Sara Scherr - How can African Farmers Benefit from Carbon Markets? - Aug 2009
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Transcript of Sara Scherr - How can African Farmers Benefit from Carbon Markets? - Aug 2009
How can African Farmers How can African Farmers Benefit from Carbon Markets?Benefit from Carbon Markets?
Sara J. Scherr, Ecoagriculture PartnersWorld Agroforestry Congress
Nairobi, Kenya, August 26, 2009
Emissions offset potential in Emissions offset potential in working landscapes in Africaworking landscapes in Africa
Improved agronomic practices: croplands could reduce GHG emission 52-91 mln tons CO2eq (5-9% of annual fossil fuel emissions in Africa)
Agroforestry: Cocoa AF in Cameroon stores 565 t/ha; semi-arid AF with 50 trees/ha stores 110-147 tons CO2eq in soil alone
Improved pasture management can store 110 kg/ha/yr in drylands to 810 kg in humid lands
Farmer-managed natural regeneration: in Niger sequestered 100 million tons of CO2eq
PES PES for climate change integrates for climate change integrates production, ecosystem, livelihoodsproduction, ecosystem, livelihoods
Conservation Ecosystem
process & function
Wild biodiversity
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Locally beneficial services
Globally & regionally beneficial services
Sustainable
Agriculture
Livelihood support
PAYMENT FOR
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Global market for carbon in land Global market for carbon in land use, land use change and forestryuse, land use change and forestry
Types of PESMarket size in million
$/yr Global (developing countries)
Buyers Sellers Data Source
Public Sector $15 (15)
National governments;multi-lateralorganizations
stewardsWorld Bank 2007
Private, under regulation
<$10(<10)
Regulated industry, governments, carbon funds, brokers, investors
Private landowners,project developers
UNFCCC 2009
Private voluntary
$ 157(~100)
Corporations, NGOs,universities, individuals
C offset retailers andproject developers,conservation NGOs,governments
C offset retailers andproject developers,conservation NGOs,governments
Eco-certificationAgricultural products
42,000(unknown)
Individual consumers,retailers, food processingindustries
stewardsWorld Bank 2007
Source: Milder et al. 2009. Ecology and Society. Forthcoming.
African carbon projects, by African carbon projects, by country (2008)country (2008)
Kenya South Africa Tanzania Uganda
3 4 11 9
Source: The East and Southern Africa Katoomba Group. 2008. Payments for Ecosystem Services in
East and Southern Africa: Assessing Prospects and Pathways Forward.
Challenges 1: Can we measure Challenges 1: Can we measure agricultural landscape carbon? agricultural landscape carbon?
Open debate on sequestration levels of terrestrial carbon interventions
Open debate on permanence of terrestrial carbon interventions
Precise measurement systems are currently expensive
Challenge 2: Community planning Challenge 2: Community planning Too hard? too costly? too risky? Too hard? too costly? too risky?
Challenge 3: Will value chains generate Challenge 3: Will value chains generate sufficient incentives for African sufficient incentives for African producers?producers?
Challenge 4: Can we mobilize agricultural Challenge 4: Can we mobilize agricultural carbon at a large enough scale to make a carbon at a large enough scale to make a difference for poverty and for the climate? difference for poverty and for the climate?
Agriculture perceived to have weak institutions
Climate action has focused on small projects
Smallholders assumed to = small scale
Perception of low economies of scale due to site-specificity/diversity of solutions
Current focus on achieving high impacts per hectare, rather than high total impacts
Measure agricultural carbon Measure agricultural carbon cheaply and effectively cheaply and effectively
New agricultural landscape scale MRV tools being developed (e.g. Carbon Benefits Project, Cornell Climate Initiative)
Leading edge projects being implemented (e.g. WB Biocarbon Fund projects in Kenya)
Methodologies being developed for Voluntary Markets
Mobilize communities for climate Mobilize communities for climate planning and investmentplanning and investment
Initiate climate action with organized & tenure-secure communities
Build capacity of farmer and local/landscape organizations (numerous landscape initiatives)
Small grant facilities for local analysis, planning, assistance, mapping (e.g., Google Earth)
Ensure community representatives are ‘at the table’ to set PES rules (including Copenhagen)
Build efficient value chains for Build efficient value chains for climate payments to farmersclimate payments to farmers
Institutionalize intermediary & bundling services, accountable to farmer clients (e.g., build on farmer coop models)
Establish livelihood-focused Carbon Funds
Utilize landscape-scale planning and monitoring tools (e.g. www.landscapemeasures.org)
“Bundle” agricultural products with climate regulation services
Incorporate into outgrower schemes
Build on existing models for Build on existing models for operating at scale operating at scale Large-scale government programs for
restoring degraded lands and forests (e.g., South Africa, Nigeria)
Large-scale development projects on sustainable land management (e.g., IFAD, Sahel)
National platforms for coordinating action on SLM (e.g., TerrAfrica)
Territorial management initiatives
NGO, farmer, agribusiness networks (e.g., IFAP, EAFF, dairy networks)
Build support for full inclusion of Build support for full inclusion of African agriculture in climate talks African agriculture in climate talks negactionnegactionBuilding a rigorous case
for the potential to scale
• Document existing programs that can be scaled
• Document landscape-wide GHG emissions/storage in diverse landscapes
• Calculate impacts of landscape-wide action
Devise concrete strategies for action at scale
• Pilot country plans where major co-benefits identified for ‘re-carbonizing’ or protecting standing carbon in landscapes
• Integrate climate action in major agricultural investment programs of donors & development banks
• Mobilize voluntary carbon market to pilot and document diverse strategies
Thank you…Thank you…
www.ecoagriculture.org