Satoko Suzuki - Expressivity of Vagueness - Alienation in the Verb-tari Suru Construction

Expressivity of Vagueness: Alienation in the Verb-tari suru ConstructionAuthor(s): Satoko SuzukiSource: Japanese Language and Literature, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Apr., 2008), pp. 157-169Published by: American Association of Teachers of JapaneseStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30198058 .

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Expressivity of Vagueness: Alienation in the Verb-tari suru Construction

Satoko Suzuki

1. Introduction

Various expressions of youth language are often frowned upon by older generations of speakers, but linguists find some expressions to have special functions and thus to be enriching features of language (see, for example, Underhill 1988 and Andersen 2000 on the ubiquitous particle like in English, Suzuki 1995 and Fujii 2006 on the utterance-final mitai-na 'is like' construction in Japanese, and Horie and Occhi 2001 on the English- Japanese compound getto-suru 'get-do'). This paper examines the verb- tari suru 'do things like ...' construction in Japanese.' I will focus on a newer usage of the construction which I found in various blogs. Some examples are given below.

(1) jc*lc ')-c -: 0 t,

(2)

(3)

(1)

Jitsu wa yonezawa ni kitetari shitemasu. Lit. 'To tell the truth, I am doing things like visiting Yonezawa.' (Yonezawa ni kitetari shite, 9 February 2005)

Furansupan o yaitari shite mita. Lit. 'I tried doing things like baking French bread.' (Tsugumi no nikkich , 9 February 2005)

Dorikomu no shachoo hisho dattari shimasu. Lit. 'I am doing things like being the secretary of Dorikomu's president.' (Nendo matsu zangyB chi, 12 April 12 2007)

These bloggers could express what they mean more succinctly without the construction verb-tari suru, as shown below.

Jitsu wa Yonezawa ni kitemasu. 'To tell the truth, I am visiting Yonezawa.'

Japanese Language and Literature 42 (2008) 157-169 © 2008 Satoko Suzuki



Japanese Language and Literature

(2') 7j~ ~ ~L~ 7tJ:/--,-,i:

(2')

Furansupan o yaite mita. 'I tried baking French bread.'

Dorikomu no shachoo hisho desu. 'I am the secretary of Dorikomu's president.'

Judging from the content of the rest of the blog, the writer of (1) is only writing about visiting Yonezawa. What the writer of (2) tried to do is bake French bread and nothing else. The writer of (3) does not seem to have any jobs other than being the secretary of a company. So, why do these bloggers use the cumbersome verb-tari suru 'doing things like . .', which implies that they are doing other things?

I will argue in this paper that this newer usage of verb-tari suru is related to other usages of the construction and that the sense of lack of specification (i.e., vagueness) is responsible for various connotations associated with the expression. The idea of the speaker as a divided self and the notion of alienation will be discussed in relation to the expressivity of vagueness.

This paper is organized in the following manner. In §2 I will briefly mention the history of -tari, discuss the conventional usage of the verb- tari suru construction and its primary function, and report various descriptions given of the newer usage of the construction. §3 examines other usages of the construction that are associated with emotive effects. §4 discusses how the notions of a speaker as a divided self and alienation relate to the construction. In §5 I will discuss politeness and how the construction may have become a ritualized politeness marker.

2. Conventional and Unconventional Usages of the Verb-tari suru Construction

Shinzato (2005) discusses the developmental paths of tari. She notes that in Old Japanese -tari functioned as a perfective marker, signaling the completion of an event, as seen in (4).

(4) v~Ctf 6L f D/':. -" Ware wa mo ya Yasumiko etari... 'Oh, I have won Yasumi! (she is mine).' (Man'y shit, 8th c.)

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In Middle Japanese -tari came to be used side by side paratactically, de- scribing the acts, or situations of similar nature, as in (5).

(5) Ky 0 ^A t 0 ..t

(6)

Omoki mono o ohitari idahitari shite ... 'Carrying heavy things on the back and holding them in the front ... (Heike monogatari, 13th c.)

(5) shows that the verb shite (suru) is used with the -tari phrases. Shin- zato observes that this sequential use of -tari phrases soon came to be interpreted as listing representative items. In other words, the verbi-tari verb2-tari suru construction indicates that actions or states expressed by the two verbs are inexhaustive. This usage is still present in modern Japanese and is the most conventional usage of -tari. The following is an example in the current language.

Puroguramu no soosukoodo o mitari kakikaetari suru koto gajiyuu ni dekiru node... 'Since you are free to do things like looking at the source code of the program and rewriting it ... (GNU purojekuto no gaiya, 22 September 2006)

By using the construction, the writer of (6) suggests that looking at the source codes and changing them are only representative examples of what one is free to do and that there may be other actions that are al- lowed.

Even when only one verb is used, it could indicate inexhaustive representation, as in (7).

(7) -7"-qi-li>75 ... Kii ga nuketetari suru chuukohin na no desu ga... 'It is an old computer which has defects such as missing keys...' (Kongetsu no essei, 22 September 2006)

(7) implies that the computer in question has defects other than missing keys.

However, as shown in the introduction, there is no suggestion of inexhaustive representation in the unconventional usages such as (1)-(3). In- stead, verb-tari suru evokes the following connotations and functions, according to the young Japanese native speakers I interviewed.2

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(8) 5d igai-sei 'unexpectedness'

s te a, orit ( ~CQ a f si.5 ) ochame-sa, kawai-sa (omo ni onna no ko ga tsukau) 'mischievousness, cuteness (It is used mostly by girls.)'

(.I C s h a t kaiwa ni hazumi o tsukeru 'It gives a lively, bouncy feeling to conversation.'

r ,- j 5U J j C ,h/ ? "jaan" to yuu kanji ga suru 'It gives a feeling of "Ta Daa!"'

Srf 5 b - " - s u / c ns- i erasoo na kaiwa o toon-daun suru 'It tones down snobby conversation.' 32 karu-sa 'lightness, fluffiness'

i1ML tere 'embarrassment, bashfulness, self-consciousness'

One of the speakers elaborated on the toning down effect, referring to example (2). He said that the reference to French bread sounds elitist and snobbish, so in order to not sound boastful, one can tone it down by using -tari suru. Another speaker said that (1'), which is a revised version of (1), without -tari suru, sounds cold-hearted ( t A , U h T tsume- tai kanji ga suru).

Although such impressionistic comments of native speakers cannot al- ways be trusted, overall they convey the idea that the construction has a special function of evoking certain emotive effects. The last comment in (8), which says that the verb-tari suru construction conveys tere 'embarrassment, bashfulness, self-consciousness' is corroborated by a co- occurring kaomoji 'face character', a pictograph-like emoticon in the example below.

(9) " ' J / '-T' K T . - • .- . . ) b4<(O_>) De zakkayasan de mita kinoko ga kawaikute... tsukutte mitari shite

'And the mushroom ornament I saw at a variety store was cute, so ... I tried making it (O_-_1) (Kinoko kinoko, 11 April 2007)

According to Kaomojijiten 'Face Character Dictionary' (a website that lists various versions of emoticons, i.e., face symbols), a kaomoji very similar to the one that co-occurs with -tari suru in (9), ( -i- ), indicates tere 'embarrassment, bashfulness, self-consciousness'.

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3. Emotivity of Verb-tari suru The newer, unconventional usage of the construction verb-tari suru appears to be related to two other usages that evoke a certain emotivity. In the first usage, the speaker/writer is contemptuous towards the event or activity represented by the verb phrase, as shown in the following examples.

Naze kamera o mochikondari shita no ka wakaranai. 'I do not know why on earth he carried a camera in (lit. I don't know why he did things like carry a camera in) [to the high-pressure tank where an electronic spark caused a fatal fire].' (Martin 1975:567)

Nan da yo. Kondo wa shigemi ni tsurekondari shite. 'What? This time you are (doing things like) taking us into a bush.' (Fujiko 1975:59)

Taika koozoo dakara, ie ga yakiharawarete-mo biku to mo shinai. 'Because this is fireproofed, it would not budge even if the house is burned down.'

B: ~t 4 3~L ) Lkt Z: ~ Abh %~"g Yakiharawaretari shite tamaru mon desu ka. 'I would not tolerate (things like) being burned down!'

(Fujiko 1988:85)

Similar to (1), (2), (3), and (9), the above examples do not have the meaning of inexhaustive representation. What the speaker of (10) is cal- ling into question is the very fact that somebody brought a camera into a high-pressure tank. The speaker of (11) is wondering about and slightly bothered by the addressee's act of bringing him and his friends into a bush and nothing else. Speaker B in (12) is reacting to and referring only to the possibility of her house being burned down, which was brought up in the immediately preceding discourse by the addressee. In other words, even though the construction verb-tari suru, which has the meaning of 'doing things like,' is not semantically needed, it is used in these examples. As a result, these sentences suggest that the speaker thinks what is expressed in the verb phrase preceding -tari suru is improper, inappropri- ate, ridiculous, or absurd.

(10)

(11)

(12)

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Another usage that appears to be related to the new unconventional usage is illustrated in the following examples.

(13) [ v ' f!Lt^^M f^\ Angai jibun de isshookenmei nagashitetari shite. 'Unexpectedly, I might be desperately spreading [the juicy rumor about me] myself [just kidding].' (Moriyama 1997:56)

(14) H $~o '®c®-!)tL . " L !

Jibun wa ima no mama no haruna-san ga honto ni suki desu!! Otagai onaji kangae no mono dooshi, tamaa ni moosoo (shoo) shitari shite... 'I really like you (Haruna) just the way you are now!! We have similar ideas, we might fantasize (ha ha ha) about each other once in a while... (Yoshimoto geinin, 19 April 2007)

This usage may seem almost identical to the usage discussed at the be- ginning of this paper. The difference is that in (13) and (14) what precedes -tari suru is presented as irrealis, while in (1), (2), (3), and (9) the verb phrases represents reality.3 In the above sentences the use of -tari suru seems to give a flavor of banter. Moriyama (1997) calls this usage joodan yoohoo 'joking usage'. He argues that a sense of joking is evoked because of the meaning of inexhaustive representation inherent in the verb-tari suru construction. Specifically, he says (Moriyama 1997:61):

In treating a situation as partial exemplification, the construction gives room for the meaning of "joking," that is, the meaning which says that this is only an example, that I am not thinking only of this in a serious (?) way.

I agree with Moriyama's view that a sense of banter and joking is evoked by the construction's function of inexhaustive representation ("partial exemplification" to use Moriyama's term), but I do not concur with his specific argument in the passage quoted above. It does not account for how examples such as (13) and (14) ("the joking usage") are related to examples (10), (11), and (12) ("the contempt usage') or to examples (1), (2), (3), and (9) ("the lightness usage").

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4. Alienation

As discussed earlier, in its conventional usage the verb-tari suru construction indicates that the action or state expressed by the verb phrase is inexhaustive. It is thus a vague expression. In the expression X-tari suru, the speaker is only vaguely and imprecisely referring to X. Such lack of specification is called for when the context requires that the statement be vague or when exact reference is not necessary. For example, the writer of (7) only wanted to illustrate that the typewriter s/he is referring to is old and has some defects. What specific defects it has is not important for his/her purposes, so s/he mentioned just that it has missing keys as an example of a defect and left it at that.

Such vagueness is not called for in the contexts in which examples (1), (2), (3), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), and (14) are used. For example, the writer of (3) is the secretary of the president of a company and does not seem to have any other jobs. Why did the speaker/writer of these examples choose to use an expression that indicates vagueness? I argue that the expression associated with a lack of an exact reference is used because the lack of an exact reference can be interpreted as a lack of the speaker/writer's endorsement or commitment. When the speaker/writer uses X-tari suru, s/he signals his/her unwillingness to fully commit to X.

Such reluctance to commit to X can be interpreted as contempt towards X. The speaker/writer might not want to endorse X because s/he has a pejorative attitude towards X. This explanation can account for the use of verb-tari suru in (10), (11), and (12). In fact, the verb-tari suru construction is not the only linguistic expression that indicates both vagueness and contempt. There are several expressions that may have similar functions. For example, X nante 'something like X' and X nanka 'something like X' indicate that the reference is made not exactly to X, but only ap- proximately to X. The expression X dano Y dano 'things like X and Y' implies that X and Y are only representatives of what the speaker is referring to. In the following examples, the speakers are using these expressions to signal their contempt towards X (and Y).

Kosodate o orosoka ni shite iru nante kakarete mo ki ni shimasen. Hahaoya de aru koto o hooki suru nante arienai n desu mono.

(15)

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'Even if they (journalists) write that I am neglecting parenting, I don't care. Because it's not possible for me to abandon being a mother, you know.' (interview with the actress Shinobu Oitake; More, January 1993:147)

(16) ab it L y h vagel an i rly ref erri tto Xl. l.

(17)

Atashi no yatte-ru koto nanka tsumaranai shigoto yo. 'What I am doing is an uninteresting job.' (Kanai 1995:120)

De sorede atsumareba dare ga ii dano, dare ga nan da horeta toka hareta dano, dare to dare ga tsukiatta dano, itsu konpa yaru be dano, ... sonna hanashi wa ii jan toka omotta. 'And when they get together [they say] things like, who is attractive, who fell in love, who went out with whom, when to have a party,... I've had enough of that sort of talk, I thought.' (from conversational data)

These expressions all indicate lack of specification, which can be interpreted as a lack of the speaker's commitment, which can then be interpreted as his/her contempt.4

Lack of commitment is also an important factor in the joking usage of the verb-tari suru construction. In joking, the speaker is detached from the ostensible content of the statement. Haiman (1998:95) says that the "metamessage which accompanies all banter is something like 'I don't really stand by this; confronted by opposition, I will cut and run.'" The non-serious, jocular attitude detected in (13) and (14) is evoked because of the sense of a lack of commitment in -tari suru. In addition, jocularity and contempt are intuitively associated with each other. Laughing at something is often equated with being pejorative towards it.

What about the newer usage exemplified in (1), (2), (3), and (9)? Could we also apply the same explanation to the various nuances associated with the newer use (lightened up ambience, unexpectedness, the feeling of "Ta Daa!", mischievousness, toning down snobby content, embarrassment and self-consciousness)? I think we could. Haiman 1998 is a study on sarcasm and other manifestly insincere genres of speech, from which the following quote is taken (Haiman 1998:10).

What is common to sententiousness, affectation, sarcasm, ritual language, and politeness, . . . is the idea of the speaker as a divided self: more specifically

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the speaker's self-conscious alienation from the actual referential content of his or her message. . . . What is common to all of these genres . . . is a marked degree of speaker's detachment from (which is the same thing as "awareness of") the social role which he or she is performing, as well as from the message which he or she is ostensibly delivering.

This idea of the speaker as a divided self precisely fits the newer usage of the verb-tari suru construction illustrated in (1), (2), (3), and (9). In X- tari suru, the speaker is detached from X. X is presented as something that is not usually expected of the speaker, as s/he is alienated from it. The feeling of "Ta Daa" (which evokes the imagery of theater, in which the notion of performance is central) and sense of mischievousness are present because of this detachment. The speaker could lighten up or tone down serious or snobbish content because s/he is distanced from it. As the speaker is alienated from the social role s/he is performing, the expression also could signal his/her embarrassment.

This sense of alienation obviously comes from the conventional meaning of the verb-tari suru construction. As it represents inexhaustive representation (i.e., lack of specification), it implies the speaker's lack of commitment. When one is not committed to X, one is alienated/detached from X.

In this way, lack of specification and thus lack of commitment can account for all the non-conventional usages of the verb-tari suru construction: contempt, jocularity, and lightness. The idea of the speaker as a divided self mentioned in relation to the newer usage is applicable to the other two usages as well. When one is contemptuous towards something, one is detached from it. One can joke about something only when one is psychologically distanced from it.

A related fact is that the sense of unexpectedness associated with the newer usage is also present in these other two usages. For example, in the contemptuous usage in (10) the speaker is viewing the action represented in the verb phrase kamera o mochikonda '(he) carried a camera in [to the high-pressure tank where an electronic spark caused a fatal fire]' as something that is completely contrary to one's expectation. Similarly, in the joking usage in (13), the word angai 'unexpectedly' describes the speaker's attitude towards the verb phrase. The metamessage behind all these instances of verb-tari suru is "This is contrary to the expected, nor- mal, scripted, prescribed sequence of events, and thus I have not fully in- corporated this into my system; I am psychologically distanced from it."

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5. Concluding Remarks

In this paper I hope to have demonstrated that the newer usage of the verb-tari suru construction is related to the other emotive usages in re- flecting the idea of the speaker as a divided self, and that this sense of alienation is due to the fact that the construction is conventionally associated with the function of indicating a lack of specification.

I should also mention that the newer usage exemplified in (1), (2), (3), and (9) expresses politeness. Among the impressionistic comments made by the native speakers in (8), the effect of toning down snobby conversation, lightness and fluffiness, and the sense of embarrassment call atten- tion to the construction's function as a politeness marker. For example, in saying that one is a secretary of a company president, if the blogger had written it in a straightforward manner as in (3'), it might be interpreted as boasting, since the position of a president's secretary may be considered a prestigious job. In order to not sound boastful, the blogger chose to use (3) and came across as lighthearted and slightly embarrassed. The sense of unexpectedness is also present. The construction is used as if to say "You may not have expected this, but I am actually the secretary of the president of this company." It is interesting that the idea of expectation is manipulated in the Internet communication, since most of the communication is conducted anonymously.5

I found a few examples of the newer usage in which the sense of unexpectedness is missing. Below is one such instance.

(18) H®C-k t:.0L^To ,. t9tt, ,-W-D , Bilk i

Mainichi no koto o kaitari shimasu. Kore to itte nai desu ga, hibi no dekigoto o kaite mimasu. 'I will do things like write about everyday events. I'm not talking about anything in particular in mind, but I will try to write about daily events.' (Hare tokidoki ame, 12 April 2007)

This is the first entry of somebody's blog. Since it is expected in general that bloggers write about their daily life, the verb phrase mainichi no koto o kai- 'write about everyday' is not out of the ordinary. This is thus a counterexample to my observation in this paper. One can, of course, in- terpret this sentence as using the construction conventionally. The blogger might mean that in addition to writing about everyday, s/he might be planning to do other things. However, judging from the second sentence,

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which I assume is a rephrase of the first sentence, the blogger only in- tends to write about everyday things. Does this example invalidate what I have discussed in this paper? Not necessarily. I suspect that this blogger is using the verb-tari suru construction as purely a politeness marker.6 Perhaps the construction has been used so often now that it has become emancipated from the original function. Just as the non-conventional like in English used to mark focus, but not any more, verb-tari suru might al- ready have been established as a ritualized politeness marker.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Workshop on Recent Devel- opments in Japanese Linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles, on May 25, 2007, and at the International Pragmatics Conference at the University of G6teborg on July 14, 2007. I thank the audience members of the workshop and conference for their comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to an anonymous reviewer for his/her positive feedback and helpful suggestions. Lastly, I am thankful to the editor, Professor Kimberly Jones, for her editorial help and encouragement.

NOTES

1. The verb suru may appear in a variety of other forms, such as its gerund form shite, polite present form shimasu, plain present form suru, or plain past form shita. The ending -tari appears as -dari in some contexts.

2. In this informal survey, I interviewed 2 male and 2 female undergraduate students who are currently enrolled in a college in the United States.

3. What precedes -tari suru in (13) and (14) is presented as something that is ridiculous or outrageous, something that the speaker/writer would not actually do. In (14) this attitude is explicitly expressed with the character for laughter (R) in the parentheses ('ha ha ha' in the English translation). This parenthetical commentary is often used when the writer wants to indicate his/her non-serious attitude toward a foregoing remark. In (13) no such symbol is used. However, from the unlikely nature of the content of the statement (that the writer herself is desperately spreading a juicy rumor about herself), the reader can infer that the writer regards it as irrealis.

4. See Suzuki 1998 for a detailed discussion of these expressions. 5. On this topic, one of the attendees at the May 2007 Workshop on Recent

Developments in Japanese Linguistics at UCLA suggested that expectation

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is manipulated precisely because the communication is done anonymously. Because you do not know who is reading your blog, you are likely to write somewhat defensively so as not to offend anyone.

6. By using the -tari suru construction, the blogger may be showing his/her humility, suggesting that his/her blog should not be considered important. S/he may be motivated to do so because speaking up (writing in this case) to indicate that one has something interesting to say may be stigmatized in the society. I owe this explanation to an anonymous reviewer.

REFERENCES

Andersen, Gisle. 2000. The role of the pragmatic marker like in utterance inter- pretation. Pragmatic markers and propositional attitude, ed. by Gisle An- dersen and Thorstein Fretheim, 17-38. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Fujii, Seiko. 2006. Quoted thought and speech using the mitai-na 'be-like' noun- modifying construction. Emotive communication in Japanese, ed. by Satoko Suzuki, 53-95. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Haiman, John. 1998. Talk is cheap: Sarcasm, alienation, and the evolution of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Horie, Kaoru, and Debra Occhi. 2001. Language contact meets cognitive linguistics: A case of getto-suru in Japanese. Cognitive-functional linguistics in an East Asian context, ed. by Kaoru Horie and Shigeru Sato, 13-33. Tokyo: Kuroshio Publishers.

Moriyama, Takur5. 1997. Udon ni mayonezu kaketari shite: Heiretsu no imi. Gengo 26(2):56-61.

Shinzato, Rumiko. 2005. Perfective auxiliary to discourse markers: A case Old Japanese tari. Paper presented at FITIGRA (From Ideational to Inter- personal: Perspectives from Grammaticalization) conference, 12 February, Leuven, Belgium.

Suzuki, Satoko. 1995. A study of the sentence-final mitai na. Journal of the As- sociation of Teachers ofJapanese 29(2): 55-78.

- . 1998. Pejorative connotation: A case of Japanese. Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory, ed. by Andreas H. Jucker and Yale Ziv, 261-276. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Underhill, Robert. 1988. Like is, like, focus. American Speech 63(3):234-246.

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DATA SOURCES

Printed Materials Fujiko, Fujio. 1975. Nobita no ritoru suta wazu. Tokyo: Shagakkan. Fujiko, Fujio. 1988. Nobita to ryil no kishi. Tokyo: Sh6gakkan.

Kanai, Mieko. 1995. Ren'ai taiheiki. Tokyo: Shueisha. Martin, Samuel. 1975. A Reference Grammar of Japanese. New Haven: Yale

University Press. More, January 1993. Tokyo: Shuieisha.

Web Materials GNU purojekuto no gaiy6. 22 September 2006. http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-

history.ja.html Hare tokidoki ame. 12 April 2007. http://lifebloglife.seesaa.net/

Kaomoji jiten. 12 April 2007. http://kaomoji.della-nagoya.jp/e2564.html Kinoko kinoko. 11 April 2007. http://www.blogmura.com/profile/1l05821.html

Kongetsu no essei. 22 September 2006. http://www.mediaworks.co.jp/users_s/ d_hp/essey_int/index.php

Nendo matsu zangy6 chi. 12 April 2007. http://blog.drecom.jp/sec-drecoms/ archive/33

Tsugumi no nikkich6. 9 February 2005. http://tsugumin.seesaa.net/article/ 954780.html

Yonezawa ni kitetari shite. 9 February 2005. http://yaplog.jp.gets-endai/archive/ 372

Yoshimoto geinin, 19 April 2007. http://mycasty.jp/harisen_kondo/html/2007- 04/04-10-692835.html

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