SANTOSH SANTU

CONTENTS

Introduction

Why to use nano tech?

Why atomic level( nano scale)?

Nano materials

Nano tech applications

Applications in aerospace

Disadvantages

Conclusion

References

0.22 m

Fullerenes C60

22 cm 0.7 nm

10 millions times smaller

1 billion times smaller

WHAT IS NANOSCALE?

12,756 km

1.27 × 107 m 0.7 × 10-9 m

WHY ATOMIC LEVEL(NANO SCALE)?

Nano materials are intermediate in size between isolated atoms ,

molecules and bulk materials . At this scale, matter shows exceptional

properties.

1.Due to smallness, mass is small. Electro- magnetic forces become

dominant.

2.Increased surface-to-volume ratio.

3.Quantum confinement . Due to smallness, electrons are confined in

space . This results in changes in electronic and optical properties.

Regardless of whether we consider nano or bulk, its physical and

chemical properties depend a lot on its surface properties.

HOW DO YOU BUILD SOMETHING SO SMALL?

“Top-down approach” – building something by starting with a larger component and carving away material (like a sculpture).

In nanotechnology: patterning (using photolithography) and etching away material, as in building integrated circuits

“Bottom-up approach” – building something by assembling smaller components (like building a car engine).

In nanotechnology: self-assembly of atoms and molecules, as in chemical and biological systems

NANO MATERIALS

1.CARBON BASED

These nanomaterials are composed mostly of carbon, most

commonly taking the form of a hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or

tubes. Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials are

referred to as fullerenes, while cylindrical ones are called

nanotubes.

2.METAL BASED

These nanomaterials include quantum dots (closely packed

semiconductor crystal comprised of hundreds or thousands of

atoms, and whose size is on the order of a few nanometers to a

few hundred nanometers), nanogold, nanosilver and metal

oxides, such as titanium dioxide. Changing the size of quantum

dots changes their optical properties.

3. DENDRIMERS

These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers built from

branched units. The surface of a dendrimer has numerous chain

ends, which can be tailored to perform specific chemical

functions.

4.COMPOSITES

Composites combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or

with larger, bulk-type materials. Nanoparticles, such as

nanosized clays, are already being added to products ranging

from auto parts to packaging materials, to enhance mechanical,

thermal, barrier, and flame-retardant properties.

CARBON NANO TUBE (CNT)

CNTs also known as buckytubesare allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1

carbon nanotube, the strongest and stiffest materials discovered till to date

Properties of Nano Tubes

• Strength :- Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively.

• Hardness:- The hardness of compressed SWNTs is 462–546 GPa, surpassing the value of 420 GPa for diamond

• Electrical:- In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electrical current density of 4 × 109 A/cm2 which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper.

• Thermal:- All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal conductors along the tube, the temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about 750 °C in air.

AEROSPACE

APPLICATIONS

WHAT DOES THE INDUSTRY WANT?

Materials that are:

Lighter

Stronger

More Durable(fatigue

and corrosion)

Resistant to Extreme

Conditions

Also interested in

materials that have

unique properties http://www.washingtonstatewire.com/admin/contentmanager/photos/1914090722%

20Boeing%20787.jpg

INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

Advanced Composites

Materials

Space Elevator

Aerospace Paint

Deicing Materials

Jet engine applications

http://www.backpackersguide.co.uk/images/plane-travel.jpg

ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Nano Fibers are laid out in

tape or fabric form

put in a mold under heat and

pressure.

The resin matrix flows over

nano fibers

Heat is removed and it

solidifies.

It can be formed into various

shapes. In some cases,

these fibers are wound

tightly to increase strength.

http://people.sabanciuniv.edu/~yusufm/research/composite.jpg

ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Traditionally used: Aluminum

metal

Aluminum made planes

heavier, consume more fuel

Fiberglass was first used in

the Boeing 707 passenger jet

in the 1950s, only 2% of the

structure.

Now , about one-third of the

structure of the commercial

planes uses composites

Composites are stronger

Composites makes aircrafts

lighter :~ 20% lighter

Fuel efficient

SPACE ELEVATOR

A space elevator is a proposed

type of space transportation

system .

Its main component is a ribbon-

like cable anchored to the

surface and extending into

space.

It is designed to permit vehicle

transport along the cable from a

planetary surface, such as the

Earth's, directly into space or

orbit, without the use of large

rockets.

BUCKY PAPER

Buckypaper is a thin sheet made from an aggregate of carbon nanotubes or carbon nanotube grid paper. Originally, it was fabricated as a way to handle carbon nanotubes.

Buckypaper is a macroscopic aggregate of carbon nanotubes (CNT), or "buckytubes". It owes its name to the buckminsterfullerene, the 60 carbon fullerene (an allotrope of carbon with similar bonding that is sometimes referred to as a "Buckyball" in honor of R. Buckminster Fuller).

Buckypaper is one tenth the weight yet potentially 500 times stronger than steel when its sheets are stacked to form a composite. It could disperse heat like brass or steel and it could conduct electricity like copper or silicon.

AEROSPACE PAINT AND SEALANT

Sealants to seal the structures

like fuel tanks, aerodynamic

sealing, and windshield

installation

PPG Aerospace chromate-free

de-paint/repaint process

includes a epoxy primer

Based on nanotechnology Environment friendly

Better adhesion

Corrosion resistant

http://www.aerospace-technology.com/contractors/paints/ppg-

aerospace/ppg-aerospace3.html

DEICING

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8504734.stm

http://www.nano.org.uk/news/370/

•When a plane is in the air, icing

can occur

•plane’s performance suffers and

disasters can occur.

•Currently used techniques:

•use bleed air: heating the

surface with engine bleed

air

•mechanical boot: breaking

the bond between surface

and ice

• Issues:

•Too complex,

•too heavy

•draws too much power to

be effective

DEICING

Solution by scientists at Battelle, U. K, deicing fluid

is based on nano technology

weighs 1/100th of current ice protection systems

uses simple painting methods

can be applied to a variety of curved surfaces without needing a custom heater pad design.

How?

sprayed on planes prior to flight.

carbon nanotube coating is applied to surfaces then energize that coating using the plane’s on-board electrical system.

causes the nanotube coating to heat up, thus preventing ice from forming.

“Miniaturisation has obvious advantages in terms of

reducing the weight of cables and thus the overall

weight of the aircraft, helping to lower fuel costs. The

huge number of cables installed in a modern military

aircraft can have a significant impact on an its

weight.”

MILITARY APPLICATIONS Satellites weighing 15 tons or

more derive 1/3 of their weight from copper harnesses( an assembly of cables or wireswhich transmit signals or electrical power).

Boeing 747 uses up to 135 miles of copper wire that can weight more than 4000 pounds

Copper wires also oxidize and corrode, are susceptible to vibration fatigue, and create premature electronics failures due to overheating conditions.

Tiny carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are set to replace traditional copper wiring in aircraft applications.http://base1.googlehosted.com/base_media?q=http://www.capitolsupply.

com/ImageServer.ashx%3Ft%3Dproduct%26h%3D200%26w%3D200%2

6imageid%3DCS8516813&size=20&dhm=fdfe56f1&hl=en

MILITARY APPLICATIONS

Conductive coating to be used on jet fighter canopies - clear bubbles that cover planes' cockpits

Coating will improve electromagnetic shielding and electrostatic discharge to prevent electronic disruption

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/F-16_June_2008.jpg/800px-

F-16_June_2008.jpg

POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE

Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and

programmable materials that

require less energy to produce than conventional material

and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships,

aircraft, and space vehicles.

The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of

nanorobotics.

These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks

that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone

layer could potentially be able to be performed.

There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure everything from

natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.

DRAWBACKS

Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestivesystem, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage.

Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross theblood-brain barrier.

The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is theNano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses thatcan continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization.

CONCLUSION Even though nanotechnology is a fairly new area, it has incredible

potential and is a really exciting area to be involved in.

Many of the applications discussed here are speculative to say the least. However, they do not appear to violate the laws of physics.

The time-to-nanotechnology will be measured in decades, not years. While a few applications will become feasible in the next few years.

The time-to-nanotechnology is very sensitive to the level of effort expended. Resources allocated to developing nanotechnology are likely to be richly rewarded, particularly in the long term.

In recent years every country is showing a lot of interest regarding the space exploration programs . And, hence let's expect a faster growth of nanotechnology in aerospace-applications.

REFERENCES

1. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanotechnology

4. http://crnano.org/whatis.htm

5. http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-to-nanotechnology.htm

6. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.htm

7. http://www.technobuzz.com/applications of nano-technology in aerospace

8. http://http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/104.htm