Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 2

7/21/2019 Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 2

1/94

fl

v~z

Sfl 00(An ISO 9001:2008 Company)

-vvw

S-(-w)


2/94

Sfl 00~, , , -vvwS |{x yxzz{{ (v ), wxw}vww yxzz{{}}- [email protected] www.saraswatihouse.com- 0z|zwwv

v. y}, V , , M-z{v} (}) w{{v~}}, w{{|w}vx w{{v~}}

w. 000 xv, xv- , -v{x (v|w) w{wy}}w z}{}}w

x. v/xy, S , 0 , -{v| (yy) wyxyx|y, wyxy{zxv, wyxxxz} wyxxxz}

y. fl , } fl , fl , -xwv~ ~{|w~}|w}w

z. x~/|yv, , , , -{}wvv (y}y) x~wzw}}, x{wz|{

{. v{ , , , -ww{v (zww) y{wzv|

|. v, flS h, fl-, flS fl, 00 , , (S ), -y~x (ww) w}xyxww

}. y, , flfl , 00 , -}vx ({vw) wz|yx

fl S

fl , , -vvzx


3/94

(iii)

S- la'kksf/r fo'ks"k :i lsviuslq;ksX; izdk'kd Jh vrqy xqIrk o Jherh jtuh xqIrk th dks , fl , fl -S M

S flS fl fl ? flSfl

fl fl fl fl m Sc , fl fl S - fl fl

- , Sfl flfl - fl- - Sc

S- M M S ,

S , fl MS , S , fl fl - - h- S

S S- , S- fl


4/94

v. (-) .............................................5

w. fl- ( -) ......................................................9

x. -fl (--fl) ............................13

y. ( fl-) ................................... 16

v-y fl ...........................................................19

z. -- (S-)...............................................22

{. S fl (fl-flc-) ....................26|. ew[kkZ% jktoqQekjk% (Y;i~&iz;ksx%)......................................... 30

}. 'yksd&leqPp;% .................................................................34

z-} fl ...........................................................38

~. lIrkgL; fnolk% (la[;kokpdkfu) ......................................41

v. Hkkstu&d{k% (laokn%&fp=ko.kZu&vH;kl%) .............................45

vv. HkkxhjFkh (bZdkjkUr&iz;ksx%)..................................................49

vw. jk"Vnsoks Hko (i|) ...........................................................55

~-vw fl ..........................................................60vx. "kh.kke~ ns'k% [bdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%] .........................62

vy. lqHkkf"krkfu.........................................................................67

vz. rqjkt% olUr% [mdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%]...................... 71

vx-vz fl ........................................................75

v{. fe=ke~ izfr fueU=k.ke~ (i=ke~) .............................................78

v|. tUefnol&lekjksg% (dkjkUr&iz;ksx%) .................................83

v}.fo|k;k% izdk'k% (laokn%) ..................................................88

v{-v} fl ........................................................93

fl-

(iv)


5/94

S- (-w) 5

lIreh d{kk (vkdkjkUr&iz;ksx%)

mkjkf.k

bl ikB esaeq[;r% vkdkjkUr (L=khfYakx) 'kCnksadk iz;ksx gSA ikB&okpu osQle; jaxhu inksaij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA

ekSf[kde~'kCn :i dk mPpkj.k djsaA1- fyf[kre~ lc vkdkjkUr 'kCnksaosQ :i ,dleku gksrsgSaA rkfydkiwfrZdjrs le; mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA

mkjekys ekyk%'kk[kkH;ke~ 'kk[kkfHk%

1fganh vuqokn (lkroha d{kk)

;g Nk=kk ikB'kkyk tk jgh gSAikB'kkyk esavusd Nk=kk,i


6/94

6 S- (-w)

'kk[kkH;ke~ 'kk[kkH;%

f'kf{kdkH;ke~ f'kf{kdkH;%'kk[k;ks% 'kk[kkuke~

ikB'kky;ks% ikB'kkyklq gsckfyosQ! gsckfydk%!

2- ;g vH;kl ikB dh dFkkoLrq ij v/kkfjr gSA vr% ikB dkokpu&iquokZpu dj ysaA iz'uokpd 'kCnksaosQ vFkZle> ysaA mnkgj.kns[ksa^oqQ=k* (dgk) osQ mkj esa ^ikB'kkyke~* (LowQy dks) vk;k gSA

iz'u ;ku lsi


7/94

S- (-w) 7

mnkgj.k ns[ksaA mfpr fodYi v;kfidk;k%*ftllsge Kku izkIr

djrs gSa] mlesaipeh iz;ksxA(ipeh iz;ksx) (;Fkkl% v;kidkr~iBfrA)

mkj1- ikB'kkyke~ D;ksafd ikB'kkyk* 'kCn vkdkjkUr gS] vdkjkUr ughaA2- ckfydk% okD; dk deZ vkSj vkdkjkUr gksusosQ dkj.k] ckfydk%*

(f}rh;k] cgqopu)_ (Lej.kh;e~vdkjkUr 'kCnksaesa f}rh;k] cgqopu esaiqfYyvUr esa vku~* yxrkgS_ tSlsckydku~A)

3- etw"kke~ deZin (Object of Sentence)gksusosQ dkj.k] f}rh;kfoHkfDr esaA

4- n.M;fr D;ksafd ^n.M~* /krq esa ^;* vkrk gS(;Fkkx.k~x.k;fr_ dFk~dFk;fr_ pqj~pksj;fr vkfnA)

5- dksykgysu ^vya* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr yxrh gSA6- lquhjs ;g lEcks/u in gS] vkdkjkUr 'kCn osQ lEcks/u]

,dopu dk :iA (;Fkk^gs yrs*] ^gsckfyosQ*bR;kfnA)

5-etw"kk esa fn, f;kin isaA ;slHkh ikB esavk pqosQ gSaAvc fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk izR;sd okD; i


8/94

8 S- (-w)

3- vyafpUr;kA fpUrka ek oqQ#A (fpUrk er djks)

4- vya fooknsuA fooknaek oqQ#A (cgl er djks)5- vya okrkZykisuA okrkZ ykiaek oqQ#A (ckr er djks)

;ku jgsvdkjkUr rFkk vkdkjkUr esa'kCn :i esaHksn gksrk gS_ ;Fkkvya dygsu(ewy 'kCndyg&vdkjkUr) fdUrqvyafpUr;k (ewy 'kCnfpUrk& vkdkjkUr)

7- ikB esa vkns'k okD; vk, gSa(i)xPN] pkdxqfydk% vku;A (,dopu) (ii)rw".kha fr"BrA (cgqopu)mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj vkns'kkRed fozQ;kin osQ :i dksle>saiB(isaA vuqPNsn] ikB ijvkkkfjr gSA fjDr LFkku etw"kk lsmfpr in ysdj HkjsaA vko';drkgksusij ikB dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA

mkjd{kk] d{kk;ke~] vklfUndklq] f'kf{kdk] Nk=kk%] etw"kk] etw"kk;ke~]pkdxqfyd;kAvuqPNsn dk okpu djrsle; 'kCn :i rFkk iz;ksx dh vksj fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA

lgt jhfr lsokpu@iquokZpu djusls'kq iz;ksx lh[kuk vklku gkstkrk gSA ;syksV~ydkj (Imperative Mood)e;e iq#"k osQ /krq:i gSaA foLrkj lsvxyh d{kk esaAvHkh bruk Lej.k jgsfd vkns'k okD; esa/krqesalsgyUr fp gVk nsusij ,dopuvkSj mlesa^r* yxk nsus ij cgqopu :i cu tkrk gS _ ;FkkxPN (,dopu)_ xPNr(cgqopu)A


9/94

S- (-w) 9

fganh vuqokn(fidfud)dy jfookj FkkA blfy, LowQyksaesa vkSj n+rjksaesaNq^FkhA

dy v'kksd ifjokj osQ lkFk fidfud osQ fy, dkfyUnh&oqaQt x;kA v'kksd osQlkFk mlosQ ekrk] firk vkSj cM+h cgu Hkh losjsrS;kj gksdj dkj lsx,A

ogk tkdj v'kksd ns[krk gSdkfyUnh&oqaQt cgqr cM+k miou gSA ogk lqUnjisM+] iwQyksals ynh yrk,] gjs ikSks o f[kys gq, iwQy miou dkslqUnj cuk jgs gSaAmiou osQ ifjlj (complex)esa,d rkykc Hkh gSA tyk'k; osQ ikuh esalqUnj ck[+ksa

rSj jgh gSaA tyk'k; osQ pkjksavksj [kM+scPpsck[+kksadks ns[krsvkSj [kq'k gksrsgSaAckX+k esa vusd yksx ?kweusosQ fy, vkrsgSavkSj miou dh 'kksHkk (dks) ns[kdj

izlUu gksrsgSaA vej firk vkSj ekrk osQ lkFk ogkvk;kA tc v'kksd usfe=k vejdksogk ns[kk rks og vfr izlUu gqvkA fiQj nksuksa fe=k gjh ?kkl ij vkuUn ls[ksysAnksuksaifjokjksausg"kZiwoZd vkil esackrphr dh vkSj m|ku esaeksls?kwesA

ckn esalc usckX+k osQ ,d txg ij cSBdj Hkkstu [kk;kA bl izdkj le; eksls chrkA

fiQj lc vius&vius ?kj pysx,A tkrs le; v'kksd vkSj vej usdgk^genksuksa fiQj ;gkvk,xsvkSj [ksysaxsA*

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~bl ikB esay~ ydkj dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA y~ ydkj dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky dh f;kdksn'kkZusosQ fy, gksrk gSA ikB esa vk, jaxhu inksadksns[ksaA* f;kinksaosQ :i oiz;ksx dksle>saAizLrqr rkfydk esa] rhuksaiq#"kksa osQ rhuksaopuksaesa xe~* /krq dk iz;ksx y~ ydkj esan'kkZ;k x;k gSA mPpkj.k djsaA izR;sd okD; dks nks ckj i


10/94

10 S- (-w)

esa mkj visf{kr gSA ikB dh dFkkoLrqosQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA

mkj1- ouHkkstk; fdeFkZe~(fdlfy,) osQ mkj esa ikBkuqlkj (ôsQfy,* osQ vFkZesaprqFkhZiz;ksx)A2- ifjokjs.k lg ôsQu lg* (fdlosQ lkFk) osQ mkj esaikBkuqlkjA3- tyk'k;% ^d%* osQ mkj esa (iz'uokpd rFkk mkjokpdnksuksa

iqYyx 'kCn ,dopu esa)A4- tyk'k;s ôq Q=k* (dgk) osQ mkj esaA5- Hkze.kk; fdeFkZe~osQ mkj esaikBkuqlkjA6- m|kuL; ^dL;* (fdldh) osQ mkj esa A7- jfookljs dnk (dc) osQ mkj esa ikBkuqlkj (le;okpd 'kCn

esalIreh iz;ksx)A

dks"Bd esafn, x, fodYiksadk ;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA Hkk"kk&cks/ljy gkstk,xkA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA ikBkuqlkj mkj fy[ksaAmkj1- v'kksosQu lg rL; ekrk firk vxztk pkfi vxPNu~A

2- v'kksd% vej% p miousvkuUnsu vhMrke~A3- tuk% m|kus HkzefUr] miouL; p 'kksHkkan`"V~ok ";fUrA4- vej% tuosQu vEc;k p lg vkxPNr~A (osQuiqfYayx] d;k*L=khfyax)

3-etw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksadksisaA ;slHkh 'kCn ikB esavk pqosQgSaA vuqPNsn osQ izR;sd okD; dksi


11/94

S- (-w) 11

mkj1- izhfrHkkstk; izhfrHkkst (party)osQ fy,A ('ks"k okD; dk vk'k;ge

tk,xs)2- firkegsu ^lg* osQ ;ksx esar`rh;k foHkfDr in mfprA (ewy 'kCn^firkeg* iqfYayx)

3- vEc;k ^lg* osQ ;ksx esa rrh;k foHkfDrA (ewy 'kCn^vEck*L=khfyax)

4- vkuUnsu ^ls* osQ vFkZ esar`rh;k foHkfDr in mfprA(eksls)

5- euksgjk% fo'ks";&in^o{kk%*iqfYayx cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kfo'ks" k.k&in ^euksgjk%* leku fyax o opu esaA(fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; in esarkyesy vko';d gksrk gSA)

5-etw"kk esa rhu vO;; in fn, x, gSav| vkt_ % chrk gqvkdy_ 'o% vkus okyk dy (tomorrow)] mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSjle>saokD; esaiz;qDr f;kin] ^vklhr~* (Fkk)y~ ydkj esaAvr% mfpr fodYi %*A blh izdkj vU; okD; isaA blh izdkj bl [k.M osQ vU; okD;ksa

esaydkjkuqlkj f;kin esaifjorZu djuk gSA igysizR;sd okD;osQ f;kin esavkbZ/krqdksigpkusaA fiQj dkkZin osQ iq#"k o


12/94

12 S- (-w)

opu dk ;ku j[krsgq,] ml /krqdk dks"Bdnk ydkj osQ

vuqlkj :i fy[ksaAmkj1- Roe~ [kkfn";flA (/krq [kkn~_ dkkZ Roe~*&y`V~ydkj esa)2- rkSHkkstua dfj";r%A (/krq ] dkkZ rkS*&y`V~ydkj iz;ksx)3- vga nqX/aikL;kfeA (/krqik&dkkZ ^vge~*&y`V~ ydkj iz;ksx)4- rkSoqQ=k vxPNrke~\ (/krqxe~_ dkkZ&rkS_ y~ ydkj iz;ksx)5- o;a'kh?kze~ v/kokeA (/krq /ko~] dkkZ&o;e~_ y~ ydkj iz;ksx)

fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr lHkh okD;ksadk mPpkj.k djsaA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- laokniwr o vfHku;mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saA

mkjfpke~ (îzlUue~* fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk)_ vkoke~ (^vkxfe";ko%* osQ lkFkmfpr dkkZin)_ Hkfo";fr (êsyua* osQ lkFk mfpr)_ xPNkfe(^vge~*osQ lkFk mfpr f;kin)

2- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; leUo; laKkin osQ yxkuqlkjmnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saA

mkj 1- fo'kkyk ôkfVdk* osQ lkFk 2- fo'kkye~ ^mioue~* osQ lkFk3- fo'kky% ^ljksoj%* osQ lkFk 4- fo'kkyk îz;ksx'kkyk* osQ lkFk

5- fo'kky% ^nsoky;* osQ lkFk 6- fo'kkye~ ^hMk{ks=ke~* osQ lkFk


13/94

S- (-w) 13

fganh vuqokn([ksy dh ckrphr)v#.k fe=k o#.k! D;k rqe bl le; is;g [ksy vPNk yxrk gSA

v#.k vktdy fosQV dk [ksy gh ;gk yksdfiz; gS(yksxksadksilUn gS)Ao#.k ijUrqeq>srksrhozxfr okyk [ksy gh ilUn gSAv#.k D;k rqe dHkh Hkh fosQV dk [ksy ughans[krs\

o#.k ns[krk gwA okLro esaeSa lHkh [ksyksadksns[kus dh dksf'k'k djrk gwA lHkh

[ksy&izfr;ksfxrk,eq>svPNh yxrh gSaAv#.k ;g rkscgqr vPNh ckr gSA vkt lseSaHkh lc [ksy ns[kwxkAo#.k fe=k! bl le; eSa[ksy osQ eSnku esatkuk pkgrk gwA vkvks! ge nksuksa[ksyus

(osQ fy,) pyrsgSaAv#.k bl le; [ksy osQ eSnku esaf[kykfM+;ksa dk ny gksxkA

o#.k Bhd gSA ge nksuksamuosQ lkFk eksls[ksysaxsAmkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~izk;% Nk=kksals okD;&iz;ksx djrsle;] vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa osQ :i esa =kqfV gkstkrh gSAosmls vdkjkUr dh Hkkfr iz;ksx esaysvkrsgSaA

bl vH;kl esavdkjkUr rFkk vkdkjkUr 'kCn dk :i lkFk&lkFk fn;k x;k gS] ftllsnksuksa osQ :i esa vUrj ;kn jg tk,A mPpkj.k djsaA

3 [ksy&okrkZ(vdkjkUr&vkdkjkUr&iqujko`fk%)


14/94

14 S- (-w)

ckyd% ckfydk_ ckyde~ckfydke~bR;kfnA

izR;sd :i dk mPpkj.k nksckj djsaA 'kCn :i ;kn j[kuk ljy gks tk,xkvkSj iz;ksx esa=kqfV Hkh ugha gksxhA

fyf[kre~

1-izR;sd iz'u dks;ku lsi


15/94

S- (-w) 15

vge~ igys iz'u esa^Roe~* osQ mkj esaA

djksfe fozQ;kin] ^okrkZykia* (deZin) osQ ;ksx esaAvye~ r`rh;kUr in ^migklsu* osQ ;ksx esaAro (rqEgkjk) fo|ky;dk;Ze~osQ lEcU/ esaAee (esjk) xf.krdk;Ze~osQ lEcU/ esaAdk;Ze~ ^oq QoZ%* fozQ;kin dk deZinAvkxPNkfe vga osQ ;ksx es amfpr fozQ;kinA

5- (d) mnkgj.k ns[ksaA /krq igpku dj esy djsaAmkj 2-[ksy~ $ rqequ~ [ksfyrqe~A 5- fy[k~ $ rq equ~ ysf[krqe~A

3-hM~ $ rq equ~ ozQhfMrqe~A 6- xe~ $ rq equ~ xUrqe~A

4- iB~ $ rq equ~ ifBrqe~A([k) fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i


16/94

16 S- (-w)

fganh vuqokn(eSavke gw)gsckyd! D;k rqe eq>sns[k jgs gks\

eSarqEgkjk fiz; (eu&ilUn) vke dk iQy gwA vc eSaidk gqvk] ehBk vkSj jlhykgw] ijUrqbllsigyseSacht osQ :i esackX+k osQ ,d dksusesa] vksjsxM~ cht dksty lslhapk vkSj eq>s[kkuk fn;kA Hkkstu [kkdj vkSj ikuhihdj eSaiq"V gqvkA khjs&khjsvaoqQj cudj eSackgj vk;kA igyseSaNksVk&lk ikSkk Fkk]/hjs&/hjscM+k ?kuk isM+cu x;kA vc essjsiksgjsvkSj esjh Nk;k 'khry gSA

olUr osQ le; tc esjsij cSBdj dks;y xkrh gS] eq>scgqr xoZgksrk gSA tc o{kosQ uhpsFkosQ&eknsifFkd foJke djrsgSa] eq>slUrks"k gksrk gS(eSacgqr [kq'k gksrk gw)A esjsiksmRloksadh 'kksHkk cs [kkuk pkgrs gSa\ [kkb,] [kkb, vkSj vkuUn yhft,AeSa lcdk euilUn gw] fo'ks"k :i ls cPpksadkA esjsiQy [kkdj lc izlUu gksA

esjk thou nwljksadk Hkyk djus osQ fy, gh gSA

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ijLij esy djosQ mPpkj.k djsaA(d) mnkgj.k ns[ksaiDoe~&viDoe~A

blh izdkjmkjy?kq%nh?kZ%_ ljle~uhjle~_ eke~(eq>s)Roke~(rqEgsa)_ mifjvk%A([k)/krqdk DRok izR;;kUr&in lsesyAmnkgj.k ns[ksa[kkn~ $ DRok [kkfnRokA

blh izdkjmkjik $ DRokihRok_ Hkw$ DRokHkwRok_ LFkk $ DRokfLFkRok_

n`'k~ $ DRokn`"V~ok_ $ DRokRokA(x) fo'ks"k.k dk fo'ks"; lsesymnkgj.k ns[ksa^JkUrk%ifFkdk%*nksuksain

leku foHkfDr] opu rFkk fyax esaA (izFkek] cgqopu] iqfYayx) fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";leUo; (rkyesy) osQ fu;e dks;ku esa j[krsgq, esy djsaA

4 vge~ vkeze~(vkRedFkk DRok&iz;ksx%)


17/94

S- (-w) 17

mkj'khryk Nk;k(nksuksain&L=khfyax] ,dopu)_ izlUue~fpke~&(nksuksain

uiqaldfyax] ,dopu)_ gfjrkfu i=kkf.k&(nksuksa uiqaldfyax] cgqopu)iDokfu iQykfu_ rhozs.k vkrisu(nksuksain rrh;k foHkfDr] ,dopu) fyax]opu] foHkfDr osQ vfrfjDr bl ckr dk Hkh ;ku jgs fd fdl fo'ks"k.k osQlkFk dkSu&lk fo'ks";&in mfpr gksxk_ ;Fkkî=kkf.k* vkSj iQykfu*nksuksaesa leku fyax o opu gS_ fdUrq i=kkf.k* gfjrkfu* osQ lkFk vkSj iQykfuîDokfu* osQ lkFk mfpr gSA

fyf[kre~1-igysikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA izR;sd iz'u dksHkyh&Hkkfr le>djjaxhu in osQ vk/kj ij mkj nsaA dks"Bd esafn, x, fodYiksa dkokpu dj] ikB dh fo"k;oLrqosQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksa^fde~* (D;k) osQ mkj esa ^vkeze~* mfpr fodYiAmkj1- cht:is.k osQu :is.k (fdl :i esa) osQ mkj esaA

2- tysu osQu (fdlls}kjk) osQ mkj esaA3- nh?kZ% l?ku% dhn`'k% (oSQlk) osQ mkj esaA4- dksfdy% d% (dkSu) osQ mkj esaA5- ckyd% d% (dkSu) osQ mkj esaA6- ckydkuke~ osQ"kka(fdudk) osQ mkj esaA7- ijksidkjk; fdeFkZe~ (fdlfy,) osQ mkj esaAiz'u rFkk mkj nksuksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA Hkk"kk&cks/ osQ fy, Hkk"kk dkvH;kl furkUr vko';d gSA

2- fjDr LFkku iwfrZdjus lsigys ml ikBka'k dk iquokZpu dj ysa] tgk;g izlax vk;k gSA rRi'pkr~ikB~;iqLrd ns[ksfcuk okD; iwjsdjsaA

mkj1- [kkfnRok(^Hkkstue~* osQ ;ksx esa)_ tye~(îhRok* ihdj osQ ;ksx esa)_iq"V% (iq"V@LoLFk)^vHkoe~* osQ ;ksx esaA

2- olUrdkys] mifj dksfdy%(^vkezo{kL;* rFkk xk;fr* osQ lkFk)3- lw;ZL;] vkrisu] iDokfu(^vkezo{kL; iQykfu* dk izlax gksusosQ dkj.k)

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saikBkuqlkj y?kq% ikni% nh?kZ% o`{k%*A vr%mnkgj.kkFkZfn;k x;k okD; v'kq ekuk x;k gSAikB esa vk, rF; osQ vk/kj ij 'kq vFkok v'kq fy[ksaA

mkj1- v'kqe~ 4- 'kqe~

2- v'kqe~(ikBkuqlkj ô{kL;* ^v/%* mifj ugha)3- 'kqe~ 5- v'kqe~(ikBkuqlkj xzh"edkys*] oLkUrdkysugha)


18/94

18 S- (-w)

mkj 4-ee*(esjk)] ee~*(esjsfy,@ eq>slEiznku dkjd esa)

eke~*(eq>s deZdkjd esa)AfjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ ckn okD;ksa dk okpu djsa] iz;ksx ij ;ku nsaA

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksaôlUrdkys* (olUr rqesa)'kq fodYiA D;ksafd'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;-----dks;y xkrh gSA (dksfdy% xk;fr) bllUnHkZ esa ôlUrdkye~* (olUr rq dks) vFkok olUrdkyL;*(olUr rqdk)nksuksa'kCn :i mfpr ughaAblh izdkj izR;sd okD; dks;ku ls is----lhapk* blizlax esals@}kjk osQ vFkZesa r`rh;k foHkfDrdj.k dkjd okysin dk

iz;ksx mi;qDr gksxkA (tykr~ ty lsvyx from water)uksV djsafgUnh Hkk"kk esaijlxZ ls* dj.k dkjd (;Fkk&ok;q;ku ls) rFkk viknkudkjd (;FkkeqEcbZls)nksuksa esaiz;qDr gksrk gSA vr% ijlxZls Hkzfer u gksdjvk'k; le>savkSj mfpr foHkfDr iz;ksx esayk,A okLro esaôk;q;ku ls* dk vFkZ

gSok;q;ku }kjk (by aeroplane] ok;q;kusu) vkSj eqEcbZls* dk vk'k; gS eqEcbZls* (vyx)(from Mumbai] eqEcbZuxjkr~)

;s vLen~* 'kCn osQ :i gSaA foLrkj ls vxyh d{kk esaA vHkh osQoy bruk gh le> ysuk i;kZIrgksxkA bl ikB esabudk iz;ksx vk;k gSA

;|fi ;s lHkh okD; ikB ls mr gS] vkSj 'kq iz;ksx ikB esaHkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS] rFkkfiizLrqr vH;kl osQ ek;e ls Nk=kksadksO;kdj.k roksa dksLi"Vr;k le>usrFkk 'kq iz;ksxlh[kus dk ,d vkSj volj fey tk,xkA


19/94

S- (-w) 19

ikBk% 1&4 iqujko`fk%

vH;kl iz'u djuslsiwoZ] bu ikBksadh vko`fk dj ysaA

1-izLrqr fp=k esa,d ckyd vke osQ isM+ksa dksns[k jgk gSAdks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksadks isaAfjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i


20/94

20 S- (-w)

2- i';frokD; dk dkkZ Hkoku~*] vr% izFke iq#"k ,dopu dk f;kinA

(;ku jgs ^Hkoku~* (vki) osQ lkFk f;kin izFke iq#"k] ,dopuesa) ikB esa vk, iz;ksx dksns[ksa^fd* Hkoku~eke~[kkfnrqe~ bPNfr\3- okrkZykisuvye~(er osQ vFkZesa) osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;kUr inA4-nz"Vqe~^bPNfr* f;kin osQ ;ksx esarqequ~izR;;kUr in dk iz;ksx mfprgSA(^n`"V~ok*ns[kdj vFkok ^i';fr*ns[krk gSnksuksa mfpr ughagSaA)

5- [kkfnRok ([kk dj)izlaxkuqlkj DRok izR;;kUr in dk iz;ksx mfprA([kkfnrqe~[kkusosQ fy, vFkok [kkfn";fr*[kk,xknksuksaizlaxkuqlkj

mfpr fodYi ughaA)

([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saA ikB dh dFkkoLrqosQ vk/kj ij 'kq

fodYi pqudj okD; iwjk djuk gSA mnkgj.k okD; esajaxhu in^dk;kZy;kr~* mfpr gS_ D;ksafd x`gkr~ ?kj ls from homerFkk m|kukr~ ckx ls] from the gardenikB dh fo"k;oLrqosQ vuq:i ugha gSaAizR;sd okD; ;ku ls i


21/94

S- (-w) 21

;ku nsadkkZin esaopu&ifjorZu vkus ij f;kin esa:ikUrj vkrk gS] fdUrqokD; osQ fdlhvU; in esa opu ifjorZu gksusij f;kin ij dksbZizHkko ughaiM+rkA

;ku nsa^[k* [k.M osQ okD;ksa esa f;kin dh /krq igpku dj]

funsZ'kkuqlkj ydkj ifjorZu djuk gSA f;kin fy[krsle; dkkZdh vksj;ku nsuk gksxkAmnkgj.k ns[ksa----^djksfr* osQ LFkku ij ---- dfj";fr*vk;k gSA nksuksaf;kin izFke iq#"k ,dopu esa gSaA ydkj ifjorZu funsZ'k

osQ vuqlkj gqvk gSAmkj([k) 1- Hkoku~oqQ=kxfe";fr\ 4- ;w;e~ hfMrq e~vxPNrA

2- rs ys[kaysf[k";fUrA 5- vga 'yksde~viBe~A3- vga pyfp=kanz{;kfeA

(x)izLrqr [k.M osQ okD;ksaesaizR;sd okD; esa,d in esa] (dkkZdksNksM+dj) opu ifjorZu dj okD; iqu% fy[kuk gSAmnkgj.k ns[ksa---ekyke~----cgqopu esa----^ekyk%* cu x;k gSA 'ks"k inksadkkZ&f;kinesadksbZ

:ikUrj ughaAblh izdkj vU; okD;ksadksisa] izlaxkuqlkj mfpr'kCn ysdj okD;&iwfrZdjsaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksa ^tuk%* okD; dkkZ] i';fUr* dkAmkjikndUnqd[ksye~ f}rh;k] ,dopu dk in] ^i';fUr* fozQ;kin(iqQVckWy osQ [ksy dks)dk deZ(Object of the Sentence)A

ikndUnqd[ksy% izFkek foHkfDr dk in] okD; dk dkkZgS(iqQVckWy dk [ksy) (vfLr fozQ;kin yqIr)A

br% (b/j) D;ksafd blosQ lkFk vkxPNfr* (vkrk gS) yxk gSArr% (m/j) D;ksafd blosQ lkFk fozQ;kin xPNfr* (tkrk gS) gSAjQfpdje~(etsnkj) D;ksafd ;g uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu] in] ^loZe~*

(uiqaldfYakx ,dopu) dk fo'ks"k.k gSAvc bl vuqPNsn dk lgt jhfr lsokpu djsaA


22/94

22 S- (-w)

fganh vuqokn(xh/ vkSj fcyko dh dgkuh)

,d taxy esa ,d cgqr cM+k cM+ dk isM+ (oV&o`{k) FkkA i{kh ml isM+ij?kksalys cukrsFksA ?kksalyksa esaosvius cPpksa dksikyrs FksA o`{k esa,d [kks[ky FkkA[kks[ky esa,d cw


23/94

S- (-w) 23

bl izdkj csdlwj xh/ if{k;ksa}kjk ekjk x;k] vkSj vijk/h fcyko ogklsHkkx fudykA

lp esanqtZu O;fDr fo'okl osQ ;ksX; ughagksrkA vFkkZr~ nq"V ij fcYoqQyfo'okl ughadjuk pkfg,Amkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA vH;klkFkZ fn;k x;k izR;sd iz'u i


24/94

24 S- (-w)

mkj 1-o`%^x`/z%* osQ vuq:iA (fyax o foHkfDr dh n`f"V ls)

2- fuf'pUrk%^[kxk%*iqfYayx cgqopu gksusosQ dkj.kA3- ,d%^oV&o{k%* dk fo'ks"k.kle:iA4-rfLeu~^nq"Vs*fo'ks";&inlIreh] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA5- nq%f[krk%^[kxk%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksusosQ dkj.k le:iA

3-iz'u i


25/94

S- (-w) 25

4- v;PNu~(;ku nsayV~ ydkj :i esaf;kin cgqopu vr% y~

ydkj esaHkhA)5- vjp;u~6- vdjk sr~(/krq%)

mkj 5- 1- ous ,d% fo'kky% oV&o{k% vklhr~A2- [kxk% o{ksuhMku~jp;fUr LeA3- rsuhMs"kqLo&'kkodku~iky;fUr LeA4- ,d% o`% x/z% o`{kL; dksVjsolfr LeA5- l% rs"kka'kkodku~j{kfr LeA6- ,d% ektkZj% r=k vkxPNfr Le] x/zs.k lg okrkZykiadjksfr LeA

7- l% 'kkodku~ [kknfr Le vLFkhfu p x`/zL; dksVjsf{kifr LeA8- [kxk% vfpUr;u~ ;r~l% x`/z% rs"kka 'kkodku~ [kknfrA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

ikBxr dFkk osQ vk/kj ij v;kid@v;kfidk bl izdkj ljylaf{kIr iz'u iwNsa fd Nk=kksaosQ mkj esadFkk dk lkj vk tk,_ ;Fkk

iz'u mkj1- ousd% vklhr~\ 1- ous oVo{k% vklhr~A2- oVo{k% dhn`'k% vklhr~\ 2- oVo{k% fo'kky% vlhr~A3- o{ksd% vklhr~\ 3- o`{ksuhM%@dksVj% vklhr~A

4- uhMs osQ olfUr Le\ 4- uhMs[kxk% olfUr LeA5- dksVjsd% olfr Le\ 5- dksVjs o`% xkz% olfr LeA6- xkz% d djksfr Le\ 6- xkz% if{k&'kkodku~ jf{kr LeA7- ,dnk r=k d% vkxr\ 7- ,dnk r=k ,d% ektkZj% vkxr%A bR;kfn

;fn Nk=kksa dks oqQN dfBukbZgks rksos igys ,d in esamkj nsa_ rRi'pkr~lEiw.kZokD; esa mkj nsusosQ fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaA


26/94

26 S- (-w)

fganh vuqokn(gekjk ns'k Hkkjro"kZ)

gekjk ns'k Hkkjro"kZgSA Hkkjr esa lc txg fofokrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gk fofoklEiznk; vkSj yksxksa dh Hkk"kk, Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA vusd izdkj dk [kku&iku gSvkSjos'k&Hkw"kk Hkh fHkUu gSA ns'k osQ fofo/ izns'kksadk yksd&u`R; (folk-dance) vkSjyksdlaxhr Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSA ns'k osQ fofHkUu izns'kksaosQ oqQN R;ksgkj Hkh vyx&vyxgSaA ns'k osQ mkjh Hkkx esacSlk[kh] gksyh] j{kkcUku bR;kfn vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkx esaiksaxy]vks.ke~] fc'kq ;qx vkfn mRlo g"kZls euk, tkrsgSaA

gekjs ns'k osQ HkwHkkx Hkh fofp=k gSaA dghaioZrksa dh k`a[kyk rksdgha lery HkwfegSA dghaciZQ iM+rh gS] rks dgharsk kwi lc oqQN lq[kk nsrh gSA dgha ufn;ktyosQ osx lscgrh gSa] rks dghajsfxLrku iSQyk gSA

fdUrqbl vusdrk esa,drk dh ,d cgqr ekqj kkjk cg jgh gSA ge lc ,dgh jk"Vh; >.Msdks lyke djrsgSaA vkSj ,d gh jk"Vxhr xkrsgSaA ge lHkh jk"Vh;mRloLorU=krk fnol vkSj x.krU=k&fnol eukrsgSaA ge Hkkjr osQ jgusokysgSaA vkSjHkkjr gekjh tUeHkwfe gSA

,d ckr vkSj] ns'k dh izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksaxqtjkrh] ejkBh] caxyk] rfey] rsyqxqbR;kfn dh tuuh Hkh ,d gh laLr&Hkk"kk gSA laLr Hkkjr dk xkSjo gSA vkSj Hkkjrgekjk xkSjo gSA

lHkh Hkkjroklh vkil esa Lusg ls jgsavkSj ns'k dks mUufr osQ ekxZij ys tk,];gh izkFkZuk gSA

lc lq[kh gksa] lc uhjksx@LoLFk gksa] lc dk dY;k.k gks] dksbZnq%[kh u gksA

mkjkf.k

ikB dk okpu djrsle; fo'ks"k.k osQ iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA fgUnh vFkok vaxzskhHkk"kk esa] fo'ks"k.k dk :i lHkh opuksaesa leku jgrk gS] fdUrqlaLo`Qr esa]fo'ks";&in osQ yx] opu rFkk foHkfDr osQ vuqlkj fo'ks"k.k esa :ikUrjvkrk gSA

ikB esavk, ja xhu inksa dksns[ksa vkSj fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; inksadk lkFk&lkFk mPpkj.kdjsa_ ;Fkkfofo/e~ Hkkstue~] fofo/k os'k&Hkw"kk vkfnA

6 vLekoaQ ns'k% Hkkjro"kZ%(fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";&iz;ksx%)


27/94

S- (-w) 27

ekSf[kde~

mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa^oqQ=k* (dgk) osQ mkj esa^Hkkjrs* mfpr fodYiAizR;sd iz'u dks ;kuiwoZd i


28/94

28 S- (-w)

2-fofo/k% ^lEiznk;k%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksusosQ dkj.kcgqopu :i mi;qDrA

3-lqe/qjk ^/kjk* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% ,dopu (L=khfyax) :i mfprA4- ,dk ^la Lo`Qr&Hkk"kk* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% ,dopu&L=khfyax :imfprA

5- fofHkUuk% ^mRlok%* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% le:iA

4- (d) mnkgj.k ns[ksadkeuk okD; esafozQ;kin esavk, :ikUrj dksle>saAtgkdFku (Statement)esa /krqesa fr* izR;; yxk gS] ogkdkeukokD; (Wish, Prayer)esa/krq^rq* izR;; gSA

mkj1- l% fpjathorqA2- l% Hknzkf.ki';rqA3- l% ns'ke~mUufriFkau;rqA

([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saAcgqopu esa dkkZosQ lkFk&lkFk fozQ;kinesaHkh ifjorZu vk;k gSA uksV djsaA

mkj 1- rs liQyk% HkoUrqA (i)dkkZ ^rs*cgqopu] vr% fozQ;kin HkoUrq&cgqopuA

(ii)rs (iqfYayx] cgqopu) osQ lkFk fo'ks"k.k Hkhcgqopu esa] vr% liQyk% (iqfYayx] cgqopu)A

2- rs cfg% [ksyUrqA dkkZrFkk fozQ;kin esaopukuqlkj :ikUrj] fdUrq cfg%*'kCn esaugha] D;ksafd ;g vO;; in gSA3-r sLusgsu olUrq] D;ksafd dkkZdk opu cnyus ij osQoy fozQ;kin esa

:ikUrj vkrk gSA okD; osQ vU; inksa(vU; foHkfDr okysinksa) esaugha]vr% ^Lusgsu* esa :ikUrj ugha vk;kA

5-lq[kh] /uh] xq.kh tSls'kCnksalsNk=k ifjfpr gSaA ;siqYyx 'kCn izFkek],dopu osQ :i gSaA lqf[ku%] xqf.ku%] iQfyu%] Hkkjrokflu% tSls'kCn(cgqopu) Hkh LFkku&LFkku ij ikBksaesaiz;ksx esa vk, gSaAmnkgj.k ns[ksa le>savkSj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mkj 1-lq[kh lqf[kukS2- /fuukS /fuu%3-xq.kh xqf.ku%4- iQfyukS iQfyu%

'kCn :iksadk ,d ckj okpu djsaA orZuh rFkk mPpkj.k dh vksj ;ku nsaA


29/94

S- (-w) 29

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

gekjsns'k esaizR;sd izns'k dh viuh fo'ks"krk gSA os'k&Hkw"kk gks;k u`R;&laxhr;k fiQj mRlo fo'ks"k_ tSls iatkc easyksgM+h] cSlk[kh vkSj nf{k.k esaiksaxy] vks.kevkfnA viuk&viuk yksd&u`R; o yksd&laxhr Hkh gS tSlsjktLFkku dk ?kwej] iatkc

dk HkkxM+k] vle dk chgwvkfnA 'kkL=kh; uR;&laxhr dh Hkh fofo/ 'kSfy;k gSa_tSlsHkjr ukV~;e~] dFkd] dFkdyh] e.khiqjh vkfnA 'kkL=kh;&laxhr esa gnqLrkuh odukZVd&laxhr izeq[k gSaA Nk=k fp=k ,df=kr djosQ lkfpdk esayxk,vkSj viusns'kdh fofo/rk lsifjfpr gksusdk vkuUn ysaA lkFk gh lkFk bl vusdrk dksckkdjj[kus okyh ,drk dh Mksj dh vksj Hkh ;ku jgsA


30/94

30 S- (-w)

ew[kkZ% jktoqQekjk%(Y;i~&iz;ksx%)fganh vuqokn(ew[kZjktoqQekj)

,d ckj lqn'kZu uke dk ,d jktk FkkA iztk&ikyu esafuiq.k] og I;kj ls iztk dkikyu djrk FkkA fdUrqml jktk osQ csVsew[kZ] vui


31/94

S- (-w) 31

fyf[kre~

1-izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA lgh mkj osQ fy, ikB esa ns[ksaAmkj 1-uì% fpfUrr% vklhr~;r% rL; iq=kk% ew[kkZ% vf'kf{krk%] xq.kghuk% p vklu~A

vFkok

uìL; iq=kk% ew[kkZ%] xq.kghuk%] vf'kf{krk% p vklu~] vr% l% (uì%)fpfUrr% vklhr~A2- fo".kq'keZif.Mr% i'kq&if{k.kke~dFkkfHk% rku~jktiq=kku~ljyr;k vf'k{k;r~A3-u ì% fo".kq'keZif.Mrk; foiqya/ujkf'ka iqjLdkj:is.k v;PNr~A

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksadFku v'kq gSD;ksafd jktoqQekj fo|kykHk osQ fy, x, Fks^/uykHkk;* ughaA izR;sd dFku dks;ku lsi


32/94

32 S- (-w)

mfprA blh izdkj vU; okD;ksaessadks"Bd esalslaKkin osQ vuqlkj

mfpr loZuke pqusaA okD;ksaesafn, x, jaxhu in fo'ks";&in gSa] muosQvuqlkj loZuke iz;ksx esa yk,Amkj 1-,rfLeu~^dk;sZ* osQ ;ksx esanksuksa in lIreh ,dopuA

2-r sH;%^Nk=ksH;%* osQ lkFknksuksaprqFkhZcgqopu esaA3-rLeS^if.Mrk;* osQ ;ksx esanksuksaprqFkhZ,dopu esaA4-,rs"kke~^jktiq=kk.kke~* osQ lkFk"k"Bh cgqopu esaA5-rku~^jktoqQekjku~* osQ lkFk&f}rh;k cgqopu esaAlgt&cks/ gsrqfo'ks"k.k rFkk fo'ks";&in dk ,d lkFk mPpkj.kdjsa_ ;Fkk,rfLeu~dk;sZ_ ,rLeS if.Mrk; bR;kfnA

6- vH;kl djusls igysy~ ydkj osQ /krq:i dh vko`fk dj

ysafo'ks"kr% vl~* vkSj o`Q osQ :iAizR;sd okD; dksi


33/94

S- (-w) 33

inksaosQ LFkku ij vU; ;Fkksfpr in Hkh iz;ksx esayk, tk ldrsgSaA

;Fkk Lusgsu@vkuUnsu@okRlY;su_ xq.kghuk%@fo|kghu%@vf'kf{krk% bR;kfnA rr~*^,rr~* loZuke osQ iz;ksx dk vH;kl djrs le; laKk o loZuke 'kCn dk

mPpkj.k ,d lkFk djuslsek=kk&cks/ lgt gksxk_ ;Fkk rs"kq@,rs"kq@f'k";s"kq_rfLeu@,rfLeu~ dk;sZ_ rLeS@,rLeSif.Mrk; bR;kfnA

2- dFkkkkfjr oqQN ljy iz'u o mkj1- ,dnk d uke ui% vklhr~\ ,dnk lq n'kZu% uke u`i% vklhr~A2- rL; iq=kk% dhn`'kk% vklu~\ rL; iq=kk% ew[kkZ% xq.kghuk% p vklu~A3- rnk l% fde~vdjksr~\ rnk l% jktlHkk;ke~ v?kks"k;r~ ;fn

df'pr~fo}ku~ee iq=kku~uhfr&fuiq.kku~

dfj";fr vgarLeSizHkwra/uankL;kfeA*dfBukbZgksusij Nk=k ikB~;iqLrd dh lgk;rk ysldrsgSaA ms'; gSHkk"kk&iz;ksx dk vH;klA


34/94

34 S- (-w)

'yksd&leqPp;%fganh vuqokn('yksd&laxzg)1-ftlosQ cksy ehBsgSa] ftldk dke Jeiw.kZgS] ftldh y{eh (ku&nkSyr) nkudjusosQ LoHkko okyh gS] mldk thou liQy gSAvFkkZr~tkseuq"; lclsekqj opu cksyrk gS] Hkjiwj ifjJe djosQ dke iwjsdjrk

gS] vius ku dksnkukfn iq.; dk;ksesayxkrk gS] og viusthou dksiw.kZr;kliQy cuk ysrk gSAHkkoeuq"; ekqj opu cksys] ifjJe djs] mnkj fpk cus;gh liQy thou

dk jgL; gSA2-ftlosQ ikl viuh cqf ughagksrh] 'kkL=k vFkkZr~ek=k 'kkL=k&Kku ,slsO;fDr dkD;k (dY;k.k) dj ldrk gS\ us=kksals ghu euq"; dks 'kh'kk D;k ykHk igqpklosQxk\vFkkZr~'kkL=kksa osQ v;;u lsykHk mBkusosQ fy, viuh le> gksuk cgqrvko';d gS] vU;Fkk iBu&ikBu O;FkZ gkstk,xkA rksrs dh Hkkfr jV ysusdks

f'k{kk ughadgrs] ftl izdkj us=kghu O;fDr dksniZ.k lsykHk ughagks ldrk]mlh izdkj foosdghu dksv;;u dk ykHk ughagksrkAHkkov;;u djrsle; cqf lsdke ysuslsgh ykHk gksrk gSA

3-izR;sd ioZr ij ef.k ughagksrk vkSj u gj gkFkh@,d xk dh nwjh ij eksrh feyrkgSA lTtu lc txg ughafeyrs] pUnu (osQ isM+) gj taxy esamiyCk ughagksrsAvFkkZr~ef.k tSlh ewY;oku~oLrq fdlh&fdlh ioZr ij miyCk gksrh gS] eksrhHkh vueksy gS] mlsikusosQ fy, Hkh cgqr


35/94

S- (-w) 35

5-'kjn~rqesackny cjlrk ugha] osQoy xjtrk gS] fdUrqo"kkZdky esafcuk dksbZ

vkokk fd, cjlrk gSA blh izdkj uhp LoHkko okyk O;fDr osQoy cksyrk gS]oqQN djrk ugha] fdUrq lTtu cksyrk ugha] cl (dke) djrk gSAvFkkZr~'kjn~dky osQ ckny uhp O;fDr osQ leku gksrsgSaA xjtrsrksgSaij cjlrs

ugha_ tSlsuhp izfr okysyksx ckrsarkscgqr cukrsgSa] fdUrqifj.kke oqQN ughafn[kkrsA mke LoHkko osQ yksx o"kkZrqosQ cknyksadh Hkkfr gksrsgSaA ;knk cksyrsugha] pqipki viuk fukkZfjr dke dj nsrs gSaAHkkouhp yksxksadh dFkuh vkSj djuh esa cgqr vUrj gksrk gS] tcfd lTtu

osQoy dke djusesafo'okl j[krsgSa] cM+s&cM+sok;nsdjus esaughaA

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~'yksdksPpkj.k djsaA ckj&ckj 'yksdksa dk [email protected] djus ls Hkk"kk&cks/iq"V gksxk vkSj vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mkj esaHkh dfBukbZughavk,xhA mPpkj.k

Li"V gksA

fyf[kre~'yksd esavk, izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZ tku ysaA 'yksd dk Hkko Li"V gksuslsmkj nsuk ljy gksxkA dks"Bd esafn, fodYiksa dk okpu dj] mfpr fodYipqusaA

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA iz'u gSliQyL; ujL; ok.kh dhn`'kh\ (liQy euq"; dhok.kh oSQlh gksrh gS\)mkj^jlorh* dhn`'kh* (oSQlh) osQ mkj esa] D;ksafd ikB esa'yksdka'kok.kh jlorh ;L; ---------liQye~rL; thfore~A (ok.kh e/qj ftldh---------liQy mldk thou)

bl izdkj vFkZrFkk Hkko le>dj izR;sd iz'u dk mkj nsaAmkj 1- Jeorh (ifjJeiw.kZ) D;ksafd 'yksdka'k esa ^;L; Jeorh fozQ;k*A

2-ykspukH;ke~ (us=kksa ls) ns[ksa'yksdka'k esa ^ykspukH;ke~ foghuL;niZ.k% foaQ dfj";fr*A3- pUnukr~(pUnu ls)D;ksafd 'yksdka'k esa^pUnuknfi (pUnukr~ $ vfi)

pUnzek%*A4- pUnue~ 'yksdka'k ns[ksa^pUnue~ 'khrye~yksosQ*A


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5-lk/ql~xfr% (lTtuksadk lax)D;ksafd 'yksdka'k esa^pUnzpUnu;ks% e;s

'khryk lk/qlfr%*A6- xtZfr (xjtrk gS)ikB esa^'kjfn u o"kZfr xtZfr ,o fu%Loukses?k%*A7-o"kkZ&dkys'yksdka'k ns[ksa^o"kZfr o"kkZlqfu%Lou% es?k%*A

2- ;g vH;kl ikB osQ 'yksdksa ij vk/kfjr gSA vr% 'yksdksa dh vko`fkdj ysaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA izR;sd fjDr LFkku osQ fy, nksfodYi gSa mfprfodYi pqusa] 'yksdka'k iwjk djsaA

mkj 1- ;L;] rL;A 4- onfr] djksfrA2- lk/o%] pUnue~A 5- o"kkZ lq] es?k%A3- nkuorh] liQye~A

mkj 3- 1-(x)ekSfDrde~u xtsxts 3- (d) u onfr lq tu% djksR;so2- (?k) pUnuknfi pUnzek% 4- ([k) 'khryk lk/ql~ xfr%

4-i| (Poetry)esa vk, 'kCnksa dks ml ozQe esa fy[kuk] ftl ozQe esaosx| (Prose)esa fy[ksgksrsgSa ^vUo;* (Prose-order)dgykrk gSAetw"kk esafn, x, 'kCnksa dk okpu djsa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkkuNksM+dj 'yksd dk vUo; idj] etw"kk ls mfprfodYi pqudj] izR;sd fjDr LFkku dksHkjsaA

mkj'yksd osQ vUo; dh iwfRkZok.kh] ;L;_ nkuorh] thfore~A

mkj5-jlorh e/qjk ] thfore~ thoue~ ] 'kSys ioZrs ] izKk cqf%]ykspukH;ke~ us=kkH;ke~_ oqQ#rs djksfrA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~1- 'yksdksPpkj.k djsaA2- ppkZ djsasA viuser osQ leFkZu osQ fy, dksbZ 'yksd vFkok 'yksdka'kmnkgj.k :i esa nsaA(i) ekuo thou dh lkFkZdrk nkfpk gksdj ifjJeiwoZd dke djusesagS]

fdUrqvgadkjo'k ugha] cfYd fouezHkko lsA ehBscksy] lcosQ lkFk ln;rkdk O;ogkj] LokFkZijrk dk R;kx] nku'khy vkpj.k lseuq"; dk thou

liQy gks tkrk gSA(ii) laxfr lseuq"; esaln~xq.kksa dk izknqHkkZo gksrk gSA lekt esaeku&izfr"Bk


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S- (-w) 37

cdjn;axe djosQ] ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gksusij rnuqlkj vkpj.k fd;k tk,A rksrsdh Hkkfr ek=k jV ysusls dksbZ ykHk ughaA viusfoosd dk iz;ksx djosQ gh'kkL=kksa@iqLrdksadk v;;u iQynk;h gksrk gSA


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38 S- (-w)

ikBk% 5&8 iqujko`fk%

1- (d) lekukFkZd&inksadk esymkj 2- jlorh e/qjk

3-oqQ'ky% fuiq.k%4- vuqdEi;k i;k (ewy 'kCn vuqdEik ik)5-u`i% jktkA

([k) foijhrkFkZd&inksadk esymkj 2- r?u% rK% 3- nq tZu% lqtu%

4- nf{k.kk/Z% mkjk/Z% 5- if.Mr% ew [kZ%

feyku djrsle; mPpkj.k djuk Js;Ldj gksxkA2- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i


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S- (-w) 39

okD; i


40/94

40 S- (-w)

fofo/% ^fof/%* iqYyx*] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k fofo/ 'kCn

iq Yyx] ,dopu esa^fofo/%* :i (ckyd% dh Hkkfr)ALej.kh;e~fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa osQ :i laKkinksadh Hkkfr gksrsgSaA vdkjkUr(iqfYayx) gksusij ckyd* dh Hkkfr] vdkjkUr (uiqaldfYakx) gksusij iQy

dh Hkkfr vkSj vkdkjkUr gksus ij ^yrk* dh HkkfrA

5- ;g vH;kl iw.kZr% ikBk/kfjr gSA izR;sd okD; esa nksfjDr LFkku gSaAizR;sd fjDr LFkku osQ fy, nks fodYi fn, x, gSaA ikB dhfo"k;&oLrqosQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusavkSj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mkj 1-ew[kkZ%] izkKk%A2-x`/z%] fo'okle~A3-lqf[ku%] fujke;k%A4-'kSys'kSys] xtsxtsA5-[kkfnrqe~] vkxPNfrA

laLr esa ^fof/* 'kCn iqfYayx gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx (L=khfyax) ls Nk=k Hkzfer u gksaA


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S- (-w) 41

fganh vuqokn(lIrkg osQ fnu)

Nk=kks! ,d lIrkg esalkr fnu gksrs gSaA lkseokj] eaxyokj] cqkokj] c`gLifrokj]'kqokj] 'kfuokj vkSj jfookjA nkslIrkgksaesapkSng fnu vkSj ,d fnu esapkSchl ?k.VsgksrsgSaA

,d lky esackjg eghusgksrsgSaA pS=k] cSlk[k] T;s"B (tsB)] vk"kk


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42 S- (-w)

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~la[;kokph inksadk mPpkj.k djsaAla[;kinksadh jpuk ij ;ku nsa_ ;Fkk21& ,do'kfr% vFkkZr~,d vf/d chlAlaLo`Qr esa ,d* igys vkSj o'kfr%* ckn esafy[kk tkrk gSA blh izdkj }ko'kfr%],d=k'kr~] prq'pRokfja'kr~vkfn la[;kokph in cursgSaAchl rd dh la[;k osQ inksalsNk=k igyslsifjfpr gSa_ fiQj Hkh ,d ckj nksgjkysuk fgrdj gksxkA

fyf[kre~

1- izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA jaxhu in osQ vk/kj ij mkj nsaAmnkgj.k ns[ksa dfr* (fdrus) osQ mkj esa ^lIr*vFkkZr~ lIrkgslIr fnolk% lfUrA

mkj 1- prqfo'kfr% 2- }kn'k 3- ipn'k4- ".ki{ks 5- dkfrZ d&eklL; 6- xqjQioZ7- lIrpRokj'kr~Afy[krsle; orZuh dh vksj ;ku nsaA lansg dh voLFkk esaikB~;iqLrd ls lgk;rk ysaA lHkh mkj ikBkkkfjr gSaA

mkj2- 1- 'kqDyi{kL; vfUre% fnol% iwf.kZek dF;rsA

2- ,dfLeu~ekls }kSi{kkS Lr%A3- nhikoyh dkfrZd&eklL; vekoL;k;kaHkofrA

3- etw"kkvksa esafn, x, 'kCnksadksns[ksaA ;sla[;kokph fo'ks"k.k gSaaAizR;sd etw"kk esarhuksayxksadk ,d&,d la[;kokph in gSAfo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";&leUo; dk ;ku j[krsgq, mfpr iz;ksx djsaAmnkgj.k ns[ksa ^o{k%*iqYyx 'kCn] ,dopu esagSmlosQlkFk ^,d%* (iq Yyx] ,dopu) dk iz;ksx gSA^,d% o`{k%*nksuksafo'ks"k.k rFkk fo'ks";esa yx] opu dh n`f"V ls

leUo; gSA

mkj(d),dk ^iq"iyrk*L=khyx] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA,de~ iQye~*uiqaldyx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA


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S- (-w) 43

([k)}s ^ckfyosQ* 'kCnL=khyx] f}opu gksusosQ dkj.kA

}kS ^ckydkS* 'kCniqYyx] f}opu gksus osQ dkj.kA}s îqLrosQ* 'kCnuiqaldyx] f}opu gksus osQ dkj.kA(x)=k;% ^ckydk%*iqYyx] cgqopu 'kCn gksusosQ dkj.kA

fr% ^ckfydk%* L=khyx] cgqopu 'kCn gksusosQ dkj.kA=khf.k ^fe=kkf.k* uiqaldyx] cgqopu 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.kA

(?k)izFke% ^fnol%* 'kCn iqYyx] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kAizFkek ^frfFk%* 'kCn L=khyx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kAizFkee~ îkfjrksf"kde~* 'kCn uiqaldyx] ,dopu gksusosQ dkj.kA

()lIre% (iqYyx) iq Yyx 'kCn îkB%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus

osQ dkj.kAlIree~(uiqaldyx) uiqaldyx 'kCn iqLrde~* dk fo'ks"k.kgksusosQ dkj.kA

lIreh (L=khyx) L=khyx 'kCn d{kk* dk fo'ks"k.k gksusosQ dkj.kA

;ku jgsla[;kokph 'kCn Hkh fo'ks"k.k gksrsgSaA vr% fo'ks";&in osQ lkFkyx] opu o foHkfDr vkfn dh n`f"V lsleUo; vko';d gksrk gSAikpksa [k.Mksaesavk, fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; inksadk mPpkj.k djsa_ ;Fkk,d%o{k%] ,de~iQye~] }sckfyosQ bR;kfnA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saAmkj 1- o'kfr% (20) D;ksafd ikp (ip) esa;gh la[;k tqM+us ij 25

(ipo'kfr%) cusxkA2- n'k (10) D;ksa fd 30 (=k'kr~) rHkh cu ldrk gStc ;g

la[;k 20 (o'kfr%) esatksM+h tk,xhA3-prqfLa=k'kr~ (34) D;ksafd ;g la[;k 9 (uo) esa tksM+usij gh 43

(f=kpRokj'kr~) cusxkA4- }k=k'kr~(32) D;ksa fd 18 (v"Vkn'k) esa ;gh la[;k tksM+us ij 50

(ipk'kr~) cusxkA

5- lIr =k'kr~ (37) D;ksafd 26 ("kM~o'kfr%) vkSj 11 (,dkn'k) feydj;gh tksM+cusxkA


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44 S- (-w)

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- izk;% lHkh R;ksgkjksa dh x.kuk pUek lsdh tkrh gSA vusd ioZ iw.kek dkseuk, tkrsgSa_ ;Fkk cq&iw.kek & cSlk[k (vizSy&ebZ) ekl dh iw.kekdks Jko.kh&iw.kek] ftl fnu j{kk cUku dk R;ksgkj euk;k tkrk gS] Jko.kekl (tqykbZ&vxLr) dh iw.kek dks gksrh gSA xq#&iw.kek & dkrd ekl(vDVwcj&uoEcj) dh iw.kek dksxq#ukud dk tUefnu euk;k tkrk gSA

blh izdkj okYehfd&t;Urh o egkohj t;Urh Hkh iw.kek ij gksrsgSaA gekjhlaLfr esa iw.kek dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA foKku dh n`f"V lsHkh pUek dkizHkko gekjh psruk ij bl fnu vR;fkd gksrk gSA

2- nhikoyh ,dek=k ,slk ioZgStksvekoL;k osQ fnu euk;k tkrk gSA

3- d{kk esa Nk=k NksVs&cM+slewg cuk,vkSj x.kuk djsaA fiQj fdUgha nkslewgksadh la[;k dkstksM+dj ml la[;k dkscksysaA x.kuk dk vkuUn ysaA


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S- (-w) 45

fganh vuqokn(Hkkstu&d{k)gscPpks! ;g fp=k fdldk gS\;g fp=k ,d [kkusosQ dejs dk gSAbl fp=k esafdrusyksx gSa\bl fp=k esa N% yksx gSaekrk] firk] csVk] csVh] nknk vkSj nknhAosbl le; D;k dj jgsgSa\osesk osQ pkjksa vksj oqQflZ;ksaij cSBsgSaA

osfdlfy, ;gkcSBsgSa\osHkkstu osQ fy, ;gk cSBsgSaAesk ij D;k&D;k gS\eSMe] ;gk nky dk cjru] lCkh dk cjru] ikuh dk tx vkSj pkoy dk cjru gSA'kkck'k!,d Vksdjh esaiQy gSaA esk osQ chp ,d iwQyksadk xqPNk Hkh gSAD;k ifjokj osQ lnL; vkuUn ls[kkrsgSa\gk] osizlUu@[+kq'k fn[kkbZ nsrsgSaAvc crkvks] nhokj ij D;k gS\

nhokj ij ?kM+h gSA?kM+h esa D;k le; gS\?kM+h vkB ctsdk le; fn[kk jgh gSAcPpks! D;k rqe yksx ifjokj osQ lnL;ksaosQ lkFk Hkkstu djrs gks\gk] ge feydj Hkkstu [kkrs gSaAvPNh ckr gS! D;k Hkkstu ls igys gkFk (f}opu) kksrsgks\

th] eSMe!cPpks] Hkkstu ls igysgkFk&iSj /ksus pkfg,] Hkkstu izlUu eu ls[kkuk pkfg,]ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kkuk pkfg,] lkI+kQ ikuh ihuk pkfg, vkSj mfpr le; ij O;k;ke

djuk pkfg,A ;g fgrdj@ykHkdkjh gSA

10 Hkkstu&d{k% (laokn%fp=ko.kZu&vH;kl%)


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46 S- (-w)

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ijLij esy djosQ mPpkj.k djsaA ;ku nsackbZa vksj ,d* 'kCn (loZuke) osQ vkSjnkbvksj ckyd 'kCn (vdkjkUr iqfYayx) osQ :i ,dopu esa] lkrksafoHkfDr;ksa esafn, x, gSaA ijLij esy djosQ mPpkj.k djuslsnksuksavklkuh ls;kn gkstk,xsA laKko loZuke 'kCn dk :i&Hksn Hkh Li"V gkstk,xkA

fyf[kre~1-iz'u ikB dh fo"k;&oLrqij vk/kfjr gSaAmkj nsrsle; iz'u esa iz;qDr iz'uokpd 'kCn ij ;ku nsa vkSj mlh in osQvkkkj ij

foHkfDr] opu rFkk yx dk ;kuj[krsgq, ,d in esamkj nsaA

mkj 1-Hkkstu&d{kL; ^dL;* osQ mkj esa "k"Bh foHkfDr] ,dopu (iqYyx)in dk iz;ksxA

2- "kV~ mkj fp=k ij vk/kfjr] ikB esa Hkh mYys[kA3- vklfUndklq ^dklq* fde~(L=khyx) lIreh cgqopu osQ mkj esa]

lIreh cgqopu esa] L=khyx in dk iz;ksxA4- iq"ixqPNe~ ^fde~* osQ mkj esa uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu osQ in dk

iz;ksxA5- fHkkkS ôq Q=k* osQ mkj esa^fHkkkS* (nhokj ij)] ;ku jgs

ôqQ=k* vO;; gS] mlesafoHkfDr ughayxrhA

6- LoPNe~ ^dhn`'ke~* (oSQlk) osQ mkj esa*(;ku nsanksuksa inuiqaldyx ,dopu gSaA)

7-Hkkstukr~ dLekr~(fdlls) osQ mkj esaA (nksuksaipeh&,dopugSa] îwoZe~* miin osQ ;ksx esa)

2- lgh mkj osQ fy, ikB esans[ksaAmkj 1- iQyosQ lwiik=ke~] 'kkdik=ke~] tyoqQ.Me~vksnuik=ke~p lfUrA

2- ifjokjL; lnL;k% iQyoaQ ifjr% vklfUndklqmifo"Vk%A3-ifjokjs"kV~lnL;k% lfUrekrk] firk] iq=k%] iq=kh] firkeg% firkegh pA

fo'ks"k.k&in ij vk/kfjr iz'u osQ fuekZ.k gsrq ^dhn`'k* (oSQlk) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA ^dhn`'k* 'kCn dk yx] foHkfDr o opu fo'ks"k.k&in ij fuHkZj gksrk gS_ ;Fkkdhn`'ke~LoPNe~A


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S- (-w) 47

3-dks"Bd esafn, iz'uokpd 'kCnksadks isavkSj mnkgj.k

ns[kdj iz'u&fuekZ.k djsaAmkj 1-iQykfudfLeu~ lfUr\ ^dj.MosQ* (Vksdjh esa) 'kCn osQ fy, iz'u esa^dfLeu~* (fdlesa) 'kCn dk iz;ksxA nksuksain lIreh foHkfDr] ,dopuA

2-fHkkkSdkvfLr\ ?kfVdk* 'kCn osQ fy, iz'u esa dk* D;ksafd ?kfVdk^yrk* 'kCn dh Hkkfr L=khyx 'kCn gSA

3- Hkkstukr~iwoZe~fde~iz{kky;sr~\ ^gLrikne~* uiqaldyx] ,dopu osQfy, iz'u esa^fde~* (uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu) 'kCn dk iz;ksxA4-dhn'ke~Hkkstua[kknsr~\ LokLF;dje~*fo'ks"k.k 'kCn] uiqaldyx] ,dopu]vr% iz'u esa dhn`'ke~* (oSQlk) uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu in dk iz;ksxA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa^,rr~fp=ka Hkkstud{kL; vfLr*okD; esaloZuke

^,rr~* fp=ka* dk fo'ks"k.k gSA ;g lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k gSA ikB esala[;kokphvkSj 'kq fo'ks"k.k (tSlsLoPNe~] LokLF;dje~) Hkh iz;ksx esavk, gSaAvH;kl esafn, okD;ksaesa jaxhu in fo'ks"; gSaA mu ij ;ku nsavkSjmfpr fo'ks"k.k yxk,A bl n`f"V ls fd;k x;k ikB dk okpu HkhykHkizn gksxkA

mkj 1- ,rfLeu~ ^fp=ks* 'kCn lIreh] ,dopu] vr% ^,rfLeu~* lIreh],dopu fo'ks"k.k&inA

2-izlUuk% ^lnL;k%* dk fo'ks"k.k nksuksain izFkek] cgqopuA3- LoPNe~ ^tye~* dk fo'ks"k.k uiqaldyx ,dopu esaA

4- ,dfLeu~ ^dj.MosQ* dk fo'ks"k.k gksusosQ dkj.k iqfYayx iz;ksxA5- ,de~ ^iq "ixqPNe~* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% uiqaldyx ,dopu esaA;slHkh fo'ks"k.k&in ikB esaiz;qDr gq, gSaA fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; dk ,d lkFkmPpkj.k ykHkizn gk sxk_ ;Fkk^,rfLeu~ fp=ks*] ^LoPNe~ tye~*] ^,de~iq"ixqPNe~* bR;kfnA

5- okD;&iz;ksx osQ le; ewy 'kCn esa:ikUrj vkrk gS] tksdkjd rFkkmiin ij fuHkZj djrk gSAmnkgj.k ns[ksa^e`xk% e`xS% (e`x) lg pjfUrA* bl okD; esa e`x* 'kCn esar`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx] ^lg* miin osQ ;ksx esagqvk gSAokD;ksadksi


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48 S- (-w)

mkj 1- fo|ky;e~ D;ksafd okD; esaifjr%*vk;k gSA ftlosQ ;ksx esaf}rh;k

dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ikB esa^iQyde~ ifjr% ---------*iz;ksx vk;k gSA2-Hkkstukr~ Hkkstu 'kCn esaipeh] D;ksafd ^iwoZe~* miin osQ lkFk

ipeh yxrh gSA3- tye~ ^fouk* miin osQ lkFk f}rh;k] vr% ^tye~* f}rh;k]

,dopu esaA4- ifjokjL; okD; esa lnL;k%* 'kCn osQ lkFk lEcU/] vr% ifjokj*

'kCn esa"k"BhA (ifjokjL; lnL;k% ifjokj osQ lnL;)5-vklfUndklq okD; esa mifo'kfUr* (cSBrsgSa)_ f;kin dk vk/kj gksus

osQ dkj.k vklfUndk* 'kCn lIreh foHkfDr cgqopu esagSA

(dkkZ^rs*&cgqopu] vr% vklfUndk* dk cgqopu iz;ksx)mkj 6- 1- Hkkstu&d{k% ifjokjL; Hkkstuk; vfLrA2- v=k ,oaQ fo'kkya dk"BiQyde~vfLrA3- ifjokjL; lnL;k% iQyoaQ ifjr% vklfUndklqmifo'kfUrA4- rs fefyRok Hkkstua[kknfUrA5- Hkkstu&d{ksfHkkkS,dk ?kfVdk vfLrA

vFkok1- vLekoaQ x`gs,d% Hkkstu&d{k% vfLrA2- Hkkstu&d{ks,de~dk"BiQyde~vfLrA3- iQydL; e;s,dfLeu~dj.MosQ iQykfu lfUrA

4- iQyoaQ ifjr% "kV~ vklfUndk% lfUrA5- v=k ifjokjL; losZlnL;k% fefyRok Hkkstua[kknfUrANk=k bl izdkj vU; okD; cuk ldrs gSaA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~fp=kkkkfjr ikBxr iz'uksaosQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; iz'u rFkk mkj

iz'u 1- ,rfLeu~fp=ksdfr ckydk% lfUr\mkj ,rfLeu~fp=ks}kSckydkSLr%Aiz'u 2- v=k dfr o`tuk% lfUr\mkj v=k }kSo`tukSLr%A

iz'u 3- dj.MosQ fde~ fde~ iQye~ vfLr\mkj dj.MosQ lsoe~] nkfMee~] ukje~dnyhiQykfu p lfUrA bR;kfn


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50 S- (-w)

ekSf[kde~

;g vH;kl iw.kZr% ikBk/kfjr gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA izR;sd iz'u dkokpu djsa] dks"Bd esafn, fodYiksadks;ku lsi


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2- lgh mkj osQ fy, ikB osQ ml va'k dk okpu dj ysa] ftl ij ;siz'u

vk/kfjr gSaAmkj 1- jktk HkxhjFk% LoiwoZtkuke~mkjk; xkai`fFkO;ke~vku;r~A2- xXk;k% rhjs cgo% rhFkkZ% rkilkuke~vkJek% p lfUrA3- HkDrk% v=k vkxR; vykSfdoaQ lq[ke~ vuqHkofUrA4- thouL; j{kk;SLoPNe~ tye~vfuok;Ze~A5- lkEizre~ xk;k% iznw"k.kkr~laj{k.ke~vLekoaQ ijea dkZO;e~A

mkj fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj ;ku nsaA lansg gksusij ikB~;iqLrdesa ns[ksaA

3- ijLij esy djsa] feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k djuk Js;Ldj gksxkAmkj (d)lekukFkZd&invusosQ & cgo%_ HkkxhjFkhe~& xke~_ ifo=kk &

ikouk_ vpZfUr & iwt;fUr_ iwtue~& iwtkA(;ku nsalekukFkZd&in fHkUu fyax esagks ldrs gSaA)([k)ckbZavksj ,rr~* loZuke L=khyx osQ oqQN 'kCn :i gSa] nkbZavksj unh*'kCn osQA foHkfDr opu dk ;ku djrsgq, feyku djsaAmnkgj.k ns[ksanksuksain "k"Bh ,dopu^,rL;k% u|k%* (bl unh dk)A

mkj,"kk & unh (;g unh)_ ,rklq& unh"kq(bu ufn;ksaesa)_ ,rke~& unhe~(blunh dks)_ ,rL;ke~& u|ke~(bl unh esa)_ ,rk% & u|% (;sufn;k)Afeyku djusosQ mijkUr mPpkj.k djsaA

4- dks"Bd esafn, x, iz'uokpd 'kCn isaAmnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa^LoiwoZtkuke~* "k"Bh] cgqopu iqYyx inosQ fy, iz'u esaA^osQ"kke~*(fdudk) "k"Bh] cgqopu] iqYyx iz'uokpd in dk iz;ksxAizR;sd okD; dksi


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3- HkkxhjFkha dLekr~jf{krqe~iz;Ru% fo/s;%\ iznw"k.kkr~* esaipeh foHkfDr

(,dopu) gksus osQ dkj.k iz'u esa^dLekr~*ipeh ,dopu inA4- dL; j{kk;SLoPNatye~vfuok;Ze~\^thouL;* "k"Bh] ,dopu in osQfy, iz'u esa ^dL;* (fdldk)"k"Bh] ,dopu inA

mi;qZDr okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA

5- vH;klkFkZ fn, x, okD; ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA vr% ikB esa 'kq iz;ksxns[kk tk ldrk gS] rFkkfi bl lanHkZesa O;kdj.k dk fu;e le> ysusls Hkfo"; esavU;=k =kqfV lscpk tk ldrk gSAmnkgj.k ns[ksadks"Bd esa ^ty* 'kCn osQ rhu :i fn, x, gSaA muesalsizLrqr okD; esa tye~* mfpr 'kCn :i gSAdkj.kokD; esa fouk* vO;;vk;k gSA ^fouk* osQ lkFk f}rh;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tye~fouk---* (ty

osQ fcuk)----A blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa dksns[ksaA iz;ksxkuqlkj dks"Bd esalsmfpr foHkfDr okyk in pqudj okD; iwjk djsaA

mkj(d)1- fgeky;kr~ (fgeky; ls] from the Himalayas) tgk lsdksbZ@oqQN fudyrk gS] mlesa ipeh yxrh gSA(;FkkliZ% fcykr~ fuxZPNfr)

2- bZ'oje~ (bZ'oj dks);ku jgsizLrqr okD; esa ^bZ'oj*'kCn f;kin&^HktfUr* dk deZ(Object) gksusosQdkj.k f}rh;k foHkfDr :i mfprA (fganh Hkk"kk esa^---bZ'oj dk Hktu djrsgSa*iz;ksx esa dk* ijlxZ

lsNk=k Hkzfer u gksaA ^dk* ijlxZ okD; esa gksus lsdksbZ 'kCn lEcU/ dkjd esa ugha pyk tkrkA;Fkk^lSfudk% ns'ke~ j{kfUr* okD; esa ns'ke~(f}rh;k foHkfDr iz;ksx) gS] D;ksafd ;g okD; dk

deZgSA(fganh okD;lSfud ns'k dh j{kk djrsgSaA)

3- i`fFkO;ke~ (i`fFkoh ij)LFkkuokpd 'kCn] vr% vf/dj.kdkjd] lIreh iz;ksxA (i`fFkO;k% & iFoh dk]i`fFkohe~ i`fFkoh dks)

4- unhuke~ (ufn;ksa dk);gk cgqopu iz;ksx visf{kr gSAD;ksafd ns'k esavusd ufn;kgSaA (u|k% ,dopu_u|ks% f}opu)


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S- (-w) 53

5- u|k% (unh osQ) rhjs* lslEcU/] vr% u|k%* "k"Bh

(lEcU/dkjd) dk iz;ksx_ lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k^,rL;k%* osQ lkFk Hkh mfprA (u|% ufn;k_u|ke~ unh esa)

([k) izLrqr [k.M esa] dks"Bd esafo'ks"k.k&in fn, x, gSa_ iz;ksxkuqlkjmfpr fyax] foHkfDr rFkk opu okyk fo'ks"k.k&in pqudj okD;iwjk djuk gSA izR;sd okD; i


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54 S- (-w)

2- xa xk unh osQ lkFk dbZikSjkf.kd dFkk, tqM+h gSa_ tSls jktk lxj osQ lkB

gtkj iq=kksa dh ikSjkf.kd dFkkA bu 60]000 iwoZtksadh eqfDr osQ fy, jktkHkkxhjFk ri djosQ czk lsojnku ysdj] xaxk dksiFoh ij yk, FksA egkHkkjrosQ lqizfl Hkh"e firkeg dk tUe Hkh xaxk ls gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA

3- xa xk unh vc cgqr efyu gks xbZ gSA vc rks;g fpUrk dk fo"k; cu x;kgSA blosQ LoPNhdj.k osQ fy, dbZ;kstuk,cuhaA osQU ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj];gk rd fd fo'o cSad us Hkh fokh; lgk;rk nsusdh lgefr nh] fdUrqf;kUo;u ckdh gSA

4- ns'k dh laLfr o lH;rk dk ufn;ksa lsxgjk lEcU/ gSA flU/q unh dhizkphu laLfr Hkh unh osQ rV ij gh fodflr gqbZFkhA


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jk"Vnsoks Hko (i|)fganh vuqokn(jk"Vdksnsork ekuks)Hkkjr esjk xkSjo gSA vFkkZr~viusns'k Hkkjro"kZij eq>sxoZgSA laLr Hkk"kk esjk xkSjo

gSA vFkkZr~ laLr Hkk"kk (tksvU; Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gS] tks nsook.kh dgykrh gS)ij eq>sxoZgSA bl ns'k dh laLfr ij eq>sxoZgSAHkkodfo dksviusns'k&viuh ekr`Hkwfe] mldh laLfr o lH;rk ij cgqr xoZ

gSA laLr Hkk"kk tksizkphure Hkk"kk ekuh tkrh gS] ftlus ns'k dh vU; Hkk"kkvksadkstUe fn;k gS] dfo osQ fy, vlhe xkSjo dk fo"k; gSA

eSa] vius&vkidksxkSjo;qDr ekurk gw(eSa xoZ eglwl djrk gw) D;ksafd eSaHkkjrh;vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ns'k dk jgus okyk gwA eSans'kHkDr gwvkSj vius ns'k dh v[k.Mrk dhj{kk djrk gwAHkkodfo dks viusHkkjrh; gksus ij xoZgSA ns'k osQ izfr mlosQ eu esaJk oHkfDr dk Hkko gSA og iwjh fu"Bk ls vius dkZO; dk ikyu djrs gq, viusns'k dhv[k.Mrk ij dksbZvkp ughavkus nsxk,slk mlosQ eu esaladYi gSA

fofo/ Hkk"kkvksaosQ cksyus okys] fofo/ /eks@erksa osQ vuq;k;h (followers)] esjsHkkbZ&cguksaij eSaLusg dh o"kkZdjrk gwA vFkkZr~ns'k osQ lHkh oklh esjsHkkbZ&cgu osQ

leku gSa] Hkysgh mudh Hkk"kk] mudk /eZ@er fHkUu&fHkUu gSA eSalHkh lsLusg djrkgwA

Hkkodfo osQ eu esavU; ns'kokfl;ksaosQ izfr Hkzkr&Hkkouk gS] viukiu gSA ;g lpgSfd ns'k esayksxksa dh Hkk"kk vyx&vyx gS] muosQ /eZ@lEiznk; vyx&vyx gSa]fdUrq gSa rks os ,d gh ekr`Hkwfe osQ iq=k&iqf=k;k] ,d gh fo'kky ifjokj osQlnL;,slh mldh lksp gSA

pkjksaosn] lkjsiqjk.k] oqQjk.k] ckbZcy] jkek;.k vkSj xq#xzUFk lkfgclHkh /eZxzUFk esjsfy, xkSjo dk fo"k; gSaA vFkkZr~ ns'k osQ yksx fofo/ lEiznk;ksaosQ vuq;k;h gSa_ lcosQvius /eZxzUFk gSaA lHkh lEeku osQ ;ksX; gSaAHkkodfo osQ eu esa viusns'k osQ fofo/ /eks osQ xzUFkksa osQ izfr vkLFkk dk Hkko

gSA mls mu lc 'kkL=kksa ij xoZgS] ns'k dh fofo/rk ij xoZgSA

eSan`


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Hkkodfo ns'k osQ izfr dkZO;&fu"B gSA mlsfo'okl gSfd ns'k dh turk ns'k dks

mUufr vkSj fodkl dh vksj ys tk,xhAlc osQ fgr&lk/u esagh viuk fgr@dY;k.k gksrk gS;fn ,slh lksp lc dh gkstk,(;fn lc ,slk ekuusyxsa) rc fuf'pr :i lsns'k esalc izdkj dk fodkl gksxkvFkkZr~ izxfr gksxhAHkkoizk;% yksx osQoy viusLokFkZ&lk/u osQ fo"k; esalksprsgSaA muosQ ,slsvkpj.k

ls nwljksadksykHk gksxk vFkok gkfu] bl ckr dh mUgsafpUrk ughagksrhA fdUrq tclc ;g lkspus yxsafd loZtu dY;k.k esa gh fut dk dY;k.k gS] rkslHkh yksxizxfr dk ykHk mBk ik,xs] lokZh.k fodkl lEHko gksxkA

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~'yksdksadk mPpkj.k djsaA dfo dh ns'kHkfDr] dkZO;fu"Bk] ns'kokfl;ksaosQ izfr Lusg]bu lc dh fgrdkeuk vkSj ijkFkZHkko dksle>savkSj f'k{kk ysaA

'kkL=kksadk dguk gS ekr`nsoks Hko] fir`nsoksHko] vkpk;Znsoks Hko* vFkkZr~ ekrkfirk vkSj xq# dksnsork le>ksA os vknj osQ ik=k gSa] Jk osQ ;ksX; gSa] muosQ izfrviusdkZO; dk ikyu djuk gekjk ije /eZgSA

viusns'k osQ izfr Hkh ,slk Hkko gksuk pkfg,A ns'kHkfDr Hkh gekjk /eZgSA ge,slsdke djsaftllslc dk fgr gksvkSj lEiw.kZjk"V mUufr djsA

fyf[kre~1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA ^dhn`'k% Hko* osQ mkj esa ^jk"Vnsoks Hko* (jk"Vnso%

Hko) ikB osQ vk/kj ij jk"Vnso%* fodYi mfprA

blh izdkj izR;sd iz'u osQ jaxhu in osQ vk/kj ij ikBkuqlkj 'kqdks"Bd ls fodYi pqudj mkj nsaA iz'u ;ku lsi


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S- (-w) 57

2- mkj fy[krs le; ikB dh lgk;rk ysaA iz'u esavk, inksa dk mkj esa

iz;ksx djsaA iz'uokpd 'kCnksaosQ vFkZle> ysaA dFke~ D;ksa@oSQls] osQ dkSu yksx] dnk dcAmkj 1- vga xkSjokfUor% vfLe ;r% vge~Hkkjrh;% vfLeA

vFkokvga Hkkjrh;% vfLe] vr% vgaxkSjokfUor% vfLeA

2- pRokj% osnk%] iqjk.kkfu] oqQjk.ka] ckbcya] jkek;.ka] xq#xzUFk%losZ/eZxzUFkk%es xkSjokLine~A3- ;nk ^loZ&fgrsfg Lo&fgre~* bfr losZ"kke~efr%@fopkj% Hkfo";fr rnkns'kL; lokZh.k% fodkl% Hkfo";frA

vFkok

loZ&fgrsfg Lo&fgre~loZL; L;kr~ ;nk efr%Arnk fodkl% jk"VL; lokZh.k% Hkfo";frAA

3- bl vH;kl dks djuslsigysokD; esaifjorZu djuslsfu;eksadksle> ysaA ;Fkk1-dkkZin esaifjorZu gksusij f;kin esaHkh :ikUrj vk,xkA2- f;kin esaydkj ifjorZu gksusij f;kin esagh :ikUrj vk,xkA okD;osQ vU; in T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa jgsaxsA3-fo'ks";&in (laKk vFkok loZuke) esaifjorZu vkusij mlosQ fo'ks"k.k&inesaHkh :ikUrj vk,xkA (fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; dk fu;e ;kn j[ksa)

mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saAvga Hkkjrh;% vfLe lHkh in ,dopu esaA(dkkZ) (fo'ks"k.k) (f;kin)

o;e~Hkkjrh;k% Le% lHkh in cgqopu esaAo;e~&Le% dkkZf;kin leUo; osQ fu;ekuqlkjAo;e~Hkkjrh;k%fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; osQ fu;ekuqlkj nksuksain cgqopuAblh izdkj izR;sd okD; dks;kuiwoZd i


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S- (-w) 59

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- ns'k dh izxfr osQ fy,] izR;sd O;fDr dk ;ksxnku vko';d gSA ns'k]ns'kokfl;ksals curk gSA izR;sd ns'koklh dks;g ckr le>uh gksxh fd ns'kdh mUufr mlesajgusokysyksxksaij vkfJr gksrh gSA

2- ns'k osQ lafokku esaizR;sd ukxfjd osQ tgkekSfyd vf/dkj gSa] ogkns'ko lekt osQ izfr oqQN dkZO; Hkh gSaA muesa izeq[k gSa] viusns'k dh ,drko v[k.Mrk dh j{kk djuk] ns'k osQ fodkl esa;ksxnku djuk] jk"Vot vkSjjk"Vxhr dk lEeku djuk] loZkeZ&ln~Hkko j[kuk bR;kfnA


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60 S- (-w)

ikBk% 9&12 iqujkofk%

1-vH;kl&iz'u djusls iwoZikBksadh iqujko`fk djuk Js;Ldj gksxkAmkj esadfBukbZgksusij ikB esans[ksaA iz'u ;ku lsi


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3- vkxR; (O;kdj.k dh nf"V ls'kq iz;ksx)

4- loZ&fgrs5- dkfrZd&eklL;

4-izLrqr fp=k esaHkkstu&d{k dk fp=k gSAetw"kk esafn, x, 'kCnksadksisaA budh lgk;rk rFkk ikBesavk, okD;ksa dh lgk;rk ls fp=k dk o.kZu djsaA

mkj 1-,rr~fp=ke~ ,dL; ifjokjL; vfLrA2-ifjokjs}kSckydkS] ekrk] firk firkegh p lfUrA3- ifjokjL; lnL;k%@tuk% iQyoaQ ifjr% mifo"Vk%A4- iQyosQ vksnu&ik=ke~] tyoqQ.Me~] ik=kkf.k iQykfu p lfUrA5-losZfefyRok Hkkstua [kknfUr izlUuk% p HkofUrA


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62 S- (-w)

"kh.kke~ ns'k% [bdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%]fganh vuqokn(f"k;ksadk ns'k)

Hkkjr f"k;ksadk ns'k gSA izkphu dky esa ;gk cgqr&ls f"k vkSj eqfu gq,A vktHkh ns'k esaeqfu;ksaosQ vusd vkJe gSaA oqQN eqfu ioZrksadh xqI+kQkvksa esa fuokl djrs

gSa vkSj dBksj ri djrs gSaAHkkjr osQ ;s f"k Kku&foKku ls ;qDr FksA laLr lkfgR; esa jkek;.k dks

vkfndkO; ekursgSaA bl egkdkO; jkek;.k osQ jpf;rk f"k okYehfd vkSj egkHkkjrosQ f"k osnO;kl gSa;g lc yksx tkursgSaA

izkphu dky esaLokfr uked eqfu uslaxhr dk lkku ,d


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S- (-w) 63

ekSf[kde~

mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saA osQ"kke~* (fdudk) osQ mkj esa "kh.kke~* (f"k;ksadk) mfpr fodYi&ikBkuqlkjAblh izdkj izR;sd iz'u dks;ku lsi


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64 S- (-w)

,dopu esaA

3-v;PNu~ okD; esa Hkwrdky dh fozQ;k dh ppkZgSvkSj dkkZ u`ik%*cgqopu esagS] vr% nk* (;PN~) dk y~ydkj dk izFkeiqjQ"k] cgqopu :iA

4-vkxPNfUr okD; esa dkkZ rs* cgqopu in] vr% fozQ;kin izFke iqjQ"kcgqopu esa_ yV~ydkj dk iz;ksxD;ksafd okD; esa,d'kk'or rF; dk mYys[k gSA (tksf;k lnk gksrh gSmlsn'kkZus osQ fy, yV~ydkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_;Fkk^Nk=kk% cl;kusu xPNfUr*A

5-vklhr~ okD; esadkkZ^fo'okl%* ,dopu esavr% fozQ;kin esa

,dopuA ckr Hkwrdky dh gksusosQ dkj.k y~ ydkj dkiz;ksxA;|fi ;slHkh okD; ikB esavk pqosQ gSa] rFkkfi fozQ;kinksadh :i jpuk rFkkiz;ksx osQ fu;e dk cks/ Js;Ldj fl gksxkAokD; iwfRkZosQ i'pkr~okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA

3- ifjf'k"V esafn, ^dfo* 'kCn osQ :i dksnksrhu ckj i


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S- (-w) 65

blh izdkj vU; okD;ksadksns[ksa] vk'k; le>savkSj iz;ksxkuqlkj dks"Bd esals

mfpr foHkfDr okyk in pqusaAmkj 1-equ;% okD; esadkkZ^f'k{kdk%* rFkk f;kin^vklu~*nksuksacgqopuA

vr% dkkZdk iwjd (complement) equ;%* izFkek cgqopuin mfprA (eqfu% ,d eqfu] eqfu"kq eqfu;ksaij)

2-f"kH;% okD; esalEiznku (ftlsoqQN fn;k tkrk gS)vr% prqFkhZfoHkfDr in mfprA

3-eg"ksZ% ^fo'okfe=kL;*'kCn esa"k"Bh foHkfDrA vr% ^eg"ksZ%* "k"BhfoHkfDr in mfprA egf"kZ* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fo'okfe=k osQ fy,vk;k gS] vr% nksuksa le:iA

4- dfouk ^osQu* (fdlosQ }kjk) osQ lkFk dfouk (dfo }kjk) mfpriz;ksxA nksuksain rrh;k] ,dopu esaA (dos% dfo dk vFkokdfo&nksuksa mfpr ugha)

5-do;s dLeS(fdlosQ fy,) osQ lkFk do;s* (dfo osQ fy,) mfpriz;ksx&dLeS&prqFkhZ,dopu] vr% do;s&prqFkhZ,dopu'kq fodYiA (dfoH;% dfo;ksa osQ fy,] dfoe~ dfodks nksuksa mfpr ugha)

mkj5- (d) lekukFkZd&inkfulaj{k.kk; j{kk;S(;ku nsanksuksa 'kCn lEiznku dkjdprqFkhZ

foHkfDr esagSa,d vdkjkUr vkSj nwljk vkdkjkUr gSA)

ys[kd% jpukdkj%jktoqQekjkS jktiq=kkSeuksgjs lqjE;s

([k) lEcU/okpd&inkfuioZrkuke~ xqgklqn'kjFkL; vkK;kfo'okfe=kL; ;K%ukV~;&'kkL=kL; ys[kd%


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lqHkkf"krkfufganh vuqokn(vPNh ckrsa)

1-nq"V O;fDr osQ lkFk u nksLrh vkSj u gh nq'euh djuh pkfg,A vaxkjk xje gksrks gkFk tyk nsrk gSvkSj ;fn BaMk] rks gkFk dkyk dj nsrk gSAvFkkZr~cqjs LoHkko okysyksxksaosQ lkFk fdlh izdkj dk lEcUk u j[kk tk,u

fe=krk dk vkSj u gh oSj dkA nqtZu dk LoHkko ,slk gksrk gSfd os fdlh HkhifjfLFkfr esagkfu igqpkusosQ gh volj


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68 S- (-w)

dY;k.k gksrk gSA ifjJeh O;fDr dHkh volkn dksizkIr ugha gksrkA esgur }kjk

y{; dh izkfIr djosQ og lq[k&lEifk dk vfkdkjh cu tkrk gSAHkkovkyL; NksM+dj ifjJe osQ ekxZij pydj] thou lkFkZd cukusesagheuq"; dk dY;k.k gSA

5- vkifk dh ifjfLFkfr;kvkus ij tks nksLrh fuHkkrk gS] ogh lPpk fe=k gSAlEin~dky esa rks tks fe=k ughagksrk] og Hkh fe=kor~ vkpj.k djus yxrk gSAvFkkZr~lq[k&le`f osQ le; rks lHkh yksx] pkgsigysfe=k u jgsgksa] fe=krk dk

lEcUk j[kusosQ fy, vkrqj gkstkrsgSa] fdUrqokLro esaosfe=k ughagksrsA osrksosQoy ifjfLFkfr dk ykHk mBkusvk tkrsgSaA lPpk fe=k rksog gksrk gStksladVosQ le; lkFk ns] d"Vksadk lkeuk djus] mulsij mBus] foifk lsfudyusdk ekxZfn[kk,A tks lkgl c


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S- (-w) 69

rRi'pkr~ikB~;iqLrd ns[ks fcuk etw"kk ls mfpr in pqudj 'yksd

iwjk djsaA 'yksd esavk, izR;sd in dk vFkZle> ysus ij fjDr LFkkuiwfrZ ljy gkstk,xhAmkj (d)l[;e~_ }s"ke~_ m".k%] 'khr%A

([k) vkiRdkys_ fe=keso_ o`fdkys_ lqn~A

3- (d) ikB esavk, oqQN foykse&inAmkjfjiq% fe=ke~ ] m".k% 'khr% ] m|e% vkyL;e~ ] iq.;k; ikik;A

([k) ikB esaiz;qDr lekukFkZd&inAmkjo`fdky% le`fdky% ] lqn~ fe=ke~ ] lee~ rqY;e~ @lg] nqtZusu

nq"VsuA

mkj4- 1-(d) (HkkovkyL; dks R;kxdj ifjJe djuk pkfg,A)1- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZifjJe osQ leku dksbZ fe=k ughagSA

2- (x) (HkkonqtZu dk lkFk loZFkk R;kx nsaA)2- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZnq"V osQ lkFk u fe=krk vkSj u gh }s"k djsaA)

3- (?k) (Hkko/eZ'khy euq"; dk y{k.k gSlR; dk vkpj.kA vr%lR; cksysaA)

3- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZ>wB osQ leku dksbZiki ugha] vr% lp cksyksA4-([k) (Hkko,d vPNk fe=k gh foifk osQ le; lgk;rk djrk gSA)

4- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZfoifk osQ le; tksfe=krk fuHkk,] ogh

lPpk fe=k dgus;ksX; gSA5- mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sarhu fodYi gSa] muesals,d 'kq gS] vU; nksuksaesa orZuh dh v'kqf gSAyksosQ"kq'kq fodYi] D;ksafd yksd* 'kCn vdkjkUr iqfYayx gksusosQ dkj.k]lIreh cgqopu esavUr esa ,"kq* vkrk gS_ ;Fkk^ckyosQ"kq*] o{ks"kq* bR;kfnAblh izdkj 'kq fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkku esafy[ksaA

mkj 1-nqtZusu vdkjkUr 'kCn osQ rrh;k ,dopu :i esavUR; ^u*gyUr ughagksrkA (;gk;|fi 'kCn esa j~* vk;k gS] rFkkfi;gk^u~* dks^.k* gksrk] D;ksafd ;g viokn gSA ikBxr

'yksd esa Hkh ns[ksa vkSj uksV djsaA)2-euq";k.kke~ 'kCn esa "k~* gksus osQ dkj.k u* dks .k*A vdkjkUr 'kCn


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70 S- (-w)

esa "k"Bh cgqopu esa vUr esa ^vkuke~* vkrk gS_

;Fkk^ckydkuke~*] o{kk.kke~* bR;kfnA3-o`fdkys 'yksd esans[ksa^o~* esa * dh ek=kk (^j~* ugha)_ la;qDrO;tu ~* esaNksVh b* dh ek=kk_ tSls^cqf* le`f*vkfn 'kCnksaesaA

4- egku~ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k ^--- egku~fjiq%*AuksV djsalaLrHkk"kk esa ;g 'kCn vdkjkUr ughagSA

5-fjiq% 'yksd esans[ksa^j* esa Lo ^b* dh ek=kk vkSj ^i~* esaLo m* dhA ikBokpu osQ le;'kq orZuhuksV djsaA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- 'yksdksa dk okpu djrsle; mPpkj.k ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsaA ;fn mPpkj.kLi"V rFkk 'kq gksxk rksokpu dkuksadksekqj yxsxk vkSj vkuUn Hkh vk,xkA

2- lR; dk ikyu] oqQlaxfr dk R;kx] ijksidkj] ifjJeiwoZd vkpj.k] lPphfe=krk vkfn uSfrd&flkUrksaij d{kk esappkZdjsavkSj thou esabUgsaviuk,A


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S- (-w) 71

rqjkt% olUr% [mdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%]fganh vuqokn(rqvksa dk jktkolUr)

olUr dk le; lq[kn gksrk gSA tc f'kf'kj&rqtkrh gS] rc olUr&rqvkrh gSA;g le; lqgkouk gksrk gSA bl le; u ;knk BaM gksrh gS vkSj u gh vfkd xehZA

olUr&rq esaizfr lqUnj yxrh gSA isM+ksa ij u, iks vkrsgSaA lc vksjjax&fcjaxsiwQy f[kyrsgSaA iwQyksaij HkkSajsxwtrsgSaA vusd ja xksadh frrfy;kbkj&mkjmM+rh gSaA vke osQ isM+ksa ij dks;ysa owQdrh gSaA eUn&eUn iou pyrh gSvkSj iwQyksadh lqxUk ykrh gSA olUrdky esaizfr dk lkSUn;Zns[kdj eu [kq'k gksrk gSA okLroesa;g le; Hkze.k djus osQ fy, vPNk gSA ckX+kksaesa yksx ?kwersgSavkSj cPps vkuUnls [ksyrsgSaA lc vksj ekuksuothou dk lapkj gksrk gSA

olUr&iapeh dk mRlo olUr&rqosQ vkusdh lwpuk nsrk gSA oqQN yksx blfnu fo|k dh nsoh ljLorh dh iwtk djrs gSaA ja xksadk mRlo gksyh Hkh blh ekSleesavkrk gSA ;g glh&ekkd vkSj [kqf'k;ksa dk mRlo gSA bl mRlo esa lc vksjekSt&eLrh dk okrkoj.k gksrk gSA cPps&cw


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72 S- (-w)

mkj1-lq[kn% ^dhn`'k%* (oSQlk) osQ mkj esaA (in iqYyx ,dopu esa)

2- je.kh;k ^dhn`'kh* (oSQlh) osQ mkj esaA (in L=khyx ,dopu esa)3- "kV~ ^dfr* (fdruh) osQ mkj esaA (la[;kokph in iqfYayx esa)4- olUr&rks% ^dL;* (fdldk@foQlosQ) osQ mkj esaA (in "k"Bh]

,dopu esa)5- olUr&rkS ^dfLeu~* (fdlesa) osQ mkj esaA (in lIreh] ,dopu esa)6-gksyh ^d% mRlo%* osQ mkj esaA7- eUne~&eUne~ ^dFke~* osQ mkj esaA

fyf[kre~

mkj1- 1- olUr&rq% rwuke~jktk vFkkZr~ Js"B% vr% rqjkt% dF;rsA

2- olUr&rkSizo`Qrs% lkSUn; n`"V~ok fpka izlhnfrA3- gksyh&mRlos tuk% vU;ksU;L; mifj ja xku~ izf{kifUr] izlUuk% HkwRokxk;fUr u`R;fUr pA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaokD; esa izo`Qfr%* 'kCn vk;k gS tksL=khyx ,dopu ingSA vr% iz'u esa dk* (L=khyx] ,dopu) iz'uokpd 'kCn dk iz;ksxAvH;kl esafn, x, iz'uksadksmfpr iz'uokpd 'kCn pqudj iwjk djsaA

mkj 1-osQ (dkSu) ^Hkzejk%* iqYyx cgqopu] izFkek foHkfDr in_vr% mlosQ fy,] iqYyx] cgqopu] izFkek

foHkfDr esa fde~* loZuke dk :iôsQ*A

2-dFke~(fdl izdkj) êUne~&eUne~* (/hjs&/hjs) osQ fy, iz'u esa^dFke~*A

3-osQ"kke~(fdudk) îq "ik.kke~* (uiqaldfYakx) "k"Bh cgqopu inosQ fy, iz'u esa "k"Bh cgqopu :iôsQ"kke~*A

4-dL; (fdldk) ^vkeksn&izeksnL;* "k"Bh] ,dopu in osQ fy,iz'u esa] "k"Bh] ,dopu in^dL;*A

3- ikB esa iz;qDr foykse inksadk esyAmkj'kSR;e~ m".kRoe~ ] cky% o`% ] xPNfr vkxPNfr ] br% rr%A

,d ckj mPpkj.k djsaA

^fde~ * 'kCn :i dh vko`fk dj ysus ls iz;ksx esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha vk,xhA


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4-izR;sd dFku dk okpu ;kuiwoZd dj ysaA ikB osQ vk/kj ij crk,

fd dFku 'kq gSvFkok gS v'kqAmkj 1-v'kqe~ (ikBkuqlkj&^;nk 'kjn~rq% xPNfr] olUr&rq% (^'kjn~rq%* ugha) vkxPNfrA*)

2-'kqe~ (ikBkuqlkj&^;nk lw;Z% mkjk;.k% Hkofr rnk f'kf'kj%]---*)3- v'kqe~ (ikBkuqlkj&^gksyh&mRlo%* gkl&ifjgklL; mRlo%)4- 'kqe~ (ikBkuq lkj & ,rfLeu~fnolsosQfpr~ tuk% fo|k;k% nsoh

ljLorhaiwt;fUrA)5-v'kqe~ (ôlUr&dky% lq[kn% Hkofr* 'kq dFku)

mkj 5- rw ro%xq:u~

lk/qH;ke~ lk/q fHk%f'k'kqH;ke~

lk/qH;%f'k'kwuke~xqjQ"kq

gslk/w! gs lk/o%!

6- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA vk'k; le>saA bldkfo"k; ikB ij vk/kfjr gSA vr% ikB dk Hkyh&Hkkfr okpu dj yssaAikB esa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djsaA

mkjolUr&rkS(olUr rqesa)_ oqQlqekfu (fodlfUr fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfprdkkZ)]iq"is"kq (iwQyksa ij) ^Hkzejk% xqtfUr* dk vk/kj îq"i* lIreh esaA iou%(ôgfr* fozQ;kin dk dkkZ)_

tuk% (HkzefUr dk dkkZ)_ vkuUnsu (eksls) (ozQhMfUr dk fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k)rqjkt%ôlUr% rq%* osQ fy,AokD; iwfrZosQ mijkUr lgt jhfr ls vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- ekSle dk gekjs ru&eu lsxgjk lEcUk gSA [kku&iku ij Hkh bldk izHkko

gksrk gSA ekuk tkrk gSfd tksiQy ftl rqdh fo'ks"krk gksrh gS] ogLokLF; osQ fy, ml rqesa fo'ks"k :i lsxq.kdkjh gksrk gSA gekjs mRlo


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74 S- (-w)

Hkh rqvksalslEcfUkr gSaA gksyh olUrdky esa gksrh gS] tc izfr esa Hkh

jaxksa dh cgkj vkrh gSA ,slsesaeu esaHkh ekndrk Nk tkrh gSA2- gekjs ns'k esayxHkx iwjs o"kZgh mRlo pyrsjgrs gSaA izR;sd mRlo dghau dgharq lslEcfU/r gksrk gSA gj izns'k osQ vius&vius mRlo gSa_tSlsiatkc esacSlk[kh] nf{k.k esaiksaxy] mkjiwoZesachgwvkfnA ;s lc f"klEcfUkr ioZgSaA ftl le; mit rS;kj gksrh gS] rksmRlo dk okrkoj.k cutkrk gSA


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76/94

76 S- (-w)

blh izdkj vU; okD;ksadks] dks"Bd ls 'kq orZuh okyk 'kCn :i

pqudj] iwjk djsaAmkj 1- lk/o% (izFkek] cgqopu) ;Fkk f'k'ko%*] xqjo%* bR;kfnA;ku jgsmdkjkUr 'kCn osQ m* dks ;gk o~* gkstkrk gS] vr% m* dh

ek=kk yqIr gks tkrh gSA (prqFkhZ,dopu esaHkh^xqjos] f'k'kos*)2-rwuke~ ("k"Bh&cgqopu) ;Fkk lk/wuke~*] f'k'kwuke~* bR;kfnA;ku jgs (i) "k"Bh cgqopu esa] vdkjkUr] bdkjkUr mdkjkUr 'kCnksaesa

vUR; Loj v*] b*] m* nh?kZgkstkrsgSa_ ;Fkkckydkuke~(ckyd 'kCn) equhuke~(eqfu 'kCn)] lk/wuke~ (lk/q

'kCn) bR;kfnA(ii) ^rw uke~* 'kCn :i esa u~* dks .k~* ugha gqvk] ;|fi

'kCn esa^* Loj vk;k gSA (;g u~ dks ^.k~* dkviokn gS)ikB okpu osQ le; ;ku nsaA

3- equ;% (izFkek] cgqopu)'kq :iA4- eqfu"kq (lIreh] cgqopu) 'kq :iA5-i'kwuke~ ("k"Bh] cgqopu) 'kq :i_ ;Fkk lk/wuke~* Hkkuwuke~* vkfnA

3- miou dk fp=k gSA ns[ksadkSu D;k dj jgk gSvFkok D;k gks jgk gS\vc etw"kk esafn, x, 'kCnksadksisaA fp=k dk o.kZudjrsgq,] okD; etw"kk osQ 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk lscuk,A okD; cgqrlaf{kIr u gksaA izR;sd okD; esarhu&pkj 'kCn vo'; gksaA,d lq>koigysdkkZin vkSj fozQ;kin yxkdj ,d okD; cuk ysa] fiQj

foLrkj osQ fy, mlesa deZvkfn vU; dkjdksaosQ in lanHkkZuqlkj tksM+ nsaAfo'ks"k.k&fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k vkfn dk iz;ksx djuslsHkh okD; esafoLrkj vk tkrkgSA;Fkkckyd% i';frA ckyd%o{ke~i';frA ckyd%m|kuso{ke~i';frA

mkj 1-,rr~,dL; m|kuL; fp=ke~A2- v=k ckyk% vkuUnsu ozQhMfUrA3- m|kus o{kk% lfUr] osQnkjs"kqp iq"ikf.k fodlfUrA4- tuk% v=k HkzefUr] m|kuL; p 'kksHkkai';fUrA5- m|kuL; okrkoj.ks losZ ";fUrA

;sokD; mnkgj.k osQ :i esafn, x, gSaA Nk=k bl izdkj vU; okD;Lo;acuk ldrs gSaA


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S- (-w) 77

4- xr ikBksaesabdkjkUr o mdkjkUr iqYyx 'kCnksaosQ :i iz;ksx esavk, gSaA

bu okD;ksaesaeqfu (bdkjkUr&iqfYayx) dk ,dopu esalkrksafoHkfDr;ksaesa iz;ksx gSA budk okpu djsa] foHkfDr&:i o iz;ksx le>sa_ ;Fkkmnkgj.k esaêqfu%* dkkZ]izFkek (,dopu) esaAokD;(1)esa eqfue~deZf}rh;k esaA

(2) ûe%* osQ ;ksx esaprqFkhZêqu;sue%*A(3) ^lg* osQ ;ksx esar`rh;k dk iz;ksx vk;k gSêqfuuk lg*A(4) ipeh dk iz;ksx (viknku dkjd) (eqfu ls(from the

muni) dFkk lqurk gS_ tSls^l% v;kidkr~iBfr*esaipehA)(5) "k"Bh iz;ksxlEcU/ dkjd esa(equs% vkns'ke~ eqfu dkvkns'k)(6)lIreh iz;ksx(vf/dj.k dkjd)(ftl ij Jk gksrh gS

mlesalIreh)equkS JkeqfuijJkA

(7)lEcks/ugsequs! --------AbUgha okD;ksadks nkb vksj fy[ksa] fdUrq eqfu* (bdkjkUriqfYayx) 'kCn osQLFkku ij ^xqjQ* (mdkjkUr&iqfYayx) 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsaAmnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>sa êqfu* 'kCn ftl foHkfDr eas vk;k gS] mlhfoHkfDr esa^xqjQ* 'kCn iz;ksx esayk,A vH;kl djus lsigys nksuksa 'kCn:iksabdkjkUr o mdkjkUr dh vkofk dj ysaA

mkj 1-xq#e~uefrA 5- f'k";%xqjks%vkns'ke~iky;frA ("k"Bh&iz;ksx)2-xqjosue%A 6-xqjkSrL; Jk vfLrA3-l%xq#.kklg xPNfrA 7- gsxqjks!Roe~/U;% vflA4-l%xqjks%dFkke~vkd.kZ;frA (ipeh&iz;ksx)

nksuksa LrEHkksaosQ okD;ksadk okpu djsaA foHkfDr;qDr in o iz;ksx ijfo'ks"k ;ku nsaA

bl la nHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr ij ;ku nsuk fgrdj gksxk(i)bdkjkUr 'kCn :i esa tgk ^;~* vkrk gS] mdkjkUr esa ogk ô~*A ;Fkkequ;s xqjos (prqFkhZ,dopu)A blh izdkj equ;% xqjo% (izFkek] cgqopu)A

(ii)bdkjkUr esatgk^,* yxrk gS] mdkjkUr esa ogk^vks*A ;Fkkequs%] xqjks% ("k"Bh ,dopu)_gsequsgs xqjks(lEcks/u)A

ftu foHkfDr :iksaesalekurk gSmlsHkh ;ku esa j[ksaA ;Fkk eqfue~xq#e~ (nksuksaesa vUR; e~)_eqfuH;ke~ xq#H;ke~_ eqfuH;% xq#H;%_ equkS xqjkS(lIreh] ,dopu)A

;kn j[k sabdkjkUr esa tgk ^b* dk s ^bZ* gksrk gS] mdkjkUr esa ^m* dks ^mQ*A ;Fkkequh&xq#(izFkek&f}opu)_ equhuke~xq#.kke~ ("k"Bh&cgqopu)A


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78 S- (-w)

fe=ke~ izfr fueU=k.ke~(i=ke~)

fganh vuqokn(fe=k dks i=k)

if'pe fogkjfnYyhfrfFk -------------

fiz; fe=k vuqjkx]lizse ueLrs]

;gklc oqQ'ky gS] (vk'kk gS) ogkHkh oqQ'ky gksxkAvxys lIrkg cqkokj ikp rkjh[k dksesjk tUefnu gSA tUefnu osQ 'kqHk voljij lqcg fofkiwoZd gou gksxkA 'kke ikp cts?kj esaizhfrHkkst (ikVhZ) dk vk;kstugSA lHkh cUkq&ckUko (fe=k o fj'rsnkj) mRlo osQ fy, vk,xsA vk'kk gSfd rqe Hkhifjokj lfgr lekjksg osQ fy, le; ij vkvksxs] vkSj ge lc dk mRlkg c


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S- (-w) 79

2-v.kZo% D;ksafd i=k osQ vUr esa gLrk{kj osQ :i esa] v.kZo%* vk;k

gS(i=k fy[kus okyk viuk uke vUr esafy[krk gS)A3-cq/okljs 4- x`gs (ikBkuqlkj) 5- ipoknus6-g"kZe;% 7- cU/q&ckU/ok%A

fyf[kre~

mkj1- 1-tUefnu&mRloscU/q&ckU/ok% fefyRok xkL;fUr] ufrZ";fUr mRloL; pvkuUne~vuqHkfo";fUrA(;ku jgsbl mkj esavk, fozQ;kin ikB esamke iqjQ"k esagSa] D;ksafd

ogk dkkZo;e~ dk iz;ksx gSA bl okD; esa ^cU/q&ckU/ok%* dkkZizFkeiqjQ"k esa_ bl n`f"V lsf;kin esa:ikUrj djuk u HkwysaA)2-tUefnolL; 'kqHkkoljs izkr% dkysfof/iwoZoaQ gouaHkfo";frA3-lk;adkysxgsizhfrHkkstL; vk;kstue~vfLrA

vFkoklk;adkysipoknus x`gsizhfrHkkst% vk;ksftr%A

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dFku rFkk rnk/kfjr iz'u dk okpu djsaA dks"Bd lsmfpr in pqudj iz'u&fuekZ.k djsaA

mkj 1- tUefnolsizhfrHkkst% oqQ=k Hkfo";fr\ (^x`gs* ^?kj esa* osQ fy, iz'u esaoqQ=k* dgk)

2-o;e~dL; vkuUne~vuqHkfo";ke%\ (^mRloL;* mRlo dk* osQ fy,^dL;* fdldk)3-vuqjkx% dnk ipoknuslekjksgk; vkxfe";fr\ (lk;adkys ^'kke dks*osQ fy, ^dnk* dc)4- cU/q&ckU/ok% fdeFkZe~vkxfe";fUr \ (^mRlokFkZe~* ^mRlo osQ fy,*]vr% iz'u esafdeFkZe~ fdlfy,)

3- ikB esaiz;qDr oqQN 'kCnksaosQ foyksemnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj ;kn j[ksaAmkjvkxeue~ xeue~ ] lk;adkys izkr% dkys ] ee ro ] v=k r=kA

fy[krsle; mPpkj.k djsaA

4-(d) mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saAdks"Bd esa ,d 'kCn osQ rhu foHkfDr :i fn,x, gSaA izlaxkuqlkj jfookljs*(lIreh foHkfDr :i) mfpr gS] D;ksafd 'ks"k


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80 S- (-w)

okD; dk vFkZ gSLowQy esa NqV~Vh gksrh gSA vr% jfookljs (jfookj dks])

'kqA dkyokpd 'kCn esa lIreh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (fgUnh Hkk"kk esaijlxZ^dks* vkus lsNk=k Hkzfer u gksa_ dks* yxusek=k ls'kCn deZdkjd esaughapyk tkrkA)

mkj 1-lk;adkys D;ksafd dkyokpd 'kCnksa esa lIreh yxrh gS_ ;Fkk mnkgj.kesa^jfookljs* 'kq iz;ksxA

2-izrh{kke~ okD; esavk, fozQ;kin dk deZ gksus osQ dkj.k f}rh;kfoHkfDr dk iz;ksxA izrh{kk* (vkdkjkUr) ewy 'kCn gS] yrkdh HkkfrA

3-vfxzes okD; esaêkls* 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k gSA vr% mldh Hkkfr

lIreh] ,dopu dk iz;ksxA vfxze* (vdkjkUr) ewy 'kCngSA ^ckyd* dh HkkfrA4- ,rfLeu~ okD; esa voljs* dk fo'ks"k.k gksusosQ dkj.k mlh foHkfDr

o opu esa vFkkZr~lIreh ,dopu] ^,rr~* ewy 'kCn gSA(;ku jgs^,rr~* loZuke 'kCn gSA)

5- vkuUne~ okD; esavk, fozQ;kin ^vuqHkfo";ke%* dk deZgksusosQdkj.k f}rh;k dk iz;ksx] (fgUnh esa ^vkuUn dk vuqHkodjsaxs* ,slk iz;ksx gksrk gS] fdUrq ijlxZ dk* osQ iz;ksx lsHkzfer u gksaA)

^vkuUne~ vuqHkfo";ke%* vkuUn dks vuqHko djsaxs blizdkj le>saA

([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksadks"Bd esafn, x, fodYiksaesa nsoe~* (f}rh;k] ,dopu)fodYi 'kq gS] D;ksafd okD; esa ue~* /krq(ûefUr*) dk iz;ksx gSA ue~*/krqosQ lkFk f}rh;k iz;ksxA

mkj 1-nsok; ^nsok;* prqFkhZfoHkfDr dk in gS] ue%* osQ ;ksx easprqFkhZiz;ksx mfprA

2-xqjQ&nsoe~ ûe~* /krq(okD; esa uekfe*) osQ lkFk f}rh;k foHkfDr osQin dk iz;ksxA

3-ns'kHkDrk; D;ksafd okD; esaûe%* miin vk;k gSA blfy, prqFkhZfoHkfDr osQ in dk iz;ksxA


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S- (-w) 81

4- fe=ke~ îzfr* osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr osQ in dk iz;ksxA

5-x`ge~ izfr osQ ;ksx esaf}rh;k] vr% x`ge~(f}rh;k] ,dopu)'kq fodYiA;ku jgs^x`g* o fe=k* nksuksauiqaldyx 'kCn gSa izFkek o f}rh;k esa

,d :i gksrsgSa] fdUrqokD; (4) rFkk (5) esa fe=ke~* o x`ge~* f}rh;kosQ :i gSaA

5- ge lh[k pqosQ gSafd laLr Hkk"kk esa izR;sd laKk 'kCn dk fyax iwoZfu/kZfjr gksrk gSA izLrqr vH;kl esa fyax dh n`f"V ls'kq fodYi dkp;u djuk gSA

mkj 1- fe=ke~ ew y 'kCn fe=k*] uiqaldfyax_ okD; esaizFkek foHkfDr dk

iz;ksx] dkkZ&^vuqjkx%* dk iwjd gksusosQ ukrsA2-oqQ'kye~ ewy 'kCn oqQ'ky*] uiqaldfyax_ okD; esaizFkek foHkfDr

iz;ksx okD; dk dkkZgksus osQ dkj.kA3- goue~ ew y 'kCn ^gou* uiqaldfyax_ okD; esadkkZdkjd esa]

vr% izFkek foHkfDr esaA ;FkkîQye~*A4-izhfrHkkst%* ewy 'kCn îzhfrHkkst*iqfYayxA izFkek foHkfDr esa

îzhfrHkkst%*A ;Fkk ckyd%*A (okD; dk vk'k;izhfrHkkstvk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA)

5- tUefnol% ewy 'kCn tUefnol* iqfYayx_ okD; esadkkZ(^vfLr*

f;kin dk)_ vr% izFkek foHkfDr esaA6-tUefnue~ okD; dk dkk Z] fdUrquiqaldfyax gksusosQ dkj.k izFkek

foHkfDr :i^tUefnue~*_ ewy 'kCn ^tUefnu* îQy*dh HkkfrA

;ku jgs^fnol* 'kCn iqfYayx rFkk fnu* 'kCn uiqaldfyax gSA fjDr LFkkuiwfrZosQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu ;ku lsdjsaA 'kCn fyax dh vksj ;ku nsaAvH;kl ls fyax&iz;ksx Lor% 'kq gkstk,xkA

okD; dk vk'k;îzhfrHkkst vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA* izLrqr okD; deZokP; (PassiveVoice) esa gSA vr% îzhfrHkkst* 'kCn (;|fi deZgSrFkkfi) izFkek esagSA okP; dh lfoLrkj

ppkZmPp d{kkvksa esadh tk,xhA


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82 S- (-w)

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

laLr esavukSipkfjd&i=k fy[kus dh ogh fof/ vktdy viukbZtkrh gS] tks fgUnh vFkok vkaXy Hkk"kk esaA ij viuk laosQr (irk) rFkki=k fy[kus dh frfFk_ fiQj lEcks/u cM+ksaosQ fy, vknj.kh;@iwT;@iwtuh;osQ lkFk fir%@firkeg@ekrqy bR;kfn osQ i'pkr~ lknj iz.kke%@ pj.k&Li'kZ%bR;kfnA viusls NksVksaosQ fy, lEcks/u esa fiz; iq=k@fiz; iq=kh bR;kfn vkSjcjkcj okyksaosQ fy, fiz; fe=k@fiz; lf[k@fiz; lkSjHk@fiz; lquhrsbR;kfnANksVksaosQ fy, ^'kqHkkf'k"k%* vkSj cjkcj okyksaosQ fy, ^lizse ueLrs* osQi'pkr~ oqQ'ky eaxy iwNus dh vkSipkfjdrk gksrh gSA

blosQ ckn i=k dk eq[; fo"k; vkrk gSA i=k lekIr djus ls igys

ifjokj osQ vU; lnL;ksaosQ izfr viuh 'kqHkdkeuk@vknj Hkko izdV fd;ktkrk gSA vUr esai=k fy[kusokyk viuk uke fy[krk gS_ ;Fkk Hkorke~@Hkorkuke~vkKkdkjh iq=k%@vkKkdkfj.kh iq=kh vFkok ro fiz;fe=ke~@fiz; l[kh bR;kfnA


83/94

S- (-w) 83

tUefnol&lekjksg%(dkjkUr&iz;ksx%)fganh vuqokn(tUefnu dk mRlo)

fiNys g+rsikp rkjh[k dksjkgqy dk tUefnu FkkA ml fnu jkgqy ckjg lky dkgksx;kA

losjsmBdj mlusekrk vkSj firk osQ pj.k Li'kZfd,A ekrk usLusgiwoZd iq=kdksdgk^csVk] fpjdky rd thvks] izlUu jgks*A firk usmlsdgk^csVk] liQygksoks*A ekrk&firk osQ vk'khokZn lsjkgqy osQ n; esamYykl vkSj vkRefo'oklvk x;kA

bl [kq'kh osQ fnu ekrk&firk Hkh izlUu FksA mu nksuksausiq=k dksmigkj fn;kA tc

jkgqy us fp=k&iQyd (Mkbax&cksMZ) ns[kk rksmlus [kq'k gksdj rKrk ls ekrk vkSjfirk dks dgk^;g cgqr vPNk gSA ekrk th! firk th! eSavkidk vkHkkjh gwA*

fp=kdyk esa jkgqy dh cM+h #fp gSA'kke dks tUefnu osQ mRlo osQ fy, jkgqy osQ fe=k vk,A mUgksausviusfe=k dks

tUefnu dh ckkbZ nhA^tUefnu 'kqHk gksA*^Lokxr gS] (vki lcdk) Lokxr gS] vkb,] cSfB,*bl izdkj dk okrkZyki

gqvkAfe=kksa lsmigkj ysdj jkgqy usmudk kU;okn fd;kAtUefnu osQ volj ij ?kj fofok ja xksaosQ vyadj.kksa(ltkoV dh oLrqvksa) ls

lqlfTtr FkkA lc yksx izlUu FksAjkgqy dh ekusfeBkb;k] BaMsis; vkSj Lokfn"V O;atu ykdj esk ij j[k fn,AcUkq&ckUko esk osQ pkjksavksj [kM+sFksA jkgqy us lc dksfeBkbZnhA

[kq'kh dk ekgkSy FkkA lc useksls[kk;k] ukpk vkSj xk;kA

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

mnkgj.k ns[ksavkSj le>saAikB dh fo"k;oLrqosQ vk/kj ij dnk* dc osQ mkjesaxrlIrkgs* fiNysg+rs(last week) vFkkZr~jkgqyL; tUefnol% xrlIrkgs

vklhr~A,d&,d djosQ iz'uksa dksi


84/94

84 S- (-w)

fodYi pqudj] ,d in esamkj nsaA dks"Bdnk fodYiksadk okpu ;ku lsdjsaA

uksV djsaizR;sd dks"Bd osQ fodYi le:i gSaA;Fkkmnkgj.k okD; esa lHkh inlIreh ,dopu esa^xrekls] xro"ksZ] xrlIrkgs*A bl izdkj dk okpu Hkk"kk&cks/ esalgk;d gksrk gSAmkj1- ipe&rkfjdk;ke~ (dL;ke~rkfjdk;ke~ fdl rkjh[k dks)

2- }kn'ko"khZ;% (dfro"khZ;% fdrus lky dh vk;qokyk)3- fp=kiQyde~ (fde~ D;k&uiqaldfyax)4- fp=kdyk;ke~ (dL;ke~ fdlesa&L=hfyax&D;ksafd ^fp=kdyk*

'kCn L=khfyax_ dL;ke~* o fp=kdyk;ke~*nksuksalIreh ,dopu)

5- tUefnol&lekjksgk; (fdeFkZe~ fdlfy,)6- vkg~ykniw.kZe~ (dhn`'ke~ oSQlk)7- fe"VkUukfu (dkfu (D;k) uiq aldfyax] cgqopu)

fyf[kre~

1- bu iz'uksaosQ mkj lEiw.kZokD; esafy[ksaA iz'u dks;kuiwoZd i


85/94

S- (-w) 85

3- (d) mnkgj.k ns[ksaAdks"Bd esa vl~* /krqosQ rhu :i fn, x, gSaA okD;

dk dkkZ^vge~*gksus osQ dkj.k ^vfLe*'kq :i gSA blh izdkjvU; okD;ksadk okpu djsa] vkSj dkkZuqlkj dks"Bd ls'kq :i pqudjf;kin fy[ksaA vH;kl djuslsigys y~ ydkj osQ /krq :i dhvko`fk dj ysaA

mkj 1- vLi`'kr~ D;ksafd okD; dk dkkZ ^jkgqy%* izFke iq#"k],dopu] vr% f;kin izFke iq#"k ,dopuA

2- v;PNrke~ D;ksafd dkkZ&êkrk firk p*vr% f;kin f}opuesaA

3- vkxPNu~ D;ksa fd okD; dk dkkZ ^fe=kkf.k*cgqopu esaAdkkZ&f;kin leUo; osQ fu;ekuqlkj f;kin Hkh

cgqopu esaA4- vxk;e~ okD; dk dkkZ &^vge~*&vr% f;kin mke iq#"k

,dopu esaA5- vuR;ke dkkZin ô;e~* gksus osQ dkj.k&f;kin mke

iq#"k] cgqopuA

([k)mnkgj.k ns[ksaA loZ* 'kCn osQ rhu :i dks"Bd esa fn, x, gSaA okD;isa] okD;&iz;ksx osQvuqlkj dks"Bd lsmfpr fodYi pqusa vkSj okD;&iwfrZdjsaA

mkj 1- fe=kk; ^nk* (;PN~ ) /krqosQ ;ksx esa] ftlosQ fy, fn;ktk;] mlesa prqFkhZ dk iz;ksxA

2- izlUukS ^firjkS*(f}opu) dk fo'ks"k.k Hkh f}opu esagksuk pkfg,_ D;ksafd fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo;vko';d gSA (izlUu%,dopu_ izlUuk% cgqopu)

3- iQyde~ îfjr%* (pkjksavksj) bl vO;; osQ ;ksx esaf}rh;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] vr% iQyde~*(f}rh;k]

,dopu) mfpr fodYiA (fgUnh Hkk"kk esaêskosQ pkjksavksj* esavk, ijlxZ osQ* ls Hkzfer u gksaA


86/94

86 S- (-w)

ek=k osQ* yx tkuslsdksbZ'kCn "k"Bh foHkfDr in

ughagkstk,xkA)4- ekrq% êkr`* 'kCn dkjkUr] "k"Bh ,dopu esaêkrq%*(ekrk dk@osQ@dh)A ek=kks% (nksekrkvksadk)

f}opu in5- fi=kk s% ^fir* 'kCn dk iz;ksx f}opu esa ekrk firk* nksuksa

dk laKd gSA vr% fi=kks%* (ekrk firk dk) mfprfodYi gSA (ikB dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ vuqlkjekrk&firk nksuksajkgqy dksvk'khokZn nsrsgSa) fir&'kCnHkh dkjkUr gksusosQ dkj.k fi=kks%* mfprA

fjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ ckn nksuksa[k.MksaosQ okD;ksa dk lgt jhfrls okpu djsaA 'kq iz;ksx ljy gks tk,xkA

4-etw"kk esafn, 'kCnksadksns[ksa^rr~* (iqfYayx) loZuke osQ :i gSaAmnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saAlaKkin jkgqye~*f}rh;k] ,dopu (iqfYayx)osQ LFkku ij loZuke~^re~*D;ksafd re~(iqfYayx) f}rh;k ,dopu in gSALi"V gSlaKkin osQ LFkku ij loZuke dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] fdUrqnksuksainleku yx] foHkfDr o opu esa gksaA

mkj(d)1- rsu ^jkgqysu* osQ fy, iz;qDrnksuksain iqfYayx] r`rh;k] ,dopuesa A

2- rL; ^jkgqyL;* osQ fy,nksuksa] iqYyx] "k"Bh] ,dopu esaA3- rLeS ^jkgq yk;* osQ fy,nksuksa iqYyx] prqFkhZ] ,dopu esaAokD;ksadk mPpkj.k djsaA

([k)etw"kk esa ^rr~* loZuke (L=khfyax) osQ :i fn, x, gSaA laKkin dhfoHkfDr dks;ku esaj[krsgq, mfpr loZuke :i pqudj okD; iwjsdjsaA

mkj 1- rL;S êk=ks* osQ fy, iz;qDr_ nksuksain L=khfyaxprqFkhZ_ ,dopuesaA

2- r;k êk=kk* osQ fy, iz;qDr_ nksuksain L=khfyaxf}rh;k ,dopuesaA

3- rke~ êkrje~* osQ fy, iz;qDr_ nksuksain L=khfyaxf}rh;k ,dopuesaA


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S- (-w) 87

;g vH;kl djusls igys loZuke rr~iqfYayx vkSj L=khfyax rFkk

vdkjkUr&iqfYayx vkSj dkjkUr 'kCn osQ :i dh vko`fk dj ysaAbudk iz;ksx izLrqr ikB esavk;k gSA bl n`f"V lsikB dk ;kuiwoZdokpu Hkh lgk;d gksxkA

mkj5- izFkekekrjkS ekrj%

f}rh;k firjkSekrje~ ekrjkS

r`rh;k firH;ke~ek=kk ekr`fHk%

prqFkhZ fi=ks firH;ke~ firH;%ekrH;ke~

ipeh firq% fi=kks% firH;%ekrH;ke~ ekrH;%

"k"Bh firq% fir`.kke~ekrq% ek=kks%

lIreh fi=kks%ekrfj ekr`"kq

lEcks/u gsfirjkS! gs firj%!gsekr%! gsekrjkS! gs ekrj%!

rkfydkiwfrZosQ mijkUr ,d ckj lgt jhfr lsmPpkj.k djsaAikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA lq[k&nq[k esaifjokj dk vkJ; cgqr egoj[krk gSA fe=k&fj'rsnkjksaosQ fcuk euq"; v/wjk gSA vr% esy&tksy t:jh gSAfdUrq ijLij Lusg o lEeku osQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh fj'rk fuLlkj gSA fj'rs&ukrsln;rk ls ;fn fuHkk, tk,rks thou esavkuUn dh ygj vk tkrh gSA


88/94

88 S- (-w)

fo|k;k% izdk'k% (laokn%)fganh vuqokn(fo|k dk izdk'k)

lqfer fe=k] rqe lqcg fcLrj ls@lksdj dc mBrsgks\vfer eSa losjsikp cts;k N%ctsmBrk gwA

lqfer bruh lqcg mBdj rqe D;k djrsgks\vfer eSa;ksx dk vH;kl djrk gwA D;k tkursughafd ;ksx LokLF; osQ fy, gksrk

gS\ vFkkZr~;ksx djusls LokLF;&ykHk gksrk gSA rqe dc mBrs gks\lqfer eSarkslkr ctsmBrk gwA tYnh lsLukukfn djosQ LowQy osQ fy, rS;kj gks

tkrk gwAvfer nksLr] vkylh er cuksA dy lw;ZosQ mn; gksuslsigysmBdj] rqe esjs

lkFk vkukA ;gkdE;wfuVh lsUVj esa dksbZ;ksx dk Vhpj ;ksx osQ vklufl[kkrk gSA eSarqEgsaHkh ;ksxkH;kl osQ fy, ogkystkxkA

lqfer Bhd gS@vPNkAvfer Low Qy lsvkdj rqe D;k djrsgks\

lqfer igyseSa[kkuk [kkrk gwA Hkkstu osQ ckn] foJke djosQ LowQy lsfeyk dkedjrk gwA

vfer eSa Hkh ,sls gh djrk gwAlqfer mlosQ ckn LowQy osQ dke esaNksVh cgu dh enn djrk gwA

vfer bl dke esaesjh cM+h cgu esjh lgk;rk djrh gSAlqfer rqe fdlh dh enn ugha djrs\vfer fcYoqQy djrk gwA gekjh ,d ukSdjkuh gSA eSai


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S- (-w) 89

mkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~mnkgj.k ns[ksaA mkj ikB ij vk/kfjr gSaAmnkgj.kdnk dc osQ mkj esa lIroknu&dkys lkr ctsA;ku nsadks"Bdnk lHkh fodYi leku foHkfDr esagSaA ikB osQ vk/kj ij 'kq

fodYi pqudj ,d in esa mkj nsaaAmkj 1-;ksxkH;kle~(;ksxkH;kl dks) ^fde~ * (D;k) osQ mkj esaA

2- LokLF;k; (LokLF; osQ fy,) dLeS(fdlfy,) osQ mkj esaA3-lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs(lkeqnkf;d osQUnzesa) oq Q=k (dgk) osQ mkj esaA4- vuqtk;k% (NksVh cgu dh) dL;k% (fdldh) osQ mkj esaA

5- lsfodk;k% (lsfodk dh) dL;k% (fdldh) osQ mkj esaA6- iBudk;sZ(i


90/94

90 S- (-w)

mkj 1- rL;ke~(mlesa) vFkok,rL;ke~(blesa) D;ksafd okfVdk;ke~*& L=khyx]

lIreh] ,dopu in gSA2- dL; (fdldk) D;ksafd ckydL;* (iqfYayx) "k"Bh] ,dopu in]iz'u gksusosQ dkj.k iz'uokpd loZuke dk iz;ksxA3- rL;k% (mldh) vFkok,rL;k% (bldh) D;ksafd ^ckfydk;k%*(L=khfYakx) "k"Bh] ,dopu inA vr% "k"Bh] ,dopu loZuke (L=khfYakx)

dk iz;ksxA4- rL; (mldk) vFkok,rL; (bldk) D;ksafd ^Nk=kL;* (iqfYayx)"k"Bh ,dopu inA vr% "k"Bh] ,dopu] loZuke (iqfYayx) dk iz;ksxA5-rL;k% vFkok,rL;k% D;ksafd Nk=kk;k%* (L=khfYakx) "k"Bh] ,dopu

inA vr% "k"Bh] ,dopu loZuke (L=khfyax) dk iz;ksxA3- (d) yV~esa o`Q* /krqosQ :i ns[ksaA okD;iwfrZosQ le; lEiw.kZ okD;

ij ;ku nsaAmkj 1-djksfe 2- djksf"k 3- oqQeZ% 4- oq QjQr% 5- oqQoZfUrA

([k) fjDr LFkku iwfrZosQ mijkUr lgt jhfr lsokD;ksadk okpu djsaAdkkZ&f;k leUo; vuk;kl gh lh[k ysaxsA ^* /krq dkokD;&iz;ksx Hkh lgt gkstk,xkA

dks"Bd esafn, x, 'kCn DRok* vFkok Y;i~* izR;;kUr gSaA okD; dk vk'k;

le>dj mfpr in pqudj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA dks"Bdnk fodYiksadk ;ku lsokpu djsaAmkj 1- fefyRok (feydj) 4- vkxR; (vkdj)

2- mRFkk; (mBdj) 5- fLFkRok (jgdj)3- xRok (tkdj)

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa;ksx $ vH;kle~ ;ksxkH;kle~ (v $ v vk)mkj 1- fo|ky;% (vk $ vk vk) 4- dnkfi (vk $ v vk)

2- Lukukfn (v $ vk vk) 5- lw ;ksZn;% (v $ m vks)3- dL;kfi (v $ v vk)

Nk=k ikB osQ vk/kj ij lfU/;qDr in fy[k ldrs gSaA dks"Bd esafo'ys"k.k lkekU;&cks/ gsrqfn;k x;k gSA foLrkjiwoZd cks/ vxyh d{kkvksaesadjk;k tk,xkA


91/94

S- (-w) 91

5-izR;sd okD; dk ;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA vk'k; le>saA rRi'pkr~

js[kkafdr in dk foHkfDr&opu fy[ksaA okD;&iz;ksx le>saAmkj 1- ipeh] ,dopu (fo|ky;kr~ LowQy ls] from school viknkudkjd ipeh iz;ksx)

2-prqFkhZ] ,dopu (LokLF;k; LokLF; osQ fy, lEiznku dkjd prqFkhZiz;ksxA ;Fkk^nhi% izdk'kk; Hkofr*

mlh izdkj ^;ksx LokLF;k; Hkofr* ;ksx LokLF; osQ fy, gksrk gS)3- "k"Bh] ,dopu (HkkstuL; i'pkr~ Hkkstu osQ ckn ^i'pkr~*

osQ ;ksx esa"k"Bh foHkfDr in dk iz;ksx)4- "k"Bh] ,dopu (fo|k;k% fo|k dk izdk'k%* lslEcU/_

vr% lEcU/okpd "k"Bh dk iz;ksxA ;Fkk vfo|k;k%vU/dkj% vfo|k dk vU/dkj)

6-vuqPNsn dks;ku lsi


92/94

92 S- (-w)

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

^fo|kfoghu% i'kqfHk% leku%* vFkkZr~fo|k lsghu euq"; i'kqleku gSA fo|kikus dk lcdksleku vf/dkj gSA fdUrqnqHkkZX;o'k cgqr yksxksadks ;gvolj izkIr ughagksrkA ;fn izR;sd f'kf{kr O;fDr fdlh fuj{kj dks lk{kj

cukusesalgk;rk dj ns] rksns'k esafuj{kjrk dh leL;k dk lekkku lEHkogSA ekuk tkrk gSfd fo|k&nku lcls cM+k nku gSA izR;sd f'kf{kr ukxfjddk ;g dkZO; gh ugha mkjnkf;Ro Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd ns'k osQloZ&f'k{kk&vfHk;ku dks liQy cukus esaiwjk lg;ksx nsA


93/94

S- (-w) 93

ikBk% 16&18 iqujkofk%

mkj1- 1- v.kZoL; tUefnol% cq/okljsiperkfjdk;ke~vklhr~A2- v.kZo% fe=ke~vuqjkxa izfr i=kafy[kfrA3- firjk Sjkgqyk; fp=kiQyde~v;PNrke~A4- jkgqyL; fe=kkf.k tUefnol&lekjksgk; vkxPNu~A5- rsjkgqyk; vonu~&^tUefnol% 'kqHk% Hkorq*A6- vfer% izR;w"ks;ksxkH;kla djksfrA7- lqfer% fo|ky;kr~ vkxR; foJkeadjksfrA

mkj 2- 1- ;ksx% 2- fo|ky;kr~ 3- vuqtk;k%

4- izlUu% Hko 5- izhfrHkkst%Amkj 3- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj izR;sd okD; i


94/94

u`R;fUr fozQ;kin xk;fUr* osQ lkFk mfpr fozQ;kin] vkxs p* Hkh

vk;k gSAcU/q&ckU/ok% okD; dk dkkZ_ fo'ks"k.k losZ* osQ lkFk mfprAizlUuk% ^cU/q&ckU/ok%* fo'ks";&in dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% leku

foHkfDr esaAfe"VkUukfu fo'ks";&in fo'ks"k.k ^Lokfn"Vkfu* osQ lkFk,dleku

foHkfDr rFkk opuuiqaldfYakx cgqopuA'khre~] is;e~ ficfUr dk deZ^'khre~*&fo'ks"k.k] is;e~&fo'ks";Avyadj.kS% ^ukuko.kSZ%* fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk fo'ks"; leku foHkfDr rFkk

opu esaA

mkj5- 1- vU/dkj% ikB% fo|k;

Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 2

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Transcript of Sanskrit Manjusha Vyakaran Part 2