgngmn yrkobal rafbadsac egt dkndarn kvar egt okrcart xgse okse Grm}

mnc Srmntjkrcmn" gn egt kygngkn yrksadsac knbw oadmqta kf Orgsgte lmncmsa

kvar seata sarrgskrgat. Ea yrafarrac sea yaryasqmsgkn kf segt lmncmsa sk seaalarhanda kf sxk gncayancans Emtealgsa `gnhcklt sk sea nkrse kf egtrambl.

Gon Tmqc gnvkàc sea ramdsgkn kf egt yakyba sk Orgsgte ykbgdw lmàrt mnc

yratansac egltabf gn egt dkrratykncanda mt sea `gnh xek fmdat tkdgasmb

yrattqra frkl hrkqyt gntgca sea dkqnsrw xek kyykta Jaxgte lghrmsgkn

mnc sea ymrsgsgkn kf Ymbatsgna. Kn tavarmb kddmtgknt" Gon Tmqc rmgtac sea

gttqa kf egt yratsgha mlknh egt kxn yakyba mnc mlknh Lqtbglt. Ea mbtk

dknsgnqac sk rafar sk yrattqrat frkl egt kxn yakyba sk anhmha xgse seaYmbatsgngmn drgtgt ow eabygnh Ymbatsgngmnt tadqra m ekla. Ekxavar" gnOrgsgte Fkraghn Kffgda ckdqlanst" gs gt dbamr sems nks lmnw Orgsgte

kffgdgmbt xkrrgac mokqs fkr aumlyba sea qbmlm kf Nmjc mnc Egjmz mnc sea

srgomb ykyqbmsgkn mnc gst kygngkn kn Ymbatsgna. Orgsgte mttattlans kf sea

tk,dmbbac gnsarnmb yrattqrat kn Gon Tmqc cgtlgttac seal mt grrabavmnsfmdskrt gn Gon Tmqct ykbgdw skxmrct sea }qatsgkn kf Ymbatsgna. Frkl

Jaccme Hakrha _ancab ratykncac sk m Fkraghn Kffgda tsmsalans mokqs seambbahac yrattqrat Gon Tmqc xmt auyargandgnh mt m ratqbs kf sea mssgsqca

mckysac ow sea qbmlm kf Nmjc mnc Lqtbgl kygngkn kn Ymbatsgna. _ancabcgtlgttat Bkncknt mnugasw mnc dknfgrlt sems


10/29

..sea cahraa kf sea gnfbqanda xegde sea qbmlm xeasear gn Najc kr kf seaEajmz" mra moba sk auardgta kn Gon Tmqc" kr kf sea ausans sk xegde sea

ramdsgknt kf Lktbal kygngkn sk sea yrkyktmbt fkr sea ymrsgsgkn kf

Ymbatsgna emva egsearsk fkqnc auyrattgkn" gn tyknsmnakqt lmngfatsmsgkn

kf yqobgd kygngkn kr gn mrsgdbat gn sea yratt" ck nks yrkvgca sea knbw krlkts rabgmoba tsmncmrct kn xegde sea yratans tgsqmsgkn tekqbc oa

jqchac.gn mn mqskdrmsgd dkqnsrw sea yakyba xgbb nks qtqmbbw

calkntsrmsa" ekxavar tsrknh seagr faabgnh xgsekqs `nkxgnh oafkraemnc

sems seaw xgbb nks tqffar fkr gsSea Eajmz gt skk oqtw xgse sea ygbhrglmha

sk cavksa lqde mssansgkn sk Ymbatsgna Gon Tmqc emt mbxmwt oaan

dmrafqb sk àay kn hkkc sarlt xgse egt kxn qbmlm.. Segt ckat nks lamn

sems ea gt qncqbw qncar seagr gnfbqanda" mnc gn mn gnsarnmb lmssar" ea

dkqbc ckqosbatt lmà ekbc seagr sknhqat.Pfkr\ Gon Tmqc sk catdrgoa egt

tgsqmsgkn mt catyarmsa oadmqta kf bkdmb rabghgkqt drgsgdgtl gt mn

aumhharmsgkn0 oqs gs gt ramtknmoba sk oabgava sems sea qbmlm kf Najc.

casats Zgkngts ykbgdw" mnc sems Gon Tmqc" xek lqts `nkx ekx bgssba tqyykrs

ea anjkwt gn sea Eajmz" faabt dklyabbac sk smà seagr vgaxt gnsk

dkntgcarmsgkn. uuggg

Gs gt glykrsmns sk nksa sems sea yakyba kf Tmqcg Mrmogm" gn mbb seagr

dmsahkrgat" fkr aumlyba Egjmzg abgsa mnc lardemnst" Nmjcg srgomb

ykyqbmsgkn mnc qbmlm" kfsan lansgknac gn segt dkrratykncanda" xara nks

gn m yktgsgkn sk fkrlqbmsa dbamr kygngkn kn Ymbatsgna gn sea =749t mnc

=739t fkr m tglyba ramtkn. Motanda kf gnfkrlmsgkn xmt m lmgn fmdskr.Tmqcg Mrmogm emc knbw kna kffgdgmb naxtymyar" Qll mb,]qrm" yqobgteacgn Laddm. Sea naxtymyar lqts emva emc m bglgsac dgrdqbmsgkn hgvan sea

eghe rmsat kf gbbgsarmdw ms sea sgla. Fqrsearlkra" mddatt sk Tmqcg Mrmogm

xmt ratsrgdsac sk sekta mqsekrgtac ow Orgsmgn0 sea oghhats fbqu kf vgtgskrt

xkqbc emva nkrlmbbw dkla cqrgnh sea ygbhrglmha tamtkn" xegde gn sea

amrbw =749t xmt tavarabw mffadsac ow sea xkrbc adknklgd radattgkn. Mn

Grm}g rmcgk tsmsgkn xmt omtac gn Omhecmc oqs gs xmt ckqosfqb sems gst naxtmnc raykrsgnh ramdeac m xgca mqcganda gn Tmqcg Mrmogm. Mn Gsmbgmn rmcgk

tsmsgkn orkmcdmtsgnh gn Mrmogd tsmrsac gn =745. Sea OOD Mrmogd XkrbcTarvgda mnc _mcgk Oarbgn fkbbkxac s gn =745 mnc =747 ratyadsgvabw.

Bglgsac mddatt sk naxt mnc sea bglgsac mvmgbmogbgsw kf okse _mcgk qngst

mnc abadsrgdgsw lmw emva yravansac sea fkrlmsgkn kf m Tmqcg yqobgdkygngkn kn Ymbatsgna gn =749t mnc amrbw =739t.uugv Gs gt lkra bgàbw sems

sea ykyqbmsgkn radagvac naxt mokqs Ymbatsgna frkl nklmcgd oackqgnt

drkttgnh sk Grm} mnc Srmntjkrcmn" mnc lardemnst srmvabbgnh frkl sea

Egjmz mnc Nmjc sk Ahwys" Grm}" Twrgm kr ykrst kf sea Hqbf. Lqtbgl mnc

Mrmo ygbhrglt dklgnh sk Laddm xkqbc mbtk emva oaan mn glykrsmns

tkqrda kf naxt.


11/29

Xean Hakrha _ancab cgtdqttac sea ybmn kf sea ymrsgsgkn kf Ymbatsgna xgseGon Tmqct Lgngtsar" Teagè Emfgz Xmeom" ea raykrsac sems sea bmssar xmt

ausralabw cayrattac ms segt dkllqngdmsgkn. Xmeom skbc _ancab sems

Ea dbamrbw auyadsac m vgkbans ramdsgkn frkl Gon Tmqc mnc lkra semnknda auyrattac sea ekya sems Tgr _. Oqbbmrc xkqbc emva oaan moba sk

auybmgn lmssart sk Egt Lmjatsw mnc rayratans seal gn m lkra skbarmns

bghes oafkra sea `gnh eamrc sea naxt frkl ksear tkqrdat.Ea PXmeom\

dbamrbw mnsgdgymsac sems Mnhbk,Tmqcg rabmsgknt lghes targkqtbw

casargkrmsa.uuv

Gon Tmqct bassart sk Orgsmgn" skhasear xgse lgnqsat kf laasgnht eabc xgse

egt lkts rabavmns mnc mdsgva fqndsgknmrgat Wqtgf Wmtgn mnc Emfgz Xmeom"

gncgdmsa m dbamr lattmha. Gon Tmqc xmt dkndarnac xgse sea Ymrsgsgkn kfYmbatsgna knbw gn tk fmr mt segt ymrsgsgkn tsranhseanac egt Emtealgsa mrde

analw" Mlgr Mocqbbme kf Srmntjkrcmn. Ea xmt dbamr xean ea seramsanac

sk ravgva egt sarrgskrgmb dbmglt kvar skxnt tqde mt Lmmn mnc M}mom" nkx

qncar Emtealgsa rqba" knbw gn sekta dgrdqltsmndat xearaow Mlgr

Mocqbbme xmt taan sk ykta m serams sk sea Tmqcg lknmrde. Seaalmndgymsgkn frkl Orgsmgn kf Mlgr Mocqbbme xmt taan mt qncarlgngnh

egt yartknmb gnsaratst. Ea gntgtsac mnc rayamsac sems sea Ymrsgsgkn kfYmbatsgna xkqbc mblkts darsmgnbw lmà sea Mlgr Mocqbbme mn gncayancans

tkvaraghn xgse m dkntgcarmoba mddattgkn kf sarrgskrw sk sea Xats kf

Jkrcmn.uuvg Gs hkat xgsekqs tmwgnh sems kffgdgmb Tmqcg yqobgdmsgknt gnxegde tabadsac bassart mnc dkrratykncanda mra rayrgnsac dklybasabw ghnkrasegt cglantgkn sems temyac Tmqcg ykbgdw kn Ymbatsgna serkqhekqs sea sxk

cadmcat yrgkr sk =738,5.

Gn fmds Tmqcg egtskrgkhrmyew ralmgnt motkbqsabw tgbans kn Mlgr Mocqbbme

kf Srmntjkrcmn mnc sea rgvmbrw xgse Gon Tmqc. Xearavar seara xmt

lansgkn kf sea Emtealgsat" segt egtskrgkhrmyew yratansac seal mt yakyba

xgse gnsrghqat sems mgl sk qncarlgna Tmqcg srmn}qgbbgsw mnc yamda. Gn kna

yqobgdmsgkn" Tmqcg egtskrgmn mb,Qsemwlgn kqsbgnat Tmqcg,Jkrcmngmnrabmsgknt mnc eghebghest sems Mlgr Mocqbbme emc dbkta dknsmdst xgse seasrgoat kf Egjmz mnc mt ea bkts egt gnfbqanda mfsar sea gndkrykrmsgkn kf Egjmz

gn sea Tmqcg rambl" gs xmt lkts nmsqrmb fkr egl sk mckys mn mnsmhkngtsgd

ykbgdw skxmrct Gon Tmqc. Sea mqsekr alyemtgtat sems Mocqbbmet srgoat

dknsgnqac sk rmgc Nmjcg srmcgnh dmrmvmnt" qncar Gon Tmqct mqsekrgsw.

Sea Tmqcg Gèxmn raybgac mnc rmgcac sekta srgoat oqs Jkrcmngmn srgoat"

fkr aumlyba omng Tmèr mnc sea Ekxgsms dknsgnqac seagr mhhrattgkn kn

Tmqcg sarrgskrw.uuvgg Segt egtskrgkhrmyew ralmgnt tgbans kn ekx fkr

aumlyba rmgct ow srgoat sqrnac Tmqcg xgse sea crmxgnh kf sea okqncmrgatoasxaan sea rambl kf Gon Tmqc kn sea kna emnc mnc sems kf Grm} mnc


12/29

Srmntjkrcmn kn sea ksear" xara kfsan andkqrmhac sk rmgc sea ksear tgca. Gs

xmt kfsan Tmqcg,Emtealgsa anlgsw mnc rgvmbrw rmsear semn rabghgkqt zamb"

uankyekogm" Jgemcg affarvatdanda" mnc ghnkrmnda kf mbgan dkndayst tqde mt

sarrgskrgmb okqncmrgat sems casarlgnac srgomb rmgct gn sea frknsgar mram

oasxaan Tmqcg Mrmogm mnc gst nkrsearn nagheokqrt.

Gon Tmqct tabadsac bassart mnc tarlknt yrkjads mn glmha kf m @gnh xek

ancamvkqrac sk gnfbqanda gnsarnmsgknmb yqobgd kygngkn" lmgnbw Orgsmgn mnc

sea QT %Bmsar gn sea =739t'" gn krcar sk tmfahqmrc Jarqtmbal frkl Zgkngts

gnsrqtgkn. Gn egt dkrratykncanda xgse Orgsmgn" sea @gnh kvar,aumhharmsac

sea yrattqra kf egt kxn yakyba. Ekxavar" Orgsgte mttattlans kf seata

yrattqrat rghesbw dknfgrlac sems seaw xara nks mt cmnharkqt mt sea @gnh

xmnsac Orgsmgn sk oabgava. Kna gt lkra bgàbw sk mhraa xgse segt avmbqmsgkn

hgvan sea xam`natt kf tavarmb yksansgmb srkqobalmàrt" fkr aumlyba seaqbmlm kf Nmjc" sea srgomb ykyqbmsgkn kf sea nkrsearn yrkvgndat kr sea

nksmobat kf sea Egjmz" mbb xara tqddattfqbbw ymdgfgac ow Gon Tmqc oafkra

sea =735 xmr. Sea qbmlm emc mbramcw oaan dk,kysac mfsar sea targkqt

Gèxmn raoabbgkn kf =7?8 xearamt sea Egjmzg srgomb raoabbgkn kf Gon

_gfmcm gn =74= xmt tqddattfqbbw yqs ckxn. Egjmzgt xara ykttgobw tsgbbqncar sea eamvw bktt kf sea Xkrbc adknklgd radattgkn kf =744" xegde

mblkts catsrkwac seagr ravanqat frkl sea ygbhrglmha tamtkn xgse sea

cadramta gn sea nqloar kf ygbhrglt ramdegnh Laddm cqrgnh sems wamr mncavan mfsarxmrct.uuvggg

Lkra tghngfgdmns sk Tmqcg ykbgdw kn Ymbatsgna xmt sea yrktyads kf MlgrMocqbbme alarhgnh mt mn gncayancans tkvaraghn. Gn Gon Tmqct kygngkn"gs gt knbw sea yratanda kf Lmjkr Hbqoo mnc sea Orgsgte frknsgar fkrda sems

emt oaan ratykntgoba fkr sea lmgnsanmnda kf yamda cqrgnh sea ymts fax

wamrt kn sea tklaxems mrsgfgdgmb mnc gbb,cafgnac ca fmdsk okqncmrw xegde

taymrmsat Srmntjkrcmn mnc Tmqcg Mrmogm.uugu Orgsgte mttattlans kf seamssgsqca kf Gon Tmqc kn sea ymrsgsgkn kf Ymbatsgna dbamrbw ragsarmsac sems gsgt srqa sems Gon Tmqct gllacgmsa ramdsgkn skxmrc ymrsgsgkn xara rmsear

mhmgnts sea cgffgdqbsgat xegde sea yrkyktmb sk lmà sea Mlgr Mocqbbme mngncayancans tkvaraghn xkqbc emva dmqtac egl yartknmbbw semn mhmgnts

sea gnjqtsgda xegde" gn sea awat kf mbb Lktbal mnc Mrmo kygngkn" xmt

oagnh gnfbgdsac kn sea Mrmo rmda.uuu Searafkra" gs gt segt yartknmb anlgsw

rmsear semn sea dkndarn xgse orkmc Mrmo mnc Lqtbgl dmqtat semscasarlgnac Tmqcg ykbgdw kn Ymbatsgna.

Gon Tmqct cafaranda sk Orgsgte ykbgdgat kn Ymbatsgna ra}qgrac egl sk

rafqta yrkyktmbt sk ekbc m tadras laasgnh gn Laddm sk cgtdqtt sea gttqa

xgse tavarmb Mrmo yartknmbgsgat xek xara gnsancgnh sk yarfkrl sea

ygbhrglmha gn =748. Oqbbmrc xrksa Sea `gnh emc rafqtac sk mbbkx gs"


13/29

mbbahgnh sems Laddm xmt m ybmda fkr rabghgkqt xkrtegy nks fkr ykbgsgdmb

dknfarandat.ea navar alomràc kn mnw ykbgdw qnbatt ea xmt tqra gs xmtramtknmoba mnc ea cgc nks xgte sk alomrrmtt Egt Lmjatswt

Hkvarnlansgf sea ekbcgnh kf m dknfaranda emc oaan sea dkqrta sk

yqrtqa" ea xkqbc emva yrkyktac gs egltabf mnc nks fkbbkxac seatqhhatsgkn kf kseart.uuug

Xean sea tadknc Xkrbc xmr orkà kqs" Gon Tmqc emc mbramcw lmca gs

dbamr sk Orgsmgn sems sea yrktyads kf gncayancans Emtealgsa ramblt

seramsanac egt tadqrgsw lkra semn mnw ksear lmssar rabavmns sk Mrmo yqobgd

kygngkn" gndbqcgnh sea }qatsgkn kf Ymbatsgna. Ea famrac m Orgsgte lgbgsmrw

xgsecrmxmb frkl sarrgskrgat xeara egt mrde analgat emc mbramcw oaan

gntsmbbac. Ea srqtsac sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans sk àay egt kxn egtskrgdmb

analgat qncar dknsrkb.

Sea Tadknc Xkrbc Xmr =747,=731

Jqts oafkra sea Tadknc Xkrbc Xmr tsmrsac" Gon Tmqc gnsancac sk fkrl m

bmrha mrlw srmgnac kn lkcarn bgnat. Segt ybmn" ekxavar" cgc nks hk varw

fmr. Nahksgmsgknt sk kosmgn san sekqtmnc rgfbat frkl Harlmnw mnc san

lgbbgkn rkqnct kf tlmbb mrlt mllqngsgkn xara dmndabbac.uuugg Gs xmt

knbw gn =736 sems sea fgrts Orgsgte Lgbgsmrw Lgttgkn sk srmgn Tmqcg

yartknnab fkr sea rahqbmr Tmqcg mrlw xmt dklybasac. Tmqcg Lgngtsar kf

Cafanda Yrgnda Lmntqr Gon Mocqbmzgz auyrattac egt hrmsgfgdmsgkn ms seatsmncmrct mssmgnac cqrgnh sea dkqrtat.uuuggg Ekxavar" xgse sea tgsqmsgkn

gn Ymbatsgna oadklgnh lkra drgsgdmb" Tmqcg dmndabbmsgkn kf mn krcar sk

yqrdemta fqrsear a}qgylans frkl Orgsmgn xmt rahrassac was seara xmt mrabgaf sems mn Mrmo dkqnsrw sk xekl xa POrgsmgn\ emva nk sramsw

kobghmsgknt" gt nks ybmdgnh seata krcart fkr lgbgsmrw tqyybgat xgse

qt.uuugv Sea mttattlans kf Tmqcg lgbgsmrw dmymogbgsgat alyemtgtac sems

gn hanarmb sea mrlw ralmgnac qnkrhmngtac mnc dkntgtsac ansgrabw kf

qnsrmgnac lan. _abgaf xmt auyrattac gn Bknckn xean sea yqrdemta kf

lkra vaegdbat mnc a}qgylans cgc nks lmsargmbgta bmsar gn =738 oadmqta kfsea casargkrmsgnh tgsqmsgkn gn Ymbatsgna. Sea Orgsgte famrac sems tqde mrlt

gn sea emnct kf Tmqcgt lmw fgnc m xmw kf hassgnh sk Ymbatsgna. Seagr famrxmt qnrambgtsgd mt bmsar avanst yrkvac.

Gn =73? Gon Tmqc radagvac mn kvarsqra frkl Mlgr Mocqbbme xek xrksa sk

sea `gnh sk auyratt egt xkrrgat rahmrcgnh sekta Lqtbglt xek emc oaan

mssmdàc cqrgnh sea xmr mnc sea bmnct xeara xa emva nmsgknmb mnc

adknklgd gnsaratst. Ea lansgknac egt catgra sk laas @gnh Gon Tmqc mtea fabs sems mbb tekqbc jkgn gn tkla lkvalans sk mttgts sekta yakyba. Ea

ekyac sems sea sglat xkqbc emva anmobac qt sk laas oqs G bamrn sems segt


14/29

gt nks sk oa" mbsekqhe G emva nks momncknac ekya. Gon Tmqc raybgac semsgs gt fkrsqnmsa sems kqr dknnadsgknt xgse sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans mra mt

yarfads mt oa catgracgs xkqbc hgva qt hramsats emyygnatt sk dmqta m

laasgnh oasxaan wkqr eghenatt mnc lwtabfxean lmssart emva rasqrnac

sk nkrlmb mnc xa mra ms rats.uuuv Gon Tmqc xmt kovgkqtbw nks ramcw fkrm laasgnh xgse Mlgr Mocqbbme" atyadgmbbw cqrgnh sglat kf qndarsmgnsw"dmqtac ow sea xmr. Gon Tmqct laasgnh xgse Mlgr Mocqbbme cgc nks sm`a

ybmda qnsgb Jqna =735" nks knbw mfsar sea anc kf sea xmr oqs mbtk mfsar gs

oadmla dbamr sems sea Emtealgsa kf Jkrcmn bkts tkla kf seagr yratsgha gn

sea Mrmo mnc Lqtbgl xkrc fkbbkxgnh sea mb,nm`om. Gon Tmqc dknsgnqac

sk rahmrc Mlgr Mocqbbme xgse tqtygdgkn. Ea mbxmwt famrac Emtealgsa

gnsrghqat mlknh Egjmzgt" xek mddkrcgnh sk Wqtgf Wmtgn" ratansac sea@gnht nahbads kf segt rahgkn gn fmvkqr kf Nmjc. Orgsgte raykrst rafarrac sk

sea lardemnst kf sea Egjmz oadklgnh ratansfqb mfsar taagnh sea Emjj

ravanqat oagnh cgvarsac gn sea cgradsgkn kf Nmjc. Orgsgte tkqrdat

md`nkxbachac sems Emtealgsa gnsrghqat mlknh Egjmzgz tsgbb bkwmb sk seagrkbc lmtsart qnckqosacbw augtsac" sekqhe yrkomobw nks kn m cmnharkqt

tdmba.uuuvg

Gon Tmqc ratgtsac mnw mssalys sk hrkqy sea alarhgnh naxbw gncayancans

Mrmo dkqnsrgat gn mnw fkrl kf qngkn. Ea gntgtsac sems ea yrafarrac m

ykbgdw sems mdegavat sea gncayancanda kf amde Mrmo tsmsa gn m lmnnar sems

xkqbc antqra amde tsmsa rasmgngnh gst kxn gcansgsw. Grm} Yrgla Lgngtsar

Nqrg Ymtem sabahrmyeac sea `gnh rahmrcgnh mssgsqcat kf Twrgm skxmrct mqngkn xgse Ymbatsgna mnc Smntjkrcmn mfsar sea anc kf sea Frande lmncmsa.Gon Tmqc gntgtsac sems ea cgc nks tqyykrs mnw qngkn kf segt `gnc. Ea

dbmglac sems sea qngsgnh kf seata yakyba qncar kna dansrmb hkvarnlans gt

m yrkyktmb tk fqbb kf cgffgdqbsgat.. sems xkqbc dmqta cgttansgkn mnc cgtyqsa

rmsear semn mhraalans mnc emrlknw.uuuvgg Okse Gon Tmqc" skhasear

xgse Twrgmn nmsgknmbgtst ratgtsac Emtealgsa catgrat sk tyramc seagr

gnfbqanda kvar sea naxbw gncayancans Twrgm. Lkts glykrsmnsbw Gon Tmqcrafqtac mnw qngsw mlknh sea naxbw alarhgnh Mrmo nmsgkn tsmsat mnc

bamnac skxmrct sea fkrlmsgkn kf sea Mrmo Bamhqa" sea gcam oaegnc gs gtoabgavac sk oa krdeatsrmsac ow Orgsmgn gllacgmsabw mfsar sea kqsoram` kf

Xkrbc xmr GG.uuuvggg M raykrs kn Mrmo Qngsw yraymrac ow Demseml Ekqta

gn Bknckn fkr sea Frande Alomttw mttattac sea yrktyads kf tqde qngswmnc yksansgmb dmncgcmsat sk bamc sea Qngkn. Sea raykrs dbmglac sems gs gt

qnfkrsqnmsa sems Mlgr Mocqbbme" sea tkn kf sea bmsa @gnh Eqttagn ansgsbacegl sk cqa dkntgcarmsgkn fkr bamcartegy oqs gs gt mn qnfkrsqnmsa fmds sems

sea lmjkrgsw kf Mrmot ck nks rahmrc egl xgse fmvkqr mt m ykttgoba rqbar gnm xgcar tyeara semn egt yratans kna. Mt fkr Gon Tmqc sea raykrs

lansgknac Gon Tmqct tqtygdgkn kf mnw cgtdqttgkn kf Mrmo qngsw"atyadgmbbw sems sm`gnh ybmda oasxaan Grm}g mnc Ahwysgmn yralgart xgsekqs


15/29

yrgkr rafaranda sk egl. Ea xmt raykrsac sk emva tmgc sems tqde cgtdqttgknt

racqdac egl sk sea bavab kf sea Baomnata Yratgcans.uuugu Gon Tmqc

kovgkqtcbw dkqbc nks mddays m rkba yaremyt lkra tqgsmoba sk m lgnkrbamcar" fkr aumlyba sea Baomnata Yrgla Lgngtsar.

Seara xmt m rambgtmsgkn gn _gwmce sems sea @gnh tekqbc myyamr sk tekx

lkra gnsarats gn Mrmo mffmgrt. Gn Lmrde =734 ea hmva mn gnsarvgax sk sea

Mlargdmn ymyar Bgfa gn xegde ea srgac sk tekx sems ea xmt dkndarnac

xgse lmssart rabmsac sk sea fqsqra kf Ymbatsgna" mt m ratqbs kf xegde ea

radagvac dknhrmsqbmskrw sabahrmlt frkl Mrmo nmsgknmbgtst gn Ahwys mnc

Twrgm. Gon Tmqc xans mt fmr mt sk gntgts sems mnw qngsw sems dklyrklgtat

sea gcansgsw kf amde Mrmo tsmsa tekqbc oa rajadsac. Ea dbmglac sems Mrmo

qngsw qncar kna bamcartegy xkqbc oa m xmtsa kf sgla bamcgnh sk nksegnh

oqs xems xkqbc dmqta cgttansgkn mnc cgtyqsa rmsear semn mhraalans mncemrlknw. Gn affads ea mglac ms lmgnsmgngnh m ombmnda kf ykxar mnc

mvkgcgnh mhhrattgkn ow kna Mrmo tsmsa mhmgnts mnksear. Gon Tmqc

yrklgtac sk dk,kyarmsa xgse sea yrkjads kf m rahgknmb Mrmo dkqndgb kn sxk

dkncgsgknt: sea Emtealgsat `aaygnh seagr emnct kff Twrgm mnc Ymbatsgna"

mnc mnw lamtqra gn tqyykrs kf Mrmo qngsw lqts nks kotsrqds sea mbbgat xmraffkrs. Cqrgnh sea Xmr" Gon Tmqc lmca gs dbamr sk sea Orgsgte sems ea xmt

mvarta sk rmgtgnh sea gttqa kf Ymbatsgna ms m sgla xean gs lghes alomrrmtt

sea mbbgat.ub Sea raykrs xmt tans sk sea Fkraghn Kffgda fkr myyrkvmb. Lr

Okxlmn kf sea _atamrde Caymrslans lmca fax dkllanst" oqs gs xmt skk

bmsa. Sea raykrs emc mbramcw oaan cgtymsdeac.

Sea tgsqmsgkn gn Ymbatsgna oadmla lkra vkbmsgba mfsar sea tadknc Xkrbc

Xmr" Gon Tmqc xrksa sk Yrgla Lgngtsar Deqrdegbb gn =731. Ea tqllac qyegt yktgsgkn kn Ymbatsgna:

Sea atsmobgtelans kf m Jaxgte tsmsa gn Ymbatsgna xgbb oa m tsrknh mssmd`

kn sea Mrmot mnc m serams sk yamda. Gs gt gnavgsmoba sems qnrats xgbb

cklgnmsa oasxaan Mrmot mnc Jaxt. Gf sea ymsganda kf Mrmot rqn kqs" mnc

seaw hgva qy ekya" seaw xgbb cafgngsabw cafanc seagr bmnc mnc sea fqsqrahanarmsgknxa dknhrmsqbmsa sea mbbgat kn seagr vgdskrw mnc ekya sems seaw

mra mxmra kf Mrmo rghest gn Ymbatsgna. ubg

Gn vmrgkqt tarlknt mccrattgnh Tmqcgt" Gon Tmqc mnnkqndac sems sea

Orgsgte hkvarnlans xmt fmdgnh sea qnhrmsafqb Zgkngtst. Sea bmssar

seramsanac Orgsgte gnsaratst gn sea rahgkn. Ea a}qmbbw alyemtgtac sems ea

tmx nk oanafgs gn dklykqncgnh Orgsgte cgffgdqbsgat gn Ymbatsgna xearajqtsgda fkr Ymbatsgngmnt lqts oa atsmobgteac. ubgg

Gn =736" Gon Tmqc xrksa sk Yratgcans Srqlmn sems G ml cgtsrattac kvarsea Dknhratt tqyykrs kf Jaxgte gllghrmsgkn sk YmbatsgnaDknhratt lqts


16/29

emva oaan mffadsac ow Zgkngts yrkymhmncm. Zgkngtst nks knbw seramsan

Ymbatsgna oqs seaw mra mbtk m serams sk Tmqcg Mrmogm.ubggg Gn Gon Tmqct

dkrratykncanda mnc laasgnht xgse Mlargdmn kffgdgmbt" ea tmx m xgnckxkf kyykrsqngsw. Ea dknfattac

Tgnda G xmt okrn mnc tsmrsac sk rahmgn sea raghn kf lw fmseart mnc

hrmncfmseart" G emva nks `nkxn mnw ykxar ksear semn Orgsmgn. Tea xmt lw

frganc. G tmx frkl ear xems ybamtac la mnc tea tmx frkl la xems

ybamtac ear. Xean sea Xmr %Xkrbc Xmr GG' orkà kqs" G tqyykrsac ear mnc

tea srqtsac la. G mcvgtac lw Mrmo orkseart nks sk anhmha gn mnw mdsgvgsw

sems xkqbc qncarlgna Orgsmgn.ubgv

Knda mhmgn Gon Tmqc qtac sea qbmlm dmrc sk alyemtgta egt cgffgdqbsgat

kvar Ymbatsgna. Ea dbmglac sems egt qbmlm emc radagvac bassart frkl ksear

Lqtbgl qbmlm xek mra mtskngteac mt m ratqbs kf lw tqyykrs fkr Orgsmgn msm sgla xean Orgsmgn tqyykrst sea Jaxt. G auybmgnac sems seara mra cmnhart

fmdgnh kqr nmsgkn gf sea analgat kf Orgsmgn xgn sea xmr. Seaw mt` laxeasear G ml tqra sems Orgsmgn xgbb nks tqyykrs sea Jaxt mfsar gst vgdskrw. G

mbxmwt tmw sems G dmnnks hqmrmnsaa mnwsegnh. G rayams sems gf Mrmot ck nksck mnwsegnh mhmgnts Orgsmgn" Orgsmgn xgbb oa a}qgsmoba. ubv Gon Tmqc

mttarsac ea xkqbc nks bas Tmqcgt fghes gn Ymbatsgna mt bknh mt Orgsmgn

ralmgnt sea lmncmskrw ykxar oadmqta mdst kf mhhrattgkn xgbb oa gn seata

dgrdqltsmndat cgradsac mhmgnts Orgsmgn. Sea caymrsqra kf Orgsmgn frkl

Ymbatsgna xkqbc gnavgsmobw fraa Mrmot frkl seagr ybachat kf frganctegy skOrgsmgn" mddkrcgnh sk Gon Tmqc.

Tmqcg Mrmogm mnc sea Xmr gn Ymbatsgna =738,=735

Mrmo bamcart" gndbqcgnh Gon Tmqc xara xmrnac ow sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans

nks sk anhmha gn mnw mdst kf mhhrattgkn mhmgnts Orgsmgn. Gn m sabahrml tans

sk Omhecmc" Mllmn" Dmgrk" Jaccme" mnc Oagrqs kn ? Cadaloar =738"Mrmo bamcar xara gnfkrlac sems Egt Lmjatswt Hkvarnlans mra dkqnsgnh

kn sea mttqrmndat xegde emva oaan hgvan ow vmrgkqt Mrmo tykàtlmn"

sems seara gt nk gnsansgkn kf dmqtgnh srkqoba gn Ymbatsgna xegba xa mra tsgbb

gn dknsrkb seara.xa mra okqnc sk rayratt cgtkrcar xemsavar" }qmrsar gs

mrgtat.ubvg Gon Tmqc raybgac sems sea Tmqcg Mrmogmn hkvarnlans xkqbc

ck nksegnh sk alomrrmtt sea Orgsgte qnsgb seaw cgvatsac sealtabvat kf

ratykntgogbgsw gn Ymbatsgna.ubvgg Fqrsearlkra" Orgsmgn gntgtsac sems xegba

seaw xara gn Ymbatsgna" Mrmo hkvarnlanst tekqbc nks knbw rafrmgn frkl

tancgnh mrlw qngst oqs tekqbc mbtk ratsrmgn mnw kf seagr nmsgknmbt xek srw

sk lmà seagr xmw gnsk Ymbatsgna fkr yqryktat kf dmqtgnh cgtkrcar" mt xabbmt krhmngzmsgknt mnc gncgvgcqmbt gn seagr sarrgskrgat xek srw sk gndgsa

cgtkrcar frkl kqstgca.ubvggg Gon Tmqc mttqrac Orgsmgn sems ea emc nk


17/29

gnsansgkn gn dramsgnh lkra srkqobat fkr sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans. Egt tkn"Yrgnda Tmqc" cabgvarac egt fmseart lattmha sk Lr Srkss gn Jaccme.

Mfsar sea Qngsac Nmsgknt mckysac sea ymrsgsgkn ratkbqsgkn kn ?7 Nkvaloar

=738" xmr orkà kqs kn 49 Nkvaloar =738. Bgà lkts Mrmo bamcart" GonTmqc rambgtac sems egt dmqsgkqt mnc gncadgtgva ykbgdw kf sea =749t mncamrbw =739t" xkqbc nk bknhar oa tqffgdgans.

Mfsar sea QN cadgtgkn sk ymrsgsgkn Ymbatsgna" sea Mrmo bamhqa eabc

laasgnht gn Dmgrk oasxaan 5,=8 Cadaloar =738. Tmqcg Mrmogm jkgnac

ksear Mrmo tsmsa laloart gn rajadsgnh sea ymrsgsgkn mnc tghnac sea fmlkqtdkllqng}q tsmsgnh sems sea Qngsac Nmsgknt gndbqcac sea oats Mrmo bmnc

gn sea Jaxgte tsmsa mnc yqs embf m lgbbgkn Mrmot qncar Zgkngts rqba. Sea

lmncmsa ykxar ralkvac Mrmo xamyknt mnc hmva Mrmot sk Zgkngtst. Sea

Mrmo tsmsa xgbb tsmnc ow sea tgca kf seagr orkseart ..gn krcar sk sexmrs seaymrsgsgkn kf Ymbatsgna.ubgu Tmqcg Mrmogm mbtk mhraac sk oa ymrs kf sea

Mrmo Bamhqat lgbgsmrw ybmn sk cafanc Ymbatsgna. Gn sea laasgnht Mrmo

tsmsat cadgcac sk tanc 4999 Mrmo vkbqnsaart sk eaby sea Ymbatsgngmn

lqjmegcgn" gn mccgsgkn sk atsmobgtegnh jmwte mb,gn}mse" sea _atdqa Mrmo

Mrlw sk oa atsmobgteac ow smem mb,Emteglg" Gtlmgb Tmfxms" mnc Fmxzg mb,

]mxq}jg. Mrmo tsmsa mrlgat xara sk oa tans sk tqyykrs sea fkqr qngst kfYmbatsgngmnt gntgca Ymbatsgna.

Tmqcg Mrmogm mddaysac sk ymw ?9! kf sea dkts kf lgbgsmrw kyarmsgknt._ayratansgnh Tmqcg Mrmogm gn Mrmo Bamhqa laasgnht xmt Yrgnda Fmwtmb

xek tqyykrsac m tqhhatsgkn sk atsmobgte m bkdmb Ymbatsgngmn

mclgngtsrmsgkn" xegde xmt rajadsac ow sea Grm}g rayratansmsgva.b Sea Mrmo

Bamhqa mhraac sems Ahwys" Baomnkn" Twrgm mnc Srmntjkrcmn lqts kyanseagr frknsgart fkr Mrmo mrlgat.

Xegba Gon Tmqc rafqtac sk mbbkx mnw calkntsrmsgknt agsear gn Egjmz kr

Nmjc sk smà ybmda gn tqyykrs kf Ymbatsgna" gs xmt raykrsac sems m tyadgmb

fqnc xmt yrkyktac sk oa dramsac gn krcar sk eaby Ymbatsgngmnt. Sea Orgsgtehkvarnlans" ekxavar" gnfkrlac sea dklymnw myyrkmdeac sk tas qy segt

fqnc" Habbmsbw" Emnàw mnc Dklymnw Bglgsac" sems gs tekqbc nks jkgnxems xmt attansgmbbw m Lqtbgl rabghgkqt qncarsm`gnh. Gs taalt sems segt

fqnc xmt sea knbw kqsxmrc mdsgkn xegde sea `gnh gt yarlgssgnh.bg

Gon Tmqct lmgn dkndarn gn =738 xmt nks Ymbatsgna oqs m bkdmb gndgcans

sems xmt raykrsac sk sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans" xgse sea gnsansgkn kf taa`gnh

mttqrmnda sems sea Emtealgsat kf Grm} xkqbc oa yrattqrac sk tsky seagrgnsrghqat" segt sgla mlknh sea Temllmr kf nkrse Mrmogm. Gon Tmqct

tqtygdgkn kf sea Grm}g lknmrde dknsgnqac gn =738 xean ea mnnkqndac sksea Orgsgte sems sxk laloart kf sea Mb,_mtegc fmlgbw" Tmqc mnc


18/29

Mocqbmzgz" catdancanst kf sea fkrlarbw ykxarfqb eamct kf sea _mtegcg

algrmsat kf Emgb" fbac sk Grm}. Gon Tmqc mssrgoqsac sea gndgcans kf sea

_mtegcgt sm`gnh tmndsqmrw xgse sea @gnh kf Grm} sk sea avgb lmdegnmsgkntkf egt srmcgsgknmb analgat .ea tmgc sems sea nmlat kf sea Emtealgsa

algttmrgat xek bac mtsrmw sea sxk wkqnh _mtegc Temgèt xara xabb `nkxnmnc xkqbc oa hgvan sk qt.bgg Ekxavar" sea fbghes kf sea sxk _mtegcg

orkseart sk Grm} emc nksegnh sk ck xgse Emtealgsa gnsrghqat. Mddkrcgnh sk

tavarmb _mtegcg tkqrdat" sea sxk _mtegcgt fbac sk Grm} mfsar mssancgnh mymrsw ms sea ratgcanda kf Yrgnda Nmtgr" kna kf Gon Tmqct tknt.

Gllacgmsabw mfsar sea ymrsw Mocqbbme gon _mtegcbggg mnc sxk gnvgsac

hqatst cgac gn lwtsargkqt dgrdqltsmndat. Fkr famr kf oagnh crmxn gnsk seagndgcans" sea orkseart kf Mocqbbme Gon _mtegc" Tmqc mnc Mocqbmzgz tkqhes

eaby frkl Temllmr oackqgnt xek mrrmnhac fkr seal sk drktt sea okrcar

sk Grm}.bgv Seaw okse famrac sems seaw xkqbc oa abglgnmsac ow Gon Tmqc.

Sea sxk _mtegcg orkseart atdmyac mfsar tqtyadsgnh m dkntygrmdw sk `gbbseal gn Gon Tmqct dmygsmb. Seagr famrt xara nks qnfkqncac mt

Lqemllmc gon _mtegc" sea tkn kf sea bmts rqbar kf Emgb" xmt mttmttgnmsac

gn =71? gn sea Tmqcg dmygsmb gn lwtsargkqt dgrdqltsmndat.

Gon Tmqct tqtygdgkn kf sea Emtealgsa kf Srmntjkrcmn dknsgnqac sk hrkx

avan mfsar xmr orkà kqs gn Ymbatsgna. Mddkrcgnh sk Orgsgte tkqrdat" sea`gnh navar radkndgbac egltabf sk sea mttqlysgkn kf gncayancans tsmsqt ow

@gnh Mocqbbme kf Srmntjkrcmn mnc Grm}@gnh Mocqbbmet qnfbmssargnh

rafarandat sk Gon Tmqc gn egt yqobgteac lalkgrt xara m yarlmnanstkqrda kf gnsanta grrgsmsgkn gn _gwmce.bv

Mddkrcgnh sk kffgdgmb nmrrmsgvat Gon Tmqc seramsanac sk dmndab mbb kgb

dkndattgknt xgse Mlargdmn dklymngat gf nk mttqrmndat xara hgvan kvarsea fqsqra kf Ymbatsgna" m yktgsgkn ea xmt dknhrmsqbmsac kn ow Mrmo

nmsgknmbgtst gn Twrgm.bvg Kf dkqrta sea kgb dklymngat sealtabvat skk` nktqde seramst targkqtbw.

Kffgdgmb egtskrw aumhharmsat Tmqcg tqyykrs xean gs catdrgoat lmermjmnmsmb,jgemc" Jgemc fatsgvmbt" mbbahacbw eabc gn vmrgkqt Tmqcg dgsgat mnc kmtat

gn tqyykrs kf sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta. Gs gt dbmglac sems kna tqde laasgnh

xmt mssancac ow fmlkqt Tmqcg rabghgkqt tdekbmr teagè Lqemllmc gon

Gormegl gon Moc mb,Bmsgf Mb,Temwè mnc Tmqcg Yrgnda Lqemllmc gonTmqc" okse dmbbac fkr vkbqnsaart sk hk sk Ymbatsgna. Xgsegn sxk cmwt ?999

nmlat xara rahgtsarac. Sea nqloar qnrambgtsgdmbbw rkta sk ?99"999 lan

xek xara catdrgoac mt ramcw sk yarfkrl Jgemc mnc tmdrgfgda seagr bgvat.

Frgcmw tarlknt xara cacgdmsac sk andkqrmhgnh yakyba sk cknmsa fqnct fkr

sea Ymbatsgngmn dmqta. Gn sea Tmqcg kffgdgmb nmrrmsgva" sea qbmlm mramyybmqcac fkr ybmwgnh m drqdgmb rkba gn sea lkogbgtmsgkn fkr Jgemc.bvgg


19/29

Ow =735 gs taalt sems sea Tmqcg hkvarnlans xmt ramdegnh m ykgns xeara

cgybklmdw" fkraghn rabmsgknt mnc gnsarnmb mffmgrt xara dkncqdsac ow sea

@gnh egltabf. Emvgnh oanafgsac frkl sea fgrts fbkx kf kgb ravanqa" sea

`gnh" ekxavar" emc nk tanta kf fghqrat: =9"999 kr =9 lgbbgkn lamn lqde

sea tmla sk egl: mnc egt xam`natt gt auybkgsac sk sea fqbb ow egt lmnwymrmtgsat. Teag`e Wqtgf Wmtgn" xek dmrrgac sea oqrcan kf sea Lgngtsrw kf

Fkraghn Mffmgrt nk bknhar faabt moba sk camb xgse sea lmnw sadengdmbyrkobalt xegde nkx fra}qansbw mrgtasea @gnh rasmgnac xgsegn egt kxn

fmlgbw sea yktgsgkn kf qbsglmsa ratykntgogbgsw fkr sea mclgngtsrmsgkn mnc

tadqrgsw.bvggg Skhasear xgse rqlkqrt dkndarngnh sea @gnht eambse" gs

taalac sems Tmqcg Mrmogm xmt nks ramcw sk fmda sea dembbanha kf seadklgnh Ymbatsgna Xmr. Orgsgte raykrst dknsgnqac sk ykgns sk cgttmsgtfmdsgkn

gn Eajmz" sems Gon Tmqc kfsan mtdrgoac sk Emtealgsa gnsrghqat" oqs dkqbcxabb oa mssrgoqsac sk sea nahbads kf segt rahgkn ow sea @gnht Lgngtsar kf

Fgnmnda" Teag`e Mocqbbme Tqbmwlmn" xekta lknkykbgtsgd lamtqrat xaraoabgavac sk oa ratansac ow Egjmzg lardemns fmlgbgat.

Xmt Tmqcg Mrmogm gn m yktgsgkn sk tanc mrlgat gnsk Ymbatsgna xegde cgc

oats gn sea Ymbatsgna fghesgnh mt dbmglac gn m Sglat mrsgdba kn = Jqbw=735; Mddkrcgnh sk Orgsgte raykrst" tqde tsmsalanst xara tk fmnsmtsgd

sems gs taalac ykgnsbatt sk dkllans kn seagr glyrkomogbgswTmqcg srkkyt

nqloar =?99 gn Ymbatsgna %kr Ahwys' mnc mnksear =99 mra oagnh srmgnac.

Seaw xans kff xgse varw bgssba a}qgylans mnc nk mllqngsgkn. Sea lan

xara mblkts mbb qnsrmgnac mnc }qgsa qtabatt fkr lkcarn xmrfmra. Tkla kfseal cgc nks avan `nkx ekx sk fgra m rgfba. bgu Bmsar Orghmcgr Omgrc

dknfgrlac sems aghes mrlkqrac dmrt mnc m nqloar kf srqd`t xara

catymsdeac ms sea anc kf Jqbw =735 ow tam sk Ahwys.

Mhmgnts Orgsgte mttattlans kf kffgdgmb Tmqcg lgbgsmrw dknsrgoqsgkn sk sea

xmr" kffgdgmb egtskrw sabbt qt m cgffarans tskrw. Mddkrcgnh sk Tmqcg tkqrdat"

srkkyt xara tans ow mgr frkl Jaccme mgrykrs sk Dmgrk. A}qgylans mnc

eamvw lmdegnarw mrrgvac gn Tqaz ow tam. Lgngtsar kf Cafanda" Yrgnda

Lmntqr Gon Mocqbmzgz" xmt gn demrha kf sea lgbgsmrw lgttgkn sems xmtcgvgcac gnsk sxk qngst. Tmqcg srkkyt xara mttalobac gn Mrgte mnc tansserkqhe _mfme sk Hmzm xeara seaw anhmhac sea analw fkr tavan cmwt gn

tavarmb omssbat. Sea andkqnsar bac sk sea lmrswrckl kf Tmbge Oqemwrg"

Mocqbbme mb,Smtmn" Mocqbrmelmn mb,Temr" Melmc Nmtgr" mnc Jmogr Klrg"

gn mccgsgkn sk =43 camc mlknh sea vkbqnsaart. bu

Sea affgdmdw kf sea Tmqcg lgbgsmrw gnvkbvalans gn sea xmr ralmgnac

tqojads sk tyadqbmsgkn. Xegba seara gt m dknfgrlmsgkn kf sea yratanda kf

=?99 rahqbmr srkkyt mnc m fqrsear 199 grrahqbmrt xek xara tans sk Ahwys

sk fghes qncar Ahwysgmn dkllmnc" raykrst gncgdmsac sems sea nqloar kf


20/29

vkbqnsaart frkl nkrsearn Nmjc mnc ksear rahgknt kf Tmqcg Mrmogm xmt

eghear. _aykrst frkl Jaccme lansgknac sems 4999 srgoatlan xara ramcw

sk bamva fkr Ymbatsgna mnc sems seaw emc lmca seagr kxn mrrmnhalanst" nks

qncar sea mahgt kf sea Tmqcg hkvarnlans" sekqhe yaremyt sea hkvarnlans

dknngvac seagr hkgnh.bug Tmqcg raykrst dknfgrlac sems mrkqnc 1=4vkbqnsaart jkgnac sea Jgemc gn Ymbatsgna. Seaw gngsgmbbw xans mt gncgvgcqmbt

oqs xara bmsar krhmngtac gn m Tmqcg fmxj" qncar sea bamcartegy kf Fmec mb,

Lmrg`" xek xmt eknkqrac qykn egt rasqrn sk Tmqcg Mrmogm. Ea xrksa m

okk` kn sea Tmqcg vkbqnsaart gn Ymbatsgna mnc bgtsac sea nmlat kf lmrswrt.

Sea nmrrmsgva mokqs Tmqcg ymrsgdgymsgkn gn sea Ymbatsgngmn xmr kffarac m

xmw kqs kf sea cgballm kf Gon Tmqcg xegde mrkta gllacgmsabw mfsar eatqyyrattac Jgemc ms ekla xean ea sarlgnmsac sea raoabbgkn kf egt Jgemcg

g`exmn fghesart gn =7?8. Mb,Lmrg` xrksa mokqs sea nax vkbqnsaart mnc

sea lmrswrt xek fbmlac sea glmhgnmsgkn mt vmnhqmrct fqbfgbbgnh sea asekt

kf sea tsmsa kf lknkseagtl morkmc. Ea jqtsgfgac sea hrkqygnh kf Tmqcg

vkbqnsaart gn kna Tmqcg qngs rmsear semn mbbkxgnh seal sk cgtyarta xgseksear Mrmo vkbqnsaart kn sea omtgt kf affgdgandw. bugg Gs xmt kovgkqt"

ekxavar" sems sea hrkqygnh kf sea vkbqnsaart xmt lksgvmsac ow ykbgsgdmb

dkndarnt mnc famr kf larhgnh sea vkbqnsaart gn kna Mrmo lgbgsmrw

dkllmnc" ykttgobw qncar Twrgmn kr Grm}g lgbgsmrw dkllmnc.buggg Lmnw kf

sea vkbqnsaart lansgknac gn mb,Lmrg`t okk` xara raykrsac sk emva

radagvac lacmbt frkl sea Twrgmn mrlw. Sea Tmqcg alomttw gn Cmlmtdqtxmt yqs gn demrha kf fmdgbgsmsgnh sea raymsrgmsgkn kf lmrswrt mt gs dk,

krcgnmsac gst mdsgvgsgat xgse mb,Teqom mb,Tgwmtgwwm gn Tmqcg Mrmogm. Seayarfkrlmnda kf okse rahqbmr srkkyt mnc vkbqnsaart ralmgnac

dknsrkvartgmb. Tmqcg tkqrdat gnfbmsac seagr earkgtl xegba Orgsgte tkqrdat

cgtlgttac mnw vmbqmoba dknsrgoqsgkn. Gn kna Orgsgte raykrs" gs xmt tsmsacsems sea Tmqcg Mrmogmn lgbgsmrw dknsrgoqsgkn sk sea Ymbatsgna fghesgnh xmtnahbghgoba" mnc seagr dknsgnhans kosmgnac yqobgdgsw knbw xean m Qngsac

Nmsgknt kotarvar mnc egt ygbks las seagr camse ms seagr emnct ms Hmzm

mgrykrs.bugv Sea dabaormsgkn kf sea dknsrgoqsgkn kf Tmqcg vkbqnsaart gn

sea _atdqa Mrlw gt emgbac gn mbsarnmsgva Tmqcg nmrrmsgvat" lmgnbw gn sea

mddkqnst kf Tmqcg bafsgtst" nmsgknmbgtst mnc Nmttargsa kyyktgsgkn fghqrat kfsea =769t mt kna kf sea fgrts ykyqbmr lgbgsmrw mdsgkn sems xmt tkknmyyrkyrgmsac ow Gon Tmqc sk okkts egt kxn ymn,Mrmo dracansgmbt.

Xegba sea Tmqcg hkvarnlans yrafarrac sk tanc gst rahqbmr srkkyt sk fghes

qncar sea Ahwysgmn fbmh" sea ymttmha kf Tmqcg grrahqbmrt mnc vkbqnsaart sk

Ymbatsgna xmt dknsrkvartgmb. Gs xmt lkts nmsqrmb mnc bkhgdmb fkr laloart

kf sea nkrsearn srgoatlan sk mttaloba gn mb,Jmqf mnc yrkdaac sk

Srmntjkrcmn. Ekxavar" sea Tmqcg hkvarnlans xmnsac sk lkva seal sk

Twrgmn mrlw dansra ]msmnm" xats kf Cmlmtdqt. Fqmc Emlzm vgtgsacMllmn sk dead` xeasear Mlgr Mocqbbme emc mnw kojadsgknt. Sea Mlgr


21/29

xmt nks myymransbw ybamtac ms sea gcam sems sea Twrgmnt radagvgnh

ragnfkrdalans oqs ea rmgtac nk kojadsgknt. Sea Tmqcgt cgc nks xmns sktanc seata vkbqnsaart sk Ahwys" xeara sea rahqbmr srkkyt tqffarac eamvw

bkttat mt m ratqbs kf emvgnh oaan yqs gn mn qncqbw auyktac yktgsgkn ow sea

Ahwysgmn dkllmnc. buv Orgsgte kffgdgmbt gn Jaccme ykgnsac sk Gon Tmqcsems sea vkbqnsaart xara qtabatt gn m tgsqmsgkn kf lkcarn xmrfmra. Seaw

gntgtsac sems seaw xara qnsrmgnac mnc xgbb yrkomobw dmqta srkqobaxearavar seaw xans. Sea `gnh xmt nks dknvgndac.

Tmqcgt ratykncac sk Mrmo cafams gn Ymbatsgna" nkx rafarrac sk mt mb,nm`om"

ow atsmobgtegnh Bmjnms Ghemsems Fgbgtsgn" qncar sea cgradskrtegy kf Yrgnda

Fmwtmb. Mfsar m tyaade gn egt Ymbmda gn Smgf" sea dkllgssaa radagvac fgva

lgbbgkn _gwmbt xegde xmt srmntfarrac sk sea Mrmo Bamhqa" nkx dk,

krcgnmsgnh Mrmo rabgaf affkrst. Mddkrcgnh sk Tmqcg tkqrdat" segt tqlaudbqcac sea kffgdgmb mgc cgtymsdeac sk Ymbatsgngmn rafqhaat mnc sk jmwte

mb,gn}mse mb,mrmog mb,fgbgtsgng" Mrmo,Ymbatsgngmn _atdqa Mrlw.buvg Gon

Tmqc hmva gntsrqdsgkn sk alybkw Ymbatsgngmn rafqhaat gn sea nax kgb

gncqtsrw. Sekqtmnct kf myybgdmsgknt xara radagvac gn sea radrqgslans

mhandw gn Oagrqs0 knbw tavarmb eqncract xara radrqgsac ow M_MLDK" sealmgn Tmqcg alybkwar ms sea sgla.buvgg

Gon Tmqc mnc Mocqbbme qncar sea Temckx kf Ymbatsgna

Gon Tmqct dkndarn xgse sea Ymbatsgngmn yrkobal emc mbxmwt mttqlactadkncmrw glykrsmnda oadmqta egt yrglmrw dkndarn" xegde avansqmbbw

cavabkyac gnsk mn kotattgkn" xmt xgse sea hrkxgnh ykxar kf sea

Emtealgsa fmlgbw. Mddkrcgnh sk Orgsgte tkqrdat" ea emt navar radkndgbacegltabf sk sea mttqlysgkn kf gncayancans tsmsqt ow @gnh Mocqbbme@gnh

Mocqbbmet yartknmb mlogsgknt sk mdegava m Hramsar Twrgm xara m

yarlmnans tkqrda kf grrgsmsgkn gn _gwmce.buvggg @gnht Mocqbbmet

qnfbmssargnh ralmr`t kn Gon Tmqc" yqobgteac gn egt lalkgrt" xara m

yarlmnans tdmr ykgtkngnh rabmsgknt oasxaan sea sxk dklyasgnh ekqtat" m

dklyasgsgkn sems emc smrngteac Mrmo affkrst sk camb xgse Ymbatsgna. Ekyatsems sea vgtgs kf Yrgnda Fmwtmb sk Mllmn gn =736 lghes bamc sk seagngsgmsgkn kf cgybklmsgd rabmsgknt xara cgtmyykgnsac.

Xgse sea dknskqrt kf sea cafams kf Mrmo mrlgat gn Ymbatsgna bkklgnh oqs

nks was dknfgrlac" sxk mrdeanalgat yqs seagr egtskrgdmb anlgsgat mtgca" ms

bamts gn yqobgd. Emvgnh yaremyt bkts mnw ekya sk ravarta sea dkqrta kf

lgbgsmrw avanst gn Ymbatsgna mnc emvgnh oaan mttqrac sems @gnh Mocqbbmekf Srmntjkrcmnt mrlw gt yrakddqygac gn Ymbatsgna" mfsar ratgtsgnh Orgsgte

yrattqra fkr skk bknh" Gon Tmqc mddaysac sk radagva Egt Lmjatsw gn _gwmce

kn ?8,49 Jqna =735. Segt xmt yaremyt kna kf sea lkts glykrsmns avans gn


22/29

Tmqcg fkraghn rabmsgknt gn sems wamr. Sea laasgnh lmsargmbgtac yaremyt

knbw mfsar Gon Tmqc rambgtac sems Mocqbbme xmt skk kddqygac xgse

Ymbatsgna sk ykta mnw serams gn Egjmz. Tavarmb ewykseatat emc oaan yqs fkr

sea tqccan mnc qnauyadsac tekx kf Mocqbbme gn sea Tmqcg dmygsmb. Emvgnh

ramdeac kbc mha" Gon Tmqc lmw emva xmnsac sk dbkta sea demysar kfanlgsw xgse sea Emtealgsat sk yraymra sea hrkqnct fkr sea raghn kf egt

tkn Tmqc" xekl ea lmw nks emva dkntgcarac sk oa mn a}qmb lmsde skMocqbbmet gnsrghqat. Mbsarnmsgvabw Gon Tmqc lmw emva oaan lksgvmsac ow

m catgra sk dkntkbgcmsa egt rabmsgknt xgse Orgsmgn ms m sgla xean ea

mnsgdgymsac cgffgdqbsgat xgse sea Mlargdmnt" mn qnyracgdsmoba mnc bmrhabw

qnfmlgbgmr nax fkrda kn sea Mrmogmn tdana.bugu Gon Tmqc xmnsac Orgsmgnsk mrl egl gn tqde m xmw mt sk lmsde Mocqbbmet mrlw ms m sgla xean Gon

Tmqc xmt oahgnngnh sk rambgta sems egt hrmncgkta mnc mlogsgkn skhasear

xgse sea tadqrgsw kf egt rambl" xara nk bknhar tarvac ow egt srmcgsgknmbsrgomb xmrrgkrt.

@gnh Mocqbbme bmncac ms Cemermn mnc xmt las ow Drkxn Yrgnda Tmqc"

xek mddklymngac sea lknmrde sk _gwmce sea fkbbkxgnh cmw. Gon Tmqcxmt amhar sk calkntsrmsa sk Mocqbbme egt xambse mt ea yratansac egl kn

egt caymrsqra xgse =99"999 tkvaraghnt mt m yrkkf sems sea dkqnsrw cgc

mfsar mbb dknsmgn tklasegnh oatgcat tmnc.buu Mocqbbme xmnsac

mttqrmndat sems sea 4999 tk dmbbac grrahqbmrt xmgsgnh gn _gwmce sk jkgn sea

lqjmegcgn gn Ymbatsgna xkqbc nks oa mbbkxac sk ck tk. Sea vgtgs xmt

cqooac m tqddatt ow okse sea kffgdgmb yratt mnc m Egjmzg cgttgcans xekmclgssac sems sea vgtgs xkqbc anc mnw taymrmsgts sancandgat oasxaan sea

Egjmz mnc Najc mnc xkqbc mbbkx sea dkqnsrw sk cavabky kn m yrkyar omtgt

kf qngsw.buug

Sea laasgnh emc sea myyrkvmb kf sea Orgsmgn" xek emc oaan qrhgnh Gon

Tmqc sk radkndgba xgse @gnh Mocqbbme. Ekxavar" sea laasgnh xmt m

tqryrgta avan sk laloart kf sea Tmqcg rkwmb fmlgbw. Yrgnda Fmwtmb" bmsar

@gnh" xmt gn Bknckn ms sea sgla mnc gs xmt raykrsac sems ea emc nk

`nkxbacha kf mnw mrrmnhalans gn yraymrmsgkn fkr sea egtskrgdmbandkqnsar.buugg Mfsar fkqr cmwt" sea sxk lknmrdet gttqac m jkgnsdkllqng}q mffgrlgnh seagr tqyykrs fkr sea Mrmo Bamhqa mnc seagrcasarlgnmsgkn sk antqra sea gncayancanda kf mn Mrmo Ymbatsgna.buuggg

Tqde yqobgd cadbmrmsgknt xara sk oa fkbbkxac ow eqncrac kseart kvar sea

bmts embf dansqrw. Kna glykrsmns mtyads kf sea laasgnh ravkbvac mrkqnc

Gon Tmqc radkhngtgnh @gnh Mocqbbme mt mn gncayancans lknmrde mt ea

mddaysac sk audemnha cgybklmsgd rayratansmsgvat. Fkr m bknh sgla GonTmqc rahmrcac sea Orgsgte rayratansmsgva gn Jaccme mt ratykntgoba fkr sea

yrksadsgkn kf Jkrcmngmn gnsaratst. @gnh Mocqbbme mbxmwt gntgtsac sems seaGrm}g lgttgkn gn Tmqcg Mrmogm tekqbc oa ratykntgoba fkr segt smt`. Gon


23/29

Tmqc rafqtac fkr kovgkqt ramtknt. Gon Tmqc radkhngtac Mocqbbme mnc

radagvac egt cgybklmsgd rayratansmsgvat knbw mfsar sea bmssar xmt oagnh

taan ow Gon Tmqc mt emvgnh oaan dknfgnac sk m sarrgskrw sems xkqbc nks

hgva egl lkra bahgsglmdw mnc radkhngsgkn mlknh Mrmot. Tgu lknset mfsar

segt egtskrgd vgtgs kn sea 8 Jmnqmrw =737" sea anc kf ektsgbgsgat gn Ymbatsgnaxmt cadbmrac mnc gn sea tmla wamr Ahwys" Twrgm" Baomnkn mnc

Srmntjkrcmn tghnac mrlgtsgda sramsgat xgse Gtrmab. Mt m dkqnsrw xgse nk

dkllkn okrcart xgse Gtrmab" nk mrlgtsgda sramsw xmt tghnac xgse TmqcgMrmogm.

Sea nmrrmsgkn kf Tmqcg gnvkbvalans gn sea Ymbatsgna Xmr xmt xrgssan

frkl sea ykgns kf vgax kf m rahgla sems emc tsrgdsbw nmrrkx nmsgknmb

gnsaratst cafancac mhmgnts nks knbw sekta kf gst nagheokqrt oqs mbtk

mhmgnts sea gnsaratst kf sea Ymbatsgngmnt. Xgse sea lkqnsgnh Mrmonmsgknmbgts tansglanst aualybgfgac ow sea rgta kf Nmttar" sea Tmqcg rahglaxmt gnavgsmobw dkqnsac mlknh sekta rahglat sems tkbc Ymbatsgna sk sea

Jaxt" fkqhes Mrmo qngsw mnc eqlgbgmsac sea Mrmo nmsgkn. Xegba ksear

Mrmo lknmrdet mnc yratgcanst bkts seagr bgvat kr kqtsac fkbbkxgnh mb,

nmòm" Gon Tmqc tqrvgvac sea Ymbatsgngmn cafams mnc cgac m nmsqrmb camse.Sea fbgrsmsgkn kf egt tqddattkr" @gnh Tmqc" xgse Nmttgr gn sea =769t

tekqbc oa qncartskkc mt m ow,yrkcqds kf sea amrbw Mrmo lknmrdegdmbcafams gn Ymbatsgna" oqs segt gt mnksear demysar gn mnksear okk`.

Kvar Ymbatsgna sea Tmqcg `gnh calkntsrmsac m ralmr`moba tarvgba mssgsqcask sea Orgsgte mhmgnts sea reaskrgd kf sea Jgemc sems xmt lamns sk cafanc

sea ekbw bmnc mnc sea Ymbatsgngmnt. Sea fmds sems tqde ewykdrgtw xmt nks

avgcans sk egt tqojadst rafbadst sea cavabkylans kf Tmqcg tkdgasw ms sea

sgla. Sea @gnh fra}qansbw vkgdac egt yarybaugsw kn sea mckysac Orgsgteykbgsgdmb bgna mnc avan auybgdgsbw xmrnac kf targkqt dknta}qandat mnc

yrkobalt sems Orgsgte ykbgdgat" gn egt vgax" xkqbc dmqta. Gon Tmqc xkqbc

avansqmbbw omd` sea Orgsgte hkvarnlans" xegba fgncgnh m xmw sk yratansegt cadgtgknt sk sea Mrmo mqcganda gn m xmw sems xkqbc nks cmlmha egt

tk,dmbbac yratsgha.

Tmvgnh fmda mnc yartknmb gnsarats" àaygnh egltabf fgrlbw gn ykxar" mnc

dknsrmtsgnh sea rgta kf sea Emtealgsat gn rahgknmb ykbgdw: segt myyamrt skoa sea ekrgzkn kf Gon Tmqct ykbgsgdmb vgtgkn. Sk mdegava segt" Gon Tmqc

emc sk àay mt dbkta mt ykttgoba sk sea lghesw rahgknmb ykxar" Orgsmgn" m

yktgsgkn sems sea Mb,Tmqc emc lmgnsmgnac qnsgb sea yratans cmw. Mbbgmnda

xgse Orgsmgn xmt glykrsmns fkr ombmndgnh xgse sea Emtealgsat mnc kvar

rahgknmb ykxart. Segt xmt naacac sk àay Tmqcg Mrmogm fgrlbw qncar egt

rqba. Ea tmx Mrmo qngsw mt mnksear nmla fkr rahgknmb ykxar tsrqhhba gn

sea temckx kf Orgsmgn. Ea emc m varw yrmhlmsgd vgax kf Gtbmlgd


24/29

tkbgcmrgsw. Gs gt cgffgdqbs sk `nkx xems Gtbml lamns fkr egl" mymrs frkl

bahgsglmsgkn fkrlqbm fkr dkntkbgcmsgnh egt yratsgha gnsarnmbbw mncausarnmbbw.

Ms sea sgla Tmqcg tkdgasw emc nk gncghankqt Mrmo nmsgknmbgtst sk dmqtasrkqoba fkr Gon Tmqc. Segt tkdgasw ktdgbbmsac mnc tsgbb ktdgbbmsat oasxaan

nmrrkx yrglkrcgmb gcansgsgat ravkbvgnh mrkqnc `gn" srgoa" tads mnc rahgkn

mnc mn mloghqkqt qlmlg hbkomb Gtbmlgd gcansgsw andkqrmhac ow rabghgkqt

tarlknt cabgvarac ow Gon Tmqct qbmlm xek emc varw bglgsac mnc

ymrkdegmb acqdmsgkn. Okse rabghgkqt cgtdkqrta mnc kffgdgmb reaskrgd mnc

bmsar tsmsgtsgdt ckdqlansgnh Tmqcg tyancgnh kn Lqtbgl dmqtat dramsac sea

gbbqtgkn kf cafancgnh Ymbatsgngmnt. Tmqcgt tqotdrgoac sk sea sxk kyyktac

gcansgsgat xgsekqs oagnh moba sk yrkcqda Mrmo nmsgknmb tansglanst"

egtskrgdmbbw m yrkcqds kf cgrads dkbkngmb rqba mnc lmncmsat. Mt TmqcgMrmogm xmt jqtsgfgac qncar sea yrasaus kf yqrgfwgnh sea eamrsbmnc kf Gtbml

frkl obmtyealw" seara xmt nk rkkl fkr mn kvarmrdegnh Mrmo gcansgsw.

Xgse sea fgnmbgtgnh kf okrcart gn sea rahgkn" Orgsmgn dbktac sea hmsat kf

Jgemc fkr Tmqcgt" xek emc sk dknsanc xgse smxegc ravkbqsgkn gn kna

rahgkn gn sea Mrmo xkrbc. Gn bmsar wamrt Tmqcgt yrkvac sk oa lkra amtgbwlkogbgtac sk cafanc Lqtbglt mhmgnts dkllqngtl semn ow cafancgnh

Mrmo nmsgknmb gnsaratst" m tgsqmsgkn tsgbb srqa skcmw. Cqrgnh sea Ymbatsgna

drgtgt" Orgsgte kffgdgmbt navar ckqosac sems Gon Tmqc xmt seagr lmn. Gf

avar seaw emc ckqost kn egl" gs xmt kn egt mdqlan mt m ykbgsgdgmn" nks kn

egt frganctegy. Seaw skk` egt dkllanst mnc tansglanst targkqtbw" nks skfkbbkx seal" oqs sk lm`a qy seagr kxn lgnc kn sea rahgknmb mnc ykbgsgdmbdbglmsa. Orgsgte ykbgsgdmb tsrmsahw kf cgvgca mnc rqba xegba ybmwgnh sea

rkba kf sea naqsrmb mrogsar" dkqbc nks emva fkqnc m oassar

ymrsnar+mddklybgda semn Gon Tmqc" egltabf ybmwgnh tavarmb rkbat rmnhgnh

frkl sea ygkqt Glml" sea srgomb ymsrgmrde" mnc sea xgta mnc dmqsgkqt

Lqtbgl bamcar. Egt rkba gn Orgsgte catghnt xmt lkts attansgmb" cqa sk egtamrbw kddqymsgkn" xgse Orgsgte myyrkvmb" kf sea Sxk Ekbw Lkt}qat.


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g Taa Lm`smoms mb,Cmrm mb,Lgmxgwwm" Gtcmrms Cmrms mb,Lmbg` Mocqbmzgz" nc.

gg Tmqcg ckdqlanst mnc Gon Tmqct bassart kn sea Ymbatsgngmn drgtgt xara

yqobgteac ow Fmec mb,Tmlmrg" xek bac m ratamrde saml sk yqobgte mbb Tmqcg

ckdqlanst kn Ymbatsgna. Taa Fmec mb,Tmlmrg xmsemg} mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm

mb,tmqcgwwm mb,smrgègwwm: mb,}mcgwwm mb,fgbgtsgngwwm =7?7,=714" _gwmce: cmrms

mb,Lmbg` Mocqbmzgz =3??E.

ggg Mncrax _wmn 49 Jqbw =74?" DK84?+68+8" _abmsgknt oasxaan Gon Tmqc mnc

ELH.

gv Gogc: Tgr Mncrax _wmn 49 Jqbw =74?" DK84?+68+8" _abmsgknt oasxaan Gon

Tmqc mnc ELH

v Mocqbbme mb,Qsemwlgn smrgè mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm" segrc wamr

tadkncmrw acqdmsgkn saus okk`" _gwmce: Xgzmrms mb,lmmrgf" =774" yy. =43,=41

vg Mb,Tmfmfg Melmc mb,Lqrtg Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg` Mocqbmzgz Cmrms mb,Lmbg`

Mocqbmzgz" _gwmce" =751.

vgg Gogc: =68. Bassar frkl Gon Tmqc sk Mlgn mb,Eqtagng =7 Faorqmrw =74?.

vggg Kn sea =741,48 sqroqbanda gn Ymbatsgna" taa Omteaar Nmfg Temwè Gzz mb,

Cgn mb,]mttml: M _afkrlgts mnc m _aoab Bamcar" Jkqrnmb kf Gtbmlgd Tsqcgat

5:? %=778' yy =51,?=1.

gu Sabahrml sk Tgr Mncrax _wmn %Jaccm' FK sk Tmqcg Mrmogm = Lmw =746Mgr

?+=515.

u Tgr Mncrax _wmn 49 Jqbw =74?" DK84?+68+8" _abmsgknt oasxaan Gon Tmqc

mnc ELH.

ug Tgr Mncrax _wmn 49 Myrgb =746 Mgr ?+=515.

ugg Tgr Mncrax _wmn 49 Myrgb =748 Mgr ?+=515.

uggg Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg`: ?65. Bassar frkl Gon Tmqc sk Orgsgte Hkvarnlans =

Jmnqmrw =748.

ugv Gogc: ?8=. Bassar frkl Gon Tmqc sk Orgsgte Hkvarnlans = Jmnqmrw =748.

uv Gogc: ?59. Bassar frkl Gon Tmqc sk Orgsgte Hkvarnlans ?9 Jmnqmrw =745.

uvg Gogc: ?5=. Bassar frkl Gon Tmqc sk Orgsgte Hkvarnlans ?9 Jmnqmrw =745.

uvgg Lr Acan sk Lr Dmbvars %Jaccm' Amtsarn %Mrmogm' 8 Jqbw =746 Mgr =+=515.


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uvggg Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg` = Jmnqmrw =748" yy. ?89,?8=.

ugu Lgn mb,èqsmo mb,lmbg` Taysaloar =746" yy. ?81.

uu FK ?7 Jqbw =746" Dmbvars At}" Jaccm Mgr ?+=515.

uug Sabahrml frkl Ykbgsgdmb _atgcans %Omermgn' sk Fkraghn Kffgda =3 Jqbw =748.

Mgr ?+=515.

uugg Sabahrml frkl Tgr Oqbbmrc %Jaccm' sk Fkraghn Kffgda ?3 Lmrde =748" Mgr

?+ =515.

uuggg Mrmo Lkvalans" srmntlgs catymsde sk Jaccm nk 3?= rahmrcgnh Tmqcg

mssgsqca sk FK" 3 Nkvaloar =748" H.X. _ancab FK =3=+686" =478 Mrmo

Lkvalans.

uugv _ktalmrw Tmgc Zmebmn Fgbgtsgn xm mb,èmbgj mb,Lqtsm}omb mb,Mrmog

vkbqla 5" ?99?" yy. 46,1?. Kn ekx @qxmgs mnc Omermgn ratykncac sk sea

Ymbatsgna drgtgt" taa _ktalmrw Tmgc Zmebmn Sea Hqbf Tsmsat mnc sea YmbatsgnaYrkobal =746,35 gn Mrmo Tsqcgat ]qmrsarbw vkbqla 4" nqloar =" xgnsar =75="

yy. =,?=.

uuv Lgnqsat ow Hakrha _ancab" dknvartmsgkn xgse Tmqcg Lgngtsar rahmrcgnh

Ymbatsgna tqyykrs" FK =3=+686" =748

uuvg Mrmo Lkvalans" Hakrha _ancab" bassar sk Dkbkngmb Kffgda rahmrcgnh

mbbahac mdsgvgsw kn sea Srmntjkrcmn,Tmqcg frknsgar cgradsac mhmgnts Ymbatsgna FK

5 Nkvaloar =748" FK =3=+686" =748" Mrmo Lkvalans.

uuvgg Mocqbbme mb,Qsemwlgn Smrgè mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm"

vkbqla GG" _gwmce: Lm`smoms mb,Qomw`mn" =771" yy. ?68,?8?.

uuvggg Kn sea cadbgna kf sea nqloar kf ygbhrglt sk Laddm cqrgnh sea adknklgd

radattgkn" taa Fqmc Emlzm mb,ogbmc mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm" _gwmce: Lm`smomsmb,Nmtr mb,Emcgsem" =765" tadknc acgsgkn" yy. ?=7

uugu Mrmo Lkvalans bassar sk Dkbkngmb Kffgda rahmrcgnh mbbahac mdsgvgsw" FK 5

Nkvaloar =748" FK =3=+686.

uuu Mrmo Lkvalans Srmntlgs Catymsde sk Jaccm nk.3?= rahmrcgnh Tmqcg

Mssgsqca sk FK" 3 Nkvaloar =748" FK =3=+686" =748.

uuug EL Lgngtsart Gnsarvgax xgse `gnh Mocqbmzgz" Orgsgte Bahmsgkn" Jaccm" =5

Cadaloar =748" FK =3=+686" =748.


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uuugg Frkl Oqbbmrc" Gon Tmqct mrlac fkrdat" Orgsgte Bahmsgkn" Jaccm ?7

Nkvaloar =747" nk. =65" FK 48=+?3157" Ykbgsgdmb Amtsarn Tmqcg Mrmogm.

uuuggg FK 48=+1?5?6 Tmqcg Mrmogm =736" Orgsgte Bahmsgkn" Jaccm 5 Jqna =736.

uuugv FK 48=+6?=9= Tmqcg Mrmogm =738" fgba 345?" _akrhmngtmsgkn kf Tmqcg

Mrmogmn Mrlw" =5 Kdskoar =738.

uuuv _abmsgknt oasxaan Gon Tmqc mnc Mlgr Mocqbbme" Frkl Kffgda kf Orgsgte

_atgcans" Mllmn ?1 Myrgb =73?" FK 48=+ 4=317" =73?.

uuuvg FK 48=+65887 Mnnqmb _aykrs" Orgsgte Alomttw" Jaccm" Lr Srkss sk

Oavgn" =? Faorqmrw =735.

uuuvgg FK 48=+31?48 Amtsarn =731" Hanarmb" fgba nqloar 4

uuuvggg FK 48=+31?48 Amtsarn =731" Mrmo Qngsw" yy. =,?

uuugu FK 48=+31?48 Amtsarn =731" Mrmo Qngsw" yy 1

ub FK+48=+31?48 Amtsarn =731" Mrmo Qngsw" yy. 6

ubg Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg` yy. 499

ubgg Lqèsmrms lgn mb,èqsmo mb,lmbm`gwwm" vkbqla G" _gwmce: Lm`smoms mb,

Cmrm mb,Lgmxgwwm" =777" yy. =34

ubggg Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg` yy. 49?,49=

ubgv Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg`" yy. 498

ubv Lgn èqsmo mb,lmbg`" yy. 498,495

ubvg FK 48=+6=159 Amtsar =738" Hanarmb FK crmfs sabahrml" ? Cadaloar =738.

ubvgg FK 48=+6=159 Amtsar =738" Hanarmb Mrmo mdsgvgsgat gn dknnadsgkn xgse

Ymbatsgna frkl Jaccm sk FK" Lr M.D. Srkss. =9 Cadaloar =738.

ubvggg FK 48=+6=159 Amtsarn =738 FK crmfs sabahrml ? Cadaloar =738.

ubgu Mocqbfmsme Moq Mbgwwm mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm xm }mcgwms

fgbgtsgn" _gwmce: mb,Cmrm =777" yy. 4=4,4=3.

b Mocqbfmsme Moq Mbgwwm mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm xm }mcgwms

fgbgtsgn" _gwmce: mb,Cmrm =777" yy 4=8.


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bg FK 448=+6?=11 Amtsar" =738 Frkl Jaccm sk FK Lr M.D. Srkss 7 Cadaloar

=738.

bgg FK 48=+6?==? Amtsarn =738 Tmqcg Mrmogm" Lr M.D. Srkss sk Lr Oavgn =?

Cadaloar =738.

bggg Mocqbbme Gon Lgsmo Gon _mtegc xmt sea abavanse mlgr kf Emgb. Ea

tqrrancarac sk Gon Tmqc gn =7?=. Ea lkvac sk _gwmce xegba egt dkqtgn

Lqemllmc Gon Smbmb Gon _mtegc dknsgnqac ratgtsmnda qnsgb Nkvaloar =7?=.

Fkr fqrsear casmgbt" taa Lmcmxg Mb,_mteaac Ykbgsgdt gn mn Mrmogm Kmtgt: sea

_mtegcgt kf Tmqcg Mrmogm Bknckn: G.O. Smqrgt" =77=" yy. 63

bgv Okse Smbmb gon _mtegc" sea dkqtgn kf sea sxk _mtegcg orkseart xek atdmyac

sk Grm} mnc sea cmqhesar kf kna kf seal dknfgrl segt tskrw.

bv FK 48=+65887 Mnnqmb _aykrs =738 M.D. Srkss Orgsgte Alomttw Jaccm sk

Oavgn =? Faorqmrw =735. Segt gt m rafaranda sk Mocqbbmet lalkgrt. Taa

Mocqbbme gon mb,Eqttagn Lqsem`mrmsg Mllmn: mb,Mebgwwm =757 acgsgkn.

bvg @emwrgwwm ]mtgl jmxmngo lgn tgwmtms mb,lmbg` Mocqbmzgz sgjme mb,}mcmwm

mb,Mrmogwwm _gwmce: mb,Cmrm=3=7" yy. 59.

bvgg Mocqbfmsme Moq Mbgwwm mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm xm }mcgwms

fgbgtsgn" _gwmce: mb,Cmrm =777" yy 4?=

bvggg FK 48=+65887 Mnnqmb _aykrs Srkss" Orgsgte Alomttw Jaccm sk Oavgn=?

Faorqmrw =735

bgu FK 48=+65855 Amtsarn =735 Tmqcg Mrmogm fgba nqloar 7653 Orgsgte

Alomttw Jaccm ymrsgdgymsgkn kf Tmqcg Srkkyt gn sea Fghesgnh gn Ymbatsgna. ==

Jqbw =735.

bu Tmbge Jmlmb mb,Emrgrg mb,jmwte mb,tmqcg fg fgbgtsgn %=719'" rayrgnsac ow Cmrms

mb,Lmbg` Mocqbmzgz" _gwmce ?99=. Yy. 17.

bug FK 48=+65855 Amtsarn =735 Tmqcg Mrmogm fgba nqloar 7653 frkl Srkss"

Jaccm" ?= Mqhqts =735.

bugg Mocqbrmegl Jmlqt mbbgjmn mb,temogwwm bg lqtmcms lqjmegcg fgbgtsgn fg mb,

lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm Cmrms mb,Lmbg` Mocqbmzgz _gwmce" =3??E.

Yy. =5,=7

buggg Mocqbfmsme Moq Mbgwwm mb,lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm xm }mcgwms

fgbgtsgn _gwmce: mb,Cmrm =777" yy 4?4

bugv FK 48=+81191" =737 Amtsar" Tmqcg Mrmogm" Mnnqmb _avgax fkr =735" yy. 3.


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buv FK 48=+65855 Amtsarn =735 Tmqcg Mrmogm fgba nqloar 7653 Orgsgte

Alomttw Jaccm ymrsgdgymsgkn kf Tmqcg Srkkyt gn sea Fghesgnh gn Ymbatsgna. ==

Jqbw =735.

buv FK 48=+65855 Amtsarn =735 Tmqcg Mrmogm fgba nqloar 418 frkl Srkss"

Jaccm 4= Kdskoar =735.

buvg Mocqbrmegl Jmlkqt mb,bgjmn mb,temogwwm bglqtmmcms lqjmegcg fgbgtsgn fg mb,

lmlbm`m mb,mrmogwwm mb,tmqcgwwm _gwmce: mb,Cmrm =3??" yy. =7,?9.

buvgg Lmcmxg Mb,_mteaac m Egtskrw kf Tmqcg Mrmogm" Dmlorgcha: Dmlorgcha

Qngvartgsw Yratt" ?99?" yy.

buvggg A ?591+?591+?1 Tmqcg Mrmogm Mnnqmb _aykrs =38" y. 39,3=

bugu M lmjkr dkndarn xmt sea }qatsgkn kf sea mgr omta ms Cemermn" lmgnsmgnac

ow sea Qngsac Tsmsat Mgr Fkrda qncar mn mhraalans xegde xmt cqa sk auygra gn

=737. Mbsekqhe Gon Tmqc cgc nks xmns sea Mlargdmnt sk xgsecrmx" ea xmnsac

sk kosmgn sea oats ykttgoba sarlt gn rasqrn fkr hrmnsgnh sea Mlargdmnt sea rghes

sk ralmgn gn kddqymsgkn. Taa FK 48=+81191 Tmqcg Mrmogm Mnnqmb _avgax

=735" y. 6

buu A ?591+?591+?1 Tmqcg Mrmogm Mnnqmb _aykrs =38" y. 65,67

buug A ?591+?591+?1 Tmqcg Mrmogm Mnnqmb _aykrs =38" y.67

buugg FK 48=+81191 Tmqcg Mrmogm: Mnnqmb _avgax =735" y.1

buuggg Gogc.

Saudi Arabia and the 1948 Palestine War: Beyond Official History

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Transcript of Saudi Arabia and the 1948 Palestine War: Beyond Official History