SAP HANA Database- SQL Reference Manual.pdf

5/19/2018 SAP HANA Database- SQL Reference Manual.pdf

1/182


2/182

SAP AGDietmar-Hopp-Allee 1669190 WalldorfGermanyT +49/18 05/34 34 34F +49/18 05/34 34 20www.sap.com

Copyright 2011 SAP AG. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any

form or for any purpose without the express permission of SAP AG.

The information contained herein may be changed without prior notice.

Some software products marketed by SAP AG and its distributors

contain proprietary software components of other software vendors.

Copyright 2011 Sybase, Inc. All rights reserved. Unpublished rights

reserved under U.S. copyright laws.

Sybase, the Sybase logo, Adaptive Server, iAnywhere, Sybase 365,

SQL Anywhere and other Sybase products and services mentioned

herein as well as their respective logos are trademarks or registered

trademarks of Sybase, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of

their respective owners.

Microsoft, Windows, Excel, Outlook, and PowerPoint are registered

trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

IBM, DB2, DB2 Universal Database, System i, System i5, System p,

System p5, System x, System z, System z10, System z9, z10, z9,

iSeries, pSeries, xSeries, zSeries, eServer, z/VM, z/OS, i5/OS, S/390,

OS/390, OS/400, AS/400, S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server, PowerVM,

Power Architecture, POWER6+, POWER6, POWER5+, POWER5,

POWER, OpenPower, PowerPC, BatchPipes, BladeCenter, System

Storage, GPFS, HACMP, RETAIN, DB2 Connect, RACF, Redbooks,

OS/2, Parallel Sysplex, MVS/ESA, AIX, Intelligent Miner, WebSphere,

Netfinity, Tivoli and Informix are trademarks or registered trademarks

of IBM Corporation.

Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and

other countries.

Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, PostScript, and Reader are either

trademarks or registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in

the United States and/or other countries.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation.

UNIX, X/Open, OSF/1, and Motif are registered trademarks of the Open

Group.

Citrix, ICA, Program Neighborhood, MetaFrame, WinFrame,

VideoFrame, and MultiWin are trademarks or registered trademarks of

Citrix Systems, Inc.

HTML, XML, XHTML and W3C are trademarks or registered

trademarks of W3C, World Wide Web Consortium, Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Java is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc

JavaScript is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., used

under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape.

SAP, R/3, xApps, xApp, SAP NetWeaver, Duet, PartnerEdge,

ByDesign, SAP Business ByDesign, and other SAP products and

services mentioned herein as well as their respective logos are

trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in

several other countries all over the world. All other product and service

names mentioned are the trademarks of their respective companies. Data

contained in this document serves informational purposes only. National

product specifications may vary.

These materials are subject to change without notice. These materials

are provided by SAP AG and its affiliated companies ("SAP Group")

for informational purposes only, without representation or warranty of

any kind, and SAP Group shall not be liable for errors or omissions with

respect to the materials. The only warranties for SAP Group products

and services are those that are set forth in the express warranty

statements accompanying such products and services, if any. Nothing

herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty.

Disclaimer

Some components of this product are based on Java. Any code

change in these components may cause unpredictable and severe

malfunctions and is therefore expressively prohibited, as is any

decompilation of these components.

Any Java Source Code delivered with this product is only to be used

by SAPs Support Services and may not be modified or altered in any

way.

Documentation in the SAP Service MarketplaceYou can find this documentation at the following Internet address:service.sap.com/hana


3/182

SAP HANA Database: SQL Reference Manual

2

Table of Contents

SAP HANA Guides .................................................................................................................................... 9

Notation .............................................................................................................................................. 9

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 10

SQL .................................................................................................................................................... 10

Supported Languages and Code Pages ............................................................................................. 10

Comment .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Identifiers .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Single Quotation Mark ...................................................................................................................... 11

Double Quotation Mark .................................................................................................................... 12

SQL Reserved Words ......................................................................................................................... 12

Data Types ............................................................................................................................................. 13

Classification of Data Types .............................................................................................................. 13

Datetime Types ................................................................................................................................. 13

Numeric Types .................................................................................................................................. 13

Character String Types ...................................................................................................................... 15Binary Types ...................................................................................................................................... 15

Large Object (LOB) Types .................................................................................................................. 15

Supported Formats for Date, Time and Timestamp ......................................................................... 17

Data Type Conversion ....................................................................................................................... 19

Predicates.............................................................................................................................................. 22

Comparison Predicates ..................................................................................................................... 22

Range Predicate ................................................................................................................................ 22

In Predicate ....................................................................................................................................... 22

Exists Predicate ................................................................................................................................. 22

LIKE Predicate ................................................................................................................................... 22

NULL Predicate .................................................................................................................................. 23

Operators .............................................................................................................................................. 24

Unary and Binary Operators ............................................................................................................. 24

Operator Precedence ........................................................................................................................ 24

Arithmetic Operators ........................................................................................................................ 25


4/182


3

String Operator ................................................................................................................................. 25

Comparison Operators ...................................................................................................................... 25

Logical Operators .............................................................................................................................. 26

Set Operators .................................................................................................................................... 26

Expressions............................................................................................................................................ 27

Case Expressions ............................................................................................................................... 27

Function Expressions ........................................................................................................................ 28

Aggregate Expressions ...................................................................................................................... 28

Subqueries in expressions ................................................................................................................. 29

Functions ............................................................................................................................................... 30

Data type conversion functions ........................................................................................................ 30

CAST Function ............................................................................................................................... 30

TO_ALPHANUM Function ............................................................................................................. 30

TO_BIGINT Function ...................................................................................................................... 30

TO_BLOB Function ........................................................................................................................ 31

TO_CLOB Function ........................................................................................................................ 31

TO_DATE Function ........................................................................................................................ 31

TO_DATS Function ........................................................................................................................ 31

TO_DECIMAL Function .................................................................................................................. 31

TO_DOUBLE Function ................................................................................................................... 32

TO_INT Function ........................................................................................................................... 32

TO_INTEGER Function ................................................................................................................... 32

TO_NCLOB Function ...................................................................................................................... 32

TO_NVARCHAR Function .............................................................................................................. 33

TO_REAL Function ......................................................................................................................... 33

TO_SMALLINT Function ................................................................................................................ 33

TO_TINYINT Function .................................................................................................................... 34

TO_TIME Function ......................................................................................................................... 34

TO_TIMESTAMP Function ............................................................................................................. 34

TO_VARCHAR Function ................................................................................................................. 34

DateTime Functions .......................................................................................................................... 36

ADD_DAYS Function ...................................................................................................................... 36

ADD_MONTHS Function ............................................................................................................... 36

ADD_YEARS Function .................................................................................................................... 36


5/182


4

ADD_SECONDS Function ............................................................................................................... 36

DAYS_BETWEEN Function ............................................................................................................. 37

DAYNAME Function ...................................................................................................................... 37

DAYOFMONTH Function ............................................................................................................... 37

DAYOFYEAR Function .................................................................................................................... 37

EXTRACT Function ......................................................................................................................... 38

HOUR Function .............................................................................................................................. 38

LAST_DAY Function ....................................................................................................................... 38

MINUTE Function .......................................................................................................................... 38

MONTH Function .......................................................................................................................... 38

MONTHNAME Function ................................................................................................................ 39

NEXT_DAY Function ...................................................................................................................... 39

NOW Function ............................................................................................................................... 39

SECOND Function .......................................................................................................................... 40

SECONDS_BETWEEN Function ...................................................................................................... 40

CURRENT_DATE Function ............................................................................................................. 40

CURRENT_TIME Function .............................................................................................................. 40

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Function .................................................................................................. 41

CURRENT_UTCDATE Function ....................................................................................................... 41

CURRENT_UTCTIME Function ....................................................................................................... 41

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP Function............................................................................................ 41

WEEK Function .............................................................................................................................. 42

WEEKDAY Function ....................................................................................................................... 42

YEAR Function ............................................................................................................................... 42

Number Functions............................................................................................................................. 43

ABS Function ................................................................................................................................. 43

ACOS Function............................................................................................................................... 43

ASIN Function ................................................................................................................................ 43

ATAN Function .............................................................................................................................. 43

ATAN2 Function ............................................................................................................................ 44

BITAND Function ........................................................................................................................... 44

CEIL / CEILING Function ................................................................................................................ 44

COS Function ................................................................................................................................. 44

COSH Function .............................................................................................................................. 45


6/182


5

COT Function ................................................................................................................................. 45

EXP Function ................................................................................................................................. 45

FLOOR Function ............................................................................................................................ 45

GREATEST Function ....................................................................................................................... 46

LEAST Function .............................................................................................................................. 46

LN Function ................................................................................................................................... 46

LOG Function ................................................................................................................................. 46

MOD Function ............................................................................................................................... 47

POWER Function ........................................................................................................................... 47

ROUND Function ........................................................................................................................... 47

SIGN Function................................................................................................................................ 48

SIN Function .................................................................................................................................. 48

SINH Function................................................................................................................................ 48

SQRT Function ............................................................................................................................... 48

TAN Function ................................................................................................................................. 49

TANH Function .............................................................................................................................. 49

String Functions ................................................................................................................................ 50

ASCII Function ............................................................................................................................... 50

CHAR Function .............................................................................................................................. 50

CONCAT Function .......................................................................................................................... 50

LEFT Function ................................................................................................................................ 50

LCASE Function.............................................................................................................................. 51

LENGTH Function .......................................................................................................................... 51

LOCATE Function ........................................................................................................................... 51

LOWER Function ........................................................................................................................... 51

LPAD Function ............................................................................................................................... 52

LTRIM Function ............................................................................................................................. 52

NCHAR Function ............................................................................................................................ 52

REPLACE Function ......................................................................................................................... 52

RIGHT Function ............................................................................................................................. 53

RPAD Function .............................................................................................................................. 53

RTRIM Function ............................................................................................................................. 53

SUBSTRING Function ..................................................................................................................... 54

SUBSTR_AFTER Function ............................................................................................................... 54


7/182


6

SUBSTR_BEFORE Function ............................................................................................................ 54

TRIM Function ............................................................................................................................... 55

UCASE Function ............................................................................................................................. 55

UNICODE Function ........................................................................................................................ 55

UPPER Function ............................................................................................................................. 55

Miscellaneous Functions ................................................................................................................... 57

BINTOHEX Function ....................................................................................................................... 57

COALESCE Function ....................................................................................................................... 57

HASANYPRIVILEGES Function ........................................................................................................ 57

HASSYSTEMPRIVILEGE Function ................................................................................................... 58

HEXTOBIN Function ....................................................................................................................... 58

ISAUTHORIZED Function ............................................................................................................... 58

IFNULL Function ............................................................................................................................ 59

NULLIF Function ............................................................................................................................ 59

CURRENT_CONNECTION Function ................................................................................................ 59

CURRENT_SCHEMA Function ........................................................................................................ 60

CURRENT_USER Function ............................................................................................................. 60

GROUPING_ID Function ................................................................................................................ 60

SESSION_CONTEXT Function ......................................................................................................... 61

SYSUUID Function ......................................................................................................................... 62

SQL Statements ..................................................................................................................................... 63

ALTER AUDIT POLICY ..................................................................................................................... 63

ALTER SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 64

ALTER TABLE.................................................................................................................................. 69

ALTER USER ................................................................................................................................... 74

CONNECT ....................................................................................................................................... 76

CREATE AUDIT POLICY................................................................................................................... 77

CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO ................................................................................................. 78

CREATE INDEX ............................................................................................................................... 80

CREATE ROLE ................................................................................................................................. 81

CREATE SCHEMA ........................................................................................................................... 82

CREATE SEQUENCE........................................................................................................................ 83

CREATE SYNONYM ........................................................................................................................ 86

CREATE TABLE ............................................................................................................................... 87


8/182


7

CREATE TYPE ................................................................................................................................. 93

CREATE USER ................................................................................................................................. 94

CREATE VIEW ................................................................................................................................ 95

DELETE........................................................................................................................................... 96

DROP AUDIT POLICY ...................................................................................................................... 97

DROP CALCULATION SCENARIO .................................................................................................... 98

DROP INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 99

DROP ROLE .................................................................................................................................. 100

DROP SCHEMA ............................................................................................................................ 101

DROP SEQUENCE ......................................................................................................................... 102

DROP SYNONYM ......................................................................................................................... 104

DROP TABLE ................................................................................................................................ 105

DROP TYPE .................................................................................................................................. 106

DROP USER .................................................................................................................................. 107

DROP VIEW.................................................................................................................................. 108

EXPLAIN PLAN ............................................................................................................................. 109

EXPORT ........................................................................................................................................ 114

GRANT ......................................................................................................................................... 115

IMPORT ....................................................................................................................................... 120

IMPORT FROM ............................................................................................................................ 121

INSERT ......................................................................................................................................... 123

LOAD ........................................................................................................................................... 124

MERGE DELTA ............................................................................................................................. 125

RENAME COLUMN ...................................................................................................................... 126

RENAME INDEX ........................................................................................................................... 127

RENAME TABLE ........................................................................................................................... 128

REVOKE ....................................................................................................................................... 129

SELECT ......................................................................................................................................... 130

SET [SESSION] .............................................................................................................................. 141

SET HISTORY SESSION TO ............................................................................................................ 142

SET SCHEMA ................................................................................................................................ 143

SET TRANSACTION AUTOCOMMIT DDL ..................................................................................... 144

SET TRANSACTION ...................................................................................................................... 145

TRUNCATE TABLE ........................................................................................................................ 147


9/182


8

UNLOAD ...................................................................................................................................... 148

UNSET [SESSION] ......................................................................................................................... 149

UPDATE ....................................................................................................................................... 150

UPSERT| REPLACE ....................................................................................................................... 151

Appendix ............................................................................................................................................. 152

Restrictions for SQL Statements ..................................................................................................... 152

SQL Error Codes .............................................................................................................................. 153


10/182


9

SAP HANA GuidesFor more information about SAP HANA landscape, security, installation and administration, see the

resources listed in the table below.

Topic Guide/Tool Quick Link

SAP HANA

Landscape,

Deployment &

Installation

SAP HANA KnowledgeCenter on SAP ServiceMarketplace

https://service.sap.com/hana

SAP HANA 1.0 Master Guide

SAP HANA 1.0 Installation Guide

SAP HANAAdministration &Security

SAP HANA KnowledgeCenter on SAP HelpPortal

http://help.sap.com/hana

SAP HANA 1.0 Technical Operations Manual

SAP HANA 1.0 Security Guide

NotationThis reference use BNF (Backus Naur Form) which is the notation technique used to define

programming languages, to describe SQL. BNF describes the syntax of a grammar using a set of

production rules using a set of symbols.

Symbols used in BNF

Symbol Description

< > Angle brackets are used to surround the name of a syntactic element (BNF

nonterminal) of the SQL language.

::= The definition operator is used to provide definitions of the element appearedon the left side of the operator in a production rule.

[ ] Square brackets are used to indicate optional elements in a formula. Optional

elements may be specified or omitted.

{ } Braces group elements in a formula. Repetitive elements (zero or more

elements) can be specified within brace symbols.

| The alternative operator indicates that the portion of the formula following

the bar is an alternative to the portion preceding the bar.

... The ellipsis indicates that the element may be repeated any number of times.

If ellipsis appears after grouped elements specifying that the grouped

elements enclosed with braces are repeated. If ellipsis appears after a single

element, only that element is repeated.

!! Introduces normal English text. This is used when the definition of a syntactic

element is not expressed in BNF.
https://service.sap.com/hanahttps://service.sap.com/hanahttps://service.sap.com/~sapidb/011000358700000604552011https://service.sap.com/~sapidb/011000358700000604552011https://service.sap.com/~sapidb/011000358700000604562011https://service.sap.com/~sapidb/011000358700000604562011http://help.sap.com/hanahttp://help.sap.com/hanahttp://help.sap.com/hanahttps://service.sap.com/~sapidb/011000358700000604562011https://service.sap.com/~sapidb/011000358700000604552011https://service.sap.com/hana


11/182


10

IntroductionThis chapter describes the SAP HANA Database implementation of Structured Query Language

(SQL). It explains the characteristics of SQL, also how to manage comments and reserve words.

SQL

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a standardized language for communicating witha relational database. It is used to retrieve, store or manipulate information in the database.

SAP HANA Database manages tables using SQL statements to create or modify a table and to addor manipulate data within a table.

SQL statements can perform the following tasks:

Schema definition and manipulation Data manipulation System management Session management Transaction management

Supported Languages and Code PagesThe SAP HANA Database supports Unicode to allow use of all languages in the Unicode Standardand 7 Bit ASCII code page without restriction.

CommentYou can add comments to improve readability and maintainability of your SQL statements.

Comments are delimited in SQL statements as follows: Double hyphens . Everything after the double hyphen until the end of a line is

considered by the SQL parser to be a comment

"/*" and "*/". This style of commenting is used to place comments on multiple lines. All

text between the opening "/*" and closing "*/" is ignored by the SQL parser.

Identifiers

Syntax:

::= |

::= [{|}, ...]

::= A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S| T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m| n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

::= |

::= _ ::= "

::= any character

Identifiers are used to represent names used in SQL statement including table name, view name,

synonym name, column name, index name, function name, procedure name, user name, role

name, and so on. There are two kinds of identifiers; undelimited identifiers and delimited

identifiers.

Undelimited table and column names must start with a letter and cannot contain anysymbols other than digits or an underscore "_".

Delimited identifiers are enclosed in the delimiter, double quotes, then the identifier can

contain any character including special characters. For example, AB$%CD is a valididentifier name.

Limitations


12/182


11

o "_SYS_" is reserved exclusively for database engine, hence not allowed at thebeginning of schema object names.

o Role name and user name must be specified as undelimited identifiers.o Maximum length for the identifiers is 127 characters.

Single Quotation Mark

Single quotation marks are used to delimit string literals and single quotation mark itself can berepresented using two single quotation marks.


13/182


12

Double Quotation MarkDouble quotation marks are used to delimit identifiers and double quotation mark itself can be

represented using two double quotation marks.

SQL Reserved Words

Reserved words are words which have a special meaning to the SQL parser in the SAP HANADatabase that cannot be used as a user-defined name. Reserved words should not be used in SQL

statements for schema object names. If necessary, you can work around this limitation by

delimiting a table or column name with double quotation marks.

The following table lists all the current and future reserved words for the SAP HANA Database.

Table 1. Reserved Words

ALL ALTER AS BEFORE

BEGIN BOTH CASE CHAR

CONDITION CONNECT CROSS CUBE

CURRENT_CONNECTION CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_SCHEMA CURRENT_TIME

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_USER CURRENT_UTCDATE CURRENT_UTCTIME

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP CURRVAL CURSOR DECLARE

DISTINCT ELSE ELSEIF ELSIF

END EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC

FOR FROM FULL GROUP

HAVING IF IN INNER

INOUT INTERSECT INTO IS

JOIN LEADING LEFT LIMIT

LOOP MINUS NATURAL NEXTVAL

NULL ON ORDER OUT

PRIOR RETURN RETURNS REVERSE

RIGHT ROLLUP ROWID SELECT

SET SQL START SYSDATE

SYSTIME SYSTIMESTAMP SYSUUID TOP

TRAILING UNION USING UTCDATE

UTCTIME UTCTIMESTAMP VALUES WHEN

WHERE WHILE WITH

Undelimited table and column names must start with a letter and cannot contain any symbols

other than digits or an underscore "_". If the identifier is enclosed in the delimiter, double quotes,

then the identifier can contain any character including special characters. For example, AB$%CD

is a valid identifier name. However, "_SYS_" is reserved exclusively for database engine, hence not

allowed at the beginning of schema object names.


14/182


13

Data TypesThis section describes the data types used in the SAP HANA Database.

Data type specifies the characteristics of a data value. A special value of NULL is included in everydata type to indicate the absence of a value. The following table shows the built-in data types inSAP HANA Database.

Classification of Data TypesIn the SAP HANA Database each data type can be classified by its characteristic as follows:

Table 2. Classification of data types

Classification Data Type

Datetime types DATE, TIME, SECONDDATE, TIMESTAMP

Numeric types TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLDECIMAL,

DECIMAL, REAL, DOUBLE, FLOAT

Character string types VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM

Binary types VARBINARY

Large Object types BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB

Datetime Types

DATEThe DATEdata type consists of year, month, and day information to represent a date value.

The default format for the DATEdata type is 'YYYY-MM-DD'. YYYY represents the year, MMrepresents the month, and DD represents the day. The range of date value is 0001-01-01through 9999-12-31.

TIMEThe TIMEdata type consists of hour, minute, and second to represent a time value. Thedefault format for the TIMEdata type is 'HH24:MI:SS'. HH24 represents the hour from 0 to 24,MI represents the minute from 0 to 59, SS represents the second from 0 to 59.

SECONDDATEThe SECONDDATEdata type consists of year, month, day, hour, minute and secondinformation to represent a date with time value. The default format for the SECONDDATEdata type is 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'. YYYY represents the year, MM represents the month,DD represents the day, HH24 represents hour, MI represents minute, and SS represents

seconds. The range of date value is 0001-01-01 00:00:01 through 9999-12-31 24:00:00.

TIMESTAMPThe TIMESTAMPdata type consists of date and time information. Its default format is 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF7'. FFnrepresents the fractional seconds where nindicates the number

of digits in fractional part. . The range of the timestamp value is 0001-01-0100:00:00.0000000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.9999999.

For details on supported formats for datetime types, refer to Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 andTable 7.

Numeric Types

TINYINT

TheTINYINTdata type stores an 8-bit unsigned integer. The minimum value is 0 and themaximum value is 255 for TINYINT.


15/182


14

SMALLINTTheSMALLINTdata type stores a 16-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -32,768 and

the maximum value is 32,767 for SMALLINT.

INTEGERThe INTEGERdata type stores a 32-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -2,147,483,648

and the maximum value is 2,147,483,647 for INTEGER.

BIGINTThe BIGINTdata type stores a 64-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -

9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and the maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 for

BIGINT.

DECIMAL(precision, scale) or DEC(p,s)The DECIMAL (p, s) data type specifies a fixed-point decimal number with precision p andscale s. The precision is the total number of significant digits and can range from 1 to 34.

The scale is the number of digits from the decimal point to the least significant digit and canrange from -6,111 to 6,176 which means scale specifies the range of the exponent in thedecimal number from 10-6111to 106176. If the scale is not specified, it defaults to 0. Scale ispositive when the number has significant digits to the right of the decimal point and negativewhen the number has significant digits to the left of the decimal point.

Examples:0.0000001234 (1234 x 10-10) has the precision 4 and the scale 10.1.0000001234 (10000001234 x 10-10) has the precision 11 and scale 10.

1234000000 (1234x106) has the precision 4 and scale -6.

When precision and scale are not specified, DECIMALbecomes a floating-point decimalnumber. In this case, precision and scale can vary within the range described above, 1~34 for

precision and -6,111~6,176 for scale depending on the stored value.

SMALLDECIMALThe SMALLDECIMALis a floating-point decimal number. The precision and scale can varywithin the range, 1~16 for precision and -369~368 for scale depending on the stored value.SMALLDECIMAL is supported only on column store.

DECIMAL and SMALLDECIMAL are floating-point types. For instance, a decimal column canstore any of 3.14, 3.1415, 3.141592 keeping their precisions.

DECIMAL(p, s) is the SQL standard notation for fixed-point decimal. For instance, 3.14, 3.1415,3.141592 are stored in a decimal(5, 4) column as 3.1400, 3.1415, 3.1416, respectivelykeeping the specified precision(5) and scale(4).

REALThe REALdata type specifies a single-precision 32-bit floating-point number.

DOUBLEThe DOUBLEdata type specifies a single-precision 64-bit floating-point number. The minimumvalue is -1.79769 x 10308 and the maximum value is 1.79769x10308 . The smallest positiveDOUBLE value is 2.2207x10-308and the largest negative DOUBLE value is -2.2207x10-308.

FLOAT(n)The FLOAT(n)data type specifies a 32-bit or 64-bit real number, where n specifies thenumber of significant bits and can range between 1 and 53.


16/182


15

When you use the FLOAT(n)data type, if n is smaller than 25, it becomes a 32-bit REAL datatype. If n is greater than or equal to 25, it then becomes a 64-bit DOUBLE data type. If n isnot declared, it becomes a 64-bit double data type by default.

Character String Types

The character string data types are used to store values that contain character strings. WhileVARCHAR data types contain ASCII character strings, NVARCHAR are used for storing Unicodecharacter strings.

VARCHARThe VARCHAR(n)data type specifies a variable-length ASCII character string, where n

indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

NVARCHARThe NVARCHAR(n)data type specifies a variable-length Unicode character set string, wheren indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

ALPHANUMThe ALPHANUM(n)data type specifies a variable-length character string which containsalpha-numeric characters, where n indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1and 127.

Binary TypesBinary types are used to store bytes of binary data.

VARBINARYThe VARBINARY(n)data type is used to store binary data of a specified maximum length inbytes, where n indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

Large Object (LOB) TypesLOB (large objects) data types, CLOB, NCLOB and BLOB, are used to store a large amount of datasuch as text documents and images. The maximum size of an LOB is 2 GB.

BLOBThe BLOBdata type is used to store large binary data.

CLOBThe CLOBdata type is used to store large ASCII character data.

NCLOB

The NCLOBdata type is used to store a large Unicode character object.

LOB types are provided for storing and retrieving such large data. LOB types support the followingoperations. The length () function returns the LOB length in bytes. LIKE can be used to search LOB columns.

The LOB types have the following restrictions: LOB columns cannot appear in ORDER BY or GROUP BY clauses. LOB columns cannot appear in FROM clauses as a join predicate. LOB columns cannot appear in WHERE clauses as a predicate except LIKE, CONTAINS, =, or

. LOB columns cannot appear in SELECT clauses as an aggregate function argument. LOB columns cannot appear in SELECT DISTINCT clauses. LOB columns cannot be used in set operations such as EXCEPT. UNION ALL is an exception. LOB columns cannot be used as a primary key.


17/182


16

LOB columns cannot be used in CREATE INDEX statements. LOB columns cannot be used in statistics update statements.

Table 3: Mapping between SQL Data Type and Column Store Data Type

SQL Type Column Store Type

Integer Types TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT CS_INT

BIGINT CS_FIXED(18,0)

Approximate Types REAL CS_FLOAT

DOUBLE CS_DOUBLE

FLOAT CS_DOUBLE

FLOAT(p) CS_FLOAT, CS_DOUBLE

Decimal Types DECIMAL CS_DECIMAL_FLOAT

DECIMAL(p,s) CS_FIXED(p-s,s)

SMALLDECIMAL CS_SDFLOAT

Character Types VARCHAR CS_STRING,CS_ALPHANUM,CS_UNITDECFLOAT,CS_DATE,CS_TIME

NVARCHAR CS_STRING,CS_ALPHANUM,CS_UNITDECFLOAT

CLOB, NCLOB CS_STRING

ALPHANUM CS_ALPHANUM

Binary Types BLOB CS_RAW

VARBINARY CS_RAW

Date/Time Types DATE CS_DAYDATE, CS_DATE

TIME CS_SECONDTIME, CS_TIME

TIMESTAMP CS_LONGDATE, CS_DATE, CS_SECONDDATESECONDDATE CS_SECONDDATE


18/182


17

Supported Formats for Date, Time and Timestamp

The following date/time formats can be used when parsing a string into a date/time type and

converting a date/time type value into a string value. Please note that format for Timestamp is the

combination of Date and Time with the additional support for fractional seconds.

Table 4: Supported formats for Date

Format Description Examples

YYYY-MM-DD Default format INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13');

YYYY/MM/DD YYYY from 0001 to 9999, MM from

1 to 12, DD from 1 to 31.

If year has less than four digits,

month has less than two digits, or

day has less than two digits, thenvalues will be padded by one or

more zeros. For example, a two

digit year 45 will be saved as year

0045, a one digit month 9 will be

saved as 09, and a one digit day 2

will be saved as 02.

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13');

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957/06/13');

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957/06-13');

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06/13');

YYYY/MM-DD

YYYY-MM/DD

YYYYMMDD ABAP Data Type, DATS format INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('19570613');

MON Abbreviated name of month. (JAN.

~ DEC.)

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2040-

Jan-10', 'YYYY-MON-DD'));

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('Jan-

10', 'MON-DD'));

MONTH Name of month. (JANUARY -

DECEMBER).


January-10', 'YYYY-MONTH-DD'));

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES

(TO_DATE('January-10', 'MONTH-DD'));

RM Roman numeral month (I-XII; JAN

= I).


I-10', 'YYYY-RM-DD'));

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('I-10',

'RM-DD'));

DDD Day of year (1-366). INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('204',

'DDD'));

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE(2001-

204,YYYY-DDD));


19/182


18

Table 5: Supported formats for Time


HH24:MI:SS Default format

HH:MI[:SS][AM|PM]

HH12:MI[:SS][AM|PM

]

HH24:MI[:SS]

HH from 0 to 23. MI from 0 to 59. SS from0 to 59. FFF from 0 to 999.

If one digit hour, minute, second is

specified, then 0 will be inserted into the

value. For example, 9:9:9 will be saved as

09:09:09.

HH12 indicates 12 hour clock and HH24

indicates 24 hour clock.

AM or PM can be specified as a suffix to

indicate the time value is before or after

noon.

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES('23:59:59');


('3:47:39 AM');


('9:9:9 AM');


(TO_TIME('11:59:59','HH1

2:MI:SS');

SSSSS Seconds past midnight (0-86399). INSERT INTO TBL VALUES

(TO_TIME('12345',

'SSSSS'));

Table 6: Supported formats for Timestamp


YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS.FF7

Default format

FF [1..7] Fractional seconds has the range

1 to 7 after the FF parameter to

specify the number of digits in

the fractional second portion of

the date time value returned.

If a digit is not specified, the

default value is used.


(TO_TIMESTAMP('2011-05-11

12:59.999','YYYY-MM-DD HH:SS.FF3'));

The following date/time formats can additionally be used when converting a date/time type value

into a string value. The following functions can be used when selecting a date/time values with a

specific format.

Table 7: Additional date/time formats

Format Description Example

D Day of week (1-7). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,D)

DAY Name of day (MONDAY - SUNDAY). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,DAY)

DY Abbreviated name of day (MON - SUN). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,DY)


20/182


19

Format Description Example

MON Abbreviated month name (JAN - DEC) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,MON)

MONTH Full month name (JANUARY - DECEMBER) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,MONTH)

RM Roman numeral month (I XII; I is forJanuary)

TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,RM)

Q Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,Q)

W Week of month (1-5). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,W)

WW Week of year (1-53). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,WW)

Data Type Conversion

This section describes the data type conversion allowed in SAP HANA Database.

Explicit type conversion

The type of an expression result, for example a field reference, a function on fields, or literalscan be converted using the following functions:CAST, TO_ALPHANUM, TO_BIGINT, TO_VARBINARY, TO_BLOB, TO_CLOB, TO_DATE, TO_DATS,TO_DECIMAL, TO_DOUBLE, TO_INTEGER, TO_INT, TO_NCLOB, TO_NVARCHAR, TO_REAL,TO_SECONDDATE, TO_SMALLINT, TO_TINYINT, TO_TIME, TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_VARCHAR.

Implicit type conversion

When a given set of operand/argument types does not match what an operator/function

expects, type conversion is carried out by the SAP HANA Database. This conversion onlyoccurs if a relevant conversion is available and it makes the operation/function executable. Forinstance, a comparison of BIGINT and VARCHAR is performed by implicitly convertingVARCHAR to BIGINT. The entire explicit conversions can be used for implicit conversion exceptfor the TIME and TIMESTAMP data types. TIME and TIMESTAMP can be converted to eachother using TO_TIME(TIMESTAMP) and TO_TIMESTAMP(TIME).

Sample examples

Table 8. Implicit Type conversion Examples

Input Expression Transformed Expression with Implicit Conversion

BIGINT > VARCHAR BIGINT > BIGINT(VARCHAR)

BIGINT > DECIMAL DECIMAL(BIGINT) > DECIMAL

TIMESTAMP > DATE TIMESTAMP > TIMESTAMP(DATE)

DATE > TIME Error because there is no conversion available between DATE and TIME

In the table below, Boxes with OK mean data type conversions are allowed without any checks.


21/182


20

Boxes with CK mean the data type can be converted if the data is valid for the targettype.

Boxes with - indicate that data type conversion is not allowed.

The rule is applicable to both implicit and explicit conversion except for Time to Timestampconversion. Only explicit conversion is allowed for converting the Time data type to Timestamp

using the TO_TIMESTAMP or CAST function.

Table 9. Data type conversion table

Targettinyint

smallint

integer

bigint

decimal

decimal(p,s)

smalldecimal

real

double

varchar

nvarchar

Source

tinyint OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

smallint CK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

integer CK CK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

bigint CK CK CK OK CK CK CK OK OK OK

decimal CK CK CK CK CK CK CK OK OK OK

decimal(p,s) CK CK CK CK CK Ck CK CK CK OK OK

smalldecimal CK CK CK CK OK CK CK CK OK OK

real CK CK CK CK OK CK CK OK OK OK

double CK CK CK CK CK CK CK CK OK OK

varchar CK CK CK CK CK CK CK CK CK OK

nvarchar CK CK CK CK CK CK CK CK CK CK

Target

time date seconddate timestamp varchar nvarcharSource

time - - - OK OK

date - OK OK OK OK

seconddate time date timestamp OK OK

timestamp time date seconddate OK OKvarchar CK CK CK CK OK

nvarchar CK CK CK CK CK

Target

varbinary alphanum varchar nvarcharSource

varbinary - - -

alphanum - OK OK

varchar OK OK OK

nvarchar OK OK CK


22/182


21

Data Type Precedence

This section describes the data type precedence provided by SAP HANA Database. Data typeprecedence specifies that the data type with lower precedence is converted to the data typewith higher precedence.

Highest TIMESTAMP

SECONDDATE

DATE

TIME

DOUBLE

REAL

DECIMAL

SMALLDECIMAL

BIGINT

INTEGER

SMALLINT

TINYINT

NCLOB

NVARCHAR

CLOB

VARCHAR

BLOB

Lowest VARBINARY


23/182


22

PredicatesA predicate is specified by combining one or more expressions or logical operators and returns oneof the following logical or truth values: TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN.

Comparison Predicates

Two values can be compared using comparison predicates and returns true, false, or unknown.

Syntax:

::= { = | != | | > | < | >= |


24/182


23

The percentage sign (%) matches zero or more characters and underscore (_) matches exactlyone character. To match a percent sign or underscore in the LIKE predicate, an escape charactermust be used.

Using the optional argument, ESCAPE expression3,you can specify the escape character that willbe used so that the underscore (_) or percentage sign (%) can be matched.

Syntax:

::= [NOT] LIKE [ESCAPE ]

NULL PredicateWhen IS NULL predicate is specified, a value can be compared with NULL and returns true if avalue is NULL. If the IS NOT NULL predicate is specified, it returns true if a value is not NULL.

Syntax:

::= IS [NOT] NULL


25/182


24

OperatorsYou can perform arithmetic operations in expressions by using operators. Operators can be usedfor calculation, value comparison or to assign values.

Unary and Binary OperatorsTable 10. Unary and binary operators

Operator Operation Format Description

Unary A unary operator

applies to one

operand or a single

value expression.

operator operand unary plus operator(+)

unary negation operator(-)

logical negation(NOT)

Binary A binary operator

applies to two

operands or twovalue expressions.

operand1 operator

operand2

multiplicative operators ( *, / )

additive operators ( +,- )

comparison operators

( =,!=,,=)

logical operators ( AND, OR )

Operator PrecedenceAn expression can use several operators, if the number of operators is greater than one, then theSAP HANA Database will evaluate them in order of operator precedence. You can change thisordering by using parentheses. The SAP HANA Database will always evaluate expressionscontained within parentheses first.

If parentheses are not used, the operators have the precedence indicated by the table below.

Please note, the SAP HANA Database will evaluate operators with equal precedence from left toright within an expression.

Table 11. SQL operator precedence

Precedence Operator Operation

Highest () parentheses

+, - unary positive and negative operation

*, / multiplication, division

+, - addition, subtraction

|| concatenation

=, !=, , =, IS

NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN

comparison

NOT logical negation

AND conjunction


26/182


25

Precedence Operator Operation

Lowest OR disjunction

Arithmetic OperatorsYou use arithmetic operators to perform mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting,multiplying, dividing and negation of numeric values.

Table 12. Arithmetic operators

Operator Description

- Negation. If the expression is the NULL value, the result is NULL.

+ Addition. If either expression is the NULL value, the result is NULL.

- Subtraction. If either expression is the NULL value, the result is NULL.

* Multiplication. If either expression is NULL, the result is NULL.

/ Division. If either expression is NULL or if the second expression is 0, anerror is returned.

String OperatorA concatenation operator combines two items such as strings, expressions, or constants into one.

Table 13. Concatenation operators

Operator Description

|| String concatenation (two vertical bars). If either string is NULL, itreturns NULL.

Two string concatenation results in another string. For VARCHAR or NVARCHAR type strings,leading or trailing spaces are kept. If either string is of data type NVARCHAR, the result has data

type NVARCHAR and is limited to 5000 characters. The maximum length for VARCHARconcatenation is also limited to 5000 characters.

Comparison Operators

Syntax:

::=

Table 14. Comparison operators

Operator Description Example

= Equal to SELECT * FROM students WHERE id = 25;

> Greater than SELECT * FROM students WHERE id > 25;

< Less than SELECT * FROM students WHERE id < 25;


27/182


26

Operator Description Example

>= Greater than or equal to SELECT * FROM students WHERE id >= 25;


28/182


27

ExpressionsAn expression is a clause that can be evaluated to return values.

Syntax:

expression ::=

|

|

| ( )

| ()

| -

|

|

|

| [.]

Case ExpressionsA case expression allows the user to use IF ... THEN ... ELSE logic without using procedures in SQLstatements.

Syntax:

case_expression ::=

CASE

WHEN

THEN , ...

[ ELSE ]

{ END | END CASE }

If the expression following the CASE statement is equal to the expression following the WHEN

statement, then the expression following the THEN statement is returned. Otherwise the

expression following the ELSE statement is returned, if it exists.


29/182


28

Function ExpressionsSQL built-in functions can be used as an expression.

Syntax:

::= ( , ... )

Aggregate Expressions

An aggregate expression uses an aggregate function to calculate a single value from the values ofmultiple rows in a column.

Syntax:

::= COUNT(*) | ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] ) ::= COUNT | MIN | MAX | SUM | AVG | STDDEV | VAR

Aggregate name Description

COUNT Counts the number of rows returned by a query. COUNT(*) returns the

number of rows, regardless of the value of those rows and includingduplicate values.COUNT() returns the number of non-NULLvalues for that expression returned by the query.

MIN Returns the minimum value of expression.

MAX Returns the maximum value of expression.

SUM Returns the sum of expression.

AVG Returns the arithmetical mean of expression.

STDDEV Returns the standard deviation of given expression as the square root ofVARIANCE function.

VAR Returns the variance of expression as the square of standard deviation.


30/182


29

Subqueries in expressions

A subquery is a SELECT statement enclosed in parentheses. The SELECT statement can containone and only one select list item. When used as an expression, a scalar subquery is allowed to

return only zero or one value.

Syntax:

::= ()

Within the SELECT list of the top level SELECT, or in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement, youcan use a scalar subquery anywhere that you can use a column name. However, scalar_subquerycannot be used inside GROUP BY clause.

Example:

For example, the following statement returns the number of employees in each department,

grouped by department name:

SELECT DepartmentName, COUNT(*), out of,(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees)FROM Departments AS D, Employees AS EWHERE D.DepartmentID = E.DepartmentIDGROUP BY DepartmentName;


31/182


30

FunctionsFunctions are used to return information from the database. They are allowed anywhere an

expression is allowed. Functions use the same syntax conventions used by SQL statements.

Data type conversion functions

Data type conversion functions are used to convert arguments from one data type to another, or totest whether they can be converted.

CAST Function

Syntax:

CAST (expression AS data_type)

Description:

Returns the value of an expression converted to a supplied data type.

Parameters:

expression - The expression to be converted.data type - The target data type.

TINYINT | SMALLINT | INTEGER | BIGINT | DECIMAL | SMALLDECIMAL | REAL | DOUBLE |

ALPHANUM | VARCHAR | NVARCHAR | DAYDATE | DATE | TIME | SECONDDATE |TIMESTAMP

Example:

SELECT CAST (7 AS VARCHAR) "cast" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:cast7

TO_ALPHANUM Function

Syntax:

TO_ALPHANUM (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of alphanum data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_ALPHANUM ('10') "to alphanum" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to alphanum10

TO_BIGINT Function

Syntax:

TO_BIGINT (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of bigint data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_BIGINT ('10') "to bigint" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to bigint10


32/182


31

TO_BLOB Function

Syntax:

TO_BLOB (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of blob type. expressionmust be a binary string.

Example:

SELECT TO_BLOB (TO_BINARY('abcde')) "to blob" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to blobabcde

TO_CLOB Function

Syntax:

TO_CLOB (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of CLOB data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_CLOB ('TO_CLOB converts an expression into a value of CLOB data type') "to clob"FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to clobTO_CLOB converts an expression into a value of CLOB data type

TO_DATE Function

Syntax:TO_DATE (expression [, format])

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of DATE data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_DATE('2010-01-12', 'YYYY-MM-DD') "to date" FROM DUMMY;Retrieves:to date2010-01-12

TO_DATS Function

Syntax:

TO_DATS (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of ABAP DATE string with formatYYYYMMDD.

Example:

SELECT TO_DATS ('2010-01-12') "abap date" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:abap date20100112

TO_DECIMAL Function


33/182


32

Syntax:

TO_DECIMAL (expression [, precision, scale])

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of DECIMAL (precision, scale) data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_DECIMAL(7654321.89, 9, 2) "to decimal" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to decimal7654321.89

TO_DOUBLE Function

Syntax:

TO_DOUBLE (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of DOUBLE (double precision) data type.

Example:

SELECT 3*TO_DOUBLE ('15.12') "to double" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to double45.36

TO_INT Function

Syntax:

TO_INT (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of INTEGER data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_INT('10') "to int" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to int10

TO_INTEGER Function

Syntax:

TO_INTEGER (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of INTEGER data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_INTEGER ('10') "to int" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to int10

TO_NCLOB Function

Syntax:


34/182


33

TO_NCLOB (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of NCLOB data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_NCLOB ('TO_NCLOB converts an expression into a value of NCLOB data type') "to

nclob" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to nclobTO_NCLOB converts an expression into a value of NCLOB data type

TO_NVARCHAR Function

Syntax:

TO_NVARCHAR (expression [,format])

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of unicode character data type.

If formatis omitted, it converts to the corresponding format using the date format model.

Example:

SELECT TO_NVARCHAR(TO_DATE('2009/12/31'), 'YY-MM-DD') "to nchar" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to nchar09-12-31

TO_REAL Function

Syntax:

TO_REAL (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into the value of REAL (single precision) data type.

Example:

SELECT 3*TO_REAL ('15.12') "to real" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to real45.36

TO_SMALLINT Function

Syntax:

TO_SMALLINT (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of SMALLINT data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_SMALLINT ('10') "to smallint" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to smallint10


35/182


34

TO_TINYINT Function

Syntax:

TO_TINYINT (expression)

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of TINYINT data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_TINYINT ('10') "to tinyint" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to tinyint10

TO_TIME Function

Syntax:

TO_TIME (expression [, format])

Description:Converts the expression of a data type into a value of TIME data type.If format is omitted, it converts expression into the corresponding format using the date format

model as explained inTable 5.

Example:

SELECT TO_TIME ('08:30 AM',HH:MI AM) "to time" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to time08:30:00

TO_TIMESTAMP Function

Syntax:

TO_TIMESTAMP (expression [, format])

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into the TIMESTAMP data type.

If format is omitted, it converts expression into the corresponding format using the date format

model as explained inTable 5.

Example:

SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP ('2010-01-11 13:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') "to timestamp"FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:to timestamp2010-01-11 13:30:00.0000000

TO_VARCHAR Function

Syntax:

TO_VARCHAR (expression [, format])

Description:

Converts the expression of a data type into a value of character data type.

Example:

SELECT TO_VARCHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to char" FROM DUMMY;


36/182


35

Retrieves:to char2009/12/31


37/182


36

DateTime Functions

ADD_DAYS Function

Syntax:

ADD_DAYS (d, n)

Description:

Computes the date d plus n days.

Example:

SELECT ADD_DAYS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 30) "add days" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:add days2010-01-04

ADD_MONTHS Function

Syntax:ADD_MONTHS (d, n)

Description:

Computes the date d plus n months.

Example:

SELECT ADD_MONTHS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add months" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:add months2010-01-05

ADD_YEARS Function

Syntax:

ADD_YEARS (d, n)

Description:

Computes the date d plus n years.

Example:

SELECT ADD_YEARS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add years" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:add years2010-12-05

ADD_SECONDS Function

Syntax:

ADD_SECONDS (t, n)

Description:

Computes the time t plus n seconds.

Example:

SELECT ADD_SECONDS (TO_TIME ('23:30:45'), 60*30) "add seconds" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:add seconds

00:00:45.000


38/182


37

DAYS_BETWEEN Function

Syntax:

DAYS_BETWEEN (date1, date2)

Description:

Computes the number of days between date1 and date2.

Example:

SELECT DAYS_BETWEEN (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), TO_DATE('2010-01-05',

'YYYYMM-DD')) "days between" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:days between31

DAYNAME Function

Syntax:

DAYNAME (expression)

Description:

Returns the name of the weekday in English.

Example:

SELECT DAYNAME ('2011-05-30') "dayname" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:daynameMONDAY

DAYOFMONTH Function

Syntax:DAYOFMONTH (expression)

Description:

Returns the day of the month in integer.

Example:

SELECT DAYOFMONTH ('2011-05-30') "dayofmonth" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:dayofmonth30

DAYOFYEAR Function

Syntax:

DAYOFYEAR (expression)

Description:

Returns the day of the year in integer.

Example:

SELECT DAYOFYEAR ('2011-05-30') "dayofyear" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:dayofyear150


39/182


38

EXTRACT Function

Syntax:

EXTRACT ({YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND} FROM datetime_value)

Description:

Finds and returns the value of a specified datetime field from a datetime_value.

Example:

SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM TO_DATE ('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "extract" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:extract2010

HOUR Function

Syntax:

HOUR (expression)

Description:Extract hour from expression.

Example:

SELECT HOUR ('12:34:56) "hour" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:hour12

LAST_DAY Function

Syntax:

LAST_DAY (d)

Description:

Returns the date of the last day of the month that contains d.

Example:

SELECT LAST_DAY (TO_DATE('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "last day" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:last day2010-01-31

MINUTE Function

Syntax:

MINUTE (expression)

Description:

Extract minute from expression.

Example:

SELECT MINUTE ('12:34:56) "minute" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:minute34

MONTH Function


40/182


39

Syntax:

MONTH(expression)

Description:

Returns the number of the month from a given date.

Example:

SELECT MONTH ('2011-05-30) "month" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:month5

MONTHNAME Function

Syntax:

MONTHNAME(expression)

Description:

Returns the name of the month in English.

Example:

SELECT MONTHNAME ('2011-05-30) "monthname" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:monthnameMAY

NEXT_DAY Function

Syntax:

NEXT_DAY (d)

Description:

Returns the date of the next day of d.

Example:

SELECT NEXT_DAY (TO_DATE ('2009-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "next day" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:next day2010-01-01

NOW Function

Syntax:

NOW ()

Description:

Returns the current timestamp.

Example:

SELECT NOW () "now" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:now2010-01-01 16:34:19


41/182


40

SECOND Function

Syntax:

SECOND (t)

Description:Returns the second number of a given time t.

Example:

SELECT SECOND (12:34:56) "second" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:second56

SECONDS_BETWEEN Function

Syntax:

SECONDS_BETWEEN (d1, d2)

Description:

Computes the number of seconds between d1 and d2, which is semantically equal to d2 d1.

Example:

SELECT SECONDS_BETWEEN ('2009-12-05', '2010-01-05') "seconds between" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:Seconds between2678400

CURRENT_DATE Function

Syntax:CURRENT_DATE

Description:

Returns the current local system date.

Example:

SELECT CURRENT_DATE "current date" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:current date2010-01-11

CURRENT_TIME Function

Syntax:

CURRENT_TIME

Description:

Returns the current local system time.

Example:

SELECT CURRENT_TIME "current time" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:current time17:37:37.279


42/182


41

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Function

Syntax:

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Description:

Returns the current local system timestamp information.

Example:

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP "current timestamp" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:current timestamp2010-01-11 17:38:48.802

CURRENT_UTCDATE FunctionSyntax:

CURRENT_UTCDATE

Description:Returns the current UTC date. The UTC stands for Coordinated Universal Time, also known asGreenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Example:

SELECT CURRENT_UTCDATE "Coordinated Universal Date" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:Coordinated Universal Time2010-01-11

CURRENT_UTCTIME Function

Syntax:

CURRENT_UTCTIME

Description:

Returns the current UTC time.

Example:

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIME "Coordinated Universal Time" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:Coordinated Universal Time08:41:19.267

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP Function

Syntax:

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP

Description:

Returns the current UTC timestamp.

Example:

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP "Coordinated Universal Timestamp" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:Coordinated Universal Timestamp2010-01-11 08:41:42.484


43/182


42

WEEK Function

Syntax:

WEEK (d)

Description:

Returns the week number of a given date d.

Example:

SELECT WEEK (TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:week22

WEEKDAY Function

Syntax:

WEEKDAY (d)

Description:Returns the day of week of a given date d. The return value ranges from 0 to 6, each of which

represents Monday to Sunday.

Example:

SELECT WEEKDAY (TO_DATE ('2010-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week day" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:week day4

YEAR Function

Syntax:YEAR (d)

Description:

Returns the year number of a given date d.

Example:

SELECT YEAR (TO_DATE ('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "year" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:year2011


44/182


43

Number FunctionsNumber functions take numeric values or strings with numeric characters as inputs and returnsnumeric values. When strings with numeric characters are given as inputs, implicit conversion fromstring to number is performed automatically before computing the result values.

ABS Function

Syntax :

ABS (n)

Description:

Returns the absolute value of a numeric expression n.

Example:

SELECT ABS (-1) "absolute" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:

absolute

1

ACOS Function

Syntax:

ACOS (n)

Description:

Returns the arc-cosine, in radians, of a numeric expression n between -1 and 1.

Example:

SELECT ACOS (0.5) "acos" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:

acos1.0471975511965979

ASIN Function

Syntax:

ASIN (n)

Description:

Returns the arc-sine, in radians, of a number n between -1 and 1.

Example:

SELECT ASIN (0.5) "asin" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:asin0.5235987755982989

ATAN Function

Syntax :

ATAN (n)

Description:

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of a number n. The argument is a number and the range of n

is unlimited.

Example:


45/182


44

SELECT ATAN (0.5) "atan" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:atan0.4636476090008061

ATAN2 Function

Syntax :

ATAN2 (n, m)

Description:

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of the ratio of two numbers n and m. This is the same resultas ATAN(n/m).

Example:

SELECT ATAN2 (1.0, 2.0) "atan2" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:

atan20.4636476090008061

BITAND Function

Syntax:

BITAND (expression1, expression2)

Description:

Calculates anAND operation on the bits of expression1 and expression2. Both expression1 andexpression2 must be non-negative integers. The BITAND function returns a result with BIGINT type.

Example:SELECT BITAND (255, 123) "bitand" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:bitand123

CEIL / CEILING Function

Syntax :

CEIL (n)

Description:

Returns the first integer that is greater or equal to a given value n. For positive numbers, this isknown as rounding up.

Example:

SELECT CEIL (14.5) "ceiling" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:ceiling15

COS Function

Syntax:

COS (n)

Description:


46/182


45

Returns the cosine of the angle in radians given by its argument n.

Example:

SELECT COS (0.0) "cos" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:cos1.0

COSH Function

Syntax:

COSH (n)

Description:

Computes the hyperbolic cosine of n.

Example:

SELECT COSH (0.5) "cosh" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:cosh1.1276259652063807

COT Function

Syntax:

COT (n)

Description:

Computes the cotangent of n.

Example:

SELECT COT (40) "cot" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:Cot1.5423510453569202

EXP Function

Syntax:

EXP (n)

Description:

Returns the result of the base of natural logarithms e raised to the power of the given argument n.

Example:SELECT EXP (1.0) "exp" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:exp2.718281828459045

FLOOR Function

Syntax:

FLOOR (n)

Description:

Returns the largest integer not greater than the given number n.

Example:


47/182


46

SELECT FLOOR (14.5) "floor" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:floor14

GREATEST Function

Syntax:

GREATEST (n1 [, n2]...)

Description:

Returns the greatest value among the arguments: n1, n2, ...

Example:

SELECT GREATEST ('aa', 'ab', 'ba', 'bb') "greatest" FROM DUMMY;

Retrieves:greatestbb

LEAST Function

Syntax:

LEAST (n1 [, n2]...)

Description:

Retu

SAP HANA Database- SQL Reference Manual.pdf

Documents

Transcript of SAP HANA Database- SQL Reference Manual.pdf