sargasudha Dec 2014

ae-bmfw amknIae-bmfw amknIae-bmfw amknIae-bmfw amknIae-bmfw amknI

2014 \hw_1190 hrnIw[\p

hne `20]pkvXIw 3 ew 12

TC X/1743(1)KRWA-240, "anYne'

IpXn-c-m-Sp-se-bnam-Sn-aqSv, hn-bqmhv PO

Xncp-h-\--]pcw 695013t^m: 0471-- 2366531

TC X/1743(1) KRWA-240 'Midhila.'Kuthirakkadu Lane, Manchadimoodu

Vattiyoorkavu POThiruvananthapuram 695013

[email protected]://www.facebook.com/sargasudha

{]n, ]n-jamt\-PnMv FUn- & FUn-tUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSv

samss_:9446362621, 8547366531

[email protected] t_mUv

s]cp-a _n. _me-N-{tUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm.-_n._mem-\- tXpw-aqSv

(FUn-)\nXn _n. ent\-\nXn _n. ent\-\nXn _n. ent\-\nXn _n. ent\-\nXn _n. ent\-

k_v F-Unsamss_: [email protected]

hn.B. ]--Phn

Bnv/Bv FUn-`-Xncn`-Xncn`-Xncn`-Xncn`-Xncn

ASnAc Hm^vskvAc Hm^vskvAc Hm^vskvAc Hm^vskvAc Hm^vskvXncp-h-\--]p-cw

ISSN 2277-5714SARGASUDHA

(RNI No. KERMAL 2012/44946)IhnXm ]T\w

aebm-f-n-seaebm-f-n-seaebm-f-n-seaebm-f-n-seaebm-f-n-seB-Zy- Ip-km-c Ihn-XB-Zy- Ip-km-c Ihn-XB-Zy- Ip-km-c Ihn-XB-Zy- Ip-km-c Ihn-XB-Zy- Ip-km-c Ihn-XtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-j 2

IhnX:

ap-s-cn-bmap-s-cn-bmap-s-cn-bmap-s-cn-bmap-s-cn-bmiin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSv 5

Kth-j-W-cwKw

_pn-Po-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-IX_pn-Po-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-IX_pn-Po-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-IX_pn-Po-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-IX_pn-Po-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-IXtUm. sI.-sI. inh-Zmkv 6

IhnX:

s]s-gpvs]s-gpvs]s-gpvs]s-gpvs]s-gpvjoP ]m -e -m vjoP ]m -e -m vjoP ]m -e -m vjoP ]m -e -m vjoP ]m -e -m v 1 6

Kth-j-W-cwKw

cmK-c-km-\p-`hw \f-N-cn-X-ncmK-c-km-\p-`hw \f-N-cn-X-ncmK-c-km-\p-`hw \f-N-cn-X-ncmK-c-km-\p-`hw \f-N-cn-X-ncmK-c-km-\p-`hw \f-N-cn-X-nA\ lcn-Ip-amA\ lcn-Ip-amA\ lcn-Ip-amA\ lcn-Ip-amA\ lcn-Ip-am 17

IY:

Nph ]c-h-Xm\nNph ]c-h-Xm\nNph ]c-h-Xm\nNph ]c-h-Xm\nNph ]c-h-Xm\nF. KtW-i 19

IhnX:

]en-i-m-c]en-i-m-c]en-i-m-c]en-i-m-c]en-i-m-cInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _me 20

IY:

Ccp]n-bmdpCcp]n-bmdpCcp]n-bmdpCcp]n-bmdpCcp]n-bmdp]pcp-j-mcpw Hcp s]Ip-nbpw]pcp-j-mcpw Hcp s]Ip-nbpw]pcp-j-mcpw Hcp s]Ip-nbpw]pcp-j-mcpw Hcp s]Ip-nbpw]pcp-j-mcpw Hcp s]Ip-nbpwamIvknw tKmnhnh\w: Pn tPm 21

IhnX

Ir]Ir]Ir]Ir]Ir]Zn\-Ihn 31

Kth-j-W-cwKw:

Ipam-c-\m-ims km--I-temIwIpam-c-\m-ims km--I-temIwIpam-c-\m-ims km--I-temIwIpam-c-\m-ims km--I-temIwIpam-c-\m-ims km--I-temIw (XpS)(XpS)(XpS)(XpS)(XpS)tUm. _n. _mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm. _n. _mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm. _n. _mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm. _n. _mem-\- tXpw-aqSvtUm. _n. _mem-\- tXpw-aqSv 3 2

KoXm-RvPenKoXm-RvPenKoXm-RvPenKoXm-RvPenKoXm-RvPenhnh. Infn-am-\q _me 40

IhnX:

Ft-sX {àwFt-sX {àwFt-sX {àwFt-sX {àwFt-sX {àwkXy-Pnv 4 1

\ho-IrX cma-N-cnXw\ho-IrX cma-N-cnXw\ho-IrX cma-N-cnXw\ho-IrX cma-N-cnXw\ho-IrX cma-N-cnXw 42

\jvS-]uan\jvS-]uan\jvS-]uan\jvS-]uan\jvS-]uanjmanem jqP 4 8

kkp[ l~HIvtSm_ 20142

aebm-f- n-seB-Zy- Ip-km-c Ihn-X

tUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-jtUm. Fw.Pn. i-in-`q-j

(A-n--ns-d C-cp-]Xmw \q-m - - ns -d C -Xn -lm -k-n -\p H -cm -kzm-Z\w)

""""""\n-cp-]m-[n-Iamw kv-t\lw"\n-cp-]m-[n-Iamw kv-t\lw"\n-cp-]m-[n-Iamw kv-t\lw"\n-cp-]m-[n-Iamw kv-t\lw"\n-cp-]m-[n-Iamw kv-t\lw_-e-am-bv-hcpw {I-am'_-e-am-bv-hcpw {I-am'_-e-am-bv-hcpw {I-am'_-e-am-bv-hcpw {I-am'_-e-am-bv-hcpw {I-am''''''

a-e-bm-f-n-se B-Zy Ip-km-cI-hn-X-sbpw a-e-bm-f-n-se B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-Zy sh-fn-]m-sSpwA-n--ns-d C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-m-- nsd C-Xn -lm-kw (1951) hm-gv --s-n -p - v . am - -I- v -kn -b \n -cq -] -I-mcn \n-v kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn hn-a-i-\-fpw. k-t-l-hm-Znbm-b H-cp I-hn-bp-sS D-]-cn--h-\n-co-W- F- \n-e-bn-se "C-cp-]Xmw \q-m- -nsdC-Xn-lmk-'s A-h-p IWm I-gn-p-q.

I--m-Xo-kn-kn-s-dbpw sX-ep-m-\-bn-se ]-cm-P-bs- hn--h-n-s-dbpw Hm-I, k-Po-ham-b Im-e-m-Wv I-yq-Wn-kv-v k-l-bm-{Xn-I-\m-bncp- A-n-w C-cp-]Xmw\q -m - - ns-d C-Xn -lm -kw F-gp -Xn -bXv. kv-m-\nen-kv-v [m-jv-Sy--fn-\n-p c--sSm B-{Kln- H-cpa-\p-jy-kv-t\-ln-bp-sS B-Xv-a-]-cn-tim-

[-\bpw C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-m--ns-d C-Xn-lm-kn Im-Wmw.

\n-cp-]m-[n-Iam-b kv-t\-l-nsd{]m-[m-\y-am-Wv, C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-m--ns-dC-Xn-lm-k- nq-sS I-hn A-h-X-cn- n- -Xv.""lr-kzam-b a-\p-jy-Po-hn-Xn B-sc-nepw e-y-n-sepp-t-m?''am-w ip--ambm A-{X-tm-fwRm e-y-tm-S-Sp-p F-p k-am-[m-\n-phm F-\n-p I-gn-bp-a-tm''F-m-Wv A-n-w BXv-a-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-p tijw F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.

""H-cp I-o-Ww ap-h-m-bv Rm s]m-gnthD-Zn--bm-sWm-Xvv -amhnem-bn-cw ku-c-a-Wv-U-ew''Im-e-L--n-se {]-ap-J-cm-jv-{So-b

X-Xz-i-m-kv-{X-n-\pssh-cp-ym-Xv-a-I`u-Xn-I-hm-Z-n-\v t\-sc \-Sn-ba-e-bm-f-n-se B-Zyhn-Nm-c-W F-\n-ebnepw A-n--ns-d C-cp-]Xmw \q-m- - n -se C-Xn-lm-k-n-\pAXo-h {]m-[m-\y-ap- v. hy-Iv-Xn-bn-em-W v ] -c n -h-\w B-Zyw h -tc - - -sXpw A-s\ kw-`-hnm am-{X-ta km-aq-ly-k-a-Xz-fpw Nq-j-W-fpw Xp -S -p -am - -s -Sp -I -bp -p -shpw I-hn C-hn-sS hm-Znp. eyw

IhnXm ]T\wIhnXm ]T\wIhnXm ]T\wIhnXm ]T\wIhnXm ]T\w

kkp[ l HIvtSm_ 2014 3

am-s km-[q-I-cnpw F- am-Iv-kn-b hn-izm-k-{]-amW-s D-t]-n-

v, "k-Xy-sa-Xv C-hn-sS a-\p-jy-\m-sW-p F-gpXn-b hn.Sn. ` --Xn-cn-m-Sn-te-pXn-cnbp- H-cp hy-Iv-Xn-hm-Z-sbbpw CXn-lm-kn \mw Im-Wpp. \ a-\p-jy-p am-{X-ta \ k-ap-Zm-bw kr-jv-Sn-m-\m-Iq F-p hmZn- Fw.F. tdm-bn-bp-sS B-i-b--fp-ambpw I-hn ]-cn-N-b-s -n-cpp.

Fw. tKm-hn--s-d t\-Xr-XzntI-c-f-n-se _p-n-Po-hn-Ifn Nn-eXp-S-n-h- dm-Un- lyq-a-\n-k-s --nbp- kPo-h N--I-p ap-m-Wv A-n--ns-d "C-cp-]Xmw \q-m- -nsd C-Xn-lm-kw' ]nd-hn F-Sp-Xv. djy ` -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-{Iq-jv-sN-hns-d t\-Xr-Xzn \-S-kv-m-en-\n-k-\n-cm-I-c-W- n-\pw sN-tm-m-hn-Iy-bn-se {]m-Kv-h-k--n\pwap-]m-Wv C-cp-]Xmw \q-m- -ns-d C-Xn-lm-kw {]-kn-o-I-cn-p-Xv.

a-Xm-Xv-a-Iam-b \mev {]-XoI- D-]-tbm-Kn-m-Wv "C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-m--ns-dC-Xn-lm-kw' A-n- w kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-XXv. kzw, \-cIw, ]m-Xmfw, `q-anF-o \m-ep J-Wv-U--fn-em-bn H-cp \m-ev-]-Xp-Im-cs-d Pohn-X ho-Ww A-n-w A-h-X-cn-n-pp. _m-ey-Im-em-\p-`-h-sf kz--ambpw bu-h\-s \-c-I-Xp-ey-ambpw I-hn Im-Wpp.{Iq-c-X-bv-p a-dp-a-cp-p {Iq-c-X-bmsW- an-Yym-t_m-[- ns-d ]m-Xm-fnho-Wp-t]m-b a-\p-jy-\-m-Wv aqmw J-Wv-U-n-se {]-tabw. \n-cp-]m-[n-Iam-b kv-t\-lw am-{X-ta Xn-sb \-in-n-q F- A-N--e-hn-izm-k-ns-d[o-c-{]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv ` q-an F- A-hkm-\ J-WvUw.

Aepw A-e-epw A-dnbm-ssi-ih-s kz-w F-p kw-t_m-[-\ sN-p--Xn-se N-a-ev-m-cwXo--bmbpw A-`n-\--\m-l-am-Wv. a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n-se k-tm-jw \n-d- \m-fp-I Ip-n-m-e-am-W-tm.A--bn-\n-p e`n- a-[p-tcm-Zm-cam-b hm-Xv-k-ey-{]-hm-lhpw Iq-p-Im-cp-am-bn Iq-p-Iq-Sn ]-ehn-[ eo-e-IfnG-s--tm e`n- B-Xv-a-\n-hr-Xnbpw I-hn-bp-sS kva-c-W a-Wv-U-e-n-se k-Po-h-Nn-{X--fm-Wv. ]p-cm-hr--ns-d A-Xv-`p-X-tem-Iw k-m\n- IuXpIm-lv-fm-Z, A-dn-hph-n--tXm-sS \-jv-S-s-Xpw I-hn A-\p-kv-a-cn-pp.

A-dnhpw A-Xns-d ]-cn-Wn-X ^-e--fp-am-Wv \c-Iw F- c-mw J-Wv-U-n-se {]-tabw. bp-Iv-Xn-t_m-[hpw k-Xym-t\z-j-W-Xz-cbpw I-hn-bv-p B-Zy-Im-e-fn k-m\n- ip-` m-]v-Xn-hn-izm-khpw ]-Xp-s-]-Xp-s Xp-S-p A-{]-Xy--ambn. Po-hn-X-n-s-dbpw a-c-W-n-s-dbpw \n-Kq-V-c-l-ky- a-\-n-emm a-\p-jy-\p C-\nbpw I-gn-bm- -Xn-s\ -n I-hn A-\ -cw B-tem-Nn-p-p.

Zpx -Jw ad-v sXm-Sp - \n-an -jn Nn-cn-m\p- a-\p-jys-dk-l-P -hm -k-\bpw k-l-Pm -\p -I -bm I-c-p-t]mIp- a-\p-jy-kz-`m-hhpw I-hn Xn-cn--dn-bpp. H-gpIp- ]pg-sb A-W-s-p-sIm-- v X-S-p-\n-n ssh-Zyp-Xn D-ev-]m-Zn-n-m\pwB-W-h-i-Iv-Xn-sb sNm-ev-]-Sn-bv-p \n-

m\pw I-gnbp- A-P-\m-b a-\p-jy-s\-p-dnpw I-hn t_m-[-hm-\mWv. Xym-K-ns-d a-dp-]p-dam-b kzm-X, C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-m-n sIm-Sn-Ip-n hm-gp--Xn-s\--nbpw I-hn--dn-bmw. Xym-K-ns-d a-dp-]p-dam-b kzm-X, C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-m-n sIm-Sn-Ip-n-hm-gp--Xn-s\--nbpw t_m-[-hm-\mWv. ar-K--sf-sb--t]m-se k-l-Pm-X-sc-sm--p ]-Wn F-Sp-np- Nq-j-I-scbpw I-hnNp-n\pw Im-Wpp. D-ev-]m-ZI-s\ Nq-j-W-hn-t[-b-\mp- i-Iv-Xn-I-sfbpw N-{I-p-I-sIm--v sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS amw-kw Im-p-Xnp- b-{-p-I-sf--nbpw I-hn Xncn--dn-bpp.

Zp-e-s\ Nqj-Ww sN-p--h-cp-sS kzm--X-sb-n bm-sXmpw B-tem-Nn-msX, th-j-nepw A-e-m-c-nepw am{Xw {i-n-v I-gnbp- ]p-


]-cn-jv-Im-cn-Wn-Ifpw I-hn-bp-sS]-cn-lm-k-n-\p ]m-{X-am-Ipp. \n-c-n-se N- s]-ns-d I-p-IIm - sIm -p -tm \-c -h - -ns-d \-hm-Xn-Ynbm-b A-h-fp-sSB-Ip-v ap-e N-n-h-enp- Zm-cp-W-Zr-iyhpw I-hn Im-Wpp.

A-Xn-Yn-]q-P-bv-p {]-Y-a ]-cnK-W-\ sIm-Sp-ncp- H-cp cm-Py-n-s-d [m-n-I-m[:]X-\w I-hn-sb kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw A-kz-kv-Y-\m-pp.k-l-Po-hn-I-fp-sS ssZ-\y-X-sb-nA-ev-]w-t]mepw B-tem-Nn-m-sX \m-Kcn-I a-\p-jys-d hn-em-k-tN-jv-S-Ifpw apw ImWp- I-hn `m-hn-]u-c\m-b \-ch- \-hm-Xn-Yn-tbm-Sp "sh-fn-w Zpx-J-am-Wp-n X-a-tm kp-J-{]-Zw' F-p AXo-h th-Z-\-tbmSpw\n--lm-b-X-tbmSpw th-h-em-Xn-s -Spp.A-\p-Xm-]-iq-\yam-b ]pXn-b ]-cn-jv-Im-cw a-\p-jy-s\ \innp-sapw I-hn{]-h-Nn-pp. {Iq-c-X-bv-p a-dp-a-cp-p{Iq-c-X-bmsW- an-Yym-t_m-[-ns-

d ]m-Xm-fn ho-Wp-t]m-b a-\p-jy-s\-bm-Wv aq-mw-J-Wv-Un A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv. eyw am--skm-[q-I-cn-psa- hn-izm-k-tm-Sphn-tbm-Pn -p-sIm- - v X-Xz -im-kv -{X----p-dp- kv-t\-l-n-\p am-{X-ta Xn-sb \-in-n-m-\m-hq FpwI-s- -pp. Hmtcm am-Xn-cn Nm-bwapn-b Io-d-p-Wn-I-fp-sS "th-Zm-'s-m h-ep-Xp a-\p-jyX-z-am-sW- B-lzm-\-tm-sS C-cp-]Xmw\q-m- - ns-d C-Xn-lm-kw D-]-kw-l-cn-pp. sIm-Sn-I-fp-sS am-lm-Xv-ay-s-n {]-kw-Knp- t\-Xm--m-sc A-[n-Im-c-ns-d Fp-ISn- h-enp- \m-bv--fm-bm-Wv \m-emw-J-Wv-U-n I-hn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-Xv.

I-yq-Wn-kw F- ]pXn-b ssZ-h-ns-d ]-cm-P-b-s-n a-e-bm-fn D- -m -b B-ZyIme Ihn-X F- {]-m-[m\yw "C-cp-]Xmw \q-m- -ns-d C-Xn-lm-k-'n-\p--XmWv. B-X-tIm-dpw kw-Lhpw "tKm-Uv Zm-v s^-bn-Uv' F-gp-Xp--Xn-\p kam-

\-am-bmWv A-n-w hn--h-]m-n-bp-sS kv-t\-l-iq-\y-Xbn hn-e -]n -Xv . Um -\-kv A- v\qWpw tUm. jn-hm-sKmbpw {]-kn--s-Sp-p--Xn\SpmWvC-cp -]-Xmw-\q-m- - ns-d C-Xn -lm-k-ns-d ]n-dhn.

Fw.eo-emh-Xn \n-co-n--Xp-t]mse, a-e-bm-fn G--hp-a-[n-Iw D--cn-s- B-[p\n-I I-hn-hmIyw A-n--ns-d "sh-fn-w Zpx-J-am-Wp-n'bmWv. `u-Xn-Iam-b A-k-a-Xz-fpw h--am-\-tem-I-ns-d Im-cp-Wy-cm-ln-Xyhpw A-`n-Pm-X-h--ns-d B-[n-]-Xy-kwc--W {]-h--\-fpw C-S-Xp-]--ns-d A-[m -n -I -X -I -fp -am -Wv A-{]n -bkXyw sh-fn-s-Spm I-hn-sb t{]-cn-n-Xv. H-cp im-]-sa--Xn -s\m, kw-` -hn -m-Xn -cn -m\p- {]m--\sbm ap--dn-bn-tm B-bn-cp-p I-hn hm-Iyw.{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ns-d sh-fn--n-\p tkm-hnb-v bq-Wn-b-\nepwIng- bq-tdm-nepw A-\-cwF-p kw -` -hn -p -sh -pham\ N-cn{Xw tc-J-s-Sp-n--gnp.

"sh-fn-w Zpx-J-am-Wp-n' F-p]-d- A--nw X-s hm-

p Xn-cn-s-Sp-m\pw sh-fn--n-em-dm-Sm\pw -Wn-pp.

"hm-ev-ao-Inbpw hym-k\pw knm-\pw c\v-Xn-tZ-h\pwA-tim-I\pw i--c\pwPok-kv ss{I-kv-pw ap-l-Zpw

I-^yq-jypw Km-\v-[n-PnbpwsIm-fpn-b sh-fntaB sh-fn--n-em-dmSpa-tcm-K-Zr-V-Nn--tc''tZ-hns-d B-p-th- -nbpw Im-

-\m-Ss-d D-jv-W-ta-J-ebpw Fw.kp-Ip-am-cs-d ti-j-{In-bbpw ]n-ev-me-v N- sNbv-X C-S-Xp-]--ns--dA-[m-n-I-X t\c-s I-s- -n-sb--Xm-Wv A-n -s {i-t-b-\m-n-bXv. I-hn {Im--Z-in-bm-I-W-a-tm.CtX {Im--Z-in-Xz-am-Wv ssh-tem-n-n-bp-sS Ip-Sn-sbm-gn--en-s\bpw th-dn--Xm-p-Xv.


Iop-g-bm-sbm-gp-Ipp Rm\npIp-Im-Wm-smco \mnImew hnfp sISppw hsc-sbmcpImWn--bmbv \ne-sImmw\osIm-Sp-p, Zml-\o sImSppFs kvt\lw \ndp sImSppXocm--tamlfp-n \ndp RmXoc-sf ]pIn hpkly-km-\p--fn \np-WpHcp shn-b-c-m-W-ambnImSp -I taSp -I Xm-n Rms\-thAW-sI-n-sbs XSpIS-en-te-m-bn-cp-s ey-sa-nepwtaml-sam-Xpn Rm \np.kzm-cm-Wt{X a\p-jy ]pg-bpsSa\--dn-bm Ign-bm-tmhnpw a\-p-am-bnp Rm \np-pCu AW-s-nsbpnRms\mcp ssIh-gn-m-em-sbm-gpInsshK-bn sNp ebn-p.Xan-gv\m-Sn-q-j-c-`q-an-bn]nsRm Ipfn-tcm-f-am-bn-sm-gpInF Pe-kv]i-ta-p-WnsbpmZ \rw Nhpn tIZmcwIpSn-sh--ambpw shfn--ambpw

Rm ]e-]e cq]--fmbnImew IS-p-t]m-bnpw Xan-gIan ]pf-I-am-IpptIc-f-am-sWs P-\m-sS-nepwkvt\l-\o-c-b\m-Sn-t\-Ipp Rms\n-eq-dn-s-fn \oscm-sbpwtkmZ-c-kvt\-l-n-\m ljwCs-sm-gpp XS-n-Sm-\m-ImsX\np--W-sp \n-lmbwkpnbpw Ipw ]Spp tNs-nepwImew apdn-mSp Xon-Spps]mn--I t]mbm-enp Rms\mcpkwlm-c-cp-{Z-bmbv amdpwIjvS-Im-e- n-sm-gp-n \ncm-{ibe- apn-sbm-SppwtIcfw c-mbv apdn -p-t]mIpw\mep Pn-I ]mtS adbpw`oXn-bm-epw XIpt]mw PohsIp-\op-g-bmbn Rms\m-gpIpwhs-\n-m-cw-K-tamp-hm ]ns-bolrZbw XI-cp ImgvN ImWmXnp Imew Ign-p-hm-\m-In`qI--sa-s-bp-e-bvpp \nXy-ambvPoh\pw shhpw cn-s-Sp-p-hm\mIp-sa-m-e-X-]q ku`mKyw

iin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSviin amhnaqSv

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tUm. sI.-sI. inh-ZmkvtUm. sI.-sI. inh-ZmkvtUm. sI.-sI. inh-ZmkvtUm. sI.-sI. inh-ZmkvtUm. sI.-sI. inh-Zmkv

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_p_p_p_p_pn-Po-hn-X-ns cmjv{So-b-b-sa-sv kwkvIm-c-]-Tn -Xm-sf t_my-s-Sp-p ]WvUn-X-\mWv sP. phv lm. Pssa--bnse InMv-Wn sh-m-cpsS ioe--tfmSv XmZmyw {]m]n-m-\m - {K -ln Hcp Idp --hKIpSpw-_-n 1932 emWv AtlwP\n--Xv. ]nXmhv Hc-u-mbn-cp -p. tdmUvkv kvtImfjnv e`n--Xn-s\-p-Sv HmIvkvs^Uv bqWn-th -g vkn - np Iognse sa -tImtf-Pn Fw F ]T-\-n-\mbn1951-- lm {_n-\n-se-n. ]noSvAtlw {_nojv s]mXp-Po -hn -X-ns `mK-ambn amdn. CS-Xp-]Bi-b--fn BIr-jvS-\m-b lm1950 Ifn C. -]n . tXmw]vk,dmt^- kmap-h, anen _mUv,tPm kmhn-n, sdbva- v hneywkvXpS -n-b-h-scmv {]hn-p-Ibpw Zn \yq dok-W, \yq se^vvdnhyq Fo tPW-ep-Iv XpS--an-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1959 \pw 1961

\pw CSbvv \yqse^vv dnhyp-hnsFUn--dp-am-bn-cpp lm. 1957 skdn kvIq Aym-]-I-\mbnHutZym -Kn -I -Po -hnXw XpS -nblmfn\v 1961 e- -\nse sNknbtImtf-Pn tPmen e`n-p. P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw, am[y-a-, kn\naFo hnj-b--fmWv Atlw ]Tn-n--Xv. Am-ev {_nojv ^nenwCn-yq-n\p th-n ]mUn-hm-\-ep-samv P\-{]n-b-I-e-I-sf-p-dnv \S-nb Kth-j-W-amWv Zn t]mp-eBSvkv F ]pkvX-I-n\v B[m-cw. ^nenw Cn-yq-nse DtZym-K--\mb ]mUn -hm -\epw lmfpwskdn kvIq A[ym -] -\ -cw -Kpw Hcp-anv {]hn-n-cp-p.kvIq A[ym-]-\-cw-Ks A\p-`-h- ]T-\-n Ah D]-tbm-K-s-Sp -n-bn -p - - v . \mj-W bqWn-b t^m Sot-gvkns tIm^-dkn ]mkm-nb {]tabw AXn-sem-m-Wv. ]{Xw, tdUntbm, kn\n-

a, sSen-hn-j Fn-h-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbmKw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-p--m-nb\ne-hm-c--Isb {]Xn-tcm-[n-t-- -Xns Bh-iy-I-X-sb-p-dn -m-bn -cpp {]ta -bw. Fm Dw/\nav\w F Zzzs adn-I-Sv P\-{]n-b-I-e-I c-mwtemI-a-lm-bp-m-\ -cw {_n -\n h kzm[o -\ -amn-p. Zn t]mp-e BSvkv,P\-{]n-b-kw-Ko-Xw, ]v t\mh-ep-I, \yqkvt]-, ]c-ky-, sSen-hn -j Fn-hsb A`n-ap -Jo-I-cn -p ]pkvX-I-am-Wv. AXnse Fm-as A[ym-b-n Zn ]on,and Fo Sm_vtfm-bn-Up-I-fnseNn{X--fpsS ]cn-tim-[-\-bn -eqsS^m-knbpw sdmamkpw hni-I-e\w sN-s-Sp-p. D-kw-kvImcwanI -Xpw P\- {]n -b -kw -kvImcwNo-bp-sa [mc-Wsb Xnc-kvI-cn-p-p-sh-nepw P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-nse \Xpw Nobpw XnthXn -cnhv thW-sa \ne-]mS v


{K-Im-c-mp- - v . \K-c-sm-g n - e m - f n -k - a p - Z m -b -n - e mW v]pkvXIw tI{o-I-cn -p--Xv.hyh-kmb hn]vf -h -tmsS\mtSmSn kwkvImcw \inp-n-spw D-kw -kvIr -Xn -bnA\y-h-XvI-cn --s-Sp \K-c -sm-gn -em-fn -I-fn AXv Xn-\np-p-shpw Ah hne-bn-cp -p-p. \mtSm-Sn --e-I-fn\nmWv P\-{]n-b-I-e-IfpsS D-h-sa {K-nse hmZw Ime-l-c -W-s -n -c n -p -p. Ahc - nepw Iem -Im -c\pw kZ -kp -ambn i-amb _-ap - - - t {X.]t \mtSm -S n --em -Im -cAm-X-\m-hp-tm P\-{]n-b-I-em-Im-cs hyn-Xz -n\pw{]I-S-\-n\pw {]mapJyw e`n-p-p. \mtSm-Sn--e-bp-sSbpw P\-{]n-b-I-e-bp-sSbpw aen-\-cq-]-ambBq Iebvv D]-n-]-c -ambn Ah c- n -t\mSpw _-an-. ocntbm ssSp-I-sfbpwt^map-e-I-sfbpw B{i-bn-pAXns ssieo-cm-ln-Xy-s-p-dnv lmfpw hm\epw ]d-bp-p.krjvSnsb anI-Xpw Poh-p-am-p KpW- \in-n-p--XmWv Bq- -IesbmWv{K-nse ho-Ww. hnai-\m --IX P\-{]n -b -I -e -I -fnAk-n-ln-X-amWv F \nK-a-\hpw {K-Im-c -mp- v .

_nanMvlman1964 phv lm _nlMv

lmw sk t^m I - - {d nI-d Uo-kn Fn-tp.{Kqp-I-fmbn Xncn-p ]T-\-k-{-Zmbw AhnsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-n.sk-dns Ub-d -I vS -dm -bn -cpdnmUv slmKm v bqs\kvtImbn {]hn-m t]mb-tm, lm 1968- BIvSnMv Ub-d-IvSdpw XpSv 1972 Ub-d-IvS-dp-am-bn. eohn-ssk-p-I Ah-K-Wn-p-Itbm \nm-c-ambn Icp-Xp-ItbmsNbvX kmwkvIm-cnI cq]--fpsS]cn -tim-[-\-bmWv _nanMv lmwsk-dn \S--Xv. sXmgn-em-fn-hkwkvIm-c-]-T-\-ns apJy-tI-{-ambn B m]\w Dbp hp.hK-]-c -amb Ak-p-en -Xm -hkrjvSn -p --Xn hnZym -`ym -k-

ns ]v, bphm--fpsS D]-kw-kvIm-c-ns kz`m-hw, kmaqly\nb-{-Whpw {Ia-k-am-[m-\-]m-e-\hpw kwkvIm-c-ns ASn-m-\-_---fn {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ns{]h\w XpS-nb hnj-b--fmWv lmfns t\Xr-Xz-n ]Tn--s- -X v . {]mtbm-Kn -I -kn -m --h-c-W-n-\mbn aWvU-e-hr -nsb B[m-c-am-p ]T-\--fm-bn-cpp Ah. Sn.-sP-t^-gvk-\p-samvlm FUnv sNbvX sdkn-Ukv{Xq dnNzkv bqv k_vItNgvkvC t]mv hm {_n F {]_--k-am-lmcw Hcp -Zm -l-cWamWv.UnIvsl-_vUn-Pv, Ge aIvtdm-_n,Cbm tNtgvkv XpS-n-b-h-cpsS{]_-- AXn -ep - - v . bphm --fpsS D]-kw-kvIm-cs \n-Nn-m,]pkv -X -I -nsd Bap -J -n

(subculture,Cultures and class) lmfpwIqcpw {ian -p -p. bphm -ssep-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv X-fpsS hK-\n-e-tbmSv kn sNm {ian-p--sXv Ah Nq-n -m-p-p. AcwA\p-jvTm -\m --I-{]-Xn -tcm -[-hK-L-S-\sb hn]vf-h-h-cn-p--h-b-. 1950-I-fn Ita-gvky sSen-hn -j Bcw-`n - -Xns\-p-Svbphm-fpw apw AXn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn-Xpw {]kvXp-X-]p-kvX-I-nhnj-b-am-hp-p. hn\n-a-bw, D]-t`m-KwFo taJ-e-I-fn Iuam-c-mcpwbphm-fpw CS-s]-Sp hn[-s-p-dn-p [mcW Xncp-nb ]pkvX-I-amWv sdkn-Uv {Xq dnNzkv.Ft-bvp-ambn Xo-s-Sp--s-n-n-m \nc--c-kw-Lj-nstaJ-e -bmWv A[o -i -Xz -sa -mWvlmfns hymJym-\w. bphm--fpsS

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D]-kw -kvIm -c -n {]Xn -tcm -[ -v apJy-]-p- - v . {]tXy-I-ssi-en -I -fp -sSbpw en -I -fp -sSbpw(sXcp-hp-aq-e, Dt]-n--s Ifn-bnSw XpS-n-b-h) hkvXp--fp-sSbpw(KWn-I-bpsS tk^vn-]n, arK--fpsS hm-jWw XpS-n-b-h)A\p-h-\-n-eq-sSbpw A\p-I-e v] -\ -n -eq -sSbpamWv KWm-h -t_m[w cq]w-sIm-p--Xv. hK-hy-Xym-ks adn-I-S-pI F-Xn-t\-m AXn -t\mS v kn -sN -phbmWv Acw A\p-jvTm-\m-

I k`-. ssieo-I-cWwhkvXp--fn Btcm-]n-X-amb A[o-im-sf \ncm-I-cnv km`n-I-amb ]pXp-hym-Jym\w Xop-p.D]-cn-hK-h-kv{X- sXmgn-em-fn-hK-ns--h kzmwio-I-cn-p--Xn \nv Hcp hkv{X-n-sbpwhK-[z\n eo\-a-sv sXfn-bp-p.Cu {]{Inb hkvXp--fpsS kzm`m-hnI D]-t`mKw Fp hnfn-p--Xns\ Iogvtaa-dn-p-Ibpw ]cn-W-an-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Ipn-m-e-ns \njvI-f--X-bpsS [z\n-bps]kqNn KWn-I-bpsS Zmky-`m-h-n-sbpw Xpf-p-I-b-dp t\m-n-sbpw k`-n as-sm-stbm A-am-p-p. ku-cy-ns \S-p-am-Xr-I-Isf Xnc-kvI-cn KWn-I-bpsS [zwk-\-ssien1970-I-tfmsS ^ mj CUkv{Sn Gs-

Sp-p. KWn-I-I-fpsS hnIj-amb\Sw Imv hmmbn tamU-enw-KnFn.

Iogm-f-hKm-\p-`-h-fpsS kn-n-Xn-bmWv D]-kw-kvIm-chpw A\p-jvTm-\-fpw. hK-\n-ebvv ]cn-lm-ctam AXns ]cn -Wm -atamAm Ah, `mh-\m --I -amb{]Xo -tbm Krlm -Xp -c -XztamBsWv {K-n \nco-n--s-Sp-p.{Kmwjn-bpsS k-ev]-\-amb slPn -a -Wnbpw Ap-k-dns {]Xy -b-im -kv{X -\n -e -]mSpw

kwtbm-Pn-n-mWv ta-d `mh-\m --I -Xsblmfpw Iqcpw hni-I-e\wsNp--Xv. {Kmwjn-p-ti-j-amWv Aq-k-dnsImew. Fm lmfns\BZyw kzm[o -\n -XvAq-k-dm -Wv . 1973H m s S c - p - t] - c p - s Sb p wNn-Isf kwtbm -Pn -n -m lm {iaw \S-n.BZ y - I m - e v s db v a - vhneyw-kns IrXn-I-fnepwlm Xev]-c-\m-bn -cp -p.Fm ]noSv Ah-bnsekao-]-\-n- hwi-tI-{o-Xzhpw hnIm -c -] -c -Xbvps -v kwi-bn -p.

he-Xp-]--nsA]-{K-Y\w

k n . - { I n - v N ,sP.Ivfmv, _n. tdm_Svkv Fn-h-tcm-sSmw lmIqSn cN-\m-]-m -fn -bmb s]meo -knMv Znss{Iknkv Ip-Ir-Xy--fpsS temI-s-p-dn-p kmam-\y-t_m-[sshp -hn -fn -p ]pkvX-I-amWv.AXn 1972 BKv apX 1973BK-kvddp hsc -bp ka-bv{_n-\n \S Nne kw`-h-sfap\n-n Ip-hmfn ap{Z-sbm-cp-p--Xn am[y-a --fpw s]meokpwhln-p ]v hni-I-e\w sN-s-Sp -p. lmUvkp -hv F_nanMvlmans D{]-tZ-i-p-hv1972 \hw-_ 5 \v tdm_v tI\mF sFdnjv sXmgn-em-fnsb aqvbphm- B{I-anv In-ep-h]nSnp ]dn-p. B{^n--mcpw Ico-_n-b Gjy-mcpw IqSp-X-em-bp-

ff e-amWv lmUvkv hv.hyXy-kvX-hw-io-b-]-m--e-n\np--hcpw ]Xn-\-n\pw ]Xn-\m-dn-\p-an-Sbvv {]mb-ap--hcpa-m-bn-cp-ptam -jvSm - .apXv s]kpwXmtmq-hpw knK-d -p -amWvtamjvSn -Xv . Ad-p -sN - -stamjvSm-v e`n \mev]-Xp-hjs in-bmWv ]pkvX-I-c-N-\bvv t{]c-I-am-b-Xv. ]Xn-aqv amk-p-n am[y-a- dntmvsNbvX Adp-]Xp kam-\-tI-kp-I-fn Hp am{X-am-bn-cpp AXv. Ip-Ir-Xy- 129 iX-am-\-ambn s]mSp-s\ hn-p-sh am[y-a--fpsShne-bn-cp--emWv inm-Im-Tn\ywhn-n-m-\n-S-bm-nb-Xv. hkvXp-Xm-]-ctam IW-p-I ASn-m-\-am-n-bp-tXm Bb hne-bn-cp--e AsXv {K-Im-cm Is- -p-p. 1970-I-fn {_nojv kaq-l-n -e p - - mb kZm -Nm - c -h n - { ` mn(Moral Panic) bpsS bmYmy-s-p-dn -p At\z -j-W-ambn BIs-- hnI-kn-p-p. hn-p-h-cp Ip-Ir-Xy--sf-p-dn -piX-am-\--W-n\v kmaq-ly-\n-b-{-W-tmSv _-s {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-[-ap -s -v lmfpw Iqcpw ]d-bp-p. Ip-Ir-Xy--fpsS s]cp---nI cmjv{So-bhpw km-n-I-hp-amb Dt-iy-mbn am\n-p-tevsN-s-Sp Imcyw Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-p. ]e-tmgpw s]mXp-k-nXnt\Sn-sb-Sp-m `c-W-IqSw krjvSn-p--XmWv kZmNmc-hn-{`m-n. GXp-amKhpw Ah-ew-_nv {]Xn-knadn-I-S-m `c-W-Iq-S-n\v A\p-aXn t\Sn-sb-Sp-p-I-bmWv AXnsBXy-n-I-^-ew. ss{Iwtm-dn-I]S-p-hn-Sp am[y-a- Am-cy-n {][m\ ]p-h-ln-p-p-h-t{X.

s]meo-knMv Zn ss{Iknkv F{]tbmKw 1950 apX 1980 hsc-bpL-n {_n\n bphm--sfbpwhwio-b-hn-`m-K--sfbpw ap\nncq]-s kmaq-ly-amb DXvI-WvTsbkqNn-n-p-p. Kuc-h-ap-Xpw \nb-a-]-c-amb CS-s]-S A\n-hm-cy-am-p--Xp-amb {]iv\-am-WXv Fp hcp-p--Xn-\p {ia-sf knn-^n-t-j kvss]d FmWv]pkvX-I-n hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. tamj-Whpw ]nSn-p-]-dnbpw ]{X--fn Ah-X-cn-n--s--sX-s\

Ipn-m-e-ns \njvI-f--X-Ipn-m-e-ns \njvI-f--X-Ipn-m-e-ns \njvI-f--X-Ipn-m-e-ns \njvI-f--X-Ipn-m-e-ns \njvI-f--X-bpsS [z\n-bp s]kqNnbpsS [z\n-bp s]kqNnbpsS [z\n-bp s]kqNnbpsS [z\n-bp s]kqNnbpsS [z\n-bp s]kqNnKWn -I -bpsS Zmky -`m -h -n -KWn -I -bpsS Zmky -`m -h -n -KWn -I -bpsS Zmky -`m -h -n -KWn -I -bpsS Zmky -`m -h -n -KWn -I -bpsS Zmky -`m -h -n -sbpw Xpf-p-I-b-dp t\m-sbpw Xpf-p-I-b-dp t\m-sbpw Xpf-p-I-b-dp t\m-sbpw Xpf-p-I-b-dp t\m-sbpw Xpf-p-I-b-dp t\m-n-sbpw k`-n as-n-sbpw k`-n as-n-sbpw k`-n as-n-sbpw k`-n as-n-sbpw k`-n as-sm-stbm A-am-p-p.sm-stbm A-am-p-p.sm-stbm A-am-p-p.sm-stbm A-am-p-p.sm-stbm A-am-p-p.ku-cy-ns \S-p-am-Xr-I-ku-cy-ns \S-p-am-Xr-I-ku-cy-ns \S-p-am-Xr-I-ku-cy-ns \S-p-am-Xr-I-ku-cy-ns \S-p-am-Xr-I-Isf Xnc-kvI-cn KWn-I-bpsSIsf Xnc-kvI-cn KWn-I-bpsSIsf Xnc-kvI-cn KWn-I-bpsSIsf Xnc-kvI-cn KWn-I-bpsSIsf Xnc-kvI-cn KWn-I-bpsS[zwk-\ -ssien 1970 -I -tfmsS[zwk-\ -ssien 1970 -I -tfmsS[zwk-\ -ssien 1970 -I -tfmsS[zwk-\ -ssien 1970 -I -tfmsS[zwk-\ -ssien 1970 -I -tfmsS^mj CUkv{Sn Gs-Sp-p.^mj CUkv{Sn Gs-Sp-p.^mj CUkv{Sn Gs-Sp-p.^mj CUkv{Sn Gs-Sp-p.^mj CUkv{Sn Gs-Sp-p.KWn -I -I -fpsS hnIj-ambKWn -I -I -fpsS hnIj-ambKWn -I -I -fpsS hnIj-ambKWn -I -I -fpsS hnIj-ambKWn -I -I -fpsS hnIj-amb\Sw Imv hmmbn tamU-enw-\Sw Imv hmmbn tamU-enw-\Sw Imv hmmbn tamU-enw-\Sw Imv hmmbn tamU-enw-\Sw Imv hmmbn tamU-enw-Kn Fn.Kn Fn.Kn Fn.Kn Fn.Kn Fn.


F ]T\w Imcy--fpsS InSv hni-Zo-I-cn-p. s]meotkm tImS-XntbmA ]{X--fm-bn-cpp lmUvkvhp kw`hw tIUn -I -fpsS{]h-\-amn amnb-Xv.-tIUn ap{Z-b-Sn-p--Xns Dt-iy-e-y-]pkvX-I-ns XpS--n NsN-s-Sp -p. \S kw`-h-tIhew am[y -a -kr -jvSn -sbtm\nm-c-am-sWtm {K-Im-c-mvA`n-{]m-b-an-. hwio-b-Xbpw tIUnap{Zbpw Xnse _-s-bmWv{K-Im-c-m tNmZyw sNp--Xv.{_n -\n -tev Idp --h-mhXpw {Ia-cm -ln -Xyhpw Xn_-ap -s -v knm--h-X v-cnhe-Xp-cm-jv{So-b-m-c Ft\mIv ]h-ens {]kw-K- AXn-s\-p-Sp- -mb Fan-t{K-j \nb-a-Fnh ]pkvX-I-n ]cn-tim-[n--s-Sp-p. 1940 Imes hStAta-cn--bn \nv {_n-\n-tev]dnp \S-s-tXm 1960 Ifnepw 70Ifnepw ]pXp-Xmbn cq]-s-tXmAm-bn -cp -n Acw kw`-h -. 19 mw iX-I -nseCwKvf-n Kmc-nMv Fv hnfn --s- sXcphv Ip--fp- -m -bn -cp -p.Ah-sb-p-dn-p {_nojv s]mXp-k-aq -l -ns Img vN -m -SmWvhmkvX-h-n hSs Ata-cn--bn kzm[o\w sNep-n-b-Xv. am[y-a--fpsS tIUn ap{Z-Nm-en\vhwio-b-X-bp-tS-Xmb ap]-m--e-ap -s -v Npcp-w. Ip-Ir-Xy - krjvSn -p hn{`m -nv IrXy-amb `uXn-Im-kv]-Z -ap - - v . htXm-Xn -ep Ad-v.Idph Xma-kn-p taJ-e-I -fnse Gdnb t]meokvkmn[yw, ITn-\-in Fn-s\ Idp --hsc tIUn -I -fmn amp kmaq-ly-km-l-Ncyw ]pkvX -I -n NsN-s-Sp-p. kZm-Nm-c-hn-{`m-n-sb-p-Sv krjvSn--s-SpDWvT ap --h -cn -tevBtZiw sN-s-Spp. Nm-Ip--en -tev \bn -p -Xv BDXvI-WvT-bm-Wv.

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bn-n-m--Xp-amWv A[o-i-Xz-`-c-W-sav lm Icp-Xp-p. AsXmcp \nc--c-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-tbm-K--fpsS km[m-cW ss\]p-Wn-I-fn AXns sshcp-ym--I-kz-`mhw a\-n-em--s-Sp-p. in,{]Xn -tcm -[w, N, hne -t] -iFn-h-b-S -p A[o-i-Xz -` -c -W-ns kn -K v[X hni-I -e\wsNp--Xn\v jn^vnMv Hm^v ]h_vtfmIvkv F kmZr-iy-I-ev]\lm D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. A[n-Im-cs{Zh-kz-`m-h-ap-Xpw kn-Kv[-hp-am-bn-Zin-p hmb\ Ac-n-p-d-n-m-\mWv D]-t-]s lm D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. kmaq-ly-IXr-Xz--fmbn

hyn-I kwL-Sn -n --s-Sp{]{In-b-bmWv D]-t-]w. LS-\m-hm-Zs AXn-eqsS kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-n-tev lm {]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn-p.LS-\m -hmZw A\p-k-cnv hKw,enwKw, hwiw XpS-nb A[n-Im-c-L-S -\ -I-fm a\p -jy-{]-h\w\nW-bn--s-Sp-p. sXc-s-Sp-p--Xn\v kzmX-{y-ap hyn-bmbn a\p-jys\ ImWp en_-dNnsb AXv AXn - {I -an -p -p.kzX{ a\p -jy F t]cntemIv Hcm-fp-an-. Ghpw [\n-I-\mb a\p-jyt]mepw IpSpw-_m-\p-`-h-, hK-_--, At_m-

[w, kz`m-hs cq]o-I-cn-p kZm -Nm -c -] -c -ambkwhm-Z- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Dcp-h-sa-Sp-p--Xv.apX-em-fnw \nn--s-n-cn-p-Xv kzX-{-hynF Bi-b-n\p Npp-am-Wv. LS-\m -hm -Z - {] -Im -cw,\nb-a -ns am{X -apA\u-]-Nm-cnI kmaq-ly-_---fp-tS-Xmb A\p-am-\-ns taJ-e-bm-W-Xv.

tZiw, P\X, ASn-m-\ -hKw Fn -s\apdnpIS-p Hcp IqwsshIm -c n -I -kw -hK --sfbpw hyn-hmZw D-S-p -p. apX -em -fntn\v P\m-[n -] -Xy -] -cn -thjw \Ip hyn-hm-Zs D]-t]w \nc-cwIS-m-{I-an-p-p. apX-em-fnw A[n -Imcw \ne -

\np-Ibpw hnI-kn-n-p-IbpwsNp--Xv, knhnepw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb {]{In-b-I-fn-tev P\-XsbIui-e-]qhw Dtp-sIm- -m -Wv. amK-cv Xm-dpsS tkzm-]-c-amb P\-{]n-bX hni-I-e\w sNmta-d k-ev]-\- lmD]-tbm-Kn-p.

1979 apX aqpX-hW `c-W-n-te-dnb Xm-dpsS \b--fpsS hni-I-e-\hpw AXns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\m-hm te_]mn-bpsS Zu_-ey-hp-amWv Zn s]mfn-nIvkv Hm^v Xm-dn-kw, Zn lmUv tdmUv Sp dn\yq-h Fo ]pkvX-I--fpsS hnj-bw. amIvknkw SpsU, Zn \yqtkmjy-env Fo tPW-ep-I-fn

{]kn-o-I-cn D]-\ym-k--fpsSkam-lm-c-am-W-h.

sXmgn-en-mbva hn-p-IbpwB`y--tcm-ev]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-IbpwsNbvXnpw {]tXy-I-\-b--fn-eqsSXm `cWw \ne -\nn.BZys XhW (1979-1983) `cWwaqp-hjw ]nn--tm A`n-{]m-b-ks-bn Xm-dpsS Ikth-ohv ]mn aqmw m\-m-bn-cp-p. Fm 1982- ^mIv emUvZzo]p -Isf sNmn {_n\pwAPo-\bpw Xn \S bpwXm-dpsS sXc-s-Spv hnP -b -n\v Imc-W-am-bn. bpw JP-\m-hn\v h_m-[y-X-bp- -m -n-bn-cp-p.8000 ssa AI-se-bp Zzo]p-I-fm-Is {_n\v Imcy-amb KpW-ap--Xp-am-bn-cp-n-. bp-k-a-bv \S-nb {]kw-K--fn-eqsS Nn-en-t\mfw t\Xr -Xz -]m -Shw X\n -p -s - v hcp -m Xmv Ign -p. ]mc--cy-aq-ey-, CwKvfojvX, tZim-`n -am -\w, ]nXr-Xz - {I-awFn-h-bpsS alna Ion-p{]kw-K--fm-bn-cp-p Xm-dp-tS-Xv.{_ns `qX-Im-e-a -lnasbp-dn -p B {]kw-K- P\--fnkZm-Nm-c-]-c-amb sshIm-cn-I-X-bp-Wp--Xm-bn -cp -p. hmkvX-h-n _nw_--fn -eq -sS -bpcmjv{So-b-{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cpp Xm-dp-tS-Xv. {_nojv Ncn-{X-n \nvsXc-s-Sp GXm\pw k`-sf ]p\\nn-p I]-S -X-bmWv AsXv Xncn--dn-bmsX P\- htXm-Xn Xm-dns\ A\p-Iq-en-p. B I]-S-Xsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\m-hm te_]mn-t\-Xmhvantj ^pns Ign-hp-tISpw Xm-dn\v klm-b-I-am-bn.

1987- {_ns km-n-I-\neIqp-Ip-n-bnpw sXc-s-Sp-nXm hnP-bn-p. Apdn P\-thmp -sNbvXXv Xm-dn -k-n-\-FmWv lmfns A`n - {]m -bw.{_ns km-n-Im-h--bpsSbmYmyw P\-v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-p. Ah-cn AXv krjvSn`oXn kZm-Nm-c -]-c -amb DXvIWvTFn-hsb Xm-dnkw A`napJoI-cn-p. X-fpsS \b--fpsS taap\nn te_]mn sXc-s-Sp-ns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cntm XmkzXzw \jvS-s-p-shv Icp-Xnb

. kzX{ a\p -jy F. kzX{ a\p -jy F. kzX{ a\p -jy F. kzX{ a\p -jy F. kzX{ a\p -jy Ft]cn temIv Hcm-fp-an-.t]cn temIv Hcm-fp-an-.t]cn temIv Hcm-fp-an-.t]cn temIv Hcm-fp-an-.t]cn temIv Hcm-fp-an-.Ghpw [\n -I -\mb a\p -Ghpw [\n -I -\mb a\p -Ghpw [\n -I -\mb a\p -Ghpw [\n -I -\mb a\p -Ghpw [\n -I -\mb a\p -jyt]mepw IpSpw-_m-\p-`-h-jyt]mepw IpSpw-_m-\p-`-h-jyt]mepw IpSpw-_m-\p-`-h-jyt]mepw IpSpw-_m-\p-`-h-jyt]mepw IpSpw-_m-\p-`-h-, hK -_--,, hK -_--,, hK -_--,, hK -_--,, hK -_--,At_m-[w, kz`m-hs cq]o-At_m-[w, kz`m-hs cq]o-At_m-[w, kz`m-hs cq]o-At_m-[w, kz`m-hs cq]o-At_m-[w, kz`m-hs cq]o-I-cn-p kZm-Nm-c-]-c-ambI-cn-p kZm-Nm-c-]-c-ambI-cn-p kZm-Nm-c-]-c-ambI-cn-p kZm-Nm-c-]-c-ambI-cn-p kZm-Nm-c-]-c-ambkwhm-Z- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-kwhm-Z- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-kwhm-Z- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-kwhm-Z- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-kwhm-Z- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Dcp-h-sa-Sp-p--Xv. apX-bmWv Dcp-h-sa-Sp-p--Xv. apX-bmWv Dcp-h-sa-Sp-p--Xv. apX-bmWv Dcp-h-sa-Sp-p--Xv. apX-bmWv Dcp-h-sa-Sp-p--Xv. apX-em-fnw \nn--s-n-cn-p-em-fnw \nn--s-n-cn-p-em-fnw \nn--s-n-cn-p-em-fnw \nn--s-n-cn-p-em-fnw \nn--s-n-cn-p-Xv kzX- {-hyn FXv kzX- {-hyn FXv kzX- {-hyn FXv kzX- {-hyn FXv kzX- {-hyn FBi-b-n\p Npp-am-Wv.Bi-b-n\p Npp-am-Wv.Bi-b-n\p Npp-am-Wv.Bi-b-n\p Npp-am-Wv.Bi-b-n\p Npp-am-Wv.

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Iev]n-X-k-ap-Zm-b-ns kmaq-ly-`m-h-\bvp ta \S-nb ka-amb cmjv{So-b-{]-tbm-K-n-eqsS hnP-bw-t\-Sn. Zn Fw]-b kvss{SIvkv_mIvF ]nm-e -]p -kvX -I -nepwXm-dnkw Kl-\-ambn hne-bn-cp--s-n-p- - v. `mhn-sb-p-dn-p ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fnse s]mcp--t-Sp-I-fpsSIe-h-d-bm-bn-cp dn{K-kohv tamtU-Wnkw Fv lm hnfn-p Xm-dnkw. kzX-{-hm-Wn-Py-k--ZvL-S-\-sbbpw cmPyw/km{am-Py-sbpwtNp-h -b vm -\p {ia -,]nn-cn- B[p-\n-I-X-bn-eqsS P\-v inWw \Im\pw A-S - - a p - - m -m -\ p kao -]\wXpSnbh lm {]tXyIw ]d-bp-p. {Kov amIvknv Nn-I\ntmkv ]uekm-kns tv ,]h, tkmjy-en-kw F ]pkvX-I-amWv he-Xp-`-c-W-ns tkzm-]-cX Xncn--dn-bm lmfn\v klm-b-I-amb LS-I--fn-semv. X-fpsS km-n-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-]-c-hp-amb kzmX{yw ]cn-an-X-am-p-sa--dn-npw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn KWy-hn -`mKw Xm-dpsS he-Xp -]km-cns\ ]np-W-bvp--XnsImc -W- lm At\zjn -p.tZio-b-hm-Z-ns sshIm-cn-IhpwP\-{]n-b-hp-amb kwh--fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw {]mtbm-Kn -I-k-Zm -Nm -c -ns {]tbm -Khpw hyn -IF \nebvv sXmgn-em-fn -I-fpsSt_m[s XS--s-Sp-p-p-shv

lm Xncn--dn-p. kacw sNpJ\nsmgn -em -fn -Isf `nn -n -m\pw ]nn-cn-n-m-\p-ambn B`y--c-i{Xp Fv {]tbm-Kn-p-tmgpwsXc-s-Spv thf-bn tZim-`n-am-\-kz-c-n At]-n-p-tmgpwhnk--X-sf X{-]-c-ambn Cm-Xm-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Xm-dn-kw.

kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-nsec - p ]mc -ssU-ap -I

1980 HmsS kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-nsec-p ]mc-ssU-ap-I phv lmthXn-cnp ( Cultural Studies Twoparadigns F teJ\w)kmwkvIm-cn-I-hm-Zhpw LS-\m-hm-Z-hp-am -W-h. Aw, DS -a , kzXzwFnh cq]o-Ir-X-am-hp A\p-`-h-ns taJ-e-bmbn kmwkvIm-cn-I-hmZw kwkvIm-cs Zin-p-p.LS-\m-hmZw Ah-t_m[w A\p-`hwFn-hsb `uXn -Im --co --n -sbpw kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw LS-\m-]c {]Xn-\n-[m-\-n-sbpw am[y--n-eqsS-bp--h-bmbn Zin-p-p . c - p w Xn -ep hyXymkwIrXy-ambn hni-Zo -I-cn -p--Xn\vd nmU v slmKm v , sdb v a - vhneyw-kv, C ]n tXmw]vk Fn-h-cpsS BZy-Im-e-c-N-\-I-sf-p-dnvlm ]d-bp-p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-hmZwkmaq-ly-am--ns GPmbn Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-sf aptm-p-h--tmLS-\m-hmZw A\p-`-h- kmaq-ln-

I-ambn \nn--s-Sp-p-shv hmZn-p. Ah `mj-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw ^e-am-sWpw LS-\m-hm-Z-ns hc-thmsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-hmZw t\cn shp-hn-fn-I-sf-nAtlw ]d-bp -p. AtX-k-abwAhsb tIh-e-Zz-z--fmn kp-Nn-X-am-p-pan-. LS-\m-hm-Z-ns{]mcw-` -Z -i-sb-bmWv Av lmA`n -ap -Jo -I -cn - -X v . teJ-\-nkmwkvIm-cn-I-hm-Z-n-sbpw LS-\m-hm-Z-n-sbpw ]cn-anXn {KmwjnsbD]-Po-hnv kqNn-n-p-Ibpw sNp- p - - v .

kt-X\ hnk-t-X\amXr-I am[y-a-]-T-\-ns hnImkw

t{imXm--fn-tev {]k-cn-pam[y-a-]m-T--fpsS ^ e--sf-p-dnpwAh-bn-eq-sS-bp kt-i-sf XIn-Sw-a-dn-p--Xn/]p\hym-Jym-\n-p--Xn t{imXm--fpsS ]m-fnwXpS -nb hnj-b--sf -p -dnpw_nanMv lmw sk ]T-\- \S-p-I-bp- -m-bn. sSen-hn-j hm,ka-Im-enI kw`-h--fpsS kwt{]-Ww XpS-n-b-h-bm-bn-cpp ]T-\-ta-J-e. sXc-s-Sp-p-Iv ( Elec-tion) t{]-I-]n-pW Dd-n-p--Xn-eqsS sSen-hn-j kXw Dev]m-Zn-n-p--Xns hni-I-e\w AXn-sem-m-Wv. Khsas \b--fpsS\yq\-X-sb-p-dn-p hmm-h-X-c-


W-ns km{-Zm-bn-I-coXn {]Xn-]--ns _Z ]cn-]mSn hnh-cn-pI am{X-am-Wv. AXp-hgn kwt{]-Ww ]me-sadn P\m-[n -]-Xy-ns \S-p-co-Xnbvv hg-p--Xm-bn-cp -p. -hy-XykvX kao-]-\-sfAh-K-Wn-p kp-NnX kao-]-\-am-W-Xv. am[y-a-]m-T-ns Dev]m-Z-\ -n -eq -sSbpw {]k-c -W-n -eq -sSbpw Hcp khn-ti-j-cm-jv{So-b-ho-Ww kzm`m -hn -I-amn am-s-Spp. t{imXm--sf-p-dn v {^mv^ SvNn-I Ah-X-cn-n amXr-IbvvXncp-mbn kt-X\ hnk-t-X\amXrI lm Ah-X -cn -n -p .

{^mv^S v Nn-I-cmb AtUm-tWmbpw slmssJ-adpw kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-bns Cc-I-fm-bmWvt{imXm-sf hne-bn -cp -n-b-Xv.sl_v amIyq-km-Is GI-X-e-k-aqlw One dimensional Society)t]mep \ntj-[-cq-]-I-amb Cta-Pp-I D]-tbm-Knv, am[y-a --fpsSIW-p-Iq-n-bp {]h-\-s-p-Sv \n-lm-b-cmb t{]-Isc Dt-inv Totally AdministeredSociety Fp {]tbm-Kn-p. t{imXm--fpsS kPo-h-X, hymJym-\-tijnFnh hos- -Sp -m lmfpw kl-{]-h-Icpw B k-ev]-\-sfIogvta adn-p. dnk-]vj knm--ns ASn--d-bn ]mTm-]-{K-Y-\-n t{imXm--fpsS ]sFXnpw Nmm-_--fpw IW-

n-se-Sp-p \h-am-XrI Ah-X-cn-n-p. AXmWv kt-X\ hnk-t-X\ amXrI. t{imXm- Ip-a-Sv]mTs kzoI-cn-p-I-b-, hyn-]m-T-tmSv kwh-Zn -p-p. Abm-fpsS/Ah-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-m--es B{i-bn-mWv Awcq]o-I-cn--s-Sp--Xv. B ]m--ew, Hcp Iqw hmb-\-m ]mT-ns Hcp {]tXyI hmb\ kzoI-cn-p-Xv As-n Xn--f-bp-Xv Fp-sIm-s - Imcyw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.

t{imXm--fpsS kzoI-c-Wslm B amXr-I-bpsS ASn-m-\-

n hni-Z-am-n. {kjvSm-hn\pw hmb-\-mp-an-S-bn ]mT-ns AwnXn sNp-p-sh-mWvdnkv]vj knmw ]d-bp --X v . {kjvSmhv]mTs Fs\ kt-X\w sNbvXmepw Aev]whyXy -kvX -ambn hmb-\ -m/ t{imXm -AXns\ hnk-t-X\wsNbvsX-Sp -pw. [mc -W-bpsS AXncv Margin ofUnderstanding FmWvlm AXn\v \Ipt]cv. kmaq-ly-\nn-Xn-hm-Z -tm-SmWv lmfnsNnbvv AhnsS IS-m-S v . Dtm Ftm,tdmtfm-Mv_mXv Fn-h-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI knm-

-fpw Nn-ns _lp-e-X-sb-p-dnv shmtfm-jn-t\mhv Ah-X-cn-n Nnbpw phv lmfns\kzm[o -\ n - n - p - - v . IXr -X z -k - -ev]s \ncm-I-cn-m-sXbp sXc-s-Sp -ns LS-\m-kz -`m -hs]cn-K-Wn-p-, kmwkvIm-cn-I-Po-hn-Xs a\-n-em-pXn\p {ia--fn-emWv Atlw apgp-In-b-Xv. am-ns km[y-X-Ip-ta-ep a\p-jy -Xz -] -c -amb Du-em -IskmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-tbm-K--fn LS-\-bpsS kzm[o -\-n tI{o-I-cn -p Aq-k-dnsamXrIbpambn kwLj-n-ep-am-bn-cp-p. ktiw Ab-bvp--bm,kt-iw, kzoImhv F hn[-ap bmYm-n-Xn-I-hn-\n-ab amXr-Isb shp-hn-fn-p kt-X-\-hn-

k-t-X\ amXr-I-bn aqv Imcy--fn-emWv lmfns Du. Hv,ktiw Ab-bvp Bfn-\mAw efn-X-ambn \nW-bn--s-Sp -n -. c - v , ktiw Hcn -epwkpXm-cy -a -. aqv, t{imXm-As \no-h-ambn kzoI-cn-p-I-b sNp--Xv. DZm-l-c -W-n\v A`-bmn-I-sf-p-dn-ptUmIyp-sadn t{]-I-cn klm-\p-`qXn DW-W-sa-n-. bYm-X-Y-amb ssienbpw hkvXp--fn-t-ep Duepw \nm-Xm--fpsSDtiyw XIn-Sw-a-dn-p-Itbm ImgvN-m-cn hncp--hn-Imcw krjvSn-p-Itbm sNmw. Ahn-Sps hogvN{kjvSm--fntem ImgvN-m-cntemF-Xn-t\-m am[y-a-kw-hn-[m-\-{I-a -n -emWv . lmfns hmZ -Am-cys tI{o -I -cn -p -p.Nn-hy-h--bv-I-mWv hn\n-abw \S-p--Xv. AXnse {][m-\-t]m -bnp -I -fmWv kt-X -\ -n -sbpw hnk-t-X-\-n-sbpw \nan-j-.

kv]jvSX(Articulation)

phvlm-fns IrXn-I-fnBhn-p kq{X-hm-Iy-amWvkv]jvS-X. AXn-m-[mcw GW-tm-e-Ivfu-hns s]mfn -nIvkv B vsFUn-tbm -fPn C amIvknvXnb-dn F ]pkvX-I-am-Wv.-eIvfuB kwhKw D]-tbm-Kn-Xv {]Xy-b -im -kv {X -n\v hK-_--ap - - m -IWw F \n_--an-s-v hmZn-m-\mWv {Kmwjn-bpsS Nn-bnepwAXn\ v thcp - - v . a\p -jy -kz - `m -h -ns {Ia-n-\p-ta \nn-X-L-S\ Ac-n-p -d -n -m th-n -bp{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-chpw km-n-I-]-chpw A[n-Im-c-]-c-hp-amb JWvU--fpsS Iqn-tmbn lm kv]jvS-Xsb hymJym -\n -p -p. _nIvfns Dsm- ]-Xn,sXmgn-em-fn -Iv A\p-Iq-e-satXm -ep -f -hm -p - -h n -[ -ntSmWn-_vf-b \S-nb hmN-I--kv Fnh ]cn -tim-[n -mlm kv]jvS-Xsb Ah-ew-_n-p.Atlw bXv\n-Xv , kmaq-ln-IhpwkmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-nsehn\m-i-I-chpw An-c-s-Sp-p--

phvlm-fns IrXn-I-fnphvlm-fns IrXn-I-fnphvlm-fns IrXn-I-fnphvlm-fns IrXn-I-fnphvlm-fns IrXn-I-fnBhn-p kq{X-hm-Iy-Bhn-p kq{X-hm-Iy-Bhn-p kq{X-hm-Iy-Bhn-p kq{X-hm-Iy-Bhn-p kq{X-hm-Iy-amWv kv]jvS -X. AXn -m -amWv kv]jvS -X. AXn -m -amWv kv]jvS -X. AXn -m -amWv kv]jvS -X. AXn -m -amWv kv]jvS -X. AXn -m -[mcw GW-tm-e-Ivfu-hns[mcw GW-tm-e-Ivfu-hns[mcw GW-tm-e-Ivfu-hns[mcw GW-tm-e-Ivfu-hns[mcw GW-tm-e-Ivfu-hnss]mfn-nIvkv Bs]mfn-nIvkv Bs]mfn-nIvkv Bs]mfn-nIvkv Bs]mfn-nIvkv B v sFUn-tbm-v sFUn-tbm-v sFUn-tbm-v sFUn-tbm-v sFUn-tbm-fPn C amIvknv Xnb-dnfPn C amIvknv Xnb-dnfPn C amIvknv Xnb-dnfPn C amIvknv Xnb-dnfPn C amIvknv Xnb-dnF ]pkvX-I-am -Wv. -eIvfuF ]pkvX-I-am -Wv. -eIvfuF ]pkvX-I-am -Wv. -eIvfuF ]pkvX-I-am -Wv. -eIvfuF ]pkvX-I-am -Wv. -eIvfuB kwhKw D]-tbm-Kn-XvB kwhKw D]-tbm-Kn-XvB kwhKw D]-tbm-Kn-XvB kwhKw D]-tbm-Kn-XvB kwhKw D]-tbm-Kn-Xv{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\v hK-_-{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\v hK-_-{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\v hK-_-{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\v hK-_-{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\v hK-_--ap - - m -IWw F \n_--ap - - m -IWw F \n_--ap - - m -IWw F \n_--ap - - m -IWw F \n_--ap - - m -IWw F \n_--an -s -v hmZn -m -\mWv-an -s -v hmZn -m -\mWv-an -s -v hmZn -m -\mWv-an -s -v hmZn -m -\mWv-an -s -v hmZn -m -\mWv{Kmwjn -bpsS Nn-bnepw{Kmwjn -bpsS Nn-bnepw{Kmwjn -bpsS Nn-bnepw{Kmwjn -bpsS Nn-bnepw{Kmwjn -bpsS Nn-bnepwAXn\ v thcp - - v .AXn\ v thcp - - v .AXn\ v thcp - - v .AXn\ v thcp - - v .AXn\ v thcp - - v .

kkp[ l HIvtSm_ 2014 13kkp[ l BKkv-v 2014 13

Xp-amb {]h-W-X-Isf ad-\o-n-m-Wn-m-\m-bn-cp-p. hn[n-hn-izm-ksXn--f v, tkzm-[n-]-Xy-n-t-Xmb GXp -bp -K -nepw am -n\pw ]ptcm -K -a -\ - {] -h-\-p - a p km[y -X -b p - s - vAtlw Nq - n -m -p -p. hn\m -i -n -sbpw \thmP-n -sbpwkm[yX A[o-i-Xz-ns lrZ-b-n -ep -s -v Atlw Icp -Xp -p.kv]jvSX B \ne-]m-Sns {]Jym-]-\-am-Wv.

ssPh-_p-n-Pohn1979 phv lm _nanMv

lmanse tPmen-bn \npw ]ncn-p. Hm bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bns{]m^-k-dm-Im th-n -bm-bn -cppAXv. IqSp-X hnZymn-I-fp-ambnCS-]-g-Im\pw AXp-hgn Hcp ssPh-_p-n-Po-hn-bpsS [w \n-ln-m-\p-am-bn-cpp At-l-ns Xmev]-cyw. 1997 hsc Atlw Hm bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bn {]hn-p. _nanMvlmw sk, Xs km[m-c-W-m-cn\nv AI-p-p-shv lmfn\v ]cm-Xn-bp--m-bn-cp-p. ssPh-_p-n-Po-hn-bpsS[w sskm-nI {]h-\--fn ap-Wn-tm-cm-fn-bm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw_pn-Po -hn -hn -`m -K -ns-Sm --hv Bi-b--fpsS Dd -h -bmbncnp-I-bp-am-sWv AtlwIcp-Xp-p. AXn-t\mSv ]mWvUn-Xy-

ns hkvXp-\njvT amXr-I-bmbnhne-bn-cp--s ]mc--cy-_p-n-Po-hnsb Atlw Xpe\w sNbvXp.

kzXz-]-T-\-Ak-p-jvS -\mb amIvknv

Fv hnfn --s-n -p phvlmfns ]nme cN-\-I _lp-kw-kvIm-c-hm-Zw, kzXzw, Idp-nsku-cy-im-kv{Xw, hwio-bX XpS-nb hnj-b-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-p. tImf-\n-b-\--c-Nn-bvv e`nkzoIm-cy-X-bpsS ]m--ehpw BcN-\-Ip-- v. ssl{_n-Un-n, Ub-kvt]md Fo k-ev]-\- sh-m-cpsS in Zp_-e-s-Sp-n.hwin-a ( Ethnicity) bpsS k-ev]-\- t]mv sImtfm -Wn -b -en -k-ns coXn -imkv{Xw ]pXp -cq -] -n aptm -p -h -b vp -IbpwsNbvXp. 1950 -sebpw 70 sebpw]ucm-h-Im-i-{]-m-\-fpw _vfmv]h aqhvsap-I-fpw sh-m-cpsSin hn-p-Xpw GI-am-\-am-hp-Xpw Xncn--dn-p. \nd-nst]cn Idp --h sFIy-s-p.AXp-hgn krjvSn-]-c-amb Du-ns {]Im-i-\-ap - -m -sbv lmAwKo -I -c n -p -p .AtXm -sSmwsh-m-c-m--h-cpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb A\p-`-h- s]cp-nv ImWn--s-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Bt{^m Ico-_n-bIm, Cym -m,]mIn-mIm, Idp--h-cmb hwiob \yq\-]-- XpS -n -b -hvhyXy-kvX-amb kmwkvIm-cn-I-_--fpw kzXz-{]-Xn-_nw-_--fp-amWv D-X v . ]pXnb hwin -a(Ethnicity) IfpsS ASn -m\w hyXy-kvX-XsbXncn--dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI F-Xm-Wv. Fm phvlm hwiob tImUn -ns tkzm-] -c -XsbNq - n -m -p -Ibpw AXn -e -S-nb km-hm-Z-]-c-ambAwis \ntj-[n -p -Ibpw sNp -p. HcpkmwkvIm -cn -I -\nnXnF \ne -bn -emWv

hwis Atlw hni-I -e\wsNp--Xv. enwKw, hKw, ssewKn-IX Fn-h-bm hwi-kw-_--ambtNmZy- IpdpsI hn`-Pn--s-Sp-p-h-t{X. kqNn-X-{]-tbm-K--fpsS_lp-e-kz-`m-h-s-p-dnv shmtfm-jn -t\m -hns IrXn -I lmfn\ vt\cs Xs Adnhp \In-bn-cp-p.

]pXnb hwio-b-X-sb-p-dn-p]T-\-n, kwkvIm-c-nepw hn\n-a-b-n-ep-ap kqN-I--fpsS Ne-\- ]nSn-s-Sp-m Un^-dmkvF Zdn -Z -bpsS k-ev] -\ -amWvlm D]-tbm-Kn--Xv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-cq -]o-I-c-W--fpsS Iev kz`m-hs ]cn-K-Wn-p hni-I-e-\-n-eqsS ssl{_n-Unn F tImf-\n-b-\-c k-ev]\w AXns\ Xzcn-X-am-n. AXp-hgn kmwkvIm-cn-I-hy-n-Xzw,hwiob ipn-hmZw Fn-hbvvFXn t]mbnp -I AtlwkrjvSn- p. (Ethnic Diaspara sbpdn-p Bibw kwkvIm-c-n-sbpwtZio-b-X-bp-sSbpw {Zh-kz-`m-h-s-p-dnv lmfn\v Adnhp \In. A[n-Im-cs Xpd-p-hm-bn-m AXvklm-bn-p.

Minimal Selves F teJ\w] pX p -k z - ` m - h - s -p - d n - plmfns \nco--W- Dsm-p-p- - v . hyXy-kvX-X, B-{]-Xn -^-e-\m--IX (Self reflexivity) kn-

Xm-


KvX Fo kmt-XnI ]Z-tI{-am-bmWv kzXz-cm-jv{So-b-s-p-dn-p lmfns Nn-I hnI-kn -p --X v . hyXy -kvX -X -bpsScmjv{So -bw, hyXykvX kap -Zm -b-sf GI-I--fmn kp-Nn -X -ambn hn`-Pn-p hncp--Zz-z-sf

\ncm-I-cn-p-p. Idpv/shfp-v, ]pcp-j/kv{Xo, ssewKn -I -ambnt\scsNms-bp-Xv/ A-s\-b-m-Xv Fn-h-bmWv B hncp--Zz -z-. hyXy-kvX-X-bn lm_mly-h-Xv-c-W-t-m B-cn-I-Xbvv CSw \Ip-p. B-{]-Xn-^-e-\m--IX \psS khn-tij\ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ]q-h-cWwDsm-p -p. ]pXnb k`-n \apv kzm`m-hn-Itam km-{Xn-Itam Bb \ne-ssI-sm-m-\m-hn-. ap kw`-h-, k`-Fn-h-bp-sS-ta B{i-b-t_m[wDf-hm-p--XmWv kn-Kv-X. AXv\mw kzoI-cn-p cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-I inem-k-am-\-a-sv AwKo-

I-cn -p-p. hyXykvX kml-N-cy-nepw ka-b-nepw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn Hcp Reposition Bh-iy-am-W-t{X. DZm-l-c-W-n\v kv{Xohn-tam-N-\-]-c-amb apt-- Hcp kml-N-cy-n ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-Ip-tmasmcp kml-N-cy-n ]nn-cn-n-

m-\m-Ip-p-h-t{X. Fmta-d aqv kmt-Xn-I-]-Z-fpw H-bvsm-d-dbvvA]-cym -] vX -am -sW-Xpwh y X y - k v X X b p s Scmjv{Sobw A\--ambn NnX-dn-bm cmjv{So-bta Am-Xm-Ip-sapw lm Icp-Xp-p.k z X z - s - p - d n - p lmfns knmwkv]jvS-X, A]-\nmWw,A[o-i-Xzw, eIvfu-hn-sbpwau^n-sbpw IrXn-I-fnseBi-b- Fn-h-sb-sb-m-amWv ASn-m-\-am-p--Xv. AXv hyn-Isf ]pXn-b -kJyw cq]o -I -cn -mtNp-h-bvp-p. ]c--cm-KX kzXz -cm -jv{So -b-nhyXy-kvX-X-bpsS Za-\-n-eqsSbmWv Acw kJy- cq]o-I-cn--s-Sp--Xv.hyXy -kvX -X -bnse GI-X-tbm -SmWv lmfn\v Iw.kzXzw A\--ambn Ae-bp-tXm nc-X-bn-m-tXmhnfw -_n -Xtam AsvAtlw Icp -Xp -p.kwkvIm -c -n, Ncn - {X -n, `mj-bn m]n -Xhpw \ne-bp--Xp-am-WXv

Fv AwKo-I-cn -p--tXm-sSmwap kzXz-v FXn-cmb Ih-N- [cn-n-n-spw a\-n-em--Ww. {]hP-\ -m AXns\]q-ambn a\-n-em-m-\m-hn -.AXv nchpw \nn-Xhpw ]cn-jvI-cn-m Ign-bm--Xp-amb FXn{[p-h--fn _n-X-hp-a-.

t]mv sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-tm-Sp At -l-ns Xmev] -cy -nse Icp-X-emWv B ]d-bp--Xn hy-am-hp--Xv. A[n-Im-cskwhm-Z-n\v Xpey-ambn Zin-pkao-]-\--sfbpw lm Xn--f-p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb am-n\vcmjv{Sob kwL-S-\, ka-cw, ey-t_m[w Fnh Bh-iy-am-sWv

Icp-Xp cmjv{So-b-Nn--bpsS Ah-in-jvS- At-l-n FtmgpwAh-ti-jn-n-n-cp-p-sh--Xn\v sXfn-hm -W-X v . AsX-m -bmepw lm] nm - e v s sIsm -cmjv{Sob kao -]\w \yqse^v vdnhyq -hn D-m -bn -cp - L-n\npw Xm-dn -ks hni-I-e\wsNbvX L-n \npw GsdhyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-p.

]pXnbImes hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn {Kmwjn -bpsS hni-I-e -\ -ns XpS-bmWv ph vlmfns kao-]-\w. ]pXnb Ime-ns Cc- -kz -`m -h -s-p-dnvAtlw ]d-bp-p. A[n-Im-c-n-t-Xmb hnj-b- _lp-cq-]--fnk-e v]\w sNp --tXm -sSmwkmaq -ln -Ihpw km-n -Ihpwcmjv{So-b-]-c-hp-amb kvac-W-I-fpsSAS-cp-I \nb-X-am-hp--XmWv BCc--kz-`m-hw. kmaq-ly-am--nsFn F \ne-bn aqe-[-\-n\pw sXmgn -em -fn -p -an -S -bnsekwLjs \ntj-[n -p-IbpwhyXy-kvX-X -bpsS cmjv{So -bskzoI-cn -p -Ibpw sNbvX -tXmsSphv lm Ivfmkn- amIvkn-k-tmSv hnS-]-d-p. ]pXn-b-Im-ev hn]p -e -amb tImWn\nmWv am-n-t-Xmb {]h-\ - ]Tn - -s -tS - - -X v . ]pXnbhwio -b -X -bpsS kwLj-,s^an-\n-k-, tK, sekv_n-b{]m-\-, ]cn-nXn {Kqp-I,arKm-h-Im-i-kw-c--W-m, kzXz-cm-jv{So-b-m Fn-s\ hn]p-e-am-Wv AXns taJ-e. FmepwamIvkn-ks ]qW-ambpw lmIsm-gn-n-. h-am-\-Ime kaq-l-ns {]h-\--sf-p-dnvIrXy -amb Hcp Nn{Xw \ImamIvknv hni-I-e-\-n\v ]cn-an-Xn-bp- - v . Fmepw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-ambhnai-\w, kmaq-ly-]-cn -h\wFn-h-bn amIvknp kv]ncnv\ ne - \ n t - - - X p - - - t { X .

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Aq-k-sdbpw {Kmwjn-sbbpwIqn -tm Atlw {ian -p.Fm B c-p sskm-n-I-m-cp -sSbpw k-ev]-\- XnsekwLj- ]cn-l-cn-m- lm-fn\mbn -. 1983 - - HmsS AXnsekwLjw At-l-ns IrXn-I-fn hy-ambn Marxism withoutguarantees Fv, Xs ImgvN-m -Sns\ Atlw hni-Zo -I-cn -p.Aq-k-dn-s\bpw {Kmwjn-sbbpwIqn-tp--Xns Ayw-Ip-dn--embn B {]kvXm-h\.

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h-\--fp -sSbpw CS -s] -S -en -sbpw hnai-\m--I-ta-J-e-bm-bn-- Nn-I-\mWv phv lm.`mjm-{]-tbmKw A[n-Im-cw, m]-\-, cmjv{So -bw. k-ZvL-S\Fn-h-bp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p-shv Atlw Icp-Xp-p. _pn-Po-hn-bpsS Z-tKm-]p-c-am-Xr-I-IvkzPo-hn -Xw-sIm- v _Z krjvSnphv lmfns kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-am-XrI he-Xp-]-s \nc-cw A]-{K -Y n - t - - - X n s Bh -iy -IXt_my-s-Sp-p-p.

klm-b-I-{K--1. Chris Baker, A sage Dictionary of

cultural Studies, Sage publishers, 2004,New Delhi

2. Hall.S, Encoding and decoding inthe Television discourse, Birmingham Cen-tre for Contemporery cultural Studies,1973, UK

3. Hall.S & Jefferson .T , Resistancethrough Rituals Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain Hutchinson, 1977, London

4. Hall. S. Crither.C.Jefferson.T,Clarke J & Roberts B . Policingtha Crisis Macmillian 1978, London

5. Hall.S, Cultural Studies: Two Para-digms Media, Culture and society, Vol.2,pp 57-72.

6. Hall . S, The Hard Road to RenewalThatcherism and the crisis of the LeftVerso, 1988,London

7. Hall.S, The Question of CulturalIdentity in Hall, David Held, Antony McGrew eds, Modernity and its Futures (pp274-316) Cambridge Polity Press, 1992.

8. Hall. S, Representation CulturalRepresentations and signifying Practicessage, 1997, London.

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cn -p --Xp -t]mse Ahn -b-en\pwkmm-dn\pw Acn-p-Iqn ]mI-s-Spn tNmdpw ]e-lm-c-hp-sam-cpnhnf-p hop-Im-cy- am{X-a-.hon hcpp aqp ]{X-IrXy-ambn hmbn-p-Ibpw Sn hnkocn-b-ep-I-fpsS ]p\x-kw-t{]--W- hsc ImWp-Ibpw hnhm-ln-Xbpw {^osek-dp -amb GI-a -Ifpambn IYm-K-Xn-bpsS N-bnGs-Sp-Ibpw sNp AXn-hn-]p-e-amb hop-Im-cy-. ]Xn-hmbnhcp-p ]{X-am-kn-I-Ip ]pd-ta, cl-ky-ambn Hp c-p tPymXn-j-am-kn-I-Ifpw ]{X-hn-X-c-W-m-c-t\mS v GmSv sNbvXn -p - - v . C{X-sbms t]msc Ah-fpsS Iem-Nm-cp -Xbvv sXfn -hm-bn. AXp-sIm-pXs-bmWv Rm ]d-Xv AhF\np acp-p-I FSpp Xcp-Xv Hcp {]tXyI Iem-Nm-cp-X-tbm-sS-bmWv Fv.

cmhnse ]mXn-a-b--n Hcpshfp s]mpKp-fnI Inh-p-X-cpw. IqsS sh-hpw. Hw acp-ns t]cpw ]dv tIn-pw.

abw amdmsX Rm ]d-bpw.CXns Bh-iy -an -. C\n -sXm vIdnv Asbm -ssUkvUv Dv


ths-p hm t]msc. AXp-t]m-sc-n Abn-e-ao hmn Idn-hpXm- aXn.

c-p aWn-q Ign-bp-tm HcpIym]vkq -. IqsS Hcp knd-pw.Fn-\m-Wmthm Cu knd-v. sImp-Ip -n -sbm-p -a - -tm. ]mZ-nse\ocn-\m-W-t{X. tZmjw ]d-b-cp-XtmCu acp-p-I-fpsS t]cp-I ]dvFs t_my-s-Sp-pw.

{]`m -X - ` - -W -n -\p - tijw,\o- ]nv \nd-n-se Hcp Kpfn -I.AXns t]cpw ]dp Xn vAh samgn-bpw. ""CXmWv \n-fpsS acp-v. ae-bm-f-n Imn-setg vk v D - m -b n - c p - s - nAXn hnS-cp--Xm-Wv, \n-fpsSacp-''v.

{]mX-en\p tUmIvS-dpsS {]tXyI\nt-i-sam-p-an-m--Xn\v \n.

tdUn-tbmbpw ]{X--fp-am-bp]I. ]{X--fpsS apJy-hm-I. hcn-In-S-bnep hmb\ths-p hnp Znh -k--fm -bn .IpvUv \yqkn -sbpw s]bvUv\yqkn -sbpw hcn -In -S -bnt]mbnv hcn-I hmbn-m-\p aFt \in-n-cn-p-p.

cm{Xn `-W-n\p tij-ap\mep Kpfn-I-I Fs InXvHmtcm-n-sbpw P\-dnIv t]cp-IfpwsIan- t]cp-Ifpw {_mUv t]cp-Ifpw Bhn-m-hnv tIn-v, Fs Ah t_m[y-s-Sp-pw.Fv ASppw Nn-bp-am-bn-mWv acp-p-I-fpsS t]cp-I Ah ]d-bp--Xv.

Hcp Znhkw hoSn\v sX-I-se-bp-ff Xpjmc saUn -kn -tevRm ISp sNp -p. Fs_p IqSn-bmb saUn- tmapX -em -fn -bp -ambn ZoL-t\cwkwkm-cn-p.

Znh -k- Ign -bth FshoSn\cn-Inse Ih-e-bn addp ]esaUn- tmdp-Ismw ]pXn-sbmcp saUn-kv IqSn hptNp. Imt]mfns 6 Kpfn-I-bpsS Hcp eo^v dne-bkns doPn-b -W skbnkv amt\-Pv\In-sm- v BZy hnev]\ Fskl-[nWn \ne \n-ln-p.

F.-K-tW-it^m 2306359

Infn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _meInfn-am-\q _me

F\np th-n\n ]en-i, Rm XapX-se-\np \o Xncnp Xtp]eni ths- -\n --cn -hm-n-p-hmapX-se-\np \o Xncnp \IWwXncn-p-Rm Xcp-a-Xn-s\-\np \oIpd-p-am-k-s-b-h[n \IWwAXn\p app-Rm-s\-hn-Sp-s-nepwadnp \n ]Ww Xncnp \InSpwan-Ww \ns ISpw-]n-Sp--If-bWw Ipd--h[n \IWwadn-tbm ho-pw ? ]en-i-m-tcmSpadn-s-\np \o Xcp-hm t\mptm?F\n--dnbmw \n a\x{]bm-k-apXepw \obn\n Xncnp \tI-!!!



R Ccp-]-n-bmdp ]l-b-m -cp - - n -hn -sS. Cu XWp Ad-bn amhp-Ip -gp ]Xw hcpnsNdnb samcp-sam-sc-bp _nkv-p -I -fp - - m -p -p. R-fpsS P\-en\p apn t\mn-bmmWp-Xv Hcp Ipgn-bm-Wv. AXn I-I \nc-n-bn -p - - v . Ah CuwsIm- v ]-\n-d -am-bn -cn -p-p. Ccp-p-h-e-sIm-v ]pdsa \nv P\]m-f n - I a d - n - p - - v . AX p - sI m - vP\m-fn-I-fn-eqsS kqcy-c-ivan-I-S-p-am-bn-cp-n-. B P\m-fn-I-fm-sW-n tKmXv s]mSn -sIm - paqSn-bn-cp-p. R sdmn-bpsS HcpXp-p -t]mepw `n-mp sImSp-m-Xn -cn -m th-n -bmhpw R-fpsS apX-emfn Ccp -p -h-e-sIm-pP\me ad-n-cn-p--Xv. As-ntPmen-bn-m R-fpsS kvt\ln-Xv sImSp-m-Xn -cn -m. apX-emfn Rsf Xn -p -Im -sc -sb-mWp hnfn-n-cp--Xv. No-fnIpStem amwktam BWv `-W-am-bn-Xncp--Xv.

B CSp-nb s]mw-Ip-dac-q-n Xma-kn-pI hfsc hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. hfsc XmW hnj-ann-p av amdm-ebpw ]pIbpw

Ccp] n-bmdp]pcp-j-mcpw Hcps]Ip-nbpw

amIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnhnh\w: Pn tPm

IYIYIYIYIY

sIm - paqS n -bn -c p -p . B I\ -,Agppw amen -\y -fpw \nd`nn-Ipn R sRn-sR-cpn IjvS-s-p. AXn-cm-hnseAp-a -Wnp R Dd --ap -Wp. Dd--an-m-sXbpw a\w-a-Sp-tm-sSbpw th-{X {i-tbm-sS -b-m -sXbpw Bdpa -Wn -bm -Ip -tm -tgbvpw R _n-en -cppR amhp-Ip-g-bvp ]Wn-bm-cw -`np Ign -n-cnpw. Fnp_nkv-p - - m -m-\pw. R Dd-p-tm Xs R-fpsS kl-tPm-en -m amhp th- -hn -[ -nIpgp Xm-dmn Ign-n-cn-pw.cmhnse apX cm{Xn ]p-a-Wn-hscZnh-k-amsI R _n-en-cpvamhv Ipg-v, CS-bvnsS ac-hnpt]mIm -Xn -c n -m -\mbn icocwIpSv A[zm-\n-n-cp-p. AtX-k-abw ap--h Ipg amhn shwtNv Iqn-tn-cp-p. AtX-k-abw _nkv-p-I Xnf-p-a-dn-bpt_mbve-dn shw Znhkw apgp-h\pw "]' F a-c-tmsSXnf -p sIm - n -cp -p. AXv Nnm-]qhpw ZpxJ-tm-sS-bp-am-bn-cp-s-pam{Xw. ASp--f-bpsS Xd-bnt_-dpsS atImcn thK-nepw

hntZz-j-tm-sSbpw hrn-bm-n-sm- - n -cp -p. AtX-k-abw Xnfsdmn -am -hns Xp-p -I aI--I-fn sXdn -n -p -sIm- - n -cp -p. ASp--f-bpsS Hcp-h-iv ]pe apXcm{Xn-hsc ac--j-W- In-sm- - n -cp -p. B htm-nse`nn -I -fn Nph An-Pzm -e -I\rw hp-sIm- - n -cp -p. Ah\ni-_vZ-ambn Rsf Ifn-bm-p--Xp-t]msebmbn-cp-p. Hcp bn--Y-bnse A]-ISw ]nW cm-ks Xe-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-p AXvXd-bn \nv apI-fn-tev Ipn-\nn -b -Xp -t]m -se -bm -bn -cp -p.AXns henb hmbn \ndsbAn-Pzm-e-I-fm-bn-cp-p. Ah R-fpsS ico-c--fn-tev DuXn-hn-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah Icp-Wbpw hnIm-c-hp-an-m Ip-I-fm-bn-cpp. BBg - a p c - p K pl -I c m -ks Ip-I t]mse-bm-bn-cp-pIcp-Wbpw hnIm-c-hp-an-m Ip-It]m -se Rsf X-fpsShnIm-c-an-m t\--tfmsS ASn-a --I -sf -sb t]mse a\p -jy -Xz -ns Xcn-p-an-m--h-w, IqSp-X Adn-hp-I-tfmsS XWp hntZz-


j-tmsS kqnp t\mn-sm-- n - c p - p .

Znh-kw-tXmdpw tKmX-p-am-hnss]mSn -bnepw Xn-bn \npwR-fpsS Imen-te-bv-Sn Agp-nepw km{o-Ir-X-amb A-co--n- R amhv Ipg-p-sIm- - n -cp -p. Fnv R _nkvvD -m -n -sm - - n - c p -p. Ah-bm -sW-n R-fpsS hnbp -sIm - p\\-ncp-p. R AXo-h-Xo-jvW-ambn R-fpsS tPmensbshdp-p. R kzw ssIsIm-- p - - m -nb De v] - -sf `n -n -cp -n -. AtX-k-abw Idpsdmnsb B _nkvI-p-I-tf-mCjvS-s-p. henb s_n ]c-kv]cw t\p -t\ -sc -bn -cpvR H-Xp-t]v t\sc H-Xp-t] R Ipw hnc-ep-IfpwHcp b{w-t]mse Nen-n-p. aWn-q-dp-I-tfmfw B tPmen-tbmSv A{X-tmfw ]cn -N -b -s - -Xn -\mR kzw Ne-\-s-n Nnn--tX-bn-. AXp-t]mse R ]c-kv]cw kkqvaw {in--Xn-\m,Iq-Im-cs apJ-p--m-Ip HmtcmNpfn-hp-I-sf--nbpw Adn-n-cp-p.Rp kwkm-cn-m hnj-b--fn-m-bn-cp-p. ]s, R-f-Xn-t\mS v kmyw - {]m -]n -n -cp -p.As\ \nXm --am -sbmcp \n-_vZX R ]men -n -cp -p.R Ie-ln-m-Xn-cn-p-tm .]s, Ftm-gp-sam-cm kJm-hm-bn-c n -p -tm, Abm-fpsS Fs-nepw sXp I - p -] n - S n -b vm -\p -- mIpw ]s, hfsc hnc -f -ambnam{Xta R Ie-ln-n-cp-p-p.Fs-m ]IpXn acn Hcp a\p-jy -s sX v Fs\ I - p -] n - S n -bvm-\mWv; {]tXy-Inv Ah HcpUn -bmbn Ign --Xn -\p -ti-jw,Ahs Hmtcm hnIm-chpw Xs ITn-\m-[zm-\-m Nhn-n-t-bv-spIgn-bp-tm. Fm \n-_vZ-X,Xs-sb-m -Im -cy -fpw ]d -p-Xo, IqSp-X-sempw kwkm-cn -m-\n-m-, Bv hfsc `oI-chpw ITn-\-hp-am-Wv. Fm an-n -p -S -mbmv, \n-_vZXhfsc Ffp--ap eLp-hmb Imcy-am-Wv.

Nne-tm R ]mSn-bn-cp-p.R-fpsS ]mv Cu hn[-amWv Bcw-`n -n -cp --Xv . tPmen -bvn -Sbvv

s]sv Bsc-nepw Hcp XfIpXn-c-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse s\Sp-hon-Spw. Fnv hfsc ]Xn- kzc-n B ]gb \o- ]mv ]mSpw.AXns a[p-chpw Nhpw Iehcn-I ]mp-Im-cs lrZ-b-n\pw`mcw \Ip hyY-bn \npwAhs\ Biz-kn-n-pw. As\Hcm ]mSpw R B H-s]mv BZyw \n-_vZ-am-bnv tIp-sIm- - n -cn -pw. AXv {ItaW Ah-km -\n -pw. B Ccppapdn -bpsS`mcn tap-cbvp Xmsg AXp-sI-p-t]m-Ipw. Hcp XWp Ce-s]m-gn -bp Imes Npn--nseXot]mse \c BImiw `qan-bpsSHc p shf p -obw sIm - ptap-c-t]mse tXmn-pw-t]mseAtm asm-cm ]mp-Im-c-s\mwIqSpw . Ctm c - p i_vZ -CSp-nb Ccp-p-ap-dn -bpsS ZpjnA-co --n kmh-[m -\hpwZpxJ-]q-ambpw apg-n-sm- -n -cn -pw. Atm-tgpw ]e i_vZ-B Km\s Htc-k-abw Gp-hm-pw. AXp Hcp Xnc-am -e -t]mseDbv IqSp-X in t\Sn R-f psS Ip - sIm - - p XWp -,_en-jvT-amb `nn-I-fn h-e-bvpw.

Ctm R-fnse Ccp-]-m-dp-t]cpw ]mSp-I-bm-Wv. ZoL-ambA`ym -k-n -eqsS CuW-amR-fpsS i_vZw ]Wn--ev\nd -bp -I -bm -Wv . R-fpsS ]m vAhnsS Igpv sRcn--s-p-t]m-Ip-p. AXv I`n-n-I-fn-e-Sn-p-p.Rc-p-p, Ic-bp-p. \ncm-im-I-c-amb im-th-Z-\-sIm- v lrZ-bsaYn-p-p. Fnv lrZ-b-kv]in-bmb A`n -hmRvO DWp-p.]mp -Im AKm -[ -am -b, lrZbw\nd \nizm-k--fp-Xnp-p.AXn-sem-cm ]mp \nn, XskJm--fpsS ]mp hf-sc-t\cw {in-p-p. Fnv ho-pw ]mp -Im-cpsS ]mns Xmf-n-s\mw tNcp-p.-a-sm-cm 'B..'' Fp ]dvIpw-]qn ]mv Be-]n -p-p.Abmv B ]mv {]Iminapn \np Hcp tdmUm-bn.AXn Xm bm{X sNp--XmbntXmp-p.

ASp-n Xobm-fn--n-sm- -n -cp-p. t_-dpsS tImcnI sdmn--S-bnse a`n-n-I-fn Dc-p-sIm-

- n - c pp . t_mbn -e - d n shwXnfp adnp sIm-ncp -p. ASp-nse XobpsS {]Imiw `nn-I-fnNncn -t]mse Xnf -n -sm- - n -cp -p.RfpsS ]mns ISw-hm-nbhcn-I-fn -eqsS R- R-fpsSGI-Xm-\-amb ZpxJ-n\p kmm-XvImcw \Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-p. kqcy-kvan-X-an-m Pohn-I-fpsS ZpxJ-a-b-amb A`n-hm-RvO-I-fm-bn-cp-p Ah,ASn -a -I -fpsS A`n -hm -RvO-I.As\ R Ccp-]-m-dp-t]B henb honse Ccp-p-ap-dn-bnPohn-p. RfpsS PohnXw A{X`mcn --Xm-bn -cp -p. AXp-sIm- v Bhons aqp-\n-e-Ifpw R-fpsS

hn]vf-h-km-ln-Xy-nshn]vf-h-km-ln-Xy-nshn]vf-h-km-ln-Xy-nshn]vf-h-km-ln-Xy-nshn]vf-h-km-ln-Xy-nsIp-ap\Ip-ap\Ip-ap\Ip-ap\Ip-ap\

amIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmnamIvknw tKmn(1868-1936)(1868-1936)(1868-1936)(1868-1936)(1868-1936)

AeIvkn amIvkn -tam -hn vsNj-tIm-hns Xqen-Im-\m-a-amWvamIvknw tKmnsb-Xv. 1932-Atlw \njn-\n-t\mhv Ktcm-UnP\n-p. B ew tKmn-tbm-Sp _lp-am-\mw tKmn-sbp ]p\\m-a-I-cWw sNbvXp.hfsc sNdp--nte Xs At-l-ns amXm-]n-Xm- acn-p-t]m-bn -cp -p. _meyw AtlwXs ap-\pw ap-n-bp-sam-mWv sNe-h-gn- -Xv. _meyw (child-hood )(1913) F Xs IrXn-bnZmcn-{Zy-nepw IjvS-X-bnepw XmIgn--Zn-\--sf-n Atlw hnh-cn-p-p--v. B Zn\--fn X\n-sm-tc-sbm-cm-{ibw ap-n-bpsS Icp-Wbpw kvt\-l-hp-am-bn-cp-s--tlwHmn-p-p. {Kmao-W-d-jy-bpsS ac-hn Pohn-X- ns Hcp XojvW-ambNn{Xw Atlw IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn -n -p-p. Fm At-l-ns am\-h -Po -hn -X -nsDbs-gp-tn-s\--n -bp{]Xo sIp-t]m-bn-cp-n-. ]{-- p - h -b -m -b - tXm - s S , Atlwkzw D]-Po-h-\mw Im\-S-bmbn \Sv Inm -hp GXptPmen thW-sa-nepw sNmk--\m-bn. AtX-k-abw At-l-


Npa -en Xn -\np --XmbnRp tXmn.

B ]mp IqSmsX asmvRv kwXr]vXn \In.kqcy-\p-]-I-c-ambn Rsf Biz-kn-nXpw R kvt\ln--Xp-ambHv. R-fpsS hons c-mw -\n -e-bn kzn\v Ae-m-c-WnsNp Hcm -fpsS IS -bp - - m -bn -cp -p. Ahn-sS-bp ]Wn-m-cn ]Xn-\m -dp -h -b -p Xm\nb Fs ] I p - n b p - m b n - c p - p .s X m g n a p d n - b v - p - d - p ImSnPme-I-n-\-p-dv CS-\m-gn-bn Fm Znh-khpw Hcp ]\n-\o

apJw \oe--p-I-fp-ambn {]Xy--s-Spw. Fnv apg -p i_vZ-n hnfnp ]d-bpw.

""sNdnb XS-hp-Im-tc, F\nbvpIpdp _nkvp Xcq.''

R ]cn-Nn-X-amb B i_vZwtIv ktm-j-`-cn-X-am-bn. \ `mh-tmsS B Nncn-p apJ-n\pt\sc Xncn-bpw. Ah-fpsS at\m-l-c-amb aqv kv^SnI `nn tae-a-cp-Xpw Ah-fpsS tdmkv \nd-n-epNp -p -I -fn hnS -cp Nncnbpw I- vR B\--Xp-n-e-cm-bn-o-cp-p. Xn a-cn v RAhmbn IXIp Xpd-m an-Sp-p. {]k-bpw at\m-l-cn-bp-amb

B s]Ipn Xs B{]WpwDbn Dn-tep IS-p -p.Fnv \nd Nncn-tbmsS AhRp apn \np-p.Xs inckp Hcp `mK -tvNcnp ]nS n -p -sIm - - v . sNv\p\nd -ap \o- Xe-ap -Sn -p -cp -fp -IAh-fpsS Npa-en hoWp InSvAh-fpsS amdns\ ad-n-cp-p. Idp-, hncp-]-cmb, hrn-sI RXe ]ntm v Nen -n v Ahsft\mn, Rv ]cn-Nn-X-an-mkp{]-`mXw Biw-kn-pw. Ah\np--Xn R-fpsS Xd-tb-m \mep-]Sn apI-fn-em-Wv. AXp-sIm- -mWv R Ahsf inc-p-

n\v kmln -Xy -n Bg-apkvt\lhpw ]Tn -m -\p B{K-lhpw D - m -bn . 1 892 - AtlwXs BZys IY {]kn-o-I-cn-p. amNp{Z Fm-bn-cpp At-l-ns BZys IYbpsS t]cv.Ap apX Atlw Xs Xqen-Im-\maw tKmnsbp D]-tbm-Knp XpS -n. tKmn -bpsSAw AXr-]vX Fm-bn-cp-p.1898 - Atlw BZys IYhnP-bn--tXmsS c-p IYm-k-am-lm-c- {]kn-o-I-cn-p.

kaq-l-nse XmW-X-c-m-cpsSPohnXw hfsc bmYmyt_m[-tmsS Nn{Xo -I -cn - -Xp -sIm - -mWvBZy-ambn Atlw djy kmln-Xy-nepw temI-km-ln-Xy-nepwXs {]ikvXn Dbn-n-Sn --Xv.kaq-l-nse Ghpw XmW-]-Sn-bn-ep a\p-jy-sc, DZm-l-c-W-n\vsX-n -Isf IpXn -c --f-f -msc XpS-nb kaq-l-n \np _ln-jvIr -X -cmb Bfp -Isf hfscbmYmy-t_m-[-tmsS A\p-I--tbmsS Atlw Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cp-p.

tKmn At\Iw hn]vf-h-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn _-s-p. AtXmsS HcpamIvkn-b Nnm-K-Xn-m-c-\m-bn.At -l-ns ]e Ihn -X -Ifpwhn]vf-h-ns kt-i-hm-l-I-cm-bn-cp-p. _qjzm aqey-sf Xnc-kvI-c n v sX - n -I - f p - s Sbpw a qey - -fpsm-mWv Atlw Xs cN-\-Isf cq]-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. 1899, 1902apX-emb Ime-L--nse kmlnXyw

Acw _qjzm-hn-cp--km-ln-Xys{]Xn-^ -en- n- p. temh- sU]vv FAt-l-ns \mSIw hen-sbmcphnP-b-am-bn-cp-p.

1905 -se hn] vfhw ]cm -P -b -stXmsS tKmn Ad-kvddpsN-s -p . ]s, temI-sm-msI AXn -s\ -Xnsc {]Xn -tj[apb-tm Atlw kzX-{-\m--s-p. Atlw djy-bn\nv C-en -bnse Im{]n -bn -tevXmakw amn. Ata-cn--bn\nvhn]vf-h-mmbn ]Ww ]ncn-bvm-\p At-l-ns {iaw ]cm-P-b-s-p. At-l-tm-sSm - -ap -XvAt-l-ns `mcy-b-s Fw_-kn -bpsS shfn -s -Sp - At-ls Ip]n-X-\m-n. Ata-cn-Khsan -s\bpw Pohn -X -co -Xn -sbbpw i-am-b-co-Xn-bn `n-p-sIm- v At-l-sa-gp -Xnb teJ-\-am-bn -cpp "Z knn Hm^v sbtmsUhn.'

AXn -\p -ti -j-am -Wv , Atlw"A-'sb-gp-Xn-b-Xv. AXv hf-sc-b-[nIw P\-{i ]nSn-p-]-n. djykmln-Xy-nse BZys dnb-en-nIv ( bYmXY) IrXn-bmbn AXphmgv-s-p. ]s, Ccp-]-Xp-sIm- -n -\p -ti-jw, tKmn XsAXns\ Xn - -d -p. AXpshdpw {]Nm-c-W-km-ln-Xy-am-bn-tm-sb-v. AXnse \ntemhv\ FA djy kmln-Xy-nse hen-sbmcp IYm-]m-{X-ambn amdn. djya\x-m-n-bp-sS-bp-sSbpw emfn-Xy-n-sbpw {]Xo-I-ambn Ah amdn.

B t\m -h -emWv s_tSmkvs{_jv{Sn v aX ItdPv F \mS-I-n\p {]tNm-Z-\-am-b-Xv.

1913 tKmn djy-bn-tepaS-nhp. Xs B-I-Ym-]-c -amb IrXn -bmb ssNUvlpUv(1913), C Z t]kv (1916) sdw\nskkv Hm^v ssa bqv (1916) ssabqWn-th-gvkn-okv Fnh Cu Ime-L--ns Dev]---fm-Wv. hn]vf-h -ns henb Bcm -[ -I -\m -bncps-nepw AXp {]tbm-K-n-se-n-b-tm I- `oI-cX At-l -n\ v Bi - -b p - - m - n . 1 9 2 1\ptijw ho-pw Atlw hntZ-i-hmkw XpS-n. b-tcm-K-_m-[n-X-\mb Atlw C-en-bnse DjvW-Im-em-h CjvS-s-p.

]nm-es Ghpw \IrXn-I, Btm-a-t\mhv _nkn-\-kv(1925) sse^v H^v kmwPn (1927-36)-F-nh djy Pohn-X-nskqva-amb Zqc-m-gvN-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. Xs ]no-Sp IrXn-I-fn -eqsS Atlw tkmjy-envdnb-enkw F ]pXnb kmln-Xy-cq-]-ns {]tbm-m-hmbn ]pXnbXe-ap-d-bnse Fgp-p-Imv amXr-I-bm-bn. ]gb djy-sbbpw ]pXnbdjy-sbbpw _n-n -p Hcp]me-ambn At-l-ns IrXn-I\ ne - sI m - - p .

Pn tPmPn tPmPn tPmPn tPmPn tPm


bn t\mp--Xv. B kwt_m-[\ R Ahp am{X-ambn\on-h-n-cn-p-p.R-f-h-tfmSpkwkm-cn--tm R-fpsS i_vZ-n\p am-hhpw Xam-i-Iv \nb-{-W-hp-ap- -m -bn-cp-p. Ah R-t f m - s S m - - a p - - m - b n - c p - - t m R hfsc am\y-m-cm-bn-cp-p.R-fnse t_ Ghpw Idp-apsd Nh-bvm-hp-, Ghpw Xhn-p-\n-d-n-ep _nkvIv ASp-n\ns-Spv Ah-fpsS A{]-Wn-te-bvn-Spw.

""t\mp. \n-fpsS bP-am-\ImW-cpXv'' Ah ap-dn-bnp Xcpw.Hcp Iui-e-]q-amb Nncn-k-m-\n-n-v, KpUvss_ sNdnb XS-hp-ImtcFp hnfnv ]dv hfsc s]svHcp sNdnb Fen-sb-tmse AhHmSn-a-d-bpw.

A{X-am-{Xw... Ah s]mbv-gn-nv hf-sc -t\cw Ign -mepwR ]c-kv] -cw - k-tm -j-tmsS Ah-sf-n kwkm-cn-pw.Xtep ]d AtX-Im-cy -Xs Bhnp ]d-p-sIm- - n -c n -pw. Fs-m AhfpwRfpw Npp-ap--hcpw XtepwAXn\p apn-es Znh-k--fn-ep-samw Htc-t]mse Xs-bm-bn-cp -p. X\np Nppw bmsXmcp am-hp -a n -m -n -Sv Pohn -p --X v .Hcmv hmsX apc-Sn-Xpw thZ-\m-P-\-I-hp-am-Wv. AXp Abm-fpsSBm-hns\ \in-n-n-n-s-n,-X-\np Npp-ap Xfw-sI- Abm-sf{X Imew Pohn-ptm A{XbpwImew Ak-l-\o-b-ambn amdp-p.kv{XoI-sf-n hfsc em-I-c-ambcoXn-bn kwkm-cn -m Rioen-n -cp -p. AXv F{X \mWwsI-Xm-bn-cp-sp R XsAdn-bm-am-bn-cp-p. Ah Hcn-epwam\y -amb kw`m -j-W-n\ptbmPnXmbn-cp-n-. ]s, Xm\n-b-sb-n Hcn-epw R-f-s\kwkm-cn -n -cp -n -. Ah-sf -nXmW-Xcw ^en -X -t]mepwR ]d-n-cp-n-. R-fn-sem-cmt]mepw Hcp hnct]mepw Ah-fpsS ta hbvm ss[cy-s-n-cp-n-. AXv Hcp-thf Ah A[n-I-k-a-bw-R--tfm-sSmw sNe-h-gn -bvm-Xn-cp-Xp aqe-amImw. AhBIm-i -p -\n -p Hcp\{Xwt]mse R-fpsS apn

\np ann-a-d-bp-am-bn-cp-p. As-n Ah sImsmcp kp-cn-p-n-bm-bn-cp--Xp-sIm- -p -am-hmw. R-fpsS a\w -a -Sp -n -p tPmenRsf hrn -sI amSp -I -sf -tmse amn-bn-cp-s-nepw R-sf-tmgpw a\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-p. addp a\p-jy -sc -tmse Fn-s\-sb-nepwBcm-[n-m-Xn-cn-m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n -. Ah-sf-m-f -Xn\p tbmKy-bmbn am-cp-ap- -m-bn-cp-n-. B Ccp-p-ap-dn-bn Pohn-p Rsf ad-dmcpw Ah-sf-tmse {in-n-cp-n-. B hon GXm- v Hcp UkBfp -I -f p - - m -b n - c p - n p w Aham{Xsa Rsf {in-n-cp-p-p.AXp-am-{X-a-. AXn-tesd {][m-\-s-X v Ahsf R R-fpsSkz-ambn Icp-Xn. Ah-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]p-Xs R sImSp-p_nkvI - p - sIm - - m -b n - c p -p . AX vR-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-]m-{X-n\p\Ip _en-bmbn R Icp-Xn. AXv Hcp Znhy-I-ambn amdn.AXp Znh-tk\ Ah-tfmSp IqSp-XZrV-ambn _n-n-p. _nkvpIqSmsX R-f-hv Ipsd-tbsdD]-tZ-i- sImSpp IqSp-XNqSp -]n -S nn -p hkv{X -[cnm\pw Atm-p -an -tmpwA[nIw thKn HmSm -Xn -c n -m\pw A[nIw `mc-ap-ff hnd-Ip-INpa-m-Xn-cn-m-\p-sam-s. Ah]pn-cn-tbmsS Ah {ihn-p. HcpNncn-tbmsS AXns\ {]Xn-I-cn-p.Fm-e-h Rsf A\p-k-cn-n-.]s AXv Rsf thZ-\n-n-n-. ]s R-f-hsf F{Xtmfw{in-pp F [mcW Ah-fn-ep--m --W-sa-p-am{Xw R-fm-{K-ln-p.

Ah ]e-Xcw Bh-iy--fp -ambn Rsf kao-]n-p. DZm-l-c-W-n\v sFkv hoSns `mc-aphmXn Xpd--W-sapw hnd -In -\p XSn tImSm-en -sIm- v apdn -p -sIm-Sp --W-sapw apw. ]s,Ah-sbms ktm-j-tm-sSbpwAXn IqSp-X-embn Hsms A`n-am-\-tmSpw IqSn-bmWv R-fXpsNbvXp sImSp -n-cp --Xv.]s.Hcn- Hcm Ahs Htc-sbmcpjv \\p sImSp-m ]d--tm Ah CjvS-t-tSm-sS. Xnc-kvI -cn -np ]d -p. ""AXp

Ignnp thsd-sbm? Fm-W-Xns Aw?''

AXp ]d --hs\ RhmsX imkn-p. AXn-\p-tijwRs-s-nepw sNm-\-h-tfmSp R-fm-h-iy-s-n-. kvt\l-sav Fp Dt-in-p-tm, AXp-t]mse R-f-hsf kvt\ln-p.Xs kvt\lamsI An-p-hm-s\mcp hn{Klw a\p-jy-\m-h-iy-am-Wv.B hn{Klw If--s-tXm XI-s-tXm FXp Ah\p {]iv\-a-.Xs {]nb-shv B kvt\lwtZmj-I-c -am -sW-nepw Imcy-an -.Fs-m Abm Xs {]nb-s- -hsc Imcy -am -m-sX-bm-W-bmkvt\ln-p--Xv. Xm\ysb \kvt\ln -t- - -Xm -Wv . Fs-mXm\y AmsX ad-dm-cp-an \appkvt\ln-p-hm.

Nne ka-bv R-fn-sem-cmCs\ Btem-Nn-t-mw.

"" B s]Ip-nsb \-sf-n\mC{X hj-fm-p-Xv? Ahs-m-Wp --X v? Ah-sf -smn C{X -t_Pm - d m - tI - - - X n s Bh -iy -sav?''

As\ ]dbms-XnscR hf-sc -b -[nIw imk\sNmd n -p . Rp th -X vkvt\ln -m -s\mcp hn{K -l-ns\bmWv. AXp R Is- -p -Ibpw AXns\ kvt\ln -p -Ibpw sNbvXp. R Ccp-]-n-bm-dp-t]cpw sNbvXXv A{X-b-[nIwKmVhpw amm -\m -hm --Xp -ambkvt\l-am-Wv. Hcp Znhy-amb _nw_-tmsSt]m-se. AXn -s\-XnscBsc-nepw kwkm-cn-m AbmR-fpsS i{Xp -hm -Wv . Rkvt\lnp Hcp -thf RsNbvXXp _pn -iq -\y -X -bm -bn -cn -mw. Fm-bmepw R Ccp-]-n-bm-dp-t]-scbpw kw_-n-p--Xm-W-Xv. Rv {]nb-s--XmbAXv ap--hpw Znhy-bm-bn-cn--W-sa-m-bn-cpp R-fpsS Dt-iyw.

shdpp t]mse a\-n\p `mcwXcpX R-fpsS kvt\lw.CXp -sIm - - mImw Nne Al-m -c n -I Ddp {]Jym-]n-p--Xv, R-fpsS shdpp R-fpsS kvt\l-t-m kvXpXn-bln-p--sX-v. AXp icn-bm-sW-n, Ah-sc-


p-sIm- -mWv R-fn \nv HmSn-b-I-em--Xv.

Cu _nkvv ^mIvSdn IqSmsXR-fpsS bP-am-\ Hcp t_dnIqSn \S-n-bn -cp -p. AXv CtXhon Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. R-fpsSCcp-p-ap-dn-bn \npw AXns\ HcpNpa -c p - sIm - v thXn - c n - n - c p -p .]s B t_dn tPmen -mAh \mep-t]-cp- -m -bn-cp-p X-fpsS tPmen R-fpsSXnt\-mhrn-bpsXp IcpXn R-fn\npw AIp Ign -p-Iq -S n .As\ Ah R-tf-m sa-

s- -h -scp Icp -Xn. R-fpsSsXmgn apdn-b-h kin-n-cp-n-. Xn-bn hv Rsf I-p-ap-n-bm Ah shdp-tmsS Nncn-n-cp-p. R-f-h-scbpw kin-n-cp-n-. bP-am-\ Acw ki\whne-n-bn-cp-p. Abm-fpsS CjvS-s sdmn -I R tamjvSn -mtem F `bw sIm-m -bn -cp -pAXv. Rm t_dn tPmen-msc CjvS-am-bn-cp-n-. hmkvX-h-n R-h-tcmSv Akq-b-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah-cpsS tPmen R-fp-tS -Xp -t]mse ITn -\ -am -bn -cp -n -.

Ahv IqSp-X ifw sImSp-n-cpp; sa-s Blm-c-hpw.Ahv \ shfn--ap tPmen--ehpw AXp -sIm - - -h hfschrnbpw Btcm-Ky-hp-ap--h-cm-bn-cp-p. R-fp-tS-Xn\v t\sc hn]-co-X-am -bn -cpp Ah-cpsS Ah-.Rsf-m shfpp hnf-dn -bn-cp-p. R-fn aqp-t]v kn^n-en -kp- -m -bn -cp -p. ]epw sNmdn-b p - - m -b n - c p -p . Hcm - fm - sW - nhmXw-sIm- v BsI Ah-i-\m-bn -cp -p. Ah-[n-m-e-fnepw hn{i-a-k-a-b--fnepw Ah \ Pm-p-Ifpwi_vZ-ap- -m -p jqIfpw [cn-n-cp- p . Ah - c n c - p - t ]lmtamWn hmbn-n-cp-p. Ahs]mXp-hmb ]qtm--n khmcnsNbvXp ckn-p. AtX-k-abw Agp-p-]p-c- - -Xp-Wn-I-fmWv R [cn--Xv. ac-ns ASn-h-i-ptXmac - tm -e p - sIm - - p -tXm BbsNcn-p-I R [cn-p. Rsf]qtm- --fn {]th-in -mt]meo-kp-Im A\p-h-Zn-n-cp-n-.Atm Rs-s\t_dn tPmen-msc CjvS-s-Sm-s\mpw.

Hcn - R tIXvt_am-cpsS t\Xmhv aZy-]m-\n-bm-b -Xp -sIm - v ]ncn -p -hn -S -s -spwAbmp]-Icw ]pXn -sbm-cmsf\nb-an -s -p -am -Wv . ]pXp -Xmbnhbm Hcp kmn sIm - ptImpw kz-n-ep sNbn-\phmpw [cn ssk\n-I-\m-bn-cp-p.Cu ]cn-jvIm-cnsb Hp ImWmR hmsX B{K-ln-p. Abm-f p sS Hc p Zi -\ -n -\ p - th - nR Ftmgpw Xn-bn -tevHmtcm-cp--cmbn HmSp-am-bn-cp-p.

]s Abm kzta-[bm R-fpsS sXmgn apdn-bn-se-n. hmXnXs _qp -sIm - v Xn -p -d vAXv Xpd--co-Xn-bnXs \nn-sm- v ]Sn -b v \nv Nncn -p -sIm - - -bm tNmZn -p .

""ssZhw \sf cn --s.kJm-sf \np kpJ-at?''

henb ]pI-] -S -e -ap taL-t]mse XWp--hmbp hmXn-en-eqsS R-fpsS apdn-bn-te-bv-SnpIb-dn. AXv Rsf ]Sn-bn \npt\mp Abm-fpsS Imen\p NppwNpn--bdn. Abm-fpsS \-co-Xn-bn


hn-cp aoibvp ]nn Abm-fpsS henb a--p-I Xnf-n.Abm-fpsS tImv Akm-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn-ep--Xm-bn-cp-p. ]q Xpn-n-S n -n B \oe-tm v Xnf -n.AXnse _-Wp-I Nph cXv\wsIm-p \nn--Xm-bn -cp -p. Abm-

fpsS hmns sNbn\pw ]d--Xp-t]mse `wKn-bp--Xm-bn-cp-p.

B ssk\n -I hm -smcpkp-c-\m-bn-cp-p. \o- v, Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{X-\m-bn -cpp Abm. \kp-c -amb Ihn-Sfpkulr-Z -ns `mhw Xnf-nbIp-I -fpbm In -bmbnkvddmp sNbvX Hcp sXmnAbm AWn-n-cp-p. Abm[cn--bm-sXmcp Id-bp-an-m at\m-l-c-amb G{]Wp apI-fn Abm-fpsS \mbn t]mfnjv sNbvX _qp-I Xnf-n.

R-fpsS t^mam hfsc

acym-Z-tbmsS hmXn-e-S-bvm ]d-p. bmsXmcp XnSp-hpw IqSmsXAt-l-aXp sNbvXp. Fn--tlwR-fpsS apX-em-fn-sb-n tNmZy- tNmZn-p. Fm-hcpw H-kz-c-n ]dp R-fpsS bP-am-\ hf-sc-Ip-im-{K-_p-n-bm-sbmcpa\p-jy-\m-sWpw Hcp ZpjvS\pwtkzm-[n-]-XnbpamsWpw.Abm-sf-n ]d-bm-hp--sXmw R]dp AsXmw ChnsS FgpXn^en-n-m Ign-bn-. B ssk\n-I Xs aoi -bp - g n -p -sIm - v{im-]qw tInv hfsc {]Im-i-am-\-amb kulr-Z-]q-I-amb t\m-tmsS ""Rsf Fm-bmepwicn. \nn-hnsS th-p -thmfws]Ip-n -I-fn -hn -sS-bp- - v . ''-A-tlw

s]sp ]d -p. R-fnNne Ae-y-ambn apdp-ap-dp-

p. ap ]e-cpw AXns\Ah-K-Wn-p. Hcm ]d-p, Rn-hnsSH-Xp -s]Ip-n -I-fp -s - -v.

""\n-f-hsc \m-bp-] - tbm -K n -p -ps -p

tXmp-p.'' Atlw ]d-p. Fnv In-dp-n.Atmgpw R Am-fn

coXn-bn apdp-ap-dp-p. ]epwX ssk\n-I-t\mfw ss[cy-im-en -I-fm-sWp ]d-b-W-sa-p- -m -bn -cp -p. ]s, Bp-a -Xn -\pss[cy -ap - - m -bn -. Hcm ]Xnkzc-n tNmZn-p. "" Rs-s\ km[npw?''

}Rsf hfsc kqva-ambnh on - p - sIm - v s sk\ n -I]dp: "" AXp Xo-bmbpwCncn hnj-a-ap Imcy-am-bn-cn -pw.'' Fm-bmepw \n-f-Xns\th - - t]mse kao -] n -p - n - .\n-Xn-\p sIev]n-. hmkvX-h-n ImgvNbnepw ssien-bnepwHs Hcp kv{Xo Ah-fpsS ]pcp-j-\nse ssien CjvS-s-Sp-p. icn-bmb imco -cn -I-L-S -\-bpbmsfAh CjvS-s-p. Ahs\ kw_-n-n -S -tmfw AXp th- -Xm -Wv.IqSmsX Ahm-hiyw Ahsin-bm -Wv . Ahv Ahsin-bp apjvSn-bm-Wm-h-iyw.

ssk\n -I Xs ssI Ioi-bn \np-sa-Spv Dbn-m-Wn-

p. Abm jns ssI Dbnhn-cp-p. Abm-fpsS \-amb ssIhfsc in-Iq-Sn-bXpw kz-\n-d-ap tcma--fm Xnf-p--Xp-am-bn-cp-p.

""Imepw ssII-fp-samw Dd--Xm-bn -cn --Ww. AXp-t]mse Ah\mbn hkv{Xw [cn-n-cn--Ww. ap--hv CjvSw tXmp hn[w.Fs DZm-l-cWw Xs t\mq.Fm kv{XoIfpw Fs I- -am -{X-bn Fs t{]anp XpS-n. F\n--hsc Wn-p-Itbm AhscNq -bn - S p -Itbm th - . Ah-scmwFs Igp-n sIn-n-Sn-p. GI-tZiw Ap-t] Htc-k-a-bw.''

Hcp tKmX-p-am-hns Nmn\p]pd -n - c p -p - sIm - - v , k v {X oIXs Fs\ kvt\ln -p -p -shpw, Ah-tcm-Sp Xms\-s\ hoc-]p -cp -j-s\-tmse s]cp -am -dp -p -shpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p. Fn--bmt]mbn-a-d-p. hmXn Abm-fpsS]nn i_vZ -tmsS AS--tm R Ipsd-t\cw \ni-_vZ-cm -bn -cp -p. R-f-bm-sf--nbpwAbm ]d IY-I-sf--nbpwNnn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. DSs\ Fm-hcpw kwkm-cn-m XpS-n. Fm-hpw Abmsf CjvS-am-sb-Xpkv]jvS-am-bn-cp-p. Abm hfsc\njvI-]-S\pw Du-kz-e-\p-am-bn-cp-p. Abm shdpsX IS-p-h-p.Rp apn -en -cp -p. R-tfmSp kwkm-cn-p. km[m-c-W-bmbnBcpw RfpsS ASp-p-h-cm-dn-.Abm-fp-sSXp t]mse, kvt\ln-X-tcm-sS --t]mse kwkm-cn -m-dp -an -.R-f-bm-sf--nbpw Fwt{_m-bn-Udn Xm-cn -I-fpsS taepAbmp- -m -Im t]mIp hnP-b-s--nbpw kwkm-cn-p-sIm- -n -cp-p. Ahcm-sW-n Rsf IS-p-t]m-Ip -tm Rsf shdp -tmsS t\mn-bn-cp-p. As-nRsf I- -Xm-bn -tmepw `mhn-n -. ]s, R-h-sc-n BZ-chp am {X -sa -bp - - m -b n - c p -p -p .Ahsc R Xn-bnI-mepw Ah R-fpsS P\m-e-bv-p-d-p-IqSn Rsf IS-p-t]m-Ip-tmgpw. Ah ssiXy-Im-ev tcma-tmpw sXmn-bp-a-Wn-n-cp-p. DjvW-Im-ev ]qXpnb sXmn-b-Wn \nd-ap


IpS-I-fp-am-bm-W-h t]mbn-cp--Xv.Ah X-sf-n Adn-n-cp-p-sh-n AX-hsc ebpw B-\n--bpw-sIm- v shIn-fn ]nSn -n -t-s\...

]s, Abm sImp-Xm-\ysbhj-fmm ]mSn - s]svt^mam ]cn - {` -a -tm-sS -bp -i_vZ-n ]d-p.

B hmp-I tIv ]cn-{`m--cmbn Fm-hcpw au\w `Pn-p. F-s\tbm R-sfmw Xm\nbsb ad-p-t]m-bn-cp-p. ssk\n-Is hen--ap kp-c-amb apJw Xm\nbsb

sIWn-b hoWp-t]m -I -cp -sX--hp ap-dn -bnp \ImR Xocp-am-\n-p. AtXmsS BhmKvZm\w \ne-p.

ssk\n -I sdmn -I t_vsNbvXnv Fwt{_m-bn-U-dn Xpps]Ip-n-I-fp-ambn Npn-n-cn-p.Fnv R-fpsS hvtjm-nCSbvv kin -psIm - n - c p -p .]s s]Ip-n-I-fp-am-bp Xskml-k--sf-n Acw ]d-n-. ]s, Xs aoi Npcp-p-IbpwNp - p -\m -hp -sIm - p \\ -p Xr] vXn -b-S -bp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm- - n -cp -p.

Xm\nb Fm Znh-khpw Xshnln -X -amb _nkv-p -Ipth-n hp-sIm- - n -cp -p. ]g-b-t]m -se-Xs Ah Nncnp IpWpnRsf Dm-Zn -n -p -sIm - - n -cp -p.R ssk\n-I-s\-n Ah-tfmSv]d--tm Ah-f-bmsf hnti-jn-n -Xv "D - -- Imf-p-n' -sb-m-Wv. AXp-t]mse ap-]e Xami\nd Cc--t-cp-Ifpw hnfn-p Ifn-bm-n. AXv Rv kam-[m\w\In. Fwt{_m-bn -Udn Xpps]Ip-n-I-fp-ambn ssk\n-I \S- p A` y m -k -I - vRv Xm\n-b-sb-n A`n-am\wtXmn. Fm-bmepw Xm\n-bbvvAbm-sf--n-bp A`n-{]m-bw-tI--tm Rh-sf-n aXn -p -tXm -n. Ah-fpsS Ifn -bm -I-nv Rfpw Abmsf ]cn-l-kn-

p coXn-bn s]cp-am-dm XpS-n. R-fm-sW-n Ah-tfmSv ]g-b-Xn-t\-mfpw IqSp-X kvt\l-tmsS s]cp-am-dn. cmhnse AhsfIq-Sp-X Icp-W-tbmSpw hm-ey-tmSpw kzmKXw sNm XpS-n.

Hcp Znhkw ssk\n-I CncnaZy-]nv R-fpsSbSp-n-cpv Nncn-b vm XpS -n. Abm Fn-\mWp Nncn-bvp--sXv tNmZn--tm Abm hni-Zo-I-cn-p.

""Fs t]c p - ] - dv c - ps]Ip -n -I enkvbpw{Kpjvbpw iWvT IqSp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah-cpsS iWvT F-s\-bm-bn-cp -stm! Hcpn a -h -fpsSXeapSnbvp ]nSnp henp \ne-nv Ah-fpsS ]pd-p-I-bdn Ccp-p. l!l!l! Ah ]c-kv]cw a-h -fpsS apJw amn -o -dn . AXphm Xami Xs-bm-bn-cp -p.]s, s]p-v A-mbniWvT IqSm-\-dn -bmsXp-sIm--m-Wv. Ah ]c-kv]cw apJw amn-o-dp--sX-n-\mWv?''

Abm B s_n-en-cp-p. \Btcm-Kyhpw Npdp-Np-dppw ktm-j-aph. Abm-f -hnsSbncppNncn -tbmSp Nncn! R an -m -Xn -cp -p. Cu ka-bv R-bmsf CjvS-s-n-.

""Rms\mcp sNIp -m-\mWvk-Xn-p. s]ns\ sacp-m-s\-\np hm -smcp Iui-e -ap - - v .Fp-ckw! Hp In-dp-n-bmaXn Ah-scs Inse `WwNmSn-n-Sn-bvpw.''

Abm Xs tcmam-hr-X-ambssI Xmtgm-p-sIm- -p -hv XpS-bnASn-p. Fnv Xm s]Ip-n-I-fpsS ta C{X-ta B[n-]Xywt\Sp--sX-p-sIm-s-p a\-n-em-Ip -n F an Rsft\mn. Abm-fpsS XSn apJwkwXr-]vXnbpw Blvfm-Zhpw sIm- vXnf-n-sm- -n -cp -p. Fnv XsNp - v \ mhp - sIm - v \\ v AXnkpjvSn `mhn-p.

R-fpsS t^mam tZjy -tmsS Xs tImcnI ASp-ni_vZ-tmsS Dc-kn -sm- v shdp -tmsS ]d -p. ""sNdnb ^sNSnIsf ]ngp-sX-Sp-p-Xv Ffp--am-Wv. ]s, henb ss] ac--fn \n-sfmp {ian-p-t\m-p...

R-fpsS a\-n \npw ambvpIf-n-cp-p. AXp Hcp hfsc

Nne ]dp Xm\nb A-c-samcp Ipcp-n sNp-Nm-Sn-s-v.addpNne ]d-Xv ssk\n-Is{]tem-` -\-sf {]Xn-tcm-[n -m-\p Icpv Xm\n-b-p- -m -hn -s-v. aqm-a-sXmcp Iq ]d-p.ssk\n-I Xm\n-b-bpsS ]pdsI\S-p-I-bm -sW-n Abm-fpsShmcn-sbpt\mn \ CSn ]n--W-sa-v. Ah-km\w Fm-hcpwIqSn ssk\n -I -s\bpw Xm\n -b -sbbpw \mbn \nco -n --W-sap Xocp -am -\n -p. Abm-fpsS


Atm-g-dn-bmw.''"" Fm \o ]d-bp-Xv? AXv

Ftm-SmtWm \o ]d-bp-Xv?''""AsX \ntmSp Xs.''"" \o ]d-bp--Xns A-sa-

mWv?''"" Hp-an-. Fs hmbn\np

hoWp-t]m-bn.''"" Hcp \nan-jw. \o ]dsXm-

Wv. GXp ss] acw?''Xs tImcnI ASp-n-env Cf-n-

sm - v t^mam a n - m -X n - c p -p .Abm _nkv-n-\p-ff amhv ASp-n-env sh _nkvv tImcn-sm-- n -cp -p. Fn -h i_vZ -tmsSXd-bn sNmcn -p. Ipn -I-fpsSt\v Ah- N-c-Sn tImm-\mbn.Abmv ssk\n-I-s\tbm Abm-fp -am -bp - - mb X-stbm ]nadp -t]mbnmW-Ww. ]s,ssk\n-I hm-sm-c -kz --X-bn hoWp Npn-n-cn-p. Abm- Ccn-n-S-n \ns-gp-tp ASp-n-\-Sp -tp sNp. B tImcn-IbpsS ]nSn sIm-p ASn Inn -bmepw Xc-t-Sn -s an. BtImcn -I-bm-sW-n Atm-p -an -tmpw hmbp-hn Nen-p -sIm- - n -cp-p.

"" C. \o ]dt Xocp. \osb-m-Wp-t-in-pXv? ChnsS Hscms]pw F\np hg-m--h-cn-.Hscm F-hpw. Ccw Ah-aXnFtmSp ]d -bm \osb-s\ss[cy-s-p?''

Abm icnpw apdn-s--Xm-bn-tXm-n. s]p-sf hf-bvpImcy-a-msX asm-nepw AbmA{X kPo-h-hp-am-bn-cp-n-. XmHcp Poh-\p a\p-jy-s\p sXfn-bn -Xp Abm B Ign-hp-sIm- -m -Wv.

Bm-hntem ico-c-ntem DGsX-nepw tcmK-ns cq]-n-emWv Nne Bfp -I-fpsS Pohn -X -nse Ghpw hne-s-Xpw \-Xp-amb Imcy- AXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h \ne-\np-p.AXn - t\m - sS mw Poh n - p - sIm - vAhs IjvS-mSp kln-p -sIm- vAh AXn hym] -c n - p - sIm - vAXn-t k-S-s-SpIbpw Am-cWw sIm-v ap--h-cpsS {i ]nSn-p-]-p-Ibpw sNp-p. B tcmK-ns t]cn Ah ap--h-cpsS

kl-Xm]w t\Sp -p. Fm-eXpIqSmsX Ahp asm -p -anXm\pw. B tcmKw Ah-cn \npt]mbm, AXp kpJ-am -bmAhv bmsXmcp Xr]vXn-bp-ap - -m -hn-. Fs-m Ahv Pohn-X-nse Htc-sbmcp amw \jvS-s-p. AXn-msX Ah iq\y-am-WvNne-tm Nne hfscb[nIw Zmcn-{Zy-a-\p-`-hn-p--h-cm-bn-cn-pw. Fm-em-Zm-cn-{Zy-ns t]cn Ah-scmcphne \n-bn-pw. AXpsIm- -bmPohn-p-hm-\p-smcp amKw I-p -]n-Sn-bvpw. Nnebmfp-I shdpw apc-Sn -p -sIm- v B coXn -bn Zpjnp\mdp-Xpw ]c-am-am-Wv.

ssk\n -I\v hmsX \mW-tSp -mbn . Abm t^mamsASp-tbvv HmSn-s-nv DdstNmZnp:

"" C. \o Xs ]d-bq, AXm-cm-sWv.''

"" }Rm Xs ]d-btWm?''t^mam s]sv Abmpt\sc Xncn-p.

"" AsX''"" \n\p Xm\ysb Adn -

bmtam?''Fm-e-h-tfm-sSmcp {iaw\Sn t\mq.

""Rm''"" AsX. \o Xs''"" Ah-sftbm? AsX-\nv ]pm-

Wv. ^q.''""\app ImWmw.''"" AsX \app ImWmw.

l!l!l!''"" Ah \n\p ImWnp Xcpw.''"" Hcp-amkw XmaXn''"" ]m-f-m-cm. \n\v \ B-

hn -izm -k-ap - - v . ''""c -mg vN Xcq. Rm ImWn-p -

X-cmw. Xm\y FmWv? ^q!''""C\n Xm \n- - . Fs

tPmen apS -- - . ''""c-m-gvN. Rm\m ]Wn ]n-pw.''"" shfn-bn t]mIq. Rm\m ]d-

bp --X v . '' t^mam\p hmsXipWvTn -]n -S n -p . Abm XstImcnI Dbn-m-Wn-p. sRn-tmb ssk\n-I ]pd-tImp amdn.Rsf t\mn. Hcp-\n-anjw \n-_vZ-\m-bn \np. Fnv im-ambn`oj-Wn-s-Sp-p kzc-n ]d-p. "" Fm-e --s\-bm -I -s.''Fn--bm \Sp ad-p.

B iWvT \S -p -tm -sgmwR au\w ]me n - p - sIm - vAsXmw kqva -ambn t\mn\np. Abm t]mb-Xn-\p-tijwFm-hcpw H-bnp kwkm-cn-mXpS-n. R-fn -sem-cm H-bp -bn t^mam-t\mSp ]d-p.

""lth \n-sfmcp A\m-h-iy-amb Imcy-amWv Ipn-sm-n-b-Xv.''

""\n \n-fpsS tPmen sNmt\mv,'' t^mam Xncn--Sn-p. AXvXm\n-b-sb-p-dn-m-sWv Rva\-n-em-bn. RXp a\-n-em-sb-nepw AtX-k-abw Fm-h-cnepw Hcpkqva-amb BImw XpSn-p-\n-p.GXp kw`-hn-mepw ssk\n-Is{]tem-`-\s Xm\y sNdpp-tam.R-sfmw B-hn-izm-k-tmsSDds hnfnp ]d-p. ""IppXm\n-bm. Ah Abmsf sNdp-p-\npw. \ns \-ambssIIsIm - v Xm\n -bsb Iog -S -m-\m-hn-.''

R-fpsS B Znhym -h -Xm -c -ns in ]co-n--dn-bp-hmRv BImw --bp - - m -b n - c p -p. AXyp-m-l-tmsS R]c-kv]cw Dd-n-p. R-fptSXv Hcpin-bp Znhym-h-Xm-c-am-sW-v.Cu ]co--W-n \nv AhhnPbw hcnp hcp-sav RBin -p. Ah-km\w R-fm -i z mkw sIm - p . X ssk\n -Is\ hf-sc-sbmpw {]tIm-]n-n-n-n-s-v, IqSmsX Abm iWvT-sb-n ad-p-sapw Abm-fpsS Zpc-`n-am-\s R {]tIm-]n-n-t-m-sapw Ap-ap -X Rapspa\p-`-hn-m am\-nI]ncn-ap-dpw A\p-`-hn-p. ]e Znh-k--fnepw R ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln -p . F-s\tbm R-fpsS_pn IqSp-X Iq-Xm-bn, R-fpsS kw`m-jWw \m-Ip -IbpwAh hmNm-e-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.R sNIp-m-\p-ambn ]bwhn-cn-p-I-bm-sWpw R-fpsShi-p-Xp Xm\n -b-bm-sWpwRp a\-n-em-bn. Atm-gmWvR t_dn tPmen -m -cn\n-dn-bp-Xv ssk\n-I CtmXm\n-b-tbmSv {]W-b-]qhw kao-]n-n-cn-p-I-bm-sW-v. AXp R-fnktm-j-I-c-am-sbmcp thZ-\-bp- -m -


n. ]s, R-fpsS DmlwapX-se-Spv apX-emfn Aqdp]u - v tKmX -p - a m -h p -I qS n I pg -b vm XXv R-fpsSXmev]cyw aqew R-f-dn--tX-bn-. RfpsS tPmen aqew RXf-tX-bn-. Xm\n-b-bpsS t]cpR -f p s S N p - n \ n vHcpt\chpw Hgn--tXbn-. Hmtcm{]`m-X-nepw R Xm\n-b-bvp-th - n A-a -cmbn Imp -\n -p.Nne-tm R Xm\nb ]g-b-t]m-se-b-spw ]pXn-sbmcp Xm\n-b-bmbn amdn-b-Xmbpw k-ev]n-p.

Fm Ccw hg-n-s\-nXm\n -b -tbmS v R Hc --cw -t]mepw ]d--tX-bn-. R-f-h-sf

tNmZyw sNbvXn -.Fm ]g-b-Xp-t]msekvt\lhpw Imcp-WyhpwImWn - p - sIm - - n - c p - p .]s, R-fpsS kao-]-\-n Hcp ]pXpa Zriy-am -bn. ]gb R-fpsSat\m-`m-h-n\p IS-I-hn-cp--amb Hcp at\m-`m-hw.AXv hf-sc in-bmbPnm-k-bm-bn-cp-p. Hcpo In-t]mseXWp Pnm-k.

""kvt\ln-Xsc ka-b-am -bn . '' Hcp Znhkwcmhnse t^mam ]d-p. Abm tPmen XpS-n--gn-n-cp-p.

Abm Hmn-n-m-sX-Xs RX-dn -

bm -am -bn -cp -p. Fnepw RtPmen-Xp-S-n.

""\ap--hsf Imcy-ambn {in--Ww.-Hcp an\n-n-\Iw Ah Chn-sS-sb-pw. '' t^mam ]d -p.Atm Hcm thZ -\n anDds tNmZn-p.:

"" Ahsf {in -n -sp I-p -]n-Sn-m-\mWv?''

Atmgpw \p -sS -bn -Sbvvhfsc kPo-h-amb NSp-e-amb hmKzm-Z- \S-p. R-fp-sS {]Xo--I -fmsI An -n -c n -p Bhml\w hrn-tI-Sn-\p-h-iw-h-Z-am-Ip-tam-sbp Cp R-dn-b-Ww.Cu {]`m-X-n-emWv R a\-n-em-n-b-Xv. X F{X henb ]-

b-amWv Ifn-p--sX-v. R-fpsStZh-X-sb--n -bp An-]-coAhsf Rp \jvS-s-Sp-n-tb-m -sap a\-n -em -n -bXvAtm-gm-bn-cp-p. Hmtcm Znh-khpwR a\-n-em-n, B ssk\n-I Znh-khpw hfsc Dm-l-]qwAh-tfmSp ASp -m {ian - psIm - n - c n -p - -Xm -b n . ]sFp - sIm - - mW v R-f n - e mc p wXm\n-bbvp Abm-tfm-Sp kao-]-\ -sa -sv At\z -jn -m -Xv?Ah-fm-sW-n Fm Znh-khpw B_nkv-p -Imbn apS -msXIrXy -ambn hp -sIm - - p - a n - c p -p .AXm-sW-n F-s-bpw-t]mse]Xn-hmbn Xs!

Cp cmhn-se-bm-sW-n A[nIwXma -kn -msX R-f -h -fpsSi_vZw tIp.

""sImp XS-hp-Im-sc, Rms\-n-b n - p - - v . ''R-f-hsf AI-p-I-b-dm A\p-h-Zn -p. ]s, ]Xn-hp-t]mse R i_vZ -ap - - m -n -bn -. \n-_vZX ]men-p. Ahsf Ip-IsIm- v hngp -n-b-tijw Fp]d-b-W-sa-tm, Fp-tNm-Zn--W-satm Adn-bmsX R Ipg-n.R avfm\-h-Z-\--fp Hcp Iq-am-fp-I-fmbn Ah-fpsS apn \np.Cusbmcp \nkw-K-amb kzoI-cWwI - v Ah DSXs h nfd nshfp Akz-bpw tm`-ap--h-fp-am-bn. NX--kz-c-n AhtNmZn-p.

"" Fp -sIm - - mWv \n-fo -hn -[w...''

""\otbm'' t^mam Ah-fpsSapJ-p-\npw Ip-I-sf-msXtNmZn-p.

""Fp-sIm- -mWv \n-fo-hn[w''"" \otbm'' t^mam Ah-fpsS

apJ-p-\npw Ip-I-sf-Sp-msXtNmZn-p.

""Rm... Fv?''"" ~Hp-an''"" Fn ]ns s]sv

_nkv-p-I Xcq.''apsm-cn-epw Ah XnSpw

Iqn-bn-cp-n-.""\n\v CjvSw-t]mse ka-b-ap-

- - t m . '' t^mam Hcp Ipep--hp-an-msX ]d-p. Abm Ip-IAh-fn \ns-Sp-n-.

Fnv Ah Xncnv hmXn-en-


eqsS A{]-Xy--bm-bn.t^mam Xs

tImcnI In -se -Sp -p -sIm - p ]Xp -s- -d -p.

" " A X n - s - b wAmcyw \S-p-I-gn-n-cn-p-p.-]s ssk\n-I,Hcp sX-n, Hcp hrn-sI--h...''

Xn sRn-sR-cpn Hcp-Iqw ap-\m-Sp -It]mse R tai-bv-cp-In sNp. R-fpsS \nn-X-m\w ]nSn-v X-fpsS tPmen-bnau\-ambn apgp -In.Atm-tgbvpw R-fn-sem-cm]d-p.

""sNe-tm.. . Fm -n\pw aosX...''

"" AXp -i -cn . Fmwshn-p-dp ]d.''

Rsmadn -bmw.Abm Hcp _pn-am-\m-sW-v . R-sf -m_pn-am. Cu Abm-fpsSD-n-ep sNmn-eqsSRv ssk\n-Is hnP-b-s-p-dn-p Ddp e`n-p. Rphnj-ahpw Akz--X-bp-ap - -m -bn...

]{-p aWn-bm -b-tm AXm-bXv `-W-k-a-b-v ssk\n-IRfpsS apn-se- n. Abm hrn-bmbpw shSn- p--h-\mbpw R-fpsSapn Ah-X -cn -p . AbmRfpsS Ip-I-fn -tev t\sct\mn. Fm -b vtm -g -s-bpw -t]mse. ]s Abmp t\sct\mm R ]cn-{`-an-p.

"" Fs kmd-m-sc, Hcp ssk\n-I -\m -bm AXns KpW-sa -m -sWv Rm \nsf t_m[y-s-Sp -tWm?'' Abm A`n -am\wkv^pcn-p ]pn-cn -tbmsS ]d-p. "" Fm B \S-m-X-bn-te-p-h-v, B hnS-hn-eqsS t\mq....-\n-p a\-n-emtbm?''

}R Iq-tmsS shfn-bnt]mbn. Fnv ac-n-ep Nph-cn-ep hnS-hp-I-fn-eqsS t\mn. Bhgn Xn-bn-tep Xncn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Rv A[nIw Xma-kn-t-- n -h -n -.. . XnSp --s Ime-Sn -I -tfmsS, GXm - v Nnn -p apJ-`m-h-tmsS B Xn-bn-tep hcp-

I-bmWv Xm\n-b. Dcp-Inb ap-I-fpsS sNdnb sh-s-p-Isfbpwan-s\bpw adn-I-S-p-sIm- - v. R-fp-sS tPmen-ew adn-I-Sv hmXn-en -eqsS Ah A{]-Xy--bm-bn.Ipsd --gnv hnkn -e -Sn -p -sIm - vkmh-[m\w ssk\n -I AtXm\-tv hp. AbmssII t]m-n Xncp-In-bn-cp-p.Abm-fpsS aoi Cf-In-bm-Sn-bn-cp-p.

ag s]bvXp XpS-n-bn-cp-p. AhB sNdnb Pem-i-b--fn sNdnbNe-\--fp- -m -n. B Znhkw XWp-Xpw hnc-k-hp-am-bn-cp-p. hmapc-Sn Hcp Znh-kw. tap-c-I-fnap-I ]nSnp InS -n -cp -p.Idp aIq-\-I Xd-bn InS-n-cp-p. tap-c-Ip apI-fn-ep ap-Ip aosXbpwGXm- v DuX-\n -d -n-ep ansHcp AScp hoWp InS-n-cp-p. aghfsc kmh-[m\w aSp -n -pi_vZ-tmsS ]Xn-p -sIm- - n -cp -p.R-f -hnsS Imp-\n --tmRv hm Hcp-Xcw hrn-sI XWpv A\p-`-h-s-p.

R-fpsS Ccp -p -ap -d n -bn -te -mZyw hXv ssk\n-I-\m-bn-cp-p.

Abm Xs aoi ]ncn-p-sIm- v Xn-bn -eqsS kmh-[m\w \Sp hp. ]g-b-t]mse Abm-fpsSssII ]mns t]m-n Xs-bm-bn-cp-p.

AXn -\p -tijw Xm\n -bbpw ISp-h-p. Ah-fpsS Ip-I... Ah-fpsSIp -I ktm-jhpwBlvfm-Zhpw sIm-p shn-n-f-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah-fpsS Np-p -I-fn ]pn-cn -X-n--fn-n-cp-p. AhGtXm kz] v\w I - p \S -p --Xp -t]mse tXmn.Ah-fpsS Ime-Sn-I A{XZrV-am-bn-cp-n-.

AXp Rp \ni-_vZ -ambn t\mn -\nm\mbn -. R-sfmw hmXn -e

sargasudha Dec 2014

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