Sanskrit Manj Vya (Part-2) - SARASWATI HOUSE

‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê‚È’ÊÁœŸË(÷Êª-w)

‹Áπ∑§Ê»Í§‹∑§Ê¢ÃÊ øÊfl‹Ê

(Lo.kZind fots=kh] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;)HkwriwoZ vè;kfidk] fnYyh ifCyd LowQy iQjhnkckn

UU;w ‚⁄USflÃË „UÊ©U‚ (bafM;k) ¬˝Ê0Á‹0Ÿß¸ ÁŒÀ‹Ë-vvÆÆÆw (bafM;k)

Âý·¤æàæ·¤ Ñ

U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúnwljh eafty] ,eúthú,eú VkWoj] 19 valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 (bafM;k)

ÎêÚUÖæá Ñ$91&11&yxzz{{®® ��¤�â Ñ$91&11&yxzz{{}}§ü-×ðÜ Ñ[email protected]

ßðÕâæ§ÅU Ñwww.saraswatihouse.com

lhúvkbZú,uú Ñ U22110DL2013PTC262320

¥æØæÌ-çÙØæüÌ Üæ§âð´â Ù¢0 0513086293

àææ¹æ°¡ Ñ• vgenkckn (079) 22160722 • Õ¢»ÜêM¤ (®}®) w{{v~}}®, 26676396 • �ð�Ù§ü (®yy) 28416531 • nsgjknwu 09837452852• xqokgkVh (0361) 2457198 • gSnjkckn (040) 42615566 • ÁØÂéÚU (0141) 4006022 • tkya/j (0181) 4642600] 4643600• dksfp (®y}y) 4033369 • dksydkrk (033) 40042314 • y[kuÅ (®zww) y®{wzv| • ×é¢Õ§ü (®ww) 28737050] 28737090• ÂÅUÙæ (®{vw) wz|®y®x • jkaph (0651) 2244654

© âßæüçÏ·¤æÚU âéÚUç�æÌ§â Âý·¤æàæÙ ·ð¤ ç·¤âè Öè ¥¢àæ ·¤æ ÂýçÌçÜçÂ·¤ÚU�æ, °ðâð Ø¢�æ ×ð´ Ö¢ÇUæÚU�æ çÁââð ØãU ÂéÙÑ Âýæ�Ì ç·¤Øæ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãUæð ¥Íßæ �ÍæÙæ¢ÌÚU�æ, ç·¤âè ÖèM¤Â ×ð´ ¥Íßæ ç·¤âè Öè çßçÏ mæÚUæ Øæ¢ç�æ·¤, §Üð��UæòçÙ·¤, ÂýçÌçÜçÂ, çÚU·¤æòçÇZU» ¥Íßæ ¥�Ø ç·¤âè Âý·¤æÚU âð, Âý·¤æàæ·¤ ·¤è Âêßü ¥Ùé×çÌ ·ð¤ çÕÙæ ÙãUè´ ç·¤Øæ Áæ â·¤ÌæÐ

eqæd % fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml izkúfyú] lkfgckckn (mRrj izns'k)

Âý·¤æàæ·¤ Ñ

U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúnwljh eafty] ,eúthú,eú VkWoj] 19 valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 (bafM;k)

ÎêÚUÖæá Ñ$91&11&yxzz{{®® ��¤�â Ñ$91&11&yxzz{{}}§ü-×ðÜ Ñ[email protected]

ßðÕâæ§ÅU Ñwww.saraswatihouse.com

lhúvkbZú,uú Ñ U22110DL2013PTC262320

¥æØæÌ-çÙØæüÌ Üæ§âð´â Ù¢0 0513086293

àææ¹æ°¡ Ñ• vgenkckn (079) 22160722 • Õ¢»ÜêM¤ (®}®) w{{v~}}®, 26676396 • �ð�Ù§ü (®yy) 28416531 • nsgjknwu 09837452852• xqokgkVh (0361) 2457198 • gSnjkckn (040) 42615566 • ÁØÂéÚU (0141) 4006022 • tkya/j (0181) 4642600] 4643600• dksfp (®y}y) 4033369 • dksydkrk (033) 40042314 • y[kuÅ (®zww) y®{wzv| • ×é¢Õ§ü (®ww) 28737050] 28737090• ÂÅUÙæ (®{vw) wz|®y®x • jkaph 08294693413

© âßæüçÏ·¤æÚU âéÚUç�æÌ§â Âý·¤æàæÙ ·ð¤ ç·¤âè Öè ¥¢àæ ·¤æ ÂýçÌçÜçÂ·¤ÚU�æ, °ðâð Ø¢�æ ×ð´ Ö¢ÇUæÚU�æ çÁââð ØãU ÂéÙÑ Âýæ�Ì ç·¤Øæ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãUæð ¥Íßæ �ÍæÙæ¢ÌÚU�æ, ç·¤âè ÖèM¤Â ×ð´ ¥Íßæ ç·¤âè Öè çßçÏ mæÚUæ Øæ¢ç�æ·¤, §Üð��UæòçÙ·¤, ÂýçÌçÜçÂ, çÚU·¤æòçÇZU» ¥Íßæ ¥�Ø ç·¤âè Âý·¤æÚU âð, Âý·¤æàæ·¤ ·¤è Âêßü ¥Ùé×çÌ ·ð¤ çÕÙæ ÙãUè´ ç·¤Øæ Áæ â·¤ÌæÐ

eqæd % fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml izkúfyú] lkfgckckn (mRrj izns'k)

(iii)

¬˝ÊÄ∑§ÕŸ“‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê” “‚È’ÊÁœŸË” ∑§ la'kksf/r ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ ¬⁄U ‚’∑§Ê fo'ks"k :i „UÊÁŒ¸∑§ ’œÊß¸ ŒÃ „ÈU∞, ¿UÊòÊÊ¥ ‚ ŒÊ ‡ÊéŒ ∑§„UŸÊ øÊ„Í°UªË– ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ “‚È’ÊÁœŸË” ∑§Ê ∞∑§ “ªÊß«U ’È∑§” ∑§Ë ÷Ê°ÁÃ Ÿ ‚◊¤Ê¥, •Á¬ÃÈ •ë¿UË ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚◊¤ÊÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∞∑§ ‚„UÊÿ∑§-¬ÈÁSÃ∑§Ê ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ Œπ¥–

ÿ„UÊ° ÿ„U ¬˝‡Ÿ ÷Ë •ÊÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ¬Ê∆˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ◊¥ ‚ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ‡ÊéŒÊÕ¸ ŒŸ ∑§ ©U¬⁄UÊãÃ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¬Ê∆U ∑§Ê Á„UãŒË •ŸÈflÊŒ ŒŸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ ÄÿÊ¥ „ÈUß¸? flÊSÃÁfl∑§ÃÊ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ flÊÄÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝àÿ∑§ ‡ÊéŒ ‡Ê· flÊÄÿ ∑§ ‚ãŒ÷¸ ◊¥ ∑Ò§‚ ‚◊¤ÊÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞óÿ„U ’ÊÃ ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ flÊÄÿ ∑§ •ŸÈflÊŒ mÊ⁄UÊ „UË S¬c≈U ∑§Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU, •ãÿÕÊ Ÿ„UË¥– Á∑§ãÃÈ ¿UÊòÊÊ¥ ‚ •ŸÈ⁄UÊœ „ÒU Á∑§ fl ◊ÊòÊ •ŸÈflÊŒ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U Ÿ „UÊ¥– S◊⁄UáÊ ⁄U„U-‚êÿ∑˜Ô§Ô ’Êœ ∑§ Á‹∞ ◊Í‹ ¬Ê∆U ∑§Ê flÊøŸ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „ÒU–

¬Ê∆U ∑§ •ãÃ ◊¥ •Ê∞ •èÿÊ‚-¬˝‡ŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ‹Ê÷ ©U∆UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞, ¿UÊòÊ Sflÿ¢ ¬Ê∆U ◊¥ ©UûÊ⁄U …Í°U…∏¥U– Ãà¬‡øÊÃ˜Ô „UË “‚È’ÊÁœŸË” ◊¥ Œπ¥– ß‚ ‚ãŒ÷¸ ◊¥ flÊÄÿ-¬˝ÿÊª ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¥ ŒUË ªß¸ √ÿÊ∑§⁄UáÊ-‚ê’ãœË ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ ‚ ¬…∏U¢– ∑§Êß¸ ∑§Á∆UŸÊß¸ •Ê∞ ÃÊ flÊÄÿ-¬˝ÿÊª ŒÊ„U⁄UÊ∞°– œË⁄U-œË⁄U ÁŸÿ◊ S¬c≈U „UÊÃ ÁŒπÊß¸ Œ¥ª–

‚¢S∑Î§Ã-Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ◊¥ ‡ÊéŒ M§¬ ÃÕÊ œÊÃÈ M§¬ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ SÕÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, Á∑§ãÃÈ ◊ÊòÊ ∑§á∆USÕ ∑§⁄U ‹ŸÊ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ Ÿ„UË¥, ¬˝ÿÊª ‚◊¤ÊŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU– ¡’ Ã∑§ M§¬ ∑§á∆USÕ „UÊ¥, Ã’ Ã∑§ ¿UÊòÊ ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ◊¥ ŒË ªß¸ ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ‹¥, ∆UË∑§ ©U‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ¡Ò‚ flÃ¸ŸË •ÕflÊ ‡ÊéŒÊÕ¸ ¡ÊŸŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‡ÊéŒ-∑§Ê· ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– œË⁄U-œË⁄U ‡ÊÈh-¬˝ÿÊª ◊¥ •èÿSÃ „UÊ ¡Ê∞°ª–

¬Ê∆˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ “‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê” ◊¥ •Áœ∑§Ê¢‡Ê ∞‚ ‡ÊéŒÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU, ¡Ê •Ê¡ ¬˝Êÿ— Á„UãŒË ÃÕÊ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊŒÁ‡Ê∑§ ÷Ê·Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÈÄÃ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ‚¢S∑Î§Ã-Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ‚„U¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚⁄U‚ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸË ◊ÊÃÎ÷Ê·Ê ∑§Ë ∞‚Ë ‡ÊéŒÊfl‹Ë ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ‹Ê÷ ©U∆UÊ∞°–

◊¢ª‹∑§Ê◊ŸÊ•Ê¥ ‚Á„UÃ–

ó‹Áπ∑§Ê

(iv)

Áfl·ÿ-‚ÍøË

v. ‚åÃ◊Ë∑§ˇÊÊ(•Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊãÃ-¬˝ÿÊª—)..............................................5

w. flŸ-÷Ê¡—(‹æ˜U&ydkjÔ - ¬˝ÿÊª—).........................................10

x. π‹-flÊÃÊ¸(•∑§Ê⁄UÊãÃ-•Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊãÃ-¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ—).............................14

y. •„U◊˜Ô•Ê◊˝◊˜Ô(•Êà◊∑§ÕÊÄàflÊ-¬˝ÿÊª—)....................................18

• ¬Ê∆UÊ—v-y¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ—............................................................22

z. ªÎœ˝-◊Ê¡Ê¸⁄U-∑§ÕÊ(S◊-¬˝ÿÊª—)..............................................25

{. •S◊Ê∑¢§Œ‡Ê—÷Ê⁄UÃfl·¸—(Áfl‡Ê·áÊ-Áfl‡Êcÿ-¬˝ÿÊª—).....................30

|. o`{kL; O;FkkU......................................................................34

}. 'yksd&leqPp;%................................................................37

• ¬Ê∆UÊ—z-}¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ—............................................................41

~. lIrkgL; fnolk% (la[;kokpdkfu).....................................44

vÆ. Hkkstu&d{k% (laokn%&fp=ko.kZu&vH;kl%).............................48

vv. HkkxhjFkh (bZdkjkUr&iz;ksx%).................................................53

vw. jk"Vªnsoks Hko (i|) .........................................................59

• ¬Ê∆UÊ—~-vw¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ—..........................................................64

vx. eqfuew"kd;ks% dFkk [bdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%]....................66

vy. lqHkkf"krkfu........................................................................71

vz. Írqjkt% olUr% [mdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%]......................76

• ¬Ê∆UÊ—vx-vz¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ—........................................................80

v{. fe=ke~ izfr fueU=k.ke~ (i=ke~)(ÍdkjkUr&iz;ksx%) .................84

v|. eqEcbZ&uxje~ .....................................................................90

v}. fo|k;k% izdk'k% (laokn%).................................................94

• ¬Ê∆UÊ—v{-v}¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ—........................................................99

‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê (÷Êª-w) ‚È’ÊÁœŸË 5

lIreh d{kk (vkdkjkUr&iz;ksx%)

mÙkjkf.k

bl ikB esa eq[;r% vkdkjkUr (L=khfYakx) 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gSA ikB&okpu osQ le; jaxhu inksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA

ekSf[kde~µ'kCn:idkmPpkj.kdjsaA 1- fyf[kre~µ lc vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa osQ :i ,dleku gksrs gSaA rkfydkiwfrZ

djrs le; mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA mÙkjµ ekys ekyk% 'kk[kkH;ke~ 'kk[kkfHk%

1fganh vuqokn (lkroha d{kk)

;gNk=kkikB'kkyktkjghgSAikB'kkykesavusdNk=kk,¡i<+rhgSaA

rHkhvè;kfidkd{kkesaizos'kdjrhgSaANk=kk,¡mBrhgSavkSjvè;kfidkdksiz.kkedjrh gSaA os dgrh gSaµeSMe]lqizHkkr(xqMekWfuZax)A

vè;kfidk dgrh gS] ^lqizHkkr]cSBtkvks!*

lquhrkdk;kZy;(nÝ+ rj)lspkWdykrhgSAvkSjes”kijj[knsrhgSAf'kf{kdkpkWdlsCySdcksMZijfy[krhgSAogyM+fd;ksadkslaLÑri<+krhgSAyM+fd;k¡vè;kfidklslaLÑri<+rhgSaA

;glkrohad{kkgSAd{kkesaNk=kk,¡cSBhgSaAosoqQflZ;ksaijcSBrhgaSA

es”kij,dfMCckgSAvktfMCcsesapkWdughagSaAvè;kfidklquhrkdksvkns'knsrhgSµlquhrk]tkvkspkWdysvkvksA

tc os 'kksj epkrh gSa] f'kf{kdkyM+fd;ksadksdgrhgSaµ^'kksjerdjks]pqipkicSBks*ArksHkhlquhjkvkSjlquhrkvkilesackrdjrhgSaArcvè;kfidkdgrhgSµrqenksuksafdlfy,ckrdjjghgks\oglquhjkdhvH;kl&iqfLrdkns[krhvkSjdgrh gSµgs lquhjk] D;kckrgS]rqEgkjkdkevèkwjkgS\

lquhjkvè;kfidkdksmÙkjnsrhgSµ{kekdhft,]eSMe]fiQj,slkughad:¡ xhAmlosQcknlquhjkè;kulsdkedjrhgSAvè;kfidklquhjkdksn.MughansrhAmldkdkeiwjkgkstkrkgSA

thou esa vuq'kklu vko';d gSA

6 ‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê (÷Êª-w) ‚È’ÊÁœŸË

'kk[kkH;ke~ 'kk[kkH;%

f'kf{kdkH;ke~ f'kf{kdkH;%

'kk[k;ks% 'kk[kkuke~

ikB'kky;ks% ikB'kkyklq

gs ckfyosQ! gs ckfydk%!

2- ;g vH;kl ikB dh dFkkoLrq ij v/kkfjr gSA vr% ikB dk okpu&iquokZpu dj ysaA iz'uokpd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ le> ysaA iz'uokpd loZuke fde~* (L=khfyax) dh 'kCn:i dk okpu fgrdj gksxkA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^oqQ=k* (dgk¡) osQ mÙkj esa ikB'kkyke~* (LowQy dks) vk;k gSA

iz'u è;ku ls i<+sa_ dks"Bd esa fn, fodYiksa dk okpu dj] ikB osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA

mÙkjµ d- ikB'kkyk;ke~ (ikB'kkyk esa) µ (oqQ=k = dgk¡ µ vO;;) [k- vklfUndklq (oqQfl;ksa ij) µ [ dklq = fdu ij (L=khfyax)] x- d{kk;ke~ ((d{kk esa) µ (oqQ=k = dgk¡) ?k- dk"BiQyosQ (esT+k ij) µ (oqQ=k = dgk¡) Ä- pkdxqfydk% (pkd) µ (dk% = D;k & L=khfyax&cgqopu) p- lquhjk;k% (lquhjk dk) µ (dL;k% = fdldh&L=khfyax&,dopu) N- vo/kusu (è;ku ls) µ (dFke~ = fdl izdkj&vO;;) mÙkj fy[krs le; Li"V mPpkj.k djsaA

3- mÙkj osQ fy, ikB esa ns[ksaA fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA mÙkjµ d- ;nk vè;kfidk vkxPNfr] rnk Nk=kk% mfÙk"BfUr vè;kfidka p uefUrA [k- f'kf{kdk lquhrke~ vkfn'kfrµ^lquhrs! xPN] pkdxqfydk% vku;A* x- ckfydk% vè;kfidk;k% laLÑra iBfUrA ?k- f'kf{kdk pkdxqfyd;k ';keiê ðs fy[kfrA Ä- lquhjk vè;kfidka onfrµ^{kE;rke~] vk;sZ! iqu% ,oa u dfj";kfeA*

vr% lk lquhjka u n.M;frAvFkok

vè;kfidk lquhjka u n.M;fr ;r% lk vè;kfidka onfrµ {kE;rke~] vk;sZ! iqu% ,oa u dfj";kfeA


4- izR;sd okD; dks è;kuiwoZd i<s+aA nksuksa fodYiksa osQ vFkZ le>sa_ rRi'pkr~ mfpr fodYi fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksaA mfpr fodYi ^vè;kfidk;k%*µ ftlls ge Kku izkIr djrs gSa] mlesa i×peh iz;ksxA

(i×peh iz;ksx) (;Fkkµl% vè;kidkr~ iBfrA)

mÙkjµ d- ikB'kkyke~ µ D;ksafd îkB'kkyk* 'kCn vkdkjkUr gS] vdkjkUr ughaA

[k- ckfydk% µ okD; dk deZ vkSj vkdkjkUr gksus osQ dkj.k] ^ckfydk%* (f}rh;k] cgqopu)_ (Lej.kh;e~µ vdkjkUr 'kCnksa esa f}rh;k] cgqopu esa iqfYyÄõ vUr esa ^vku~* yxrk gS_ tSlsµckydku~A)

x- e×tw"kke~ µ deZin (Object of Sentence) gksus osQ dkj.k] f}rh;k foHkfDr esaA

?k- n.M;fr µ D;ks afd ^n.M~* /krq esa ^;* vkrk gSµ(;Fkk x.k~µx.k;fr_ dFk~µdFk;fr_ pqj~µpksj;fr vkfnA)

Ä- dksykgysu µ vya* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr yxrh gSA p- lquhjs µ ;g lEcks/u in gS] vkdkjkUr 'kCn osQ lEcks/u]

,dopu dk :iA (;Fkkµ^gs yrs*] ^gs ckfyosQ* bR;kfnA)

5- e×tw"kk esa fn, fØ;kin i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA ;s lHkh ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA vc fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk izR;sd okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa vkSj mfpr fØ;kin ls fjDr LFkku HkjsaA dfBukbZ gksus ij ikB osQ ml Hkkx dk iquokZpu djsa] tgk¡ ;g iz;ksx vk;k gSA

mÙkjµ izfo'kfr (izos'k djrh gS)_ mfÙk"BfUr (mB [kM+h gksrh gSa)_ onfUr (dgrh gSa)_ onfr (dgrh gS)_ ikB;fr (i<+krh gS)A

6- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ckb± vksj osQ okD; esa ^vya* dk iz;ksx vk;k gSA ^vya* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr yxrh gSA nkb± vksj mlh dk vk'k; ljy laLÑr esa fn;k x;k gS_ ;Fkkµvya dksykgysu ¾ dksykgya ek oqQ# ('kksj er djks)A

è;ku nsaµ êk* dk iz;ksx êr* (u) osQ vFkZ esa gksrk gSA ijLij esy djrs le; mPpkj.k djuk fgrdj gksxkA


mÙkjµ [k- vya dygsuA dyga ek oqQ#A (>xM+k er djks) x- vya fpUr;kA fpUrka ek oqQ#A (fpUrk er djks) ?k- vya fooknsuA fookna ek oqQ#A (cgl er djks) Ä- vya okrkZykisuA okrkZykia ek oqQ#A (ckr er djks)

è;ku jgsµvdkjkUr rFkk vkdkjkUr esa 'kCn :i esa Hksn gksrk gS_ ;Fkkµvya dygsu (ewy 'kCnµdyg&vdkjkUr) fdUrq vya fpUr;k (ewy 'kCnµfpUrk& vkdkjkUr)

7- ikB esa vkns'k okD; vk, gSaµ (i) xPN] pkdxqfydk% vku;A (,dopu) (ii) rw".kha fr"BrA (cgqopu) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj vkns'kkRed fozQ;kin osQ :i dks le>sa µ iB·

(i<+ks) (,dopu)] iBr· (rqe yksx i<+ks) (cgqopu)A mÙkjµ d- rw".kha fr"BrA (pqipki cSBks) [k- LoPNe~ fy[krA (lkI+kQ fy[kks) x- lR;a onrA (lp cksyks) ?k- fp=ka i';rA (fp=k dks ns[kks) Ä- xPNr] pkdxqfydk% vku;rA (tkvks] pkWd ys vkvks) vkns'k okD;ksa dk okpu djsaµ,dopu rFkk cgqopu nksuksa esaA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% ewY;ijd iz'u ikB ij vk/kfjr gSA mÙkj nsus ls igys ikB dk okpu

è;kuiwoZd djsaA ikB ls m¼`r x|ka'k i<+sa] iz'u le>sa] rnuqlkj mÙkj nsa_ ;Fkkµ

mÙkjµ 1- Nk=kk% vè;kfidka izfr lEekua izn'kZ;fUrA rk% vè;kfidk;k% lEekukFkZe~ mfÙk"BfUrA (Nk=kk,¡ vè;kfidk osQ izfr lEeku n'kkZrh gSaA os vè;kfidk osQ lEeku osQ fy, mBrh gSaA)

2- lquhjk lquhrk p d{kk;ke~ vuq'kklusu u fr"Br% vFkok vuq'kklua u iky;r%A (lquhjk rFkk lquhrk d{kk esa vuq'kklu dk ikyu ugha djrhaA)

3- vke~] lquhjk Lokijk/a Lohdjksfr] lk {kek;kpuka djksfr vFkok lk vè;kfidka {keka ;kprsA (gk¡] lquhjk viuk vijk/ Lohdkj djrh gS] og {kek;kpuk djrh gS vFkok og vè;kfidk ls {kek ek¡xrh gSA)

· ;s yksV~ ydkj (Imperative Mood) eè;e iq#"k osQ /krq :i gSaA foLrkj ls vxyh d{kk esaA vHkh bruk Lej.k jgsµfd vkns'k okD; esa /krq esa ls gyUr fpÉ gVk nsus ij ,dopu

vkSj mlesa ^r* yxk nsus ij cgqopu :i cu tkrk gS_ ;FkkµxPN (,dopu)_ xPNr (cgqopu)A


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

fp=k esa d{kk dk n`'; gSA e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA lHkh 'kCn ikB esa vk

pqosQ gSaA 'kCnksa osQ :i dh vksj è;ku nsaA ;s vkdkjkUr 'kCn gSaA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>saA vuqPNsn] ikB ij

vkèkkfjr gSA fjDr LFkku e×tw"kk ls mfpr in ysdj HkjsaA vko';drk gksus ij ikB dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA

mÙkjµ d{kk] d{kk;ke~] vklfUndklq] f'kf{kdk] Nk=kk%] e×tw"kk] e×tw"kk;ke~] pkdxqfyd;kA

vuqPNsn dk okpu djrs le; 'kCn :i rFkk iz;ksx dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA lgt jhfr ls okpu@iquokZpu djus ls 'kq¼ iz;ksx lh[kuk vklku gks tkrk gSA


fganh vuqokn (fidfud) dy jfookj FkkA blfy, LowQyksa esa vkSj nÝ+ rjksa esa Nq^ËÔU FkhA dy v'kksd ifjokj osQ lkFk fidfud osQ fy, dkfyUnh&oqaQt x;kA v'kksd osQ lkFk mlosQ ekrk] firk vkSj cM+h cgu Hkh losjs rS;kj gksdj dkj ls x,A

ogk¡ tkdj v'kksd ns[krk gSµdkfyUnh&oqaQt cgqr cM+k miou gSA ogk¡ lqUnj isM+] iwQyksa ls ynh yrk,¡] gjs ikSèks o f[kys gq, iwQy miou dks lqUnj cuk jgs gSaA miou osQ ifjlj (complex) esa ,d rkykc Hkh gSA tyk'k; osQ ikuh esa lqUnj cÙk[+ksa rSj jgh gSaA tyk'k; osQ pkjksa vksj [kM+s cPps cÙk[+kksa dks ns[krs vkSj [kq'k gksrs gSaA

ckX+k esa vusd yksx ?kweus osQ fy, vkrs gSa vkSj miou dh 'kksHkk (dks) ns[kdj izlUu gksrs gSaA vej firk vkSj ekrk osQ lkFk ogk¡ vk;kA tc v'kksd us fe=k vej dks ogk¡ ns[kk rks og vfr izlUu gqvkA fiQj nksuksa fe=k gjh ?kkl ij vkuUn ls [ksysA nksuksa ifjokjksa us g"kZiwoZd vkil esa ckrphr dh vkSj m|ku esa e”ks ls ?kwesA

ckn esa lc us ckX+k osQ ,d LFky ij cSBdj Hkkstu [kk;kA bl izdkj le; lq[k ls chrkA

fiQj lc vius&vius ?kj pys x,A tkrs le; v'kksd vkSj vej us dgkµ^ge nksuksa fiQj ;gk¡ vk,¡xs vkSj [ksysaxsA*

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ bl ikB esa yÄ~ ydkj dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA yÄ~ ydkj dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky dh fØ;k dks n'kkZus osQ fy, gksrk gSA ikB esa vk, ^jaxhu inksa dks ns[ksaA* fØ;kinksa osQ :i o iz;ksx dks le>saAizLrqr rkfydk esa] rhuksa iq#"kksa osQ rhuksa opuksa esa ^xe~* /krq dk iz;ksx yÄ~ ydkj esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA mPpkj.k djsaA izR;sd okD; dks nks ckj i<+saA Li"V mPpkj.k djus ls 'kq¼ iz;ksx lgt o ljy gks tk,xkA

2 ou&Hkkst% (yÄ~ &iz;ksx%)


fyf[kre~ 1- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµiz'u esa vk, ja xhu in osQ vk/kj ij ,d in

esa mÙkj visf{kr gSA ikB dh dFkkoLrq osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA mÙkjµ d- ouHkkstk; µ fdeFkZe~ (fdlfy,) osQ mÙkj esa ikBkuqlkj (ôsQ

fy,* osQ vFkZ esa prqFkhZ iz;ksx)A [k- ifjokjs.k lg µ ôsQu lg* (fdlosQ lkFk) osQ mÙkj esa ikBkuqlkjA x- tyk'k;% µ ^d%* osQ mÙkj esa µ (iz'uokpd rFkk mÙkjokpdµnksuksa

iq¯Yyx 'kCn ,dopu esa)A ?k- tyk'k;s µ ôqQ=k* (dgk¡) osQ mÙkj esaA Ä- Hkze.kk; µ fdeFkZe~ osQ mÙkj esa ikBkuqlkjA p- m|kuL; µ ^dL;* (fdldh) osQ mÙkj esaA N- jfookljs µ dnk (dc) osQ mÙkj esa ikBkuqlkj (le;okpd 'kCn

esa lIreh iz;ksx)A dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA Hkk"kk&cks/

ljy gks tk,xkA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA ikBkuqlkj mÙkj fy[ksaA mÙkjµ d- v'kksosQu lg rL; ekrk firk vxztk pkfi vxPNu~A [k- v'kksd% vej% p mious vkuUnsu vØhMrke~A x- tuk% m|kus HkzefUr] miouL; p 'kksHkka n`"V~ok â";fUrA ?k- vej% tuosQu vEc;k p lg vkxPNr~A (osQuµiqfYayx] d;k*µL=khfyax) 3- e×tw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<+saA vFkZ le>saA ;s lHkh 'kCn ikB esa vk

pqosQ gSaA vuqPNsn osQ izR;sd okD; dks i<+dj] vk'k; le>dj] mfpr in pqudj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mÙkjµ oqQlqekfu] tyk'k;%] tyk'k;L;] mious] m|kuL;A fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA 'kCn :i o iz;ksx

ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsa_ ;Fkkµtyk'k;% (tyk'k;)µtyk'k;s (tyk'k; esa)_ mioue~ (miou)µmious (ckx esa) m|kuL; (ckx osQ)A lgt okpu ls iz;ksx Lor% 'kq¼ gks tkrk gSA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA fjDr LFkku esa ^dkj;kusu* (dkj ls@}kjk) foHkfDr dh n`f"V ls mfpr fodYiA dkj.kµ'ks"k okD; dk vk'k; gSµ^v'kksd x;k*A (dkj;kue~ ¾ dkj_ dkj;kuk; ¾ dkj osQ fy,*µnksuksa bl lanHkZ esa mi;qDr ugha gksaxsA) blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa dks le>sa vkSj dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj okD; iwjs djsaA


mÙkjµ d- izhfrHkkstk; µ izhfrHkkst (party) osQ fy,A iz;kstu (purpose) dh nf"V ls prqFkhZ iz;ksx ('ks"k okD; dk vk'k;µge tk,¡xs)

[k- firkegsu µ ^lg* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr in mfprA (ewy 'kCn ^firkeg* iqfYayx)

x- vEc;k µ ^lg* osQ ;ksx es a r`rh;k foHkfDrA (ewy 'kCn ^vEck*µL=khfyax)

?k- vkuUnsu µ ^ls* osQ vFkZ esa r`rh;k foHkfDr in mfprA (e”ks ls) Ä- 'kksHkke~ µ ^'kksHkk* 'kCn okD; esa deZin (object) gksus osQ dkj.k

f}rh;k foHkfDr esaA

5- e×tw"kk esa rhu vO;; in fn, x, gSaµv| ¾ vkt_ á% ¾ chrk gqvk dy_ 'o% ¾ vkus okyk dy (tomorrow)] mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµokD; esa iz;qDr fØ;kin] ^vklhr~* (Fkk)µyÄ~ ydkj esaA vr% mfpr fodYi ^á%* (chrk gqvk dy)A blh izdkj vU; okD; i<+sa] fØ;kin ns[ksa] fØ;k osQ dky osQ vuqlkj vO;; pqusaA

mÙkjµ d- á% µ D;ksafd fØ;kin ^vxPNr~* (x;k)&yÄ~ ydkj&Hkwrdky [k- v| µ D;ksafd fØ;kin xPNfr* (tkrk gS)& yV~ ydkj&orZeku dky x- 'o% µ D;ksafd fØ;kin ^xfe";kfe* (tkm¡Qxk)&y`V~ ydkj&Hkfo";r~

dky ?k- á% µ D;ksafd fØ;kin ^vi';e~* (ns[kk)&yÄ~ ydkj&Hkwrdky Ä- 'o% µ D;ksafd fØ;kin nz{;fl* (ns[kksxs)&y`V~ ydkj&Hkfo";r~ dky

6- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dÙkkZin cgqopu gksus ij fØ;kin esa Hkh :ikUrj vk;k gSA

Lej.k jgs& dÙkkZ&fØ;kin leUo; opu rFkk iq#"k dh n`f"V ls vfuok;Z gSA

mÙkjµ d- rk% vfy[ku~A [k- rkS vglrke~ x- ;qoke~ vonre~A ?k- o;e~ vi';keA Ä- vge~ viBe~A

7- Lej.k jgs & fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; vfuok;Z gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa &Hkoue~ fo'kkye~* laKk o fo'ks"k.k nksuksa in uiqaldfyax

,d opu esa gSaA blh izdkj mfpr :i pqudj fo'ks"k.k in fjDr LFkku esa HkjsaA

mÙkjµ d- fo'kkyk (okfVdk osQ lkFk mfpr) [k- fo'kkye~ (mioue~ osQ lkFk mfpr)


x- fo'kky%(ljksoj%osQlkFkmfpr) ?k-fo'kkyk(fo'ks";inL=khfyaxgksusosQdkj.k) Ä-fo'kky%(fo'ks";iqfYyaxesa) p-fo'kkye~(fo'ks";inuiqaldfyaxesa)

ewY;ijd&iz'uk%mÙkjµ1- vke~v'kksdL;ifjokj%fefyRoklq[ksuolfrA (gk¡v'kksddkifjokjfeydjlq[klsjgrkgSA) 2- ckydk%oÙkZdk%uihM;fUr]rsorZdk%i';fUruUnfUrpA (ckydcÙk[kksadksihfM+rughadjrs]oscÙk[kksadksns[krsgSavkSj

izlUugksrsgSaA) 3- v'kksd%vej%pizLFkku&dkyslnkpkjaiky;r%A (v'kksdovejizLFkkudjrsle;lnkpkjdkikyudjrsgSa)

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1-laokniw£rovfHku; mnkgj.kns[ksavkSjle>saAmÙkjµfpÙke~(^izlUue~*fo'ks"k.kosQlkFk)_vkoke~µ(^vkxfe";ko%*osQlkFk

mfprdÙkkZin)_Hkfo";frµ(^esyua*osQlkFkmfpr)_xPNkfeµ(^vge~*osQlkFkmfprfØ;kin)

2-yV~]yÄ~oy`VµokD;jpukvH;kl&mÙkjµ(I)ydkjifjorZu}kjk d-Nk=kk%iBfUrA Nk=kk%viBu~A Nk=kk%ifB";fUrA [k-vgaxPNkfeA vge~vxPNe~A vgaxfe";kfeA x-;w;e~fr"BFkA ;w;e~vfr"BrA ;w;aLFkkL;FkA ?k-Roafddjksf"k\ Roafde~vdjks%\ Roafdadfj";fl\ Ä-o;atyaficke%A o;atye~vfickeA o;atyaikL;ke%AbR;kfn (II)opuifjorZu}kjk d-lkx`g&dk;Ze~vdjksr~A(cgqopus) rk%x`g&dk;Ze~voqQoZu~A [k-vganqX/e~vfioe~A(f}opus) vkoke~nqX/e~vfickoA x- RoaoqQ=kvxPN%\ (f}opu) ;qoke~oqQ=kvxPNre~\ ?k-rkSfo|ky;e~vxPNrke~A(,dopus) l%fo|ky;e~vxPNr~A Ä-ckyd%vè;kide~vi`PNr~A(cgqopus)ckydk%vè;kide~vi`PNu~A okD;ksadklgtjhfrlsokpuiquokZpudjsaA


[ksy&okrkZ (vdkjkUr&vkdkjkUr&iqujko`fÙk%)

fganh vuqokn ([ksy dh ckrphr) v#.k µ fe=k o#.k! D;k rqe bl le; i<+ jgs gks\o#.k µ ugha] nksLr! bl le; (eSa) i<+uk ugha pkgrkA (bl le; i<+us dks eu

ugha gS) eSa Vhúohú ij iqQVcky dk [ksy ns[k jgk gw¡A rqe D;k dj jgs gks\v#.k µ esjk nksLr ukxs'k ukxiqj ls vk;k gSA lqcg eSa mlosQ lkFk fpfM+;k?kj x;k

FkkA vc ge nksuksa Vhúohú ij fØosQV dk [ksy ns[k jgs gSaA fØosQV dk [ksy eq>s cgqr vPNk yxrk gSA

o#.k µ esjh rks iqQVckWy osQ [ksy esa #fp gSA eSa ges'kk blh [ksy dks ns[kuk pkgrk gw¡A

v#.k µ og D;ksa\o#.k µ ns[kks] iqQVckWy osQ [ksy esa lc f[kykM+h lnk [ksy osQ eSnku esa [ksyus

osQ fy, mifLFkr gksrs gSaA tc dksbZ f[kykM+h iSj ls xsan dks bèkj&mèkj isaQdrk gS] rks lcdk è;ku ogha yxk jgrk gSA bl rjg fdlh dk Hkh mRlkg de ugha gksrk] blfy, eq>s ;g [ksy vPNk yxrk gSA

v#.k µ vktdy fØosQV dk [ksy gh ns'k esa vf/d yksdfiz; gS (yksxksa dks ilUn gS)A

o#.k µ ijUrq eq>s rks rhozxfr okyk [ksy gh ilUn gSAv#.k µ D;k rqe dHkh Hkh fØosQV dk [ksy ugha ns[krs\o#.k µ ns[krk gw¡A okLro esa eSa lHkh [ksyksa dks ns[kus dh dksf'k'k djrk gw¡A lHkh

[ksy&eq>s vPNs yxrs gSaAv#.k µ ;g rks cgqr vPNh ckr gSA vkt ls eSa Hkh lc [ksy ns[kw¡xkAo#.k µ fe=k! bl le; eSa [ksy osQ eSnku esa tkuk pkgrk gw¡A vkvks! ge nksuksa

[ksyus (osQ fy,) pyrs gSaAv#.k µ bl le; [ksy osQ eSnku esa f[kykfM+;ksa dk ny gksxkAo#.k µ Bhd gSA ge nksuksa muosQ lkFk e”ks ls [ksysaxsA,d lkFk feydj [ksyus ls fe=krk c<+rh gS vkSj ln~Hkkouk HkhAmÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ izk;% Nk=kksa ls okD;&iz;ksx djrs le;] vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa osQ :i esa =kqfV gks tkrh gSA os mls vdkjkUr dh Hkk¡fr iz;ksx esa ys vkrs gSaA

3


blvH;klesavdkjkUrrFkkvkdkjkUr'kCndk:ilkFk&lkFkfn;kx;kgS]ftllsnksuksaosQ:iesavUrj;knjgtk,AmPpkj.kdjsaAckyd%µckfydk_ckyde~µckfydke~bR;kfnA izR;sd:idkmPpkj.knksckjdjsaA'kCn:i;knj[kukljygkstk,xk

vkSjiz;ksxesa=kqfVHkhughagksxhA

fyf[kre~

1-izR;sdiz'udksè;kulsi<+saAja xhuinosQvk/kjijdks"BdlsmfprfodYipqudj,dinesamÙkjnsaAmÙkjikBk/kfjrgSaA

mÙkjµd-vjQ.kL; [k-tUrq'kkyke~ x-fozQosQV~&[ksy% ?k-iknoQUnqd&ozQhMk Ä-ØhMk{ks=ke~ p-ØhMdkuke~ N-ØhMoSQ%A(ikBesamYys[k&^ØhMdkuke~nye~*)

2-e×tw"kkesafn,x,'kCnksadksns[ksaAlHkhvkdkjkUringSaAvcvuqPNsnns[ksaAdks"BdesavdkjkUrinfn,x,gSaAmnkgj.kns[ksavkSjle>saA^ikndUnqd[ksye~*osQLFkkuij^ikndUnqdØhMke~*vk;kgSAnksuksaindeZdkjdµf}rh;k,dopuesagSaA^[ksy*'kCnvkSj^ØhMk*'kCnµnksuksalekukFkZdgSa]fdUrqfyaxesaHksngSaAblhizdkjdks"BdnÙkvdkjkUr'kCnosQLFkkuije×tw"kkesafn,x,vkdkjkUr'kCnksaesalsmfprfodYipqudjfjDrLFkkuesafy[kukgSA

mÙkjµikndUnqd&ØhMk_ikndUnqd&ØhMk;ke~_lokZ%ØhMk%(è;kujgsµ [ksy*'kCnvdkjkUrgksusosQdkj.k]f}rh;kcgqopuesavUresa^vku~*µ;Fkk^[ksyku~*gksrkgS_fdUrq^ØhMk*'kCnvkdkjkUrgS]vr%f}rh;kcgqopuesavUresa^vk%*vkrkgSA^loZ*'kCnosQ:iHkhrnuqlkjgSaA)

fØosQV~&ØhMk_yksdfiz;k(fo'ks"k.kdkleUo;fo'ks";lsgksusosQdkj.kL=khfyax:i)fØosQV~ØhMke~_fØosQV~&ØhMk;ke~A

3-mnkgj.kns[ksaAmÙkjµ (I) lekukFkZd&inµd-v/quk µv|Ros [k-ØhMk µ[ksy% x- #fpdj%µfiz;% ?k- nye~ µlewg%A (lekukFkZd'kCnosQfyaxdhvksjè;kunsaA)


(II) foykse&inµ d- rhozxfr% µ eUnxfr% [k- dnkfi µ loZnk x- br% µ rr% ?k- ;nk µ rnkA

4- e×tw"kk esa vk, 'kCnksa ls Nk=k ifjfpr gSaA okrkZyki dk vk'k; le>dj fjDr LFkku iwfrZ djsaA

mÙkjµ i';kfe µ dÙkkZ ^vge~* osQ lkFk fozQ;kinA fde~ µ iz'uokpd in gksus osQ dkj.kA vge~ µ igys iz'u esa ^Roe~* osQ mÙkj esaA djksfe µ fozQ;kin] ^okrkZykia* (deZin) osQ ;ksx esaA vye~ µ r`rh;kUr in ^migklsu* osQ ;ksx esaA ro (rqEgkjk) µ fo|ky;dk;Ze~ osQ lEcU/ esaA ee (esjk) µ xf.krdk;Ze~ osQ lEcU/ esaA dk;Ze~ µ ^oqQoZ%* fozQ;kin dk deZinA vkxPNkfe µ vga osQ ;ksx esa mfpr fozQ;kinA 5- (I) mnkgj.k ns[ksaA /krq igpku dj esy djsaA mÙkjµ [k- [ksy~$rqequ~ µ [ksfyrqe~A x- ØhM~$rqequ~ µ ozQhfMrqe~A ?k- iB~$rqequ~ µ ifBrqe~A Ä- fy[k~$ rqequ~ µysf[krqe~A p- xe~$rqequ~µ xUrqe~A (II) fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa] rRi'pkr~ mfpr

rqequ~ izR;;kUr in pqudj mUgsa iwjk djsaA mÙkjµ d- ozQhfMrqe~ ([ksyus osQ fy,) µ D;ksafd okD; esa ozQhMk{ks=k tkus dk

mYys[k gSA [k- ifBrqe~ (i<+us osQ fy,) µ D;ksafd fo|ky; tkus dk mYys[k vk;k

gSA x- ysf[krqe~ (fy[kus osQ fy,) µ D;ksafd dye ykus dh ckr vkbZ gSA ?k- nz"Vqe~ (ns[kus osQ fy,) µ D;ksafd iqryh osQ [ksy dk mYys[k gS]

[ksy ns[kk tkrk gSA Ä- [kkfnrqe~ ([kkus osQ fy,) µ iQyksa dk mYys[k vkus osQ dkj.kA (iQy [kk, tkrs gSaA)


ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- ufg o#.k% lnk [ksya u i';fr_ ija l% v/quk ifBrqa u bPNfr_ vr%

nwjn'kZus [ksya i';frA 2- vke~ v#.k% fe=kL; Lokxra lEekua p djksfr_ l% fe=ks.k lg tUrq'kkyka

xPNfrA

3- vke~] losZ"kka [ksykuka lea egÙoe~ vfLrA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- vdkjkUr o vkdkjkUr inµiz;ksxA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA vH;kl djsaA ;FkkµmÙkjµ 1- o`{ks@yrk;ke~ [kxk% lfUrA 2- m|kus@okfVdk;ke~ tuk% HkzefUrA 3- Nk=kk% vè;kiosQu@vè;kfid;k lg xPNfUrA 4- iz/kukpk;Z% Nk=kk;@Nk=kk;S ikfjrksf"koaQ ;PNfrA 5- o`{kL;@yrk;k% iq"ikf.k 'osrkfu lfUrA bR;kfnmÙkjµ 2- eSnku esa vusd ØhMk,¡ [ksyh tkrh gSa_ ;Fkkµ fØosQV~] ckfLdV&ckWy] gkWdh] Vsful] cSMfeUVu bR;kfnA fp=k bdV~Bk djsa] [ksyksa esa #fp c<+k,¡A tkudkjh izkIr djsaA


fganh vuqokn (eSa vke gw¡) gs ckyd! D;k rqe eq>s ns[k jgs gks\

eSa rqEgkjk fiz; (eu&ilUn) vke dk iQy gw¡A vc eSa idk gqvk] ehBk vkSj jlhyk gw¡] ijUrq blls igys eSa cht osQ :i esa ckX+k osQ ,d dksus esa] v¡èksjs xM~<s esa jgrk FkkA

fdlh us eq> cht dks ty ls lhapk vkSj eq>s [kkuk fn;kA Hkkstu [kkdj vkSj ikuh ihdj eSa iq"V gqvkA èkhjs&èkhjs vaoqQj cudj eSa ckgj vk;kA igys eSa NksVk&lk ikSèkk Fkk] /hjs&/hjs cM+k ?kuk isM+ cu x;kA vc essjs iÙks gjs vkSj esjh Nk;k 'khry gSA

olUr osQ le; tc esjs Åij cSBdj dks;y xkrh gS] eq>s cgqr xoZ gksrk gSA tc o{k osQ uhps FkosQ&ek¡ns ifFkd foJke djrs gSa] eq>s lUrks"k gksrk gS (eSa cgqr [kq'k gksrk gw¡)A esjs iÙks mRloksa dh 'kksHkk c<+krs gSaA ;g ns[kdj esjk fpÙk@eu izlUu gksrk gSA

ftl izdkj rqe] mlh izdkj eSa Hkh] xjeh osQ ekSle dk bUr”kkj djrk gw¡A ns[kks] lwjt dh rs”k èkwi ls esjs iQy vc id x, gSaA iosQ gksa ;k dPps] vke osQ iQy rks lc izdkj ls xq.kdkjh (I+kQk;nk djus okys) gksrs gSaA

D;k bl oDr vki eq>s [kkuk pkgrs gSa\ [kkb,] [kkb, vkSj vkuUn yhft,AeSa lcdk euilUn gw¡] fo'ks"k :i ls cPpksa dkA esjs iQy [kkdj lc izlUu

gksA esjk thou nwljksa dk Hkyk djus osQ fy, gh gSAmÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

ijLij esy djosQ mPpkj.k djsaA (I) mnkgj.k ns[ksaµiDoe~&viDoe~A blh izdkjµ mÙkjµ [k- y?kq%µnh?kZ% x- ljle~µuhjle~ ?k- eke~ (eq>s)µRoke~ (rqEgsa) Ä- mifjµvèk%A (II) /krq dk DRok izR;;kUr&in ls esyA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ[kkn~ $ DRok ¾

[kkfnRokA blh izdkjµ mÙkjµ [k- ik $ DRokµihRok x- Hkw $ DRokµHkwRok ?k- LFkk $ DRokµfLFkRok Ä- n`'k~ $ DRokµn`"V~ok p- Ñ $ DRokµÑRokA

4 vge~ vkeze~ (vkRedFkk DRok&iz;ksx%)


(III) fo'ks"k.k dk fo'ks"; ls esyµmnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^JkUrk%µifFkdk%*µnksuksa in leku foHkfDr] opu rFkk fyax esaA (izFkek] cgqopu] iqfYayx) fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; (rkyesy) osQ fu;e dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, esy djsaA

mÙkjµ [k- 'khryk Nk;kµ(nksuksa in&L=khfyax] ,dopu) x- izlUue~ fpÙke~&(nksuksa in uiqaldfyax] ,dopu) ?k- gfjrkfu i=kkf.k&(nksuksa uiqaldfyax] cgqopu) Ä- iDokfu iQykfuµ(nksuksa uiqaldfyax] cgqopu) p- rhozs.k vkrisuµ(nksuksa in r`rh;k foHkfDr] ,dopu) fyax] opu]

foHkfDr osQ vfrfjDr bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku jgs fd fdl fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk dkSu&lk fo'ks";&in mfpr gksxk_ ;Fkkµî=kkf.k* vkSj îQykfu*µnksuksa esa leku fyax o opu gS_ fdUrq î=kkf.k* ^gfjrkfu* osQ lkFk vkSj iQykfu îDokfu* osQ lkFk mfpr gSA

fyf[kre~ 1- igys ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA izR;sd iz'u dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>dj

jaxhu in osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nsaA dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa dk okpu dj] ikB dh fo"k;oLrq osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^fde~* (D;k) osQ mÙkj esa ^vkeze~* mfpr fodYiA

mÙkjµ d- cht:is.k µ osQu :is.k (fdl :i esa) osQ mÙkj esaA [k- tysu µ osQu (fdllsµ}kjk) osQ mÙkj esaA x- nh?kZ% l?ku% µ dhn`'k% (oSQlk) osQ mÙkj esaA ?k- dksfdy% µ d% (dkSu) osQ mÙkj esaA Ä- ckyd% µ d% (dkSu) osQ mÙkj esaA p- ckydkuke~ µ osQ"kka (fdudk) osQ mÙkj esaA N- ijksidkjk; µ fdeFkZe~ (fdlfy,) osQ mÙkj esaA iz'u rFkk mÙkj nksuksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA Hkk"kk&cks/ osQ fy, Hkk"kk

dk vH;kl furkUr vko';d gSA 2- fjDr LFkku iwfrZ djus ls igys ml ikBka'k dk iquokZpu dj ysa]

tgk¡ ;g izlax vk;k gSA rRi'pkr~ ikB~;iqLrd ns[ks fcuk okD; iwjs djsaA

mÙkjµ d- [kkfnRokµ(^Hkkstue~* osQ ;ksx esa)_ tye~µ(îhRok* ihdj osQ ;ksx esa)_ iq"V% (iq"V@LoLFk)µ^vHkoe~* osQ ;ksx esaA

[k- olUrdkys] mifj dksfdy%µ(^vkezo`{kL;* rFkk ^xk;fr* osQ lkFk) x- lw;ZL;] vkrisu] iDokfuµ(^vkezo{kL; iQykfu* dk izlax gksus osQ dkj.k)


3- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµikBkuqlkj µ y?kq% ikni% nh?kZ% o`{k%*A vr% mnkgj.kkFkZ fn;k x;k okD; v'kq¼ ekuk x;k gSA

ikB esa vk, rF; osQ vk/kj ij 'kq¼ vFkok v'kq¼ fy[ksaA mÙkjµ d- v'kq¼e~ ?k- 'kq¼e~ [k- v'kq¼e~ (ikBkuqlkj ô`{kL;* ^v/%* mifj ugha) x- 'kq¼e~ Ä- v'kq¼e~ (ikBkuqlkj xzh"edkys*] oLkUrdkys ugha)

mÙkjµ4- ee* (esjk)] eáe~* (esjs fy,@ eq>s—lEiznku dkjd esa) eke~* (eq>s µ deZdkjd esa)A fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ ckn okD;ksa dk okpu djsa] iz;ksx ij è;ku nsaA

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµôlUrdkys* (olUr Írq esa)µ'kq¼ fodYiA D;ksafd 'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;-----dks;y xkrh gSA(dksfdy% xk;fr) bl lUnHkZ esa ôlUrdkye~* (olUr Írq dks) vFkok ôlUrdkyL;* (olUr Írq dk)µnksuksa 'kCn :i mfpr ughaA

blh izdkj izR;sd okD; dks è;ku ls i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa] fiQj dks"BdnÙk fodYiksa esa ls okD;&iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj mfpr foHkfDr okyk in pqusa vkSj okD; iwfrZ djsaA

mÙkjµ d- vkrisuµ(/wi ls@}kjk)µ'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;----vke id tkrs gSaA vr% ls@}kjk osQ vFkZ esa r`rh;k [email protected] dkjd dk in mfprA

[k- ijksidkjk;µ(ijksidkj@nwljksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy,)----'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;µesjk thou----gSA bl izlax esa ôsQ fy,* osQ vFkZ esa prqFkhZ foHkfDrµlEiznku dkjd dk in mfprA

x- mRlokuke~µ(mRloksa dh)µ;gk¡ "k"Bh foHkfDr cgqopu iz;ksx mfpr gSA (^mRloL;*µ,dopu in vr% mfpr ugha)

?k- vkeo`{kL;µNk;k dk lEcU/okpd 'kCn "k"Bh foHkfDr esa Ä- tysuµ(ty ls@}kjk)&'ks"k okD; dk vk'k;µ^fdlh us eq>s----lhapk*

bl izlax esa ls@}kjk osQ vFkZ esa r`rh;k foHkfDrµdj.k dkjd okys in dk iz;ksx mi;qDr gksxkA (tykr~ ¾ ty ls vyx from water)

· ;s ^vLen~* 'kCn osQ :i gSaA foLrkj ls vxyh d{kk esaA vHkh osQoy bruk gh le> ysuk i;kZIr gksxkA bl ikB esa budk iz;ksx vk;k gSA

;|fi ;s lHkh okD; ikB ls m¼`r gS] vkSj 'kq¼ iz;ksx ikB esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS] rFkkfi izLrqr vH;kl osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks O;kdj.k rÙoksa dks Li"Vr;k le>us rFkk 'kq¼ iz;ksx lh[kus dk ,d vkSj volj fey tk,xkA


uksV djsaµfgUnh Hkk"kk esa okD; ^firk th eqEcbZ ls ok;q;ku ls vk jgs gSa* ijlxZ ^ls* dj.k dkjd (;Fkk&ok;q;ku ls) rFkk viknku dkjd (;FkkµeqEcbZ ls)µnksuksa esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA vr% ijlxZ ls Hkzfer u gksdj vk'k; le>sa vkSj mfpr foHkfDr iz;ksx esa yk,¡A okLro esa ôk;q;ku ls* dk vFkZ gSµok;q;ku }kjk (by aeroplane] ok;q;kusu) vkSj êqEcbZ ls* dk vk'k; gS êqEcbZ ls* (vyx)µ(from Mumbai] eqEcbZ uxjkr~)

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- vkezo`{k% v|kfi dL;fpr~ vuqxzga u foLejfrA l% ÑrK% vfLrA 2- o`{k% Lofgra u fpUr;fr] l% ijfgrs lUrks"ke~ vuqHkofrA 3- dk;Zflf¼% rR{k.ks ,o u Hkofr] osQoya dkyØes.k HkofrA 4- o`{kL; thoua ijksidkjk;@ijksidkjkFkZe~ vfLrA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- izLrqr fp=k esa ,d ckyd vke osQ isM+ksa dks ns[k jgk gSA

dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa vkSj

izlaxkuqlkj e×tw"kk ls mfpr fodYi ysdj okD; iwjs djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^,rr~* (uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu) loZuke 'kCn] ^fp=ke~*

(uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu) laKkin osQ ;ksx esaA mÙkjµ 1- o`{kk% µ okD; esa ^vusosQ*µcgqopu fo'ks"k.k&in vk;k gS] fozQ;kin

^lfUr* Hkh cgqopu esa gSA vr% o`{kk% (vusd isM+) okD; osQ dÙkkZ osQ :i esa mfpr in gSA fp=k esa Hkh vusd isM+ gSaA

2- o`{kku~ µ (isM+ksa dks)µî';fr* dk deZ (Object)A 3- o`{ks"kq (isM+ksa ij)] vkeziQykfu (vke osQ iQy)] D;ksafd fp=k esa isM+ksa

ij vke osQ iQy gSaA 4- vkeziQye~] [kkfnrqe~ µ vkeziQye~* 'kCn [kkfnrqe~* dk deZ (Object)

gS_ ^bPNfr* fozQ;kin osQ ;ksx esa ^[kkfnrqe~* rqequ~ izR;;kUr dk iz;ksxA fjDr LFkku Hkjus osQ ckn okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA Hkk"kk&iz;ksx vuk;kl

vk tk,xkA 5- fiz;e~ µ vkeziQye~* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k uiqaldfyax ,dopu

:i mi;qDrA (fiz;%µiqfYayx_ fiz;kµL=khfyax)


ikBk% 1&4 iqujko`fÙk%

vH;kl iz'u djus ls iwoZ] bu ikBksa dh vko`fÙk dj ysaA

1- izR;sd [k.M esa mnkgj.k ns[ksa] dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqusa] vkSj okD; iwjs djsaA

(d) mnkgj.k okD; esa jaxhu in jfookljs* (jfookj dks] on Sunday) mfprA dkj.kµle;okpd 'kCn esa lIreh foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (Nk=k fgUnh okD; esa dks* ijlxZ ns[kdj cgq/k blesa deZdkjd&f}rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx dj nsrs gSaA è;ku jgsµosQoy ^dks* ijlxZ gksus ij dksbZ in okD; dk deZ ugha cu tkrk gSA) izR;sd okD; dk vk'k; le>dj mfpr fodYi pqusaA

mÙkjµ 1- vxPNr~µokD; dk dÙkkZ ^v'kksd%*&izFke iq#"k] ,dopu dk dÙkkZ gksus osQ dkj.kA

2- i';frµokD; dk dÙkkZ Hkoku~*] vr% izFke iq#"k ,dopu dk fØ;kinA (è;ku jgsµ Hkoku~* (vki) osQ lkFk fØ;kin izFke iq#"k] ,dopu

esa) ikB esa vk, iz;ksx dks ns[ksaµ^fd* Hkoku~ eke~ [kkfnrqe~ bPNfr\ 3- okrkZykisuµvye~ (er osQ vFkZ esa) osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;kUr inA 4- nz"Vqe~µ^bPNfr* fØ;kin osQ ;ksx esa rqequ~ izR;;kUr in dk iz;ksx

mfpr gSA (^n`"V~ok*¾ns[kdj vFkok ^i';fr*¾ns[krk gSµnksuksa mfpr ugha gSaA) 5- [kkfnRok ([kk dj)µizlaxkuqlkj DRok izR;;kUr in dk iz;ksx mfprA

([kkfnrqe~¾[kkus osQ fy, vFkok [kkfn";fr*¾[kk,xkµnksuksa izlaxkuqlkj mfpr fodYi ughaA)

([k) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ikB dh dFkkoLrq osQ vk/kj ij 'kq¼ fodYi pqudj okD; iwjk djuk gSA mnkgj.k okD; esa jaxhu in ^dk;kZy;kr~* mfpr gS_ D;ksafd x`gkr~ ?kj ls from home rFkk m|kukr~ ¾ ckx ls] from the garden ikB dh fo"k;oLrq osQ vuq:i ugha gSaA

izR;sd okD; è;ku ls i<+sa] fiQj dks"Bd esa fn, fodYiksa dk okpu djsa] vkSj 'kq¼ fodYi pqusaA

mÙkjµ 1- o`{kL; (isM+ osQ) 2- á%µD;ksafd okD; esa Hkwrdky (yÄ~ ydkj) dk fØ;kin 3- fe=ks.k lg (ikB osQ vk/kj ij)


· è;ku nsaµdÙkkZin esa opu&ifjorZu vkus ij fØ;kin esa :ikUrj vkrk gS] fdUrq okD; osQ fdlh vU; in esa opu ifjorZu gksus ij fØ;kin ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA

4- ou&Hkkstk;&(ikBk/kfjr) 5- dkj&;kusu (dkj ls] by car) (ikBkuqlkj)

2- vH;klkFkZ fn, okD;ksa dks djus ls iwoZ yÄ~ ydkj rFkk y`V~ ydkj osQ /krq :i dh vko`fÙk dj ysaA

(d) mnkgj.k ns[ksaµokD; dks cgqopu esa ifjofrZr djrs le; dÙkkZ o fØ;kinµnksuksa esa :ikUrj vk;k gSA nksuksa okD;ksa dk okpu djsa_ dÙkkZ&fØ;k&leUo; dh vksj è;ku nsaA funsZ'kkuqlkj izR;sd okD; esa ifjorZu djosQ fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA è;ku jgsµiq#"k o opu dh n`f"V ls fØ;kin dk :i dÙkkZ osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A

mÙkjµ 1- á% vge~ ou&egksRlok; vxPNe~A 2- rs Hkkstue~ v[kknrke~A (rsµL=khfyax iz;ksx&vr% f}opu dk fØ;kin) 3- ;qoke~ ØhMk{ks=ke~ vxPNre~A 4- Roe~ nwjn'kZue~ vi';%A 5- o;e~ laLÑre~ viBkeA

è;ku nsaµ^[k* [k.M osQ okD;ksa esa fØ;kin dh /krq igpku dj] funsZ'kkuqlkj ydkj ifjorZu djuk gSA fØ;kin fy[krs le; dÙkkZ dh vksj è;ku nsuk gksxkA mnkgj.k ns[ksa----^djksfr* osQ LFkku ij ---- ^dfj";fr* vk;k gSA nksuksa fØ;kin izFke iq#"k ,dopu esa gSaA ydkj ifjorZu funsZ'k osQ vuqlkj gqvk gSA

mÙkjµ ([k) 1- Hkoku~ oqQ=k xfe";fr\ 4- ;w;e~ ØhfMrqe~ vxPNrA 2- rs ys[ka ysf[k";fUrA 5- vga 'yksde~ viBe~A 3- vga pyfp=ka nz{;kfeA (x) izLrqr [k.M osQ okD;ksa esa izR;sd okD; esa ,d in esa] (dÙkkZ dks

NksM+dj) opu ifjorZu dj okD; iqu% fy[kuk gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa---ekyke~----cgqopu esa----^ekyk%* cu x;k gSA 'ks"k inksaµdÙkkZ&fØ;kinµesa dksbZ :ikUrj ughaA· blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa dks i<+sa vkSj funsZ'kkuqlkj jaxhu in dk opu cnydj lEiw.kZ okD; iqu% fy[ksaA

mÙkjµ 1- ekyklq lqUnjkf.k iq"ikf.k lfUrA 4- vga tysu yrke~ fl×pkfeA 2- yrkfHk% m|kua 'kksHkrsA 5- o{kL; 'kk[kk;ke~ [kxk% mifo'kfUrA 3- ckfydk vè;kfidk;S iq"ikf.k ;PNfrA


3- izLrqr fp=k esa iqQVckWy osQ [ksy dk n`'; gSA e×tw"kk osQ 'kCnksa dks i<+sa rFkk vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn i<+saA okD;ksa dk vk'k; le>sa] izlaxkuqlkj

mfpr 'kCn ysdj okD;&iwfrZ djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ ^tuk%* okD; esa dÙkkZ] ^i';fUr* dkA mÙkjµ ikndUnqd[ksye~ µ f}rh;k] ,dopu dk in] ^i';fUr* fozQ;kin (iqQVckWy osQ [ksy dks) dk deZ (Object of the Sentence)A ikndUnqd[ksy% µ izFkek foHkfDr dk in] okD; dk dÙkkZ gS (iqQVckWy dk [ksy) (vfLr fozQ;kin yqIr)A br% (b/j) µ D;ksafd blosQ lkFk ^vkxPNfr* (vkrk gS) yxk gSA rr% (m/j) µ D;ksafd blosQ lkFk fozQ;kin ^xPNfr* (tkrk gS)

gSA jQfpdje~ (etsnkj) µ D;ksafd ;g uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu] in] ^loZe~*

(uiqaldfYakx ,dopu) dk fo'ks"k.k gSA vc bl vuqPNsn dk lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA

4- mÙkjµ 1- /kforqe~ 2- /kfoRok 3- [ksfyrqe~ 4- n`"V~ok 5- ysf[krqe~


fganh vuqokn (xh/ vkSj fcyko dh dgkuh)

,d taxy esa ,d cgqr cM+k cM+ dk isM+ (oV&o`{k) FkkA i{kh ml isM+ ij ?kksalys cukrs FksA ?kksalyksa esa os vius cPpksa dks ikyrs FksA o`{k esa ,d [kks[ky FkkA [kks[ky esa ,d cw<+k xh/ jgrk FkkA cq<+kis osQ dkj.k og de”kksj gks x;k Fkk_ mldh u”kj Hkh de gks xbZ Fkh ({kh.knf"V%)A viuk vkgkj tqVkus osQ fy, Hkh mlesa lkeF;Z@'kfDr ugha FkhA i{kh vius vkgkj esa ls oqQN Hkkstu mls (mlosQ fy,) ns fn;k djrs FksA bl izdkj if{k;ksa dh vuqdEik@Ñik ls mldk thou&fuokZg gksrk FkkA

og xh/ ÑrK (fd, gq, midkj dks ekuus okyk) FkkA if{k;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa og muosQ cPpksa dh j{kk djrk FkkA ^gekjs uUgsa lqjf{kr gSa] vc dksbZ fpUrk dh ckr ugha*µ,slk lkspdj i{kh fuf'pUr gks x,A

nqHkkZX;o'k ,d ckj ,d fcyko b/j&m/j ?kwerk gqvk ogk¡ vk;kA xh/ us nwj ls (nwjr%) mls ns[kkA mlus lkspk] ^fuLlansg (blesa dksbZ lansg ugha) ;g bu if{k;ksa osQ cPpksa dks [kkus osQ fy, b/j vk jgk gSA D;k d:¡ \* if{k;ksa osQ izk.kksa dks [krjk gks x;k gSA

og ”kksj ls cksykµ^vjs] dkSu gks rqe\ dgk¡ ls vk, gks\ ;gk¡ if{k;ksa osQ cPps jgrs gSaA nwj gVksA*

fcyko cgqr pkykd FkkA og fouhr Loj esa cksykµ^Mjks erA eSa vc èkfeZd LoHkko dk gks x;k gw¡] ekal ugha [kkrk gw¡A vki Hkh n;koku] /eZ dks ekuus okys vkSj o`¼ gSaA eSa ;gk¡ vki osQ lkFk /eZ osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djus vk;k gw¡A*

xh/ us ml nq"V ij fo'okl dj fy;kA og izfrfnu ogk¡ vkrk vkSj xh/ ls okrkZyki djrkA ekSdk ikdj og if{k;ksa osQ cPpksa dks [kk ysrkA

og mudh vfLFk;k¡@gfîó;k¡ xh/ dh [kks[ky esa isaQd nsrkAvk, fnu viuh larku osQ u"V gks tkus ls i{kh nq[kh gks x,A mUgksaus lkspk]

^^gekjs cPps izfrfnu oSQls u"V gks tkrs gSa\ dgha (dnkfpr~) ;g j{kd (xh/) Hk{kd rks ugha cu x;kA (vFkkZr~ dgha j{kk djus osQ cgkus ;g xh/ gekjs cPpksa dks rks ekjdj ugha [kk tkrk) xh/ osQ [kks[ky esa 'kkodksa dh vfLFk;k¡ ns[kdj mUgsa fo'okl gks x;kA ;g Ñr?u (midkj dks u ekuus okyk) e`R;q n.M osQ ;ksX; gSµ,slk fu'p; dj] mUgksaus feydj ml xh/ dks ekj MkykA

5 x`/z&ektkZj&dFkk (Leµiz;ksx%)


bl izdkj csdlwj xh/ if{k;ksa }kjk ekjk x;k] vkSj vijk/h fcyko ogk¡ ls Hkkx fudykA

lp esaµnqtZu O;fDr fo'okl osQ ;ksX; ugha gksrkA vFkkZr~ nq"V ij fcYoqQy fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA vH;klkFkZ fn;k x;k izR;sd iz'u i<+dj] ikBxr rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij] dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj] ,d in esa mÙkj nsaA mPpkj.k Li"V djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^d%* osQ mÙkj esa ^oV&o`{k%*µ'kq¼ mÙkjA è;ku nsaµ iz'uokpd in osQ fyax] opu o foHkfDr osQ vuq:i gh dks"Bd esa lHkh fodYi gSaA fodYiksa dk okpu Hkk"kk&cks/ esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxkAmÙkjµ 1- fo'kky% 2- uhMku~ 3- 'kkodku~ 4- dksVjs 5- ektkZj% 6- ektkZjs 7- if{k&'kkodkuke~A

fyf[kre~

1- iz'u è;kuiwoZd i<+sa_ mÙkj osQ fy, ikB esa ns[ksaA mÙkjµ d- x`/zL; thou&fuokZg% [kxkuke~ vuqdEi;k (Ñi;k) vHkor~A [k- [kxk% x`/zk; Lo&vkgkjkr~ izfrfnua fdf×pr~ Hkkstua ;PNfUr LeA x- ektkZja n`"V~ok x`/z% vfpUr;r~µ^fuLlansge~ ,"k% if{k&'kkodku~ [kkfnrqe~

br% vkxPNfrA* ?k- fuR;e~ viR;&uk'ksu [kxk% nq%f[krk% vHkou~A

vFkok [kxkuke~ viR;kfu izfrfnua u"Vkfu vHkou~_ vr% rs nq%f[krk% vHkou~A Ä- vUrs fujijk/% x`/z% gr%] lkijk/% ektkZj% p rr% iykf;r%A (iz'u o mÙkj nksuksa dk okpu djsaA)

2- fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; dk fu;e ;kn j[ksaA vFkkZr~ fo'ks"k.k dk :i fo'ks"; osQ fyax] foHkfDr o opu vkfn osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ

ektkZj%*µfo'ks";&inµiqfYayx] izFkek foHkfDr] ,dopu_ vr% prqj%*µ fo'ks"k.k&in (iqfYayx] izFkek foHkfDr] ,dopu) mfpr fodYi gSA (prqj&'kCn esa dksbZ foHkfDr fpg~u ugha_ prqje~µuiqaldfyax ,dopu gSA vr% bu nksuksa esa ls dksbZ fodYi mfpr ughaA)


mÙkjµ d- o`¼%µ^x`/z%* osQ vuq:iA (fyax o foHkfDr dh n`f"V ls) [k- fuf'pUrk%µ^[kxk%*µiqfYayx cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA x- ,d%µôV&o`{k%* dk fo'ks"k.kµle:iA ?k- rfLeu~µ^nq"Vs*µfo'ks";&inµlIreh] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA Ä- nq%f[krk%µ^[kxk%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k le:iA

3- iz'u i<+asaµiz'u esa vk, jaxhu 'kCn ij è;ku nsaµmlosQ vk/kj ij dks"Bd ls mfpr iz'uokpd in pqusa vkSj lEiw.kZ iz'u fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA dFku rFkk iz'u&nksuksa dk okpu djsaA fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµdFku esa vk, ^ÑrK%* 'kCn osQ vuqlkj ^dhn`'k%* in mfpr fodYi gSA dkj.kµnksuksa in izFkek] iqfYayx] ,dopu esaA (dhn`'ke~µuiqaldfyax] dhn`'kh&L=khfyax)

mÙkjµ d- osQ o`{ks uhMku~ jp;fUr Le\ µ [kxk%&iqfYayx cgqopu] vr% ôsQ* (iqfYayx] cgqopu) (dk%µL=khfyax cgqopu)A

[k- osQ"kke~ vuqdEi;k x/zL; thou&fuokZg% Hkofr Le\µ^[kxkuke~*µ"k"Bh] cgqopu] vr% ôsQ"kke~* ("k"Bh cgqopu) mfpr (dL;µ"k"Bh ,dopu] osQuµr`rh;k] ,dopu)A

x- [kxk% dLeS Hkkstua ;PNfUr Le\µ^x`/zk;*&prqFkhZ] ,dopu in osQ fy, ^dLeS* mfprA

?k- fo'kky% oV&o`{k% oqQ=k vklhr~\µôus* (taxy esa)µ LFkkuokpd in osQ fy, ôqQ=k* (dgk¡)µLFkkuokpd vO;;A (oqQr% ¾ dgk¡ ls_ fdeFkZe~ ¾ fdlfy,)

Ä- x`/z% dfLeu~ fo'okle~ vdjksr~\µêktkZjs*µlIreh ,dopu in osQ fy, ^dfLeu~* (lIreh] ,dopuµfdlij) mfprA

4- è;ku jgsµ^Le* ,d fuikr@vO;; gS_ orZeku dky osQ fØ;kin osQ lkFk bldk iz;ksx Hkwrdky osQ vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA blh izdkj orZeku dky@yV~ ydkj osQ fØ;kin esa /krq igpkusa vkSj yÄ~ ydkj :i fy[ksaA

mÙkjµ d- viky;r~ [k- v[kknr~ x- vHkor~


?k- v;PNu~ (è;ku nsaµyV~ ydkj :i esa fØ;kin cgqopu vr% yÄ~ ydkj esa HkhA)

Ä- vjp;u~ p- vdjksr~ (/krq%µÑ)

mÙkjµ 5- d- ous ,d% fo'kky% oV&o`{k% vklhr~A [k- [kxk% o`{ks uhMku~ jp;fUr LeA x- rs uhMs"kq Lo&'kkodku~ iky;fUr LeA ?k- ,d% o`¼% x`/z% o`{kL; dksVjs olfr LeA Ä- l% rs"kka 'kkodku~ j{kfr LeA p- ,d% ektkZj% r=k vkxPNfr Le] x`/zs.k lg okrkZykia djksfr LeA N- l% 'kkodku~ [kknfr Le vLFkhfu p x`/zL; dksVjs f{kifr LeA t- [kxk% vfpUr;u~ ;r~ l% x`/z% rs"kka 'kkodku~ [kknfrA

mÙkjµ 6- d- ektkZj% vklhr~ [k- l% vonr~ x- vge~ djksfe ?k- [kxk% vHkou~ Ä [kxk% vHkou~ p- ektkZj% vkxPNr~

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- l% x`/z% LoHkkosu ÑrK% vklhr~] vr% [kxkuka 'kkodku~ j{kfr LeA 2- 'kq¼e~ mÙkje~ µ (iii) x`/z% o`¼% vleFkZ% p vklhr~A 3- l% ektkZj% LoHkkosu nq"V% vklhr~ vr% fo'okl;ksX;% u vklhr~A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

ikBxr dFkk osQ vk/kj ij vè;kid@vè;kfidk bl izdkj ljy laf{kIr iz'u iwNsa fd Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj esa dFkk dk lkj vk tk,_ ;Fkkµ

iz'u mÙkj 1- ous d% vklhr~\ 1- ous oVo`{k% vklhr~A 2- oVo`{k% dhn`'k% vklhr~\ 2- oVo`{k% fo'kky% vlhr~A


3- o`{ks d% vklhr~\ 3- o`{ks uhM%@dksVj% vklhr~A 4- uhMs osQ olfUr Le\ 4- uhMs [kxk% olfUr LeA 5- dksVjs d% olfr Le\ 5- dksVjs o`¼% x`èkz% olfr LeA 6- x`èkz% ¯d djksfr Le\ 6- x`èkz% if{k&'kkodku~ j{kfr LeA 7- ,dnk r=k d% vkxr\ 7- ,dnk r=k ,d% ektkZj% vkxr%A bR;kfn

;fn Nk=kksa dks oqQN dfBukbZ gks rks os igys ,d in esa mÙkj nsa_ rRi'pkr~ lEiw.kZ okD; esa mÙkj nsus osQ fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaA


vLekoaQ ns'k% Hkkjro"kZ% (fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";&iz;ksx%)

fganh vuqokn (gekjk ns'k Hkkjro"kZ)

gekjk ns'k Hkkjro"kZ gSA Hkkjr esa lc txg fofoèkrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gk¡ fofoèk lEiznk; vkSj yksxksa dh Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA vusd izdkj dk [kku&iku gS vkSj os'k&Hkw"kk Hkh fHkUu gSA ns'k osQ fofo/ izns'kksa dk yksd&uR; (folk-dance) vkSj yksdlaxhr Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSA ns'k osQ fofHkUu izns'kksa osQ oqQN R;ksgkj Hkh vyx&vyx gSaA ns'k osQ mÙkjh Hkkx esa cSlk[kh] gksyh] j{kkcUèku bR;kfn vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkx esa iksaxy] vks.ke~] fc'kq ;qx vkfn mRlo g"kZ ls euk, tkrs gSaA

gekjs ns'k osQ HkwHkkx Hkh fofp=k gSaA dgha ioZrksa dh Ük`a[kyk rks dgha lery Hkwfe gSA dgha ciZQ iM+rh gS] rks dgha rs”k èkwi lc oqQN lq[kk nsrh gSA dgha ufn;k¡ ty osQ osx ls cgrh gSa] rks dgha jsfxLrku iSQyk gSA

fdUrq bl vusdrk esa ,drk dh ,d cgqr eèkqj èkkjk cg jgh gSA ge lc ,d gh jk"Vªh; >.Ms dks lyke djrs gSaA vkSj ,d gh jk"Vªxhr xkrs gSaA ge lHkh jk"Vªh; mRloµLorU=krk fnol vkSj x.krU=k&fnol eukrs gSaA ge Hkkjr osQ jgus okys gSaA vkSj Hkkjr gekjh tUeHkwfe gSA

,d ckr vkSj] ns'k dh izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksaµxqtjkrh] ejkBh] caxyk] rfey] rsyqxq bR;kfn dh tuuh Hkh ,d gh laLÑr&Hkk"kk gSA laLÑr Hkkjr dk xkSjo gSA vkSj Hkkjr gekjk xkSjo gSA

lHkh Hkkjroklh vkil esa Lusg ls jgsa vkSj ns'k dks mUufr osQ ekxZ ij ys tk,¡] ;gh izkFkZuk gSA

lc lq[kh gksa] lc uhjksx@LoLFk gksa] lc dk dY;k.k gks] dksbZ nq%[kh u gksA

mÙkjkf.k

ikB dk okpu djrs le; fo'ks"k.k osQ iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA fgUnh vFkok vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa] fo'ks"k.k dk :i lHkh opuksa esa leku jgrk gS] fdUrq laLo`Qr esa] fo'ks";&in osQ ¯yx] opu rFkk foHkfDr osQ vuqlkj fo'ks"k.k esa :ikUrj vkrk gSA ikB esa vk, ja xhu inksa dks ns[ksa vkSj fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; inksa dk lkFk&lkFk mPpkj.k djsa_ ;Fkkµfofo/e~ Hkkstue~] fofo/k os'k&Hkw"kk vkfnA

6


ekSf[kde~ mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµôqQ=k* (dgk¡) osQ mÙkj esa ^Hkkjrs* mfpr fodYiA izR;sd iz'u dks è;kuiwoZd i<+saA dks"Bd esa fn, fodYiksa dk okpu dj ikB osQ vkèkkj ij mfpr fodYi pqudj mÙkj nsaA ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaAmÙkjµ 1- fofp=kk% 2- os'k&Hkw"kk 3- jk"Vªèote~ 4- laLÑr&Hkk"kk 5- Hkkjre~ 6- Hkkjrh;k% 7- g"ksZ.kAlHkh mÙkj ikB ij vk/kfjr gSaA

fyf[kre~

1- mÙkj fy[kus ls igys iz'u è;kuiwoZd i<+saA iz'u osQ vf/dka'k 'kCn mÙkj esa iz;qDr gq, gSaA

mÙkjµ d- losZ Hkkjrokflu% Lusgsu olUrqA [k- o;a losZ jkf"Vª;ioZ LorU=krkfnola x.krU=kfnola p eku;ke%A x- losZ Hkkjrokflu% lg;ksxsu ns'ke~ mUufriFks u;UrqA ?k- ns'kL; fofo/&izns'kkuka yksdu`R;a yksdlÄõhre~ pkfi fofo/e~A

2- ikB osQ ml va'k dk okpu dj ysa] ftlesa ;g vuqPNsn vk;k gS] ftlls fjDr LFkku iwfrZ djrs le; dfBukbZ u gks] vkSj u gh dksbZ =kqfVA

e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dk okpu dj vFkZ le> ysaA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk okpu djsa] vk'k; le>dj mfpr in }kjk iwfrZ djsaA

mÙkjµ ioZr Ükà[kyk%_ fgee~_ vkri%_ tyosxsu_ e#LFkye~A

3- izLrqr vH;kl O;kdj.k rÙoksa ij vk/kfjr gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ

lqf[ku%* (cgqopu)& mfpr fodYi ^losZ* osQ lkFkA mÙkjµ d- Hkkjrh;k% µ cgqopu in mfpr ô;e~* osQ lkFkA [k- fofo/k% µ ^lEiznk;k%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.kµcgqopu :i

mi;qDrA x- lqe/qjk µ ^/kjk* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% ,dopu (L=khfyax) :i mfprA ?k- ,dk µ ^laLo`Qr&Hkk"kk* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% ,dopu&L=khfyax :i

mfprA Ä- fofHkUuk% µ ^mRlok%* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% le:iA


4- ( I) mnkgj.k ns[ksaµdkeuk okD; esa fozQ;kin esa vk, :ikUrj dks le>saA tgk¡ dFku (Statement) esa /krq esa fr* izR;; yxk gS] ogk¡ dkeuk okD; (Wish, Prayer) esa /krq ^rq* izR;; gSA

mÙkjµ d- l% fpja thorqA [k- l% Hknzkf.k i';rqA x- l% ns'ke~ mUufriFka u;rqA

( II) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA cgqopu esa dÙkkZ osQ lkFk&lkFk fozQ;kin esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;k gSA uksV djsaA

mÙkjµ d- rs liQyk% HkoUrqA (i) dÙkkZ ^rs*µcgqopu] vr% fozQ;kin HkoUrq& cgqopuA

(ii) rs (iqfYayx] cgqopu) osQ lkFk fo'ks"k.k Hkh cgqopu esa] vr% liQyk% (iqfYayx] cgqopu)A

[k- rs cfg% [ksyUrqA dÙkkZ rFkk fozQ;kin esa opukuqlkj :ikUrj] fdUrq ^cfg%* 'kCn esa ugha] D;ksafd ;g vO;; in gSA

x- rs Lusgsu olUrq] D;ksafd dÙkkZ dk opu cnyus ij osQoy fozQ;kin esa :ikUrj vkrk gSA okD; osQ vU; inksa (vU; foHkfDr okys inksa) esa ugha] vr% ^Lusgsu* esa :ikUrj ugha vk;kA

5- lq[kh] /uh] xq.kh tSls 'kCnksa ls Nk=k ifjfpr gSaA ;s iq¯Yyx 'kCn izFkek] ,dopu osQ :i gSaA lqf[ku%] xqf.ku%] iQfyu%] Hkkjrokflu% tSls 'kCn (cgqopu) Hkh LFkku&LFkku ij ikBksa esa iz;ksx esa vk, gSaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksa le>sa vkSj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA mÙkjµ d- lq[kh lqf[kukS µ [k- µ /fuukS /fuu% x- xq.kh µ xqf.ku% ?k- µ iQfyukS iQfyu% 'kCn :iksa dk ,d ckj okpu djsaA orZuh rFkk mPpkj.k dh vksj è;ku

nsaA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- vke~ ,rr~ jk"VªL; ,drk;k% izrhde~ vfLrA 2- (i) losZ ns'kokflu% ijLija Lusgsu olUrqA (ii) ns'kL; izxfr% izR;soaQ ns'kokflu% mÙkjnkf;Ùoe~ vfLrA 3- 'kq¼e~ mÙkje~ & (ii) losZ lqf[ku% HkoUrqA


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

gekjs ns'k esa izR;sd izns'k dh viuh fo'ks"krk gSA os'k&Hkw"kk gks ;k u`R;&laxhr ;k fiQj mRlo fo'ks"k_ tSlsµ iatkc eas yksgM+h] cSlk[kh vkSj nf{k.k esa iksaxy] vks.ke vkfnA viuk&viuk yksd&u`R; o yksd&laxhr Hkh gSµ tSls jktLFkku dk ?kwej] iatkc dk Hkk¡xM+k] vle dk chgw vkfnA 'kkL=kh; u`R;&laxhr dh Hkh fofo/ 'kSfy;k¡ gSa_ tSlsµHkjr ukV~;e~] dFkd] dFkdyh] e.khiqjh vkfnA 'kkL=kh;&laxhr esa ¯gnqLrkuh o dukZVd&laxhr izeq[k gSaA Nk=k fp=k ,df=kr djosQ lkf×pdk esa yxk,¡ vkSj vius ns'k dh fofo/rk ls ifjfpr gksus dk vkuUn ysaA lkFk gh lkFk bl vusdrk dks ck¡èkdj j[kus okyh ,drk dh Mksj dh vksj Hkh è;ku jgsA


o`{kL; O;Fkk (o`{k dh O;Fkk)

fganh vuqokn (ew[kZ jktoqQekj) yksHkh O;kikjh }kjk ou osQ o`{kksa dh va/k/qa/ dVkbZ ls nq[kh gksdj ou dk ,d o`{k ckyd ls viuh O;Fkk dgrk gSA o`{kksa dh ydM+h ls dbZ vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA fdUrq fcuk lksps le>s ouksa dk mUewyu dj nsuk vkSj muosQ LFkku ij o`{kkjksi.k djus dk iz;kl Hkh u djuk & ;g rks mfpr ughaA ;fn ,slk gh pyrk jgk rks ,d fnu ou iw.kZr;k foyqIr gks tk,a¡xsA ;g lp gS& o`{k gekjk midkj djrs gSa_ mudk laj{k.k gekjk dÙkZO; gSA 1- gs ckyd ! eq>s ns[kks] è;ku ls eq>s ns[kks bl ou osQ lc o`{kksa dks ns[kksA gekjk lEcU/ vfr xgu (xgjk) gS ;g ou lc izkf.k;ksa dk midkj djrk gSA esjh ydM+h ls cus gSa (ydM+h dh) estsa] oqQflZ;k¡] njokTks] f[kM+fd;k¡ (vkSj) rqEgkjh dye HkhA

2- iwNks vè;kfidk ls

og rqEgsa crk,xhµ

o"kkZ eSa a djrk gw¡] ck<+ dks Hkh jksdrk gw¡] lw[ks (vuko`f"V) dks Hkh nwj j[krk gw¡A

;g leLr ou lc dk midkj djrk gSA

fdruk lq[k lcosQ fy, ykrk gSA (lcdks cgqr lq[k nsrk gS)

3- fdUrq yksHkxzLr euq";

o`{kksa dks fcuk lksps (vfuok;Z) gh dkV Mkyrk gS (vkSj) muosQ LFkku ij vU; (o`{k) yxkrk Hkh ughaA

4- jksdks jksdks ml yksHkh dksA

¶bl dVkbZ (dÙkZu) ls vfoyEc (fcuk nsj fd,) #dks¸

vU;Fkk (ugha rks) ,d fnu

7


;goufoyqIrgkstk,xkA osQoyfuthZoBw¡Bksadk 'ke'kkughcpkjgtk,xkA o`{kthounkudjrsgSaAo`{kksadhj{kkijedÙkZO;gSA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ ikBxrinksadkLi"Vo'kq¼mPpkj.kA

fyf[kre~ 1-izLrqrokD;ksaesaikBdklkjgSAfjDrLFkkuNksM+djokD;i<+savk'k;

le>saAikBosQvk/kjije×tw"kklsmfprfodYipqudjdforkdklkjka'kiwjkdjsaA

mnkgj.kns[ksaA ckyde~(ckyddks)µ^onfr*dkdeZ&(f}rh;kesa)A midkje~(midkjdks)µ^djksfe*dkdeZ&(f}rh;kesa)A dk"Bsu(ydM+hls) µ^jp;fUr*dklk/u(vr%rrh;kesa)A tykIykoe~(ck<+dks)µfuokj;kfe(jksdrkgw¡)dkdeZ&(f}rh;kesa) uj%(euq";) µfo'ks"k.k^yksHkh*osQlkFkfo'ks";inA o{ke~(o{kdks) µfo'ks"k.k^vU;e~*osQlkFkfo'ks";inA o{kku~(o{kksadks) µ jf{k";fr*dkdeZ(f}rh;kcgqopu)A okD;iwfrZosQi'pkr~lgtjhfrlsokpudjsaAns[ksalEiw.kZdforkdk

lkjbuesavkx;kgSA 2-I fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; [k-bne~ oue~(;gou) x- losZ"kke~ midkjde~(lcizkf.k;ksadkmidkjdgS) ?k- ,dfLeu~ fnus(,dfnu) Ä fd;Ure~ lq[ke~(fdruklq[k) p-vU;ku~ o{kku~(nwljso{kksadks) è;kunssaµfo'ks"k.kfo'ks";leUo; IIizR;sddeZindkmfprfØ;kijlsesyA;Fkkµ deZinkfu fØ;kinkfu lq[ke~ vkgjkfeA(lq[kykrkgw¡vFkkZr~nsrkgw¡) lokZu~ midjksfeA(lcdkmidkjdjrkgw¡) i;kZoj.ke~ j{kkfeA(i;kZoj.kdhj{kkdjrkgw¡) tyIykoe~ fuokj;kfe(ck<+dksjksdrkgw¡) vukof"Ve~ vilkj;kfeA(lw[ksdksnwjdjrkgw¡)


3-o`{kk% µmfprfodYigSaD;ksafdizR;qÙkjesa^o`{kk%*dhckrvkbZgSA LoPNe~ µok;qdkfo'ks"k.kgksusosQdkj.kmfprinlekufoHkfDr

esaA iQykfu µ ;PNfUr*fØ;kinosQlkFk@mfpr_iq"ikf.kHkhvk;kgSA uhMe~ µo`{kijcukusdhckrgSvkSjokD;esa^[kxk%*dÙkkZingSA x`gs"kq]uhMs"kqµizlaxkuqlkjmfprfodYigSA dk"Be~ µlaoknesavxysghokD;esa^dk"Bsu*(ydM+hls)iz;ksx

vk;kgSA dk"BiQydkfu(esT+k)µydM+hlsoqQlhZcukusdhckrHkhvkbZgSA iknie~(ikS/sdks)µ,de~osQlkFkmfprfo'ks";invkSjvkjksif;";kfe

osQlkFkmfprdeZinHkhA iknie~ µiwoZor~A

4-Id-o{k% [k-ckyd% x-oue~ ?k-dk"Bsu IId-dk"BsuvusdkfuoLrwfufufeZrkfurn~;Fkkµ dye%dikVk%]okr;ukfu]dk"BiQydkfuvklfUndk%pA

vFkok dk"Bsudye%]dikVk%]vklfUndk%]okr;ukfu]dk"BiQydkfup

fufeZrkfuA (è;kunsa&okD;esainiqafYyaxuiqaldkfyaxnksuks agS a&vr%

^fufeZrkfu*uiqaldfyaxiz;ksxmfprO;kdj.kosQfu;eosQvuqlkj) [k-i';o`{kaè;kusuo`{kai';A x- (i)lokZu~ (ii) losZ"kke~ ------------------------izkf.kuke~ ------------------------vfopk;Z

ewY;ijd&iz'uk%mÙkjµ1- v=kouL;@o`{kk.kkaegÙoaizfrikfnre~A 2- o`{kk%j{k.kh;k%;r%rso"kk±oqQoZfUr]tykIykoapokj;fUrA 3- (i)vfopk;Zo`{k&dÙkZualoZFkkvuqfpre~ (ii)o`{kkjksi.ke~vo';e~,odÙkZO;e~A

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

d{kkesappkZ&o`{kksadkegÙorFkki;kZoj.kdklarqyubllanHkZesaekuodkdÙkZO;vkfnfo"k;ksaijppkZdjsaA


'yksd&leqPp;%

fganh vuqokn ('yksd&laxzg) 1- ftlosQ cksy ehBs gSa] ftldk dke Jeiw.kZ gS] ftldh y{eh (èku&nkSyr)

nku djus osQ LoHkko okyh gS] mldk thou liQy gSA vFkkZr~ tks euq"; lcls eèkqj opu cksyrk gS] Hkjiwj ifjJe djosQ dke iwjs

djrk gS] vius èku dks nkukfn iq.; dk;ks± esa yxkrk gS] og vius thou dks iw.kZr;k liQy cuk ysrk gSA

Hkkoµeuq"; eèkqj opu cksys] ifjJe djs] mnkj fpÙk cusµ;gh liQy thou dk jgL; gSA

2- ftlosQ ikl viuh cqf¼ ugha gksrh] 'kkL=k vFkkZr~ ek=k 'kkL=k&Kku ,sls O;fDr dk D;k (dY;k.k) dj ldrk gS\ us=kksa ls ghu euq"; dks 'kh'kk D;k ykHk igq¡pk losQxk\

vFkkZr~ 'kkL=kksa osQ vè;;u ls ykHk mBkus osQ fy, viuh le> gksuk cgqr vko';d gS] vU;Fkk iBu&ikBu O;FkZ gks tk,xkA rksrs dh Hkk¡fr jV ysus dks f'k{kk ugha dgrs] ftl izdkj us=kghu O;fDr dks niZ.k ls ykHk ugha gks ldrk] mlh izdkj foosdghu dks vè;;u dk ykHk ugha gksrkA

Hkkoµvè;;u djrs le; cqf¼ ls dke ysus ls gh ykHk gksrk gSA 3- izR;sd ioZr ij ef.k ugha gksrk vkSj u gj gkFkh@,d x”k dh nwjh ij eksrh

feyrk gSA lTtu lc txg ugha feyrs] pUnu (osQ isM+) gj taxy esa miyCèk ugha gksrsA

vFkkZr~ ef.k tSlh ewY;oku~ oLrq fdlh&fdlh ioZr ij miyCèk gksrh gS] eksrh Hkh vueksy gS] mls ikus osQ fy, Hkh cgqr <w¡<+uk iM+rk gSA blh izdkj vPNs yksx Hkh lalkj esa de gSa] HkkX; ls gh feyrs gSa_ tSlsµpUnu vR;qÙke gksrk gS] mlosQ o`{k fdlh&fdlh ou esa gh ik, tkrs gSaA

HkkoµJs"B O;fDr vkSj Js"B oLrq,¡ nqyZHk gksrh gSa_ mudk ewY; igpkusaA 4- lalkj esa pUnu 'khry ekuk tkrk gSA pUæek pUnu ls Hkh 'khry gksrk gS]

fdUrq pUnu vkSj pUæek osQ chp] lTtu dh laxfr vfèkd 'khry ekuh tkrh gSA

vFkkZr~ pUnu ru dks 'khryrk igq¡pkrk gS] pUæek ru&eu dks 'kkUr djrk gS] fdUrq vPNs yksxksa dk lax lcls vfèkd lq[k&'kkfUr iznku djus okyk gksrk gSA

HkkoµlEiw.kZ lq[k gsrq lTtu dh laxfr djsaA

8


5- 'kjn~ ½rq esa ckny cjlrk ugha] osQoy xjtrk gS] fdUrq o"kkZ dky esa fcuk dksbZ vkok”k fd, cjlrk gSA blh izdkj uhp LoHkko okyk O;fDr osQoy cksyrk gS] oqQN djrk ugha] fdUrq lTtu cksyrk ugha] cl (dke) djrk gSA

vFkkZr~ 'kjn~dky osQ ckny uhp O;fDr osQ leku gksrs gSaA xjtrs rks gSa ij cjlrs ugha_ tSlsµuhp izÑfr okys yksx ckrsa rks cgqr cukrs gSa] fdUrq ifj.kke oqQN ugha fn[kkrsA mÙke LoHkko osQ yksx o"kkZ ½rq osQ cknyksa dh Hkk¡fr gksrs gSaA ”;knk cksyrs ugha] pqipki viuk fuèkkZfjr dke dj nsrs gSaA

Hkkoµuhp yksxksa dh dFkuh vkSj djuh esa cgqr vUrj gksrk gS] tcfd lTtu osQoy dke djus esa fo'okl j[krs gSa] cM+s&cM+s ok;ns djus esa ughaA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ 'yksdksPpkj.k djsaA ckj&ckj 'yksdksa dk [email protected] djus ls Hkk"kk&cks/ iq"V gksxk vkSj vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mÙkj esa Hkh dfBukbZ ugha vk,xhA mPpkj.k

Li"V gksA

fyf[kre~ 'yksd esa vk, izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZ tku ysaA 'yksd dk Hkko Li"V gksus ls mÙkj nsuk ljy gksxkA dks"Bd esa fn, fodYiksa dk okpu dj] mfpr fodYi pqusaA

1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA iz'u gSµ liQyL; ujL; ok.kh dhn`'kh\ (liQy euq"; dh ok.kh oSQlh gksrh gS\)

mÙkjµ jlorh* µ dhn'kh* (oSQlh) osQ mÙkj esa] D;ksafd ikB esa 'yksdka'kµ ok.kh jlorh ;L; --------- liQye~ rL; thfore~A (ok.kh e/qj ftldh

--------- liQy mldk thou) bl izdkj vFkZ rFkk Hkko le>dj izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj nsaA mÙkjµ d- Jeorh (ifjJeiw.kZ) µ D;ksafd 'yksdka'k esa µ ;L; Jeorh fozQ;k*A [k- ykspukH;ke~ (us=kksa ls) µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k esa µ ^ykspukH;ke~ foghuL;

niZ.k% foaQ dfj";fr*A x- pUnukr~ (pUnu ls)µD;ksafd 'yksdka'k esaµ^pUnuknfi (pUnukr~ $ vfi)

pUnzek%*A ?k- pUnue~ µ'yksdka'k ns[ksaµ^pUnue~ 'khrye~ yksosQ*A


Ä- lk/qlÄ~xfr% (lTtuksa dk lax)µD;ksafd 'yksdka'k esaµ^pUnzpUnu;ks%

eè;s 'khryk lk/qlÄõfr%*A

p- xtZfr (xjtrk gS)µikB esaµ^'kjfn u o"kZfr xtZfr ,o fu%Louks es?k%*A

N- o"kkZ&dkysµ'yksdka'k ns[ksaµ^o"kZfr o"kkZlq fu%Lou% es?k%*A

2- ;g vH;kl ikB osQ 'yksdksa ij vk/kfjr gSA vr% 'yksdksa dh vko`fÙk

dj ysaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA izR;sd fjDr LFkku osQ fy, nks fodYi gSa

mfpr fodYi pqusa] 'yksdka'k iwjk djsaA

mÙkjµ d- ;L;] rL;A [k- lk/o%] pUnue~A

x- onfr] djksfrA ?k- o"kkZlq] es?k%A

Ä- nkuorh] liQye~A

mÙkj µ 3- d- (iii) [k- (iv) x- (i) ?k- (ii)

4- i| (Poetry) esa vk, 'kCnksa dks ml ozQe esa fy[kuk] ftl ozQe esa os

x| (Prose) esa fy[ks gksrs gSaµ ^vUo;* (Prose-order) dgykrk gSA

e×tw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okpu djsa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku

NksM+dj 'yksd dk vUo; i<+sa_ Øe le>dj] e×tw"kk ls mfpr

fodYi pqudj] izR;sd fjDr LFkku dks HkjsaA

mÙkjµ 'yksd osQ vUo; dh iwfRkZ—ok.kh] ;L;_ nkuorh] thfore~A

mÙkjµ5- d- jlorh µ e/qjk [k- thfore~ µ thoue~

x- 'kSys µ ioZrs ?k- lk/o% µ lTtuk%

Ä- izKk µ cqf¼% p- ykspukH;ke~ µ us=kkH;ke~

N- oqQ#rs µ djksfrA

6- izLrqr okD;ksa esa 'yksdka'kksa dk vFkZ vFkok Hkko fn;k x;k gSA fjDr

LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+sa] vk'k; le>sa] mfpr fodYi e×tw"kk ls

pqu dj okD; iwjs djsaA

mÙkjµ d- niZ.ksu ('kh'ks ls) [k- o`Fkk (O;FkZ)

x- rw".khe~ (pqipki) ?k- lXfr% (lX)

Ä- ifjJes.k (esgur ls) p- loZ=k (lc txg)


ewY;ijd&iz'uk%mÙkjµ1-fo}ku~@Kkuoku~Hkforaq'kkL=kk.kkafoosdiw.kZe~vè;;ue~vis{;rsA (fo}kucuusosQfy,'kkL=kksadkfoosdiw.kZvè;;uvisf{krgSA)

2-v=klk/qlXL;@lqlXL;egÙoaizfrikfnre~A 3-dk;ZL;lEiknuaegÙoiw.kZe~vfLrA

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- 'yksdksPpkj.kdjsaA 2- ppkZdjsasAviuserosQleFkZuosQfy,dksbZ'yksdvFkok'yksdka'k

mnkgj.k:iesansaA (i)ekuothoudhlkFkZdrknÙkfpÙkgksdjifjJeiwoZddkedjusesa

gS]fdUrqvgadkjo'kugha]cfYdfouezHkkolsAehBscksy]lcosQlkFklân;rkdkO;ogkj]LokFkZijrkdkR;kx]nku'khyvkpj.klseuq";dkthouliQygkstkrkgSA

(ii)laxfrlseuq";esaln~xq.kksadkizknqHkkZogksrkgSAlektesaeku&izfr"Bkc<+rhgSAdeyosQiÙksijiM+hikuhdhcw¡nHkheksrhdhHkk¡frpedrhgSAeuq";dhigpkumldhlaxfrlsgksrhgSA

(iii)iqLrdksalsv£trfo|kdkiwjkykHkrHkhlEHkogStcvè;;uosQmijkUrmlijfpUru&euufd;ktk,Afo"k;osQrÙodksle>djân;axedjosQ]ifjfLFkfrmRiUugksusijrnuqlkjvkpj.kfd;ktk,ArksrsdhHkk¡frek=kjVysuslsdksbZykHkughaAviusfoosddkiz;ksxdjosQgh'kkL=kksa@iqLrdksadkvè;;uiQynk;hgksrkgSA

3- (i)v'kq¼e~ (ii)'kq¼e~ (iii)v'kq¼e~ (iv)'kq¼e~ (v)v'kq¼e~ (vi)v'kq¼e~ (vii)v'kq¼e~


ikBk% 5&8 iqujko`fÙk% 1- (I) lekukFkZd&inksa dk esyµ mÙkjµ [k- jlorh µ e/qjk x- oqQ'ky% µ fuiq.k% ?k- vuqdEi;k µ Ñi;k (ewy 'kCn µ vuqdEik µ Ñik) Ä- uì% µ jktkA (II) foijhrkFkZd&inksa dk esyµ mÙkjµ [k- Ñr?u% µ ÑrK% x- nqtZu% µ lqtu% ?k- nf{k.kk/Z% µ mÙkjk/Z% Ä- if.Mr% µ ew[kZ% feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k djuk Js;Ldj gksxkA

2- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+saA vk'k; le>dj dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqusaA

(I) izLrqr [k.M esa 'kq¼ fodYi dk p;u O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA

mÙkjµ d- vkxR; µ milxZiwoZd /krq esa Y;i~ izR;; yxrk gS] DRok ughaA [k- fe=kk; µ nk /krq osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA x- ckyoSQ% µ ^lg* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx] vr%

^ckyoSQ%* mfpr fodYiA (;Fkkµ^jkes.k lg*] fe=kS% lg* bR;kfn) ?k- x`ge~ µ îzfr* osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr in mfpr (^x`g*

'kCn uiqaldfyax gksrk gSA) Ä- ,de~ µ ôk;q;kue~* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% uiqaldfyax ,dopu

:i okyk in mfprA (fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; dk fu;e ;kn j[ksaA)

(izk;% ;g ;kn j[kuk dfBu gks tkrk gS fd fdl miin osQ lkFk dkSu&lh foHkfDr yxrh gSA bl voLFkk esa ;fn ikB esa igyh ckj vk;k iz;ksx eu esa /kj.k dj ysa] rks fu;e Lor% ;kn jg tk,xk_ ;Fkkµ^fe=ke~ izfr*_ ^x`gkr~ cfg%* vkfnA

uksVµ ;g ,d lq>ko gS] fo/ku ughaA Nk=k vius O;fDrxr rjhosQ Hkh viuk ldrs gSa] mís'; gSµ^;kn j[k ikuk*A)


(II) izLrqr vH;kl] ikBksa dh fo"k;oLrq ij vk/kfjr gSA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i<+sa_ dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa dk okpu djsa_ fiQj ikBxr rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqudj okD; iwjk djsaA

mÙkjµ d- pUnue~ [k- viR;&uk'ksu x- [kkfnrqe~ ?k- niZ.k% Ä- LusgsuA

3- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA ^rL;ke~ yrk;ke~*µ^yrk;ke~*µfo'ks";&in vkSj ^rL;ke~* lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k (Demonstrative Adjective)µnksuksa in L=khfyax lIreh ,dopuA D;ksafd fo'ks"k.k o fo'ks"; esa fyax] foHkfDr rFkk opu dh n`f"V ls rkyesy vfuok;Z gksrk gSA blh izdkj dks"Bd ls 'kq¼ fodYi pqudj izR;sd laKkin osQ lkFk mfpr loZuke fy[ksaA

mÙkjµ d- rL; µ D;ksafd ûìL;* iqfYayx] "k"Bh ,dopu in] vr% loZuke rnuqlkjA (rL;k%µL=khfyax] "k"Bh ,dopu_ rfLeu~µiqfYayx] lIreh ,dopu)

[k- ,dfLeu~ µ D;ksafd ^fnus* lIreh ,dopu x- rs"kke~ µ D;ksafd ^'kkodkuke~*µiqfYayx] "k"Bh cgqopu] loZuke

rnuqlkjA (rklke~&L=khfyax] "k"Bh cgqopu] rku~µiqfYayx] f}rh;k cgqopu)

?k- rLeS µ D;ksafd ^x`/zk;*µiqfYayx] prqFkhZ ,dopu] vr% loZuke rnuqlkjA (rL;SµL=khfyax] prqFkhZ ,dopu)

Ä- rL;k% µ D;ksafd ôkfVdk;k%* L=kh¯yx] "k"Bh ,dopu] vr% loZuke rnuqlkjA (rL;&iqfYayx] "k"Bh ,dopu)

4- fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";&leUo;* osQ fu;e dk è;ku j[krs gq, ^fofo/* 'kCn dk mfpr :i fy[ksaA

mÙkjµ fofo/k% µ ^Hkk"kk%* (L=khfYakx] cgqopu) 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.kµ^fofo/* 'kCn L=kh¯yx esa ^fofoèkk* (yrk dh Hkk¡fr) vkSj cgqopu esa ^fofo/k%* :i gks tk,xkA

fofo/e~ µ Hkkstue~ (uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu) 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k fofo/ 'kCn dk uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu :iµ ^fofo/e~* gks tk,xkA


fofo/k µ ^os'k&Hkw"kk*µL=khfyax 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.k] fofo/ 'kCn] dk L=khfyax ,dopu :i ^fofo/k* gks tk,xkA

fofo/% µ ^fof/%* iq Yyx*] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kµ fofo/ 'kCn iq Yyx] ,dopu esa ^fofo/%* :i (ckyd% dh Hkk¡fr)A

Lej.kh;e~µfo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa osQ :i laKkinksa dh Hkk¡fr gksrs gSaA vdkjkUr (iqfYayx) gksus ij ^ckyd* dh Hkk¡fr] vdkjkUr (uiqaldfYakx) gksus ij iQy dh Hkk¡fr vkSj vkdkjkUr gksus ij ^yrk* dh Hkk¡frA

5- ;g vH;kl iw.kZr% ikBk/kfjr gSA izR;sd okD; esa nks fjDr LFkku gSaA izR;sd fjDr LFkku osQ fy, nks fodYi fn, x, gSaA ikB dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusa vkSj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mÙkjµ d- o"kkZe~] fuokj;kfeA [k- x`/z%] fo'okle~A x- lqf[ku%] fujke;k%A ?k- 'kSys 'kSys] xts xtsA Ä- [kkfnrqe~] vkxPNfrA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- (i) ektkZj% oLrqr% fou;'khy% u vklhr~ (fcyko okLro esa fouez ugha FkkA) (ii) l% Nysu x`/zL; fo'okle~ vtZfrA (og Ny ls xh/ dk fo'okl thr ysrk gSA) 2- oLrqr% ektkZj% n.Muh;% vklhr~ u rq xq/z%A (okLro esa fcyko n.M osQ ;ksX; Fkk] xh/ ughaA) 3- HkkjrL; vusdrk;ka ,drk;k% /kjk izogfrA (Hkkjr dh vusdrk esa ,drk dh /kjk cgrh gSA) 4- o`{klaj{k.ke~ dÙkZO;e~ o`{kkjksi.ka pkfiA (o`{kksa dh j{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj u, o`{k Hkh yxkus pkfg,¡A) 5- v=k ifjJeL; egÙoa izfrikfnre~A (;gk¡ ifjJe dk egÙo crk;k x;k gSA)

· laLÑr esa ^fof/* 'kCn iqfYayx gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx (L=khfyax) ls Nk=k Hkzfer u gksaA


fganh vuqokn (lIrkg osQ fnu) Nk=kks! ,d lIrkg esa lkr fnu gksrs gSaA lkseokj] eaxyokj] cqèkokj] c`gLifrokj] 'kqØokj] 'kfuokj vkSj jfookjA nks lIrkgksa esa pkSng fnu vkSj ,d fnu esa pkSchl ?k.Vs gksrs gSaA

,d lky esa ckjg eghus gksrs gSaA pS=k] cSlk[k] T;s"B (tsB)] vk"kk<+] Jko.k (lkou) Hkknzin (Hkknksa)] vkf'ou (vlkSt)] dkfrZd] ekxZ'kh"kZ (exgj)] ikS"k (iwl)] ek?k vkSj iQkYxqu (iQkxqu)A ,d eghus esa nks i{k gksrs gSaµÑ".ki{k vkSj 'kqDyi{kA ,d i{k esa iUæg fnu gksrs gSaA

ij D;k rqe yksx tkurs gks\'kqDyi{k dk vfUre fnol iwf.kZek vkSj Ñ".ki{k dk vfUre fnol vekoL;k

dgykrk gSA (,d ckr) vkSj Hkh] nhikoyh dkfrZd ekl osQ Ñ".ki{k osQ vfUre fnu vekoL;k dks gksrh gSA

egkiq#"k xq#ukud th dk tUefnu dkfrZd osQ eghus dh iwf.kZek dks gksrk gSA ;g fnu xq#ioZ (xq#ijc) dgk tkrk gSA gksyh dk R;ksgkj iQkYxqu ekl dh iwf.kZek dks euk;k tkrk gSA

vè;kfidkµNk=kks! ;fn] ,d d{kk esa 26 (NCchl) yM+osQ vkSj 21 (bDdhl) yM+fd;k¡ gSa] rks tksM+ djus ij fdrus Nk=k gSa\

izFke Nk=kµtksM+ djus ij 47 (lSarkyhl) Nk=k gksaxsAvè;kfidkµ;fn ,d yM+dk vkSj ,d yM+dh vuqifLFkr gSa] rks fdrus Nk=k

mifLFkr gksaxs\izFke Nk=kkµrks 45 (iSarkyhl) Nk=k mifLFkr gksaxsAvè;kfidkµcgqr [+kwc! vc crkvks 47 (lSarkyhl) Nk=kksa esa ls ;fn nks yM+osQ

vkSj nks yM+fd;k¡ vuqifLFkr gSa rks d{kk esa fdrus yM+osQ vkSj fdruh yM+fd;k¡ mifLFkr gSa\

nwljk Nk=kµrc 24 (pkSchl) yM+osQ vkSj 19 (mUuhl) yM+fd;k¡ mifLFkr gSaA tksM+ djus ij 43 (rSarkyhl) Nk=k gksaxsA

9 lIrkgL; fnolk% (la[;kokpdkfu)


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

la[;kokph inksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA la[;kinksa dh jpuk ij è;ku nsa_ ;Fkkµ21& ,d¯o'kfr% vFkkZr~ ,d vf/d chlA laLo`Qr esa ^,d* igys vkSj ^¯o'kfr%* ckn esa fy[kk tkrk gSA blh izdkj }k¯o'kfr%] ,d¯=k'kr~] prq'pRokfja'kr~ vkfn la[;kokph in curs gSaA chl rd dh la[;k osQ inksa ls Nk=k igys ls ifjfpr gSa_ fiQj Hkh ,d ckj nksgjk ysuk fgrdj gksxkA

fyf[kre~

1- izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA ja xhu in osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ dfr* (fdrus) osQ mÙkj esa lIr*µvFkkZr~ lIrkgs

lIr fnolk% lfUrA mÙkjµ d- prqfo±'kfr% [k- }kn'k x- i×pn'k ?k- Ñ".ki{ks Ä- dkfrZd&eklL; p- xqjQioZ N- lIrpRok¯j'kr~A fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA lansg dh voLFkk esa

ikB~;iqLrd ls lgk;rk ysaA lHkh mÙkj ikBkèkkfjr gSaA

mÙkjµ 2- d- 'kqDyi{kL; vfUre% fnol% iwf.kZek dF;rsA [k- ,dfLeu~ ekls }kS i{kkS Lr%A x- nhikoyh dkfrZd&eklL; vekoL;k;ka HkofrA 3- e×tw"kkvksa esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks ns[ksaA ;s la[;kokph fo'ks"k.k gSaaA izR;sd e×tw"kk esa rhuksa ¯yxksa dk ,d&,d la[;kokph in gSA fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks";&leUo; dk è;ku j[krs gq, mfpr iz;ksx djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ ô`{k%* iq¯Yyx 'kCn] ,dopu esa gSµmlosQ

lkFk ^,d%* (iq¯Yyx] ,dopu) dk iz;ksx gSA ,d% o`{k%*µnksuksaµfo'ks"k.k rFkk fo'ks";µesa ¯yx] opu dh n`f"V ls

leUo; gSA mÙkjµ (d) ,dk µ îq"iyrk*µL=kh¯yx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA ,de~ µ îQye~*µuiqald¯yx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA


([k) }s µ ^ckfyosQ* 'kCnµL=kh¯yx] f}opu gksus osQ dkj.kA }kS µ ^ckydkS* 'kCnµiq¯Yyx] f}opu gksus osQ dkj.kA }s µ îqLrosQ* 'kCnµuiqald¯yx] f}opu gksus osQ dkj.kA (x) =k;% µ ^ckydk%*µiq¯Yyx] cgqopu 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.kA frÏ% µ ^ckfydk%*µ L=kh¯yx] cgqopu 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.kA =khf.k µ ^fe=kkf.k*µ uiqald¯yx] cgqopu 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.kA (?k) izFke% µ ^fnol%* 'kCnµ iq¯Yyx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA izFkek µ ^frfFk%* 'kCnµ L=kh¯yx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA izFkee~ µ îkfjrksf"kde~* 'kCnµuiqald¯yx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA (Ä) lIre% (iq¯Yyx) µ iq¯Yyx 'kCn îkB%* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus

osQ dkj.kA lIree~ (uiqald¯yx) µ uiqald¯yx 'kCn iqLrde~* dk fo'ks"k.k

gksus osQ dkj.kA lIreh (L=kh¯yx) µ L=kh¯yx 'kCn ^d{kk* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus

osQ dkj.kA è;ku jgsµla[;kokph 'kCn Hkh fo'ks"k.k gksrs gSaA vr% fo'ks";&in osQ lkFk

¯yx] opu o foHkfDr vkfn dh n`f"V ls leUo; vko';d gksrk gSA ik¡pksa [k.Mksa esa vk, fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; inksa dk mPpkj.k djsa_ ;Fkkµ,d%

o`{k%] ,de~ iQye~] }s ckfyosQ bR;kfnA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA mÙkjµ d- o'kfr% (20) µ D;ksafd ik¡p (i×p) esa ;gh la[;k tqM+us ij 25

(i×p¯o'kfr%) cusxkA [k- n'k (10) µ D;ksafd 30 (¯=k'kr~) rHkh cu ldrk gS tc ;g

la[;k 20 (¯o'kfr%) esa tksM+h tk,xhA x- prqfLa=k'kr~ (34) µ D;ksafd ;g la[;k 9 (uo) esa tksM+us ij gh 43

(f=kpRok¯j'kr~) cusxkA ?k- }k¯=k'kr~ (32) µ D;ksafd 18 (v"Vkn'k) esa ;gh la[;k tksM+us ij

50 (i×pk'kr~) cusxkA Ä- lIr¯=k'kr~ (37) µ D;ksafd 26 ("kM~¯o'kfr%) vkSj 11 (,dkn'k)

feydj ;gh tksM+ cusxkA


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- izk;% lHkh R;ksgkjksa dh x.kuk pUæek ls dh tkrh gSA vusd ioZ iw£.kek dks euk, tkrs gSa_ ;Fkkµ cq¼&iw£.kek & cSlk[k (vizSy&ebZ) ekl dh iw£.kek dks Jko.kh&iw£.kek] ftl fnu j{kk cUèku dk R;ksgkj euk;k tkrk gS] Jko.k ekl (tqykbZ&vxLr) dh iw£.kek dks gksrh gSA xq#&iw£.kek & dk£rd ekl (vDVwcj&uoEcj) dh iw£.kek dks xq#ukud dk tUefnu euk;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj okYehfd&t;Urh o egkohj t;Urh Hkh iw£.kek ij gksrs gSaA gekjh laLÑfr esa iw£.kek dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA foKku dh n`f"V ls Hkh pUæek dk izHkko gekjh psruk ij bl fnu vR;fèkd gksrk gSA

2- nhikoyh ,dek=k ,slk ioZ gS tks vekoL;k osQ fnu euk;k tkrk gSA 3- d{kk esa Nk=k NksVs&cM+s lewg cuk,¡ vkSj x.kuk djsaA fiQj fdUgha nks lewgksa

dh la[;k dks tksM+dj ml la[;k dks cksysaA x.kuk dk vkuUn ysaA 4- 2- ------------ Nk=k% f}rh;k Nk=kk f}rh;e~ iqLrde~ 3- ------------ Nk=k% r`rh;k Nk=kk r`rh;e~ iqLrde~ 4- ------------ Nk=k% ------------ Nk=kk prqFk± iqLrde~ 5- ------------ Nk=k% i×peh Nk=kk i×pea iqLrde~ 6- ------------ Nk=k% "k"Bh Nk=kk "k"Ba iqLrde~ 7- ------------ Nk=k% lIreh Nk=kk lIrea iqLrde~ 8- ------------ Nk=k% v"Veh Nk=kk v"Vea iqLrde~ 9- ------------ Nk=k% uoeh Nk=kk uoea iqLrde~ 10- ------------ Nk=k% n'keh Nk=kk n'kea iqLrde~ fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA


fganh vuqokn (Hkkstu&d{k) gs cPpks! ;g fp=k fdldk gS\;g fp=k ,d [kkus osQ dejs dk gSAbl fp=k esa fdrus yksx gSa\bl fp=k esa N% yksx gSaµekrk] firk] csVk] csVh] nknk vkSj nknhAos bl le; D;k dj jgs gSa\os es”k osQ pkjksa vksj oqQflZ;ksa ij cSBs gSaAos fdlfy, ;gk¡ cSBs gSa\os Hkkstu osQ fy, ;gk¡ cSBs gSaAes”k ij D;k&D;k gS\eSMe] ;gk¡ nky dk cjru] lC”kh dk cjru] ikuh dk tx vkSj pkoy dk cjru gSA'kkck'k!,d Vksdjh esa iQy gSaA es”k osQ chp ,d iwQyksa dk xqPNk Hkh gSAD;k ifjokj osQ lnL; vkuUn ls [kkrs gSa\gk¡] os izlUu@[+kq'k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaAvc crkvks] nhokj ij D;k gS\nhokj ij ?kM+h gSA?kM+h esa D;k le; gS\?kM+h vkB cts dk le; fn[kk jgh gSA;g ifjokj 'kke dks vkB cts vkSj nksigj ,d cts Hkkstu [kkrk gSAcPpks] rqe yksx dc [kkrs gks\ ge LowQy ls vkdj nks cts [kkrs gSaAcPpks! D;k rqe yksx ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkstu djrs gks\gk¡] ge feydj Hkkstu [kkrs gSaAvPNh ckr gS! D;k Hkkstu ls igys gkFk (f}opu) èkksrs gks\th] eSMe!cPpks] Hkkstu ls igys gkFk&iSj /ksus pkfg,] Hkkstu izlUu eu ls [kkuk pkfg,] ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kkuk pkfg,] lkI+kQ ikuh ihuk pkfg, vkSj mfpr le; ij O;k;ke djuk pkfg,A ;g LokLF; osQ fy, fgrdj@ykHkdkjh gSA

10 Hkkstu&d{k% (laokn%µfp=ko.kZu&vH;kl%)


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ ijLij esy djosQ mPpkj.k djsaA è;ku nsaµckbZa vksj ^,d* 'kCn (loZuke) osQ vkSj nkb± vksj ckyd 'kCn (vdkjkUr iqfYayx) osQ :i ,dopu esa] lkrksa foHkfDr;ksa esa fn, x, gSaA ijLij esy djosQ mPpkj.k djus ls nksuksa vklkuh ls ;kn gks tk,¡xsA laKk o loZuke 'kCn dk :i&Hksn Hkh Li"V gks tk,xkA ;Fkk & ,d% ckyd% µ (,d ckyd) & izFkek ,de~ ckyde~ µ (,d ckyd dks) & f}rh;k ,osQu ckyosQu µ (,d ckyd }kjk) & r`rh;k ,dLeS ckydk; µ (,d ckyd osQ fy,) & prqFkhZ ,dLekr~ ckydkr~ µ (,d ckyd ls)& i×peh ,dL; ckydL; µ (,d ckyd dk@osQ@dh) & "kIBh ,dfLeu~ ckyosQ µ (,d ckyd ij@esa) & lIreh

fyf[kre~ 1- iz'u ikB dh fo"k;&oLrq ij vk/kfjr gSaA mÙkj nsrs le; iz'u esa iz;qDr iz'uokpd 'kCn ij è;ku nsa vkSj mlh in

osQ vkèkkj ij foHkfDr] opu rFkk ¯yx dk è;ku j[krs gq, ,d in esa mÙkj nsaA

mÙkjµ d- Hkkstu&d{kL; µ ^dL;* osQ mÙkj esa "k"Bh foHkfDr] ,dopu (iq Yyx) in dk iz;ksxA

[k- "kV~ µ mÙkj fp=k ij vk/kfjr] ikB esa Hkh mYys[kA x- vklfUndklq µ ^dklq* ¹fde~ (L=kh¯yx) lIreh cgqopuº osQ mÙkj

esa] lIreh cgqopu esa] L=kh¯yx in dk iz;ksxA ?k- iq"ixqPNe~ µ ^fde~* osQ mÙkj esa uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu osQ in dk

iz;ksxA Ä- fHkÙkkS µ ôqQ=k* osQ mÙkj esa ^fHkÙkkS* (nhokj ij)] è;ku jgsµ

ôqQ=k* vO;; gS] mlesa foHkfDr ugha yxrhA p- LoPNe~ µ ^dhn`'ke~* (oSQlk) osQ mÙkj esa* (è;ku nsaµ nksuksa in

uiqald¯yx ,dopu gSaA) N- Hkkstukr~ µ dLekr~ (fdlls) osQ mÙkj esaA (nksuksa i×peh&,dopu

gSa] îwoZe~* miin osQ ;ksx esa)

· fo'ks"k.k&in ij vk/kfjr iz'u osQ fuekZ.k gsrq ^dhn`'k* (oSQlk) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ^dhn'k* 'kCn dk yx] foHkfDr o opu fo'ks"k.k&in ij fuHkZj gksrk gS_ ;Fkkµ dhn'ke~→LoPNe~A


2- lgh mÙkj osQ fy, ikB esa ns[ksaA mÙkjµ d- iQyosQ lwiik=ke~] 'kkdik=ke~] tyoqQ.Me~ vksnuik=ke~ p lfUrA [k- ifjokjL; lnL;k% iQyoaQ ifjr% vklfUndklq mifo"Vk% lfUrA x- ifjokjs "kV~ lnL;k% lfUrµekrk] firk] iq=k%] iq=kh] firkeg% firkegh pA

3- dks"Bd esa fn, iz'uokpd 'kCnksa dks i<+sa] vFkZ le>sa vkSj mnkgj.k ns[kdj iz'u&fuekZ.k djsaA

mÙkjµ d- iQykfu dfLeu~ lfUr\ ^dj.MosQ* (Vksdjh esa) 'kCn osQ fy, iz'u esa ^dfLeu~* (fdlesa) 'kCn dk iz;ksxA nksuksa in lIreh foHkfDr] ,dopuA

[k- fHkÙkkS dk vfLr\ ?kfVdk* 'kCn osQ fy, iz'u esa dk*µ D;ksafd ?kfVdk ^yrk* 'kCn dh Hkk¡fr L=kh¯yx 'kCn gSA

x- Hkkstukr~ iwoZe~ fde~ iz{kky;sr~\ ^gLrikne~* uiqald¯yx] ,dopu osQ fy, iz'u esa ^fde~* (uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu) 'kCn dk iz;ksxA

?k- dhn`'ke~ Hkkstua [kknsr~\ ^LokLF;dje~*µfo'ks"k.k 'kCn] uiqald¯yx] ,dopu] vr% iz'u esa ^dhn`'ke~* (oSQlk) uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu in dk iz;ksxA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^,rr~ fp=ka Hkkstud{kL; vfLr*µ okD; esa loZuke ^,rr~* fp=ka* dk fo'ks"k.k gSA ;g lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k gSA ikB esa la[;kokph vkSj 'kq¼ fo'ks"k.k (tSlsµLoPNe~] LokLF;dje~) Hkh iz;ksx esa vk, gSaA

vH;kl esa fn, okD;ksa esa ja xhu in fo'ks"; gSaA mu ij è;ku nsa vkSj mfpr fo'ks"k.k yxk,¡A bl n`f"V ls fd;k x;k ikB dk okpu Hkh ykHkizn gksxkA

mÙkjµ d- ,rfLeu~ µ fp=ks* 'kCn lIreh] ,dopu] vr% ^,rfLeu~*µ lIreh] ,dopu fo'ks"k.k&inA

[k- izlUuk% µ lnL;k%* dk fo'ks"k.k µ nksuksa in izFkek] cgqopuA x- LoPNe~ µ tye~* dk fo'ks"k.k µ uiqald¯yx ,dopu esaA ?k- ,dfLeu~ µ dj.MosQ* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k iqfYayx iz;ksxA Ä- ,de~ µ iq"ixqPNe~* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% uiqald¯yx ,dopu esaA ;s lHkh fo'ks"k.k&in ikB esa iz;qDr gq, gSaA fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; dk ,d lkFk

mPpkj.k ykHkizn gksxk_ ;Fkkµ^,rfLeu~ fp=ks*] ^LoPNe~ tye~*] ^,de~ iq"ixqPNe~* bR;kfnA

è;ku jgsµ ^,d* 'kCn loZuke gSA vr% blosQ :i ^ckyd* dh Hkk¡fr ugha pyrsA vfirq rr~] ,rr~] loZ dh Hkk¡fr gksrs gSaA ns[ksa ^ekSf[kde~*A


5- okD;&iz;ksx osQ le; ewy 'kCn esa :ikUrj vkrk gS] tks dkjd rFkk miin· ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

mnkgj.k ns[ksaµê`xk% e`xS% (e`x) lg pjfUrA* bl okD; esa ê`x* 'kCn esa r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx] ^lg* miin osQ ;ksx esa gqvk gSA

okD;ksa dks i<+sa vkSj dks"BdnÙk 'kCn dk mfpr :i pqudj iz;ksx esa yk,¡A

mÙkjµ d- fo|ky;e~ µ D;ksafd okD; esa îfjr%* vk;k gSA ftlosQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ikB esaµîQyde~ ifjr% ---------* iz;ksx vk;k gSA

[k- Hkkstukr~ µ Hkkstu 'kCn esa i×peh] D;ksafd îwoZe~* miin osQ lkFk i×peh yxrh gSA

x- tye~ µ fouk* miin osQ lkFk f}rh;k] vr% ^tye~* f}rh;k] ,dopu esaA

?k- ifjokjL; µ okD; esa lnL;k%* 'kCn osQ lkFk lEcU/] vr% ifjokj* 'kCn esa "k"BhA (ifjokjL; lnL;k% ¾ ifjokj osQ lnL;)

Ä- vklfUndklq µ okD; esa mifo'kfUr* (cSBrs gSa)_ fØ;k dk vk/kj gksus osQ dkj.k ^vklfUndk* 'kCn lIreh foHkfDr cgqopu esa gSA (dÙkkZµ^rs*&cgqopu] vr% vklfUndk* dk cgqopu iz;ksx)

mÙkjµ 6- d- Hkkstu&d{k% ifjokjL; Hkkstuk; vfLrA [k- v=k ,oaQ fo'kkya dk"BiQyde~ vfLrA x- ifjokjL; lnL;k% iQyoaQ ifjr% vklfUndklq mifo'kfUrA ?k- rs fefyRok Hkkstua [kknfUrA Ä- Hkkstu&d{ks fHkÙkkS ,dk ?kfVdk vfLrA

vFkok d- vLekoaQ x`gs ,d% Hkkstu&d{k% vfLrA [k- Hkkstu&d{ks ,de~ dk"BiQyde~ vfLrA x- iQydL; eè;s ,dfLeu~ dj.MosQ iQykfu lfUrA ?k- iQyoaQ ifjr% "kV~ vklfUndk% lfUrA Ä- v=k ifjokjL; losZ lnL;k% fefyRok Hkkstua [kknfUrA Nk=k bl izdkj vU; okD; cuk ldrs gSaA

· foLrkj osQ fy, ns[ksaµ ikB~;iqLrd osQ îfjf'k"Ve~* esa ^dkjd&cks/%* rFkk ^miin&foHkfDr%*A


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

mÙkjµ1- fp=kkèkkfjr ikBxr iz'uksa osQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; iz'u rFkk mÙkjµ iz'uµ 1- ,rfLeu~ fp=ks dfr ckydk% lfUr\ mÙkjµ ,rfLeu~ fp=ks }kS ckydkS Lr%A iz'uµ 2- v=k dfr o`¼tuk% lfUr\ mÙkjµ v=k }kS o`¼tukS Lr%A iz'uµ 3- rs dfLeu~ d{ks lfUr\ mÙkjµ rs Hkkstud{ks lfUrA iz'uµ 4- dj.MosQ fde~ fde~ iQye~ vfLr\ mÙkjµ dj.MosQ lsoe~] nkfMee~] ukjÄõe~ dnyhiQykfu p lfUrA

bR;kfn iz'uµ 5- iq"ixqPNa oqQ=k vfLr\ mÙkjµ iq"ixqPNa iQydL; eè;s vfLrA

mÙkjµ2- 1- "kM~oknus 2- lIroknus 3- f}oknus 4- lIroknus


HkkxhjFkh (bZdkjkUr&iz;ksx%)

fganh vuqokn (HkkxhjFkh@xXÔUÊ)

Hkkjr ufn;ksa dk ns'k gSA Hkkjr esa xaxk] ;equk] ueZnk] Ñ".kk] dkosjh bR;kfn vusd ufn;k¡ cgrh gSaA bu ufn;ksa esa xaxk] ns'k dh izeq[k unh gSA bl unh dk ty dbZ [ksrksa dh flapkbZ djrk gS] vkSj dbZ yksxksa osQ thou dk iks"k.k djrk gSA xaxk unh dk nwljk uke HkkxhjFkh gSA iqjk.kksa esa dFkk gS fd cgqr iqjkus le; esa HkxhjFk uke dk jktk vius iwoZtksa osQ m¼kj osQ fy, bl unh dks i`Foh ij yk;k FkkA blhfy, bldk uke HkkxhjFkh gSA

xaxk unh fgeky; ioZr ls fudyrh gSA vkSj mlosQ ckn mÙkj Hkkjr osQ lery eSnkuksa esa cgrh gSA vUr esa iwoZ fn'kk esa leqæ ls tk feyrh gSA ;g LFky xaxklkxj dgykrk gSA

xaxk unh osQ fdukjs ij cgqr lkjs rhFkZ vkSj rifLo;ksa osQ vkJe gSaA ns'k&fons'k osQ lSykuh ;gk¡ vkrs gSa vkSj eqfutuksa osQ n'kZu vkSj izopuksa ls vkRek dh 'kkfUr izkIr djrs gSaA

gfj}kj dk uxj izfl¼ rhFkZLFkku xaxk unh osQ rV dks gh 'kksHkk;eku djrk gSA ;gk¡ vusd efUnj gSaA HkDrtu ;gk¡ vkdj bZ'oj dk Hktu djrs gSa vkSj vykSfdd lq[k dk vuqHko djrs gSaA

'kke dk n`'; rks ;gk¡ vuks[kk gh gksrk gSA yksx xaxk nsoh dks J¼k ls iwtrs gSaA iwtk osQ i'pkr os izTofyr (tyrs gq,) nhiksa dks unh osQ ty esa folftZr djrs gSaA tc tyrs gq, nhid unh osQ ty esa rSjrs gSa] rks fnO;&n`'; (,d vykSfdd u”kkjk) mifLFkr dj nsrs gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd rkjksa dk lewg vkdk'k ls mrjdj i`Foh ij vk x;k gSA

HkkxhjFkh ifo=k unh ekuh tkrh gSA ijUrq vktdy ;g ikou unh efyu gks xbZ gSA tgk¡&rgk¡ ikuh dh xanxh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA thou dh j{kk osQ fy, lkI+kQ ikuh ”k:jh gSA ty osQ fcuk thou dgk¡\ HkkxhjFkh dks iznw"k.k ls cpkus osQ fy, iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A bl le; ;gh gekjk ije dÙkZO; gSA okLro esa xaxk unh dh j{kk gh xaxk nsoh dh (lPph) iwtk gSA

ufn;ksa osQ ty esa xUnxh ugha isaQduh pkfg,A

11


ekSf[kde~ ;g vH;kl iw.kZr% ikBk/kfjr gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsa] dks"Bd esa fn, fodYiksa dks è;ku ls i<+sa vkSj mfpr fodYi pqudj mÙkj nsaAmÙkjµ 1- HkkxhjFkh (orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsa) 2- fgeky;kr~ 3- xÄõk;k% 4- ikouk 5- lk;adkyL; 6- iznw"k.kkr~ 7- leqnzs.kekSf[kd mÙkj nsrs le; mPpkj.k dh Li"Vrk dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA Nk=k iw.kZ okD; osQ :i izR;sd mÙkj dk ekSf[kd&vH;kl ;fn djsa] rks ikBxr rF; osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk dk 'kq¼ iz;ksx Hkh lgt gh lh[k ysaxsA

fyf[kre~ bZdkjkUr 'kCn_ tSlsµunh] nsoh] HkkxhjFkh vkfn vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa dh Hkk¡fr L=kh¯yx gksrs gSa] fdUrq 'kCn :i vkdkjkUr ls oqQN fHkUu gksrs gSaAmÙkjµ 1- foHkfDr ,dopu f}opu cgqopu f}rh;k foHkfDr µ u|kS µ prqFkhZ foHkfDr µ unhH;ke~ unhH;% i×peh foHkfDr µ unhH;ke~ µ "k"Bh foHkfDr u|k% µ µ lIreh foHkfDr µ u|ks% µ lEcks/u µ gs u|kS! gs u|%A è;kuiwoZd ns[ksa vkSj le>saA fdl&fdl foHkfDr esa 'kCn :i ,dleku

gksrs gSaA Lej.k jgsµ (i) izFkek] f}rh;k esa f}opu ,d :i gksrk gSA (ii) r`rh;k] prqFkhZ] i×peh esa Hkh f}opu ,dlekuA (iii) i×peh] "k"Bh] ,dopu esa ,d :i (vdkjkUr 'kCnksa dks NksM+dj) (iv) "k"Bh] lIreh esa µ f}opu ,dlekuA


2- lgh mÙkj osQ fy, ikB osQ ml va'k dk okpu dj ysa] ftl ij ;s iz'u vk/kfjr gSaA

mÙkjµ d- jktk HkxhjFk% LoiwoZtkuke~ m¼kjk; xÄõka i`fFkO;ke~ vku;r~A [k- xXk;k% rhjs cgo% rhFkkZ% rkilkuke~ vkJek% p lfUrA x- HkDrk% v=k vkxR; vykSfdoaQ lq[ke~ vuqHkofUrA ?k- thouL; j{kk;S LoPNe~ tye~ vfuok;Ze~A Ä- lkEizre~ xÄõk;k% iznw"k.kkr~ laj{k.ke~ vLekoaQ ijea dÙkZO;e~A mÙkj fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA lansg gksus ij ikB~;iqLrd

esa ns[ksaA

3- ijLij esy djsa] feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k djuk Js;Ldj gksxkA mÙkjµ (I) lekukFkZd&inµ [k- vusosQ & cgo% x- HkkxhjFkhe~ & xÄõke~ ?k- ifo=kk & ikouk Ä- vpZfUr & iwt;fUr

p- iwtue~ & iwtkA (è;ku nsaµ lekukFkZd&in fHkUu fyax esa gks ldrs gSaA) (II) ckbZa vksj ^,rr~* loZuke L=kh¯yx osQ oqQN 'kCn :i gSa] nkbZa vksj

^unh* 'kCn osQA foHkfDr opu dk è;ku djrs gq, feyku djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµnksuksa in "k"Bh ,dopuµ^,rL;k% u|k%* (bl unh dk)A

mÙkjµ [k- ,"kk & unh (;g unh) x- ,rklq & unh"kq (bu ufn;ksa esa) ?k- ,rke~ & unhe~ (bl unh dks) Ä- ,rL;ke~ & u|ke~ (bl unh esa) p- ,rk% & u|% (;s ufn;k¡)A feyku djus osQ mijkUr mPpkj.k djsaA

4- dks"Bd esa fn, x, iz'uokpd 'kCn i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµ LoiwoZtkuke~* µ "k"Bh] cgqopu iq¯Yyx inµosQ fy, iz'u esaA osQ"kke~* (fdudk) µ "k"Bh] cgqopu] iq¯Yyx iz'uokpd in dk iz;ksxA izR;sd okD; dks i<+sa vkSj ja xhu in osQ vk/kj ij mfpr iz'uokpd

in pqudj iz'u&fuekZ.k djsaA mÙkjµ d- osQ v=k vkxR; bZ'oja HktfUr\µ^HkDrtuk%* iq Yyx] izFkek] cgqopu in

osQ fy, osQ* (dkSu&cgqopu)µiqfYayx] izFkek] cgqopu] iz'uokpd inA

[k- lk;adkyL; n`';e~ dhn`'ke~ vfLr\µfo'ks"k.k&in] ^vuqiee~*µ uiqald¯yx] ,dopu] vr% mlosQ fy, dhn`'ke~* (oSQlk) uiqald¯yx] ,dopu inA


x- HkkxhjFkha dLekr~ jf{krqe~ iz;Ru% fo/s;%\ iznw"k.kkr~* esa i×peh foHkfDr (,dopu) gksus osQ dkj.k iz'u esa ^dLekr~*µi×peh ,dopu inA

?k- dL; j{kk;S LoPNa tye~ vfuok;Ze~\µ^thouL;* "k"Bh] ,dopu in osQ fy, iz'u esa ^dL;* (fdldk)µ"k"Bh] ,dopu inA

mi;qZDr okD;ksa dk mPpkj.k fgrdj gksxkA

5- vH;klkFkZ fn, x, okD; ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA vr% ikB esa 'kq¼ iz;ksx ns[kk tk ldrk gS] rFkkfi bl lanHkZ esa O;kdj.k dk fu;e le> ysus ls Hkfo"; esa vU;=k =kqfV ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k ns[ksaµdks"Bd esa ^ty* 'kCn osQ rhu :i fn, x, gSaA muesa ls izLrqr okD; esa ^tye~* mfpr 'kCn :i gSA dkj.k okD; esa ^fouk* vO;; vk;k gSA fouk* osQ lkFk f}rh;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tye~ fouk---* (ty osQ fcuk)----A blh izdkj vU; okD;ksa dks ns[ksaA iz;ksxkuqlkj dks"Bd esa ls mfpr foHkfDr okyk in pqudj okD; iwjk djsaA

mÙkjµ (I) d- fgeky;kr~ µ (fgeky; ls] from the Himalayas) tgk¡ ls dksbZ@oqQN fudyrk gS] mlesa i×peh yxrh gSA (;FkkµliZ% fcykr~ fuxZPNfr)

[k- bZ'oje~ µ (bZ'oj dks)µè;ku jgsµizLrqr okD; esa ^bZ'oj* 'kCn fØ;kin&^HktfUr* dk deZ (Object) gksus osQ dkj.k f}rh;k foHkfDr :i mfprA (fganh Hkk"kk esa ^---bZ'oj dk Hktu djrs gSa*µiz;ksx esa dk* ijlxZ ls Nk=k Hkzfer u gksaA ^dk* ijlxZ okD; esa gksus ls dksbZ 'kCn lEcU/ dkjd esa ugha pyk tkrkA ;Fkkµ^lSfudk% ns'ke~ j{kfUr* okD; esa ns'ke~ (f}rh;k foHkfDr iz;ksx) gS] D;ksafd ;g okD; dk deZ gSA (fganh okD;µlSfud ns'k dh j{kk djrs gSaA)

x- i`fFkO;ke~ µ (i`fFkoh ij)µLFkkuokpd 'kCn] vr% vf/dj.k dkjd] lIreh iz;ksxA (i`fFkO;k% & i`Foh dk] i`fFkohe~ µ i`fFkoh dks)

?k- unhuke~ µ (ufn;ksa dk)µ;gk¡ cgqopu iz;ksx visf{kr gSA D;ksafd ns'k esa vusd ufn;k¡ gSaA (u|k% µ ,dopu_ u|ks% µ f}opu)


Ä- u|k% µ (unh osQ) µ rhjs* ls lEcU/] vr% u|k%* "k"Bh (lEcU/dkjd) dk iz;ksx_ lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k ^,rL;k%* osQ lkFk Hkh mfprA (u|% ¾ ufn;k¡_ u|ke~ ¾ unh esa)

(II) izLrqr [k.M esa] dks"Bd esa fo'ks"k.k&in fn, x, gSa_ iz;ksxkuqlkj mfpr fyax] foHkfDr rFkk opu okyk fo'ks"k.k&in pqudj okD; iwjk djuk gSA izR;sd okD; i<+sa] fjDr LFkku osQ ckn fn, x, laKk in osQ vuqlkj 'kq¼ fodYi pqusaA

mÙkjµ d- ifo=kk µ ^unh* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.kµL=khfyax esaA [k- vusosQ µ ^rhFkkZ%* dk fo'ks"k.k vr%] iqfYayx cgqopu esaA

(vusdk%µL=khfyax] cgqopuµ^rk%*] ^,rk%* dh Hkk¡fr)

x- izfl¼e~ µ ^rhFkZLFkye~* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% uiqaldfyax :i mfprA

?k- izTofyrk% µ ^nhik%*µ iqfYayx cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.k fo'ks"k.k&in le:iA

Ä- izeq[kk µ ^unh* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% L=khfyax esaA

6- unh 'kCn osQ ,dopu osQ :i fn, x, gSaA mUgsa i<+sa vkSj le>sa fd ;s fdl&fdl foHkfDr osQ :i gSaA lHkh bZdkjkUr (L=khfYakx) 'kCnksa osQ :i ,dleku gksrs gSaA bZdkjkUr 'kCnksa osQ :i fjDr LFkkuksa esa fy[ksaA orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA fy[krs le; mPpkj.k djsaA

mÙkjµ i`fFkohe~ i`fFkO;S i`fFkO;k% i`fFkO;ke~ nsohe~ nsO;S nsO;k% nsO;ke~ l[khe~ l[;S l[;k% l[;ke~ HkkxhjFkhe~ HkkxhjF;S HkkxhjF;k% HkkxhjF;ke~

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- v=k tye~ bfr egÙoiw.k± thou&iks"kde~ rÙoa of.kZre~A vFkok tye~

egÙoiw.k± thou&iks"koaQ rÙoe~ vfLrA 2- v|Ros unhuka tys"kq ;=k r=k ekfyU;e~ vfLr_ ,rr~ ,o fpUrk&dkj.ke~A 3- HkkxhjFkha iznw"k.kkr~ jf{krqa iz;Ru% dÙkZO;%@fo/s;%A


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

(d) 1- Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa xaxk unh dk cgqr egÙo gSA bls lcls ifo=k unh osQ :i esa iwtk tkrk gSA xaxk ty lc rhFkZ tyksa esa Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA xaxk unh osQ rV ij vusd èkk£ed LFky gSa_ tSlsµ iz;kx] dk'kh] x;k vkfn tgk¡ lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe gksrs jgrs gSaA

2- xaxk unh osQ lkFk dbZ ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ tqM+h gSa_ tSlsµ jktk lxj osQ lkB gtkj iq=kksa dh ikSjkf.kd dFkkA bu 60]000 iwoZtksa dh eqfDr osQ fy, jktk HkkxhjFk ri djosQ czãk ls ojnku ysdj] xaxk dks i`Foh ij yk, FksA egkHkkjr osQ lqizfl¼ Hkh"e firkeg dk tUe Hkh xaxk ls gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA

3- xaxk unh vc cgqr efyu gks xbZ gSA vc rks ;g fpUrk dk fo"k; cu x;k gSA blosQ LoPNhdj.k osQ fy, dbZ ;kstuk,¡ cuhaA osQUæ ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj] ;gk¡ rd fd fo'o cSad us Hkh foÙkh; lgk;rk nsus dh lgefr nh] fdUrq fØ;kUo;u ckdh gSA

4- ns'k dh laLÑfr o lH;rk dk ufn;ksa ls xgjk lEcU/ gSA flU/q unh dh izkphu laLÑfr Hkh unh osQ rV ij gh fodflr gqbZ FkhA

([k) 1- Hkfxuh (bZdkjkUr) 2- fuiq.kk µ ^lk* dk fo'ks"k.k (L=khfyax)A 3- Hkfxuhe~ µ fouk osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k dk iz;ksxA 4- HkfxU;S µ nk /krq osQ ;ksx esa nku osQ ik=k esa prqFkhZA 5- HkfxU;k% µ ^tUefnue~* ls lEcU/ gksus osQ dkj.k "k"Bh&iz;ksxA 6- HkfxU;ke~ µ fLug~ /krq osQ ;ksx esa Lusg osQ ikB esa lIreh&iz;ksxA


jk"Vªnsoks Hko (i|)

fganh vuqokn (jk"Vª dks nsork ekuks) Hkkjr esjk xkSjo gSA vFkkZr~ vius ns'k Hkkjro"kZ ij eq>s xoZ gSA laLÑr Hkk"kk esjk xkSjo gSA vFkkZr~ laLÑr Hkk"kk (tks vU; Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gS] tks nsook.kh dgykrh gS) ij eq>s xoZ gSA bl ns'k dh laLÑfr ij eq>s xoZ gSAHkkoµdfo dks vius ns'k&viuh ekr`Hkwfe] mldh laLÑfr o lH;rk ij cgqr xoZ gSA laLÑr Hkk"kk tks izkphure Hkk"kk ekuh tkrh gS] ftlus ns'k dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa dks tUe fn;k gS] dfo osQ fy, vlhe xkSjo dk fo"k; gSA

eSa] vius&vkidks xkSjo;qDr ekurk gw¡ (eSa xoZ eglwl djrk gw¡) D;ksafd eSa Hkkjrh; vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ns'k dk jgus okyk gw¡A eSa ns'kHkDr gw¡ vkSj vius ns'k dh v[k.Mrk dh j{kk djrk gw¡AHkkoµdfo dks vius Hkkjrh; gksus ij xoZ gSA ns'k osQ izfr mlosQ eu esa J¼k o HkfDr dk Hkko gSA og iwjh fu"Bk ls vius dÙkZO; dk ikyu djrs gq, vius ns'k dh v[k.Mrk ij dksbZ vk¡p ugha vkus nsxkµ,slk mlosQ eu esa ladYi gSA

fofo/ Hkk"kkvksa osQ cksyus okys] fofo/ /eks±@erksa osQ vuq;k;h (followers)] esjs HkkbZ&cguksa ij eSa Lusg dh o"kkZ djrk gw¡A vFkkZr~ ns'k osQ lHkh oklh esjs HkkbZ&cgu osQ leku gSa] Hkys gh mudh Hkk"kk] mudk /eZ@er fHkUu&fHkUu gSA eSa lHkh ls Lusg djrk gw¡AHkkoµdfo osQ eu esa vU; ns'kokfl;ksa osQ izfr Hkzkr`&Hkkouk gS] viukiu gSA ;g lp gS fd ns'k esa yksxksa dh Hkk"kk vyx&vyx gS] muosQ /eZ@lEiznk; vyx&vyx gSa] fdUrq gSa rks os ,d gh ekr`Hkwfe osQ iq=k&iqf=k;k¡] ,d gh fo'kky ifjokj osQ lnL;µ,slh mldh lksp gSA

pkjksa osn] lkjs iqjk.k] oqQjk.k] ckbZcy] jkek;.k vkSj xq#xzUFk lkfgcµlHkh /eZxzUFk esjs fy, xkSjo dk fo"k; gSaA vFkkZr~ ns'k osQ yksx fofo/ lEiznk;ksa osQ vuq;k;h gSa_ lcosQ vius /eZxzUFk gSaA lHkh lEeku osQ ;ksX; gSaAHkkoµdfo osQ eu esa vius ns'k osQ fofo/ /eks± osQ xzUFkksa osQ izfr vkLFkk dk Hkko gSA mls mu lc 'kkL=kksa ij xoZ gS] ns'k dh fofo/rk ij xoZ gSA

eSa n`<+ladYi gw¡ (esjk bjknk iDdk gS)] eSa fujUrj (vius dÙkZO;&iFk ij) vkxs c<+rk gw¡A eSa vius ns'k dks lnk izxfr osQ ekxZ ij ns[krk gw¡A

12


Hkkoµdfo ns'k osQ izfr dÙkZO;&fu"B gSA mls fo'okl gS fd ns'k dh turk ns'k dks mUufr vkSj fodkl dh vksj ys tk,xhA

lc osQ fgr&lk/u esa gh viuk fgr@dY;k.k gksrk gSµ;fn ,slh lksp lc dh gks tk, (;fn lc ,slk ekuus yxsa) rc fuf'pr :i ls ns'k esa lc izdkj dk fodkl gksxk vFkkZr~ izxfr gksxhAHkkoµizk;% yksx osQoy vius LokFkZ&lk/u osQ fo"k; esa lksprs gSaA muosQ ,sls vkpj.k ls nwljksa dks ykHk gksxk vFkok gkfu] bl ckr dh mUgsa fpUrk ugha gksrhA fdUrq tc lc ;g lkspus yxsa fd loZtu dY;k.k esa gh fut dk dY;k.k gS] rks lHkh yksx izxfr dk ykHk mBk ik,¡xs] lokZÄõh.k fodkl lEHko gksxkA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ 'yksdksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA dfo dh ns'kHkfDr] dÙkZO;fu"Bk] ns'kokfl;ksa osQ izfr Lusg] bu lc dh fgrdkeuk vkSj ijkFkZHkko dks le>sa vkSj f'k{kk ysaA 'kkL=kksa dk dguk gS ^ekr`nsoks Hko] fir`nsoks Hko] vkpk;Znsoks Hko* vFkkZr~ ekrk firk vkSj xq# dks nsork le>ksA os vknj osQ ik=k gSa] J¼k osQ ;ksX; gSa] muosQ izfr vius dÙkZO; dk ikyu djuk gekjk ije /eZ gSA vius ns'k osQ izfr Hkh ,slk Hkko gksuk pkfg,A ns'kHkfDr Hkh gekjk /eZ gSA ge ,sls dke djsa ftlls lc dk fgr gks vkSj lEiw.kZ jk"Vª mUufr djsA

fyf[kre~ mÙkjµ1- d- jk"Vªnsoks Hko = jk"Vªnso% + Hko [k- xkSjokfUor% = xkSjo + vfUor% x- j{kkE;ge~ = j{kkfe + vge~ ?k- /ekZoyfEc"kq = /eZ + voyfEc"kq Ä- o"kkZE;ge~ = o"kkZfe + vge~ p- xkSjokLine~ = xkSjo + vkLine~ N- lokZXh.k% = loZ + vXh.k%

mÙkjµ2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dhn`'k% Hko* osQ mÙkj esa jk"Vªnsoks Hko* (jk"Vªnso% Hko) ikB osQ vk/kj ij ^jk"Vªnso%* fodYi mfprA

blh izdkj izR;sd iz'u osQ jaxhu in osQ vk/kj ij ikBkuqlkj 'kq¼ dks"Bd ls 'kq¼ fodYi pqudj mÙkj nsaA iz'u è;ku ls i<+saA


mÙkjµ d- ekr`Hkwfe% µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k & ^ekr`Hkwfe% esa xkSjoe~*A [k- xkSjoe~ µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k & ^laLÑfr vL; xkSjoe~*A x- loZ&fgrs µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k & ^loZ&fgrs fg Lo&fgre~*A ?k- n`<+ladYi% (n`<+ ladYi okyk) µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k & n`<+ladYi%

fg vge~ izpykfe fujUrje~*A Ä- izxfr&iFks µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k & ^Lons'ka izxfriFks loZnk i';kfe

vge~*A

3- mÙkj fy[krs le; ikB dh lgk;rk ysaA iz'u esa vk, inksa dk mÙkj esa iz;ksx djsaA iz'uokpd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ le> ysaA dFke~ ¾ D;ksa@oSQls] osQ ¾ dkSu yksx] dnk ¾ dcA

mÙkjµ d- vga xkSjokfUor% vfLe ;r% vge~ Hkkjrh;% vfLeA vFkok

vga Hkkjrh;% vfLe] vr% vga xkSjokfUor% vfLeA [k- pRokj% osnk%] iqjk.kkfu] oqQjk.ka] ckbcya] jkek;.ka] xq#xzUFk%µlosZ èkeZxzUFkk%

es xkSjokLine~A x- ;nk ^loZ&fgrs fg Lo&fgre~* bfr losZ"kke~ efr%@fopkj% Hkfo";fr rnk

ns'kL; lokZÄõh.k% fodkl% Hkfo";frA vFkok

loZ&fgrs fg Lo&fgre~ loZL; L;kr~ ;nk efr%A rnk fodkl% jk"VªL; lokZÄõh.k% Hkfo";frAA·

4- bl vH;kl dks djus ls igys okD; esa ifjorZu djus osQ fu;eksa dks le> ysaA ;Fkkµ

d- dÙkkZin esa ifjorZu gksus ij fØ;kin esa Hkh :ikUrj vk,xkA [k- fØ;kin esa ydkj ifjorZu gksus ij fØ;kin esa gh :ikUrj vk,xkA

okD; osQ vU; in T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa jgsaxsA x- fo'ks";&in (laKk vFkok loZuke) esa ifjorZu vkus ij mlosQ

fo'ks"k.k&in esa Hkh :ikUrj vk,xkA (fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; dk fu;e ;kn j[ksa) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA

vga Hkkjrh;% vfLe µ lHkh in ,dopu esaA (dÙkkZ) (fo'ks"k.k) (fØ;kin)

· 'yksd d.BLFk djus dk ,dek=k iz;kstu gSµlgt Hkk"kk&cks/A bls f'k{k.k gsrq jVus dh izfØ;k dk leFkZu u le>saA ftl izdkj uUgsa ckyd ckyxhr (nursery rhymes) d.BLFk djrs gSa] mlh izdkj 'yksdksPpkj.k ls Hkk"kk dk vH;kl gks tkrk gSA


o;e~ Hkkjrh;k% Le% µ lHkh in cgqopu esaA o;e~&Le% µ dÙkkZfØ;kin leUo; osQ fu;ekuqlkjA o;e~ Hkkjrh;k%µfo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; leUo; osQ fu;ekuqlkj nksuksa in

cgqopuA blh izdkj izR;sd okD; dks è;kuiwoZd i<+sa] dks"Bd esa fn, funsZ'k

dks le>dj] rnuqlkj ifjorZu djsa vkSj okD; dks iqu% fy[ksaA mÙkjµ d- o;e~ xkSjokfUork% LeA (tSls mnkgj.kkFkZ fn, x, okD; esa) [k- vkoke~ fujUrje~ pyko%A (vge~&,dopuµvkoke~&f}opu_ fØ;kin

dk :i rnuqlkj mÙke iq#"k f}opu_ è;ku jgsµ^fujUrje~ vO;; gS] vr% mlesa dksbZ :ikUrj ugha vk,xkA)

x- l% ns'kHkDr% vfLrA (vge~&mÙke iq#"k] ,dopuµl% izFke iq#"k ,dopuA fØ;kin vfLr*µ^l%* osQ ;ksx esa_ ns'kHkDr% esa dksbZ :ikUrj ughaµD;ksafd ftl izdkj ^vge~* mlh izdkj ^l%* Hkh ,dopu gSA)

?k- vga ns'kL; v[k.Mrke~ jf{k";kfeA (j{kkfeµyV~ ydkjµjf{k";kfe&y`V~) Ä- vga loZnk Lons'ka izxfr&iFks vi';e~A (i';kfe&yV~] mÙke iq#"k]

,dopuµvi';e~& yÄ~] mÙke iq#"k] ,dopu) (è;ku nsaµvfUre nks okD;ksa esa ydkj ifjorZu osQ dkj.k osQoy fØ;kin

esa ifjorZuA) 5- ge lh[k pqosQ gSa fd laLÑr esa izR;sd 'kCn mfpr foHkfDr :i esa

okD; esa iz;ksx esa vkrk gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd izR;sd 'kCn dk iwoZ&fu/kZfjr fyax gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµdks"Bd esa rhu fodYi fn, x, gSa] okD;&iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj ^Hkkjre~ ee xkSjoe~* okD; esa ^Hkkjre~* 'kq¼ iz;ksx gSA

dkj.kµ^Hkkjr* 'kCn uiqaldfyax gS vkSj iz;ksxkuqlkj dÙkkZdkjd vr% izFkek foHkfDr esaA (Hkkjrs ¾ Hkkjr esa)

mÙkjµ d- laLÑre~µ tSls mnkgj.k okD; esaA (laLÑr&ewy 'kCn_ laLÑrs ¾ laLÑr esa)

[k- Lusgo"kkZe~ µ (Lusg dh o"kkZ dks) okD; dk deZ (object) vr% f}rh;k foHkfDr :i 'kq¼A

x- ns'kHkDrk% µ ^o;e~* dk fo'ks"k.k in gksus osQ dkj.k cgqopu iz;ksxA (;Fkkµo;e~ Hkkjrh;k% Le% vFkok o;e~ Nk=kk% Le%)

?k- lokZÄõh.k% µ ^fodkl%* 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k le:iA Ä- xkSjoe~ µ xkSjo&ewy 'kCn gS] ;g laKkin uiqaldfyax gS_ ;FkkµiQye~A

(ewy 'kCn iQy) (ikB esa iz;ksx ns[ksa)


6-'yksddkiquokZpudjysaAvH;klesae×tw"kkesafn,x,'kCnksadkvFkZle>ysaAfjDrLFkkuNksM+dj'yksdi<+sa]vk'k;le>dj]iqLrdns[ks fcuk]e×tw"kklsmfpr'kCnysdjfjDrLFkkuHkjsaAfjDrLFkkuiwfrZosQmijkUr'yksdksPpkj.kdjsaA

mÙkjµloZ&fgrs]loZL;]jk"VªL;]Hkfo";frA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk%mÙkjµ1- ns'kHkDr%ns'kL;v[k.Mrkaj{kfrA 2- eens'kokflu%fofo/&/ekZoyfEcu%lfUrArku~izfreeO;ogkj%

Lusgiw.kZ%L;kr~A 3- loZizFkealoZ&fgre~(losZH;%fgre~)fpUr;sr~urqLofgre~(LokFkZe~)A

ikBlaxre~ijh{k.ke~

1- ns'kdhizxfrosQfy,]izR;sdO;fDrdk;ksxnkuvko';dgSAns'k]ns'kokfl;ksalscurkgSAizR;sdns'koklhdks;gckrle>uhgksxhfdns'kdhmUufrmlesajgusokysyksxksaijvkfJrgksrhgSA

2- ns'kosQlafoèkkuesaizR;sdukxfjdosQtgk¡ekSfydvf/dkjgSa]ogk¡ns'kolektosQizfroqQNdÙkZO;HkhgSaAmuesaizeq[kgSa]viusns'kdh,drkov[k.Mrkdhj{kkdjuk]ns'kosQfodklesa;ksxnkudjuk]jk"VªèotvkSjjk"VªxhrdklEekudjuk]loZèkeZ&ln~Hkkoj[kukbR;kfnA

3- gekjsthouesalaLÑrvkSjlaLÑfrnksuksadkegÙogSAgekjhlaLÑfrlaLÑrijvkfJrgSAlaLÑrdklkfgR;fo'kkygSAjkek;.krFkkegkHkkjrtSlsegkdkO;Hkkjrh;laLÑfrosQvk/kjLrEHkgSaAJhenHkxon~xhrkegkHkkjrdkghva'kgSA

4- ½Xosn];tqosZn]lkeosnvkSjvFkoZosnµ;spkjeq[;osngSaA/uqosZn]xUèkoZosn]vk;qosZn]LFkkiR;osnvkfnmiosngSaA

5- ekr`nsoksHko &ekrkdksnsorkekuusokyscuksvFkkZr~ekrkdksnsoor~iwtuh;ekuksA

fir`nsoksHko &firkdksnsorkekuusokyscuksvFkkZr~firkdksnsorklekuekuksA

vkpk;ZnsoksHko&xq#dksnsorklekuekuksA vfrfFknsoksHko&vfrfFkdksnsorkekuusokyscuksvFkkZr~vfrfFkdks

nsorklekuekuksA


ikBk% 9&12 iqujko`fÙk% 1- vH;kl&iz'u djus ls iwoZ ikBksa dh iqujko`fÙk djuk Js;Ldj gksxkA

mÙkj esa dfBukbZ gksus ij ikB esa ns[ksaA iz'u è;ku ls i<+saA fy[krs le; orZuh ij è;ku nsaA

mÙkjµ d- lIrkgs lIrfnolk% lfUrA [k- ,dfLeu~ fnols prqfoZa'kfr% gksjk% lfUrA x- xq#ukudnsoL; tUefnua xq#ioZ dF;rsA ?k- xÄõkunh fgey;kr~ fuxZPNfrA Ä- LoLFk&thouk; LoPNa tye~ vko';de~A p- fHkÙkkS ?kfVdk vfLrA N- ,dfLeu~ ekls }kS i{kkS Lr%A

2- e×tw"kk esa fn, x, fo'ks"k.kksa dks i<+sa] vFkZ le>saA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn i<+sa_ izlaxkuqlkj mfpr fo'ks"k.k pqusa vkSj okD; iwjs djsaA

mÙkjµ cgo% µ (^rhFkkZ%* dk fo'ks"k.k)_ izfl¼e~µ(^rhFkZLFkye~* dk fo'ks"k.k) vykSfdde~ µ (^lq[ke~* dk fo'ks"k.k)_ vuqiee~µ(^n`';e~* dk fo'ks"k.k)

(è;ku nsaµfo'ks"k.k&in dHkh&dHkh fo'ks";&in osQ ckn Hkh vkrk gS] vr% lEiw.kZ okD; ij è;ku nsa vkSj vk'k; le>dj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA)

3- dks"Bd ls mfpr foHkfDr okyk in pqusa vkSj okD; iwjk djsaA

mÙkjµ (I) d- fgeky;kr~ µ (mRifÙk LFkku µ i×peh foHkfDr esa) [k- u|k% µ (^rhjs* ls lEcU/_ ,rL;k%* fo'ks"k.k ls leUo;) x- tye~ µ (^fouk* osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr in dk iz;ksx) ?k- Hkkstukr~ µ (îwoZe~* osQ ;ksx esa i×peh foHkfDr in dk iz;ksx) Ä- LoPNe~ µ (^tye~* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k le:i) (II) d- =khf.k µ (îq"ikf.k* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% uiqaldfyax iz;ksxA) [k- }s µ (^fe=ks* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% uiqaldfyax iz;ksxA) x- u|% µ (îzogfUr* fØ;kin dk dÙkkZ] vr% izFkek] cgqopu

:i dk iz;ksxA) ?k- d% µ (^le;%* iqfYayx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k d%*µ

iqfYayx ,dopu dk iz;ksxA) Ä- fujUrje~ µ ikBk/kfjr iz;ksx (loZ=k ¾ lc txg_ lkEizre~¾vc)


(III)d-ns'kL;µ(ikBosQvk/kjij) [k-i`fFkO;ke~µ(rF;osQvk/kjij) x-vkxR;µ(O;kdj.kdhn`f"Vls'kq¼iz;ksx) ?k-loZfgrs Ä-dkfrZd&eklL;

4-izLrqrfp=kesaHkkstu&d{kdkfp=kgSA e×tw"kkesafn,x,'kCnksadksi<+sa]vFkZle>saAbudhlgk;rkrFkk

ikBesavk,okD;ksadhlgk;rklsfp=kdko.kZudjsaAmÙkjµ1-,rr~fp=ke~,dL;ifjokjL;vfLrA 2-ifjokjs}kSckydkS]ekrk]firk]firkegfirkeghplfUrA 3-ifjokjL;lnL;k%@tuk%iQyoaQifjr%mifo"Vk%A 4-iQyosQvksnu&ik=ke~]tyoqQ.Me~]ik=kkf.kiQykfuplfUrA 5-losZfefyRokHkkstua[kknfUrizlUuk%pHkofUrA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk%mÙkjµ1-v'kq¼e~ 2-v'kq¼e~ 3-v'kq¼e~ 4-'kq¼e~ 5-'kq¼e~


eqfu&ew"kd;ks% dFkk

fganh vuqokn (eqfu rFkk pwgs dh dFkk)

;g dFkk fgrksins'k ls ladfyr gSA

,d n;kyq eqfu ,d pwgs ij n;k djrk gSA og mls Øe'k% fcyko] oqQÙkk o 'ksj cukdj mlosQ izk.kksa dh j{kk djrk gSA fdUrq og Ñr?kA vgadkj o'k vius midkjd dks gh ekjus osQ fy, rRij gks tkrk gSA mlosQ eu dk Hkko tkurs gh eqfu vius rikscy ls ml iqu% pwgk cuk nsrk gSA miyfC/ gksus ij dHkh xoZ ugha djuk pkfg,A O;fDr dks midkj djus okys osQ izfr lnSo ÑrK jguk pkfg,A

Hkkjr ½f"k;ksa vkSj eqfu;ksa dk ns'k gSA izkphu dky esa ;gk¡ vusd eqfu gq,A oqQN us ioZrksa dh xqI+kQkvksa esa riL;k dh vkSj oqQN ou rFkk vkJeksa esa jgrs FksA

,d vkJe esa ,d egkriLoh eqfu FkkA og n;koku~ lc thoksa ij n;k djrk FkkA vkJe osQ 'kkUr okrkoj.k esa ou osQ i'kq fuHkZ; gksdj b/j&m/j ?kwers FksA

,d fnu fnup;kZ ls fuo`Ùk gksdj og oqQVh osQ ckgj o`{k osQ uhps cSBk FkkA mlh {k.k lglk (vdLekr) ,d Hk;Hkhr pwgk Hkkxrk gqvk ml eqfu osQ lehi vk;k vkSj fou;iwoZd eqfu ls cksykµ

¶Hkxou~] vki gh esjh 'kj.k gSa vFkkZr~ vki gh esjs 'kj.knkrk gSaA¸ ¶D;k ckr gS\ D;k gqvk\ Mjs gq, D;ksa gks\¸

¶;g fcyko eq>s [kkus osQ fy, b/j gh Hkkxk vk jgk gSA esjs izk.k ladV esa gSaA eq>s cpkvksA (esjh j{kk djks)A¸

¶Mjks er (vya Hk;su)A eSa rqEgsa fcyko cuk nsrk gw¡A¸ml eqfu us rikscy ls ml pwgs dks fcyko cuk fn;kA mlosQ ckn og pwgk

fcyko osQ :i esa fuHkZ; gks taxy esa fogkj djus yxkA bl izdkj oqQN le; O;rhr gks x;kA oqQN le; i'pkr~ o iqu% eqfu osQ

ikl vk;k vkSj eqfu dks viuk d"V crk;k & ^esjs Åij n;k dhft,] 'kj.kkxr dh j{kk dhft,A ;g oqQÙkk esjs ihNs Hkkx jgk gSA*

¶Mjks erA eSa rqEgsa oqQÙkk cuk nsrk gw¡A¸¶gs eqfu] lp esa vki n;koku~ gSa tks eq> ij (bruh) n;k dj jgs gSaA¸

13


oqQÙkk cu dj og eT+ks ls leLr ou esa ?kweus yxkA ,d fnu ,d 'ksj us mls ns[kk vkSj ekjus osQ fy, rS;kj gks x;kA 'ksj ls Mj dj pwgk iqu% eqfu dh 'kj.k esa vk;k vkSj mlls izkFkZuk dhA rc n;kyq eqfu }kjk og pwgk ri osQ cy ls 'ksj cuk fn;k x;kA (rc eqfu us ri osQ cy ls ml ew"kd dks 'ksj cuk fn;kA)

¶vc rqEgsa 'ksj ls dksbZ Mj ughaA tkvks fuHkZ; gksdj fogkj djksA¸¶eSa vkidk vkHkkjh gw¡A vki esjs izk.kj{kd gSaA¸'ksj cu dj og pwgk cgqr ?ke.Mh gks x;kA vc eSa loZ'kfDreku ou dk jktk gw¡&bl izdkj og xoZ ls lkspus yxkA fdUrq

ou osQ vU; i'kq ^;g rks pwgk gh gS] bl eqfu osQ ri osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k 'ksj cu x;k gS* & ;g dgdj mldk frjDdkj djrs FksA

vjs] ;g rks d"Vdj gSA lc esjk migkl djrs gSa D;k d:¡\ Bhd gSA bl eqfu dks ekjdj bl viokn dk vUr dj nsrk g¡wµ ;g lksp dj og tSls gh eqfu osQ ikl mls ekjus osQ fy, tkrk gS rHkh eqfu rikscy ls mlosQ eu esa vk;k cqjk fopkj tku tkrk gSA

^js ew"kd] cM+s Ñr?kz gksA eSaus rqEgsa 'ksj cuk;kA rqe eq>s midkj djus okys dks gh ekjus osQ fy, rS;kj gks x,A rqe esjs n;k osQ ik=k cuus ;ksX; ugha gksA tkvks] iqu% pwgk cu tkvksµ;g dgdj eqfu us ml Ñr?kz dks iqu% pwgk cuk fn;kA

Bhd gh dgk gS & midkj djus okys osQ izfr lnSo ÑrK jguk pkfg,A

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ ikB dk iquokZpu dj ysaA izLrqr iz'u ikBxr rF;ksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA ikB osQ vk/kj ij 'kq¼ fodYi pqudj ,d in esa izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saAmÙkj 1- [k- ew"kd% x- fcMkye~ ?k- n;kyq% Ä- e`xk% p- flagkr~ N- xfoZr%

fyf[kre~

mÙkj 1- lEcU/okpd 'kCn I. [k- ioZrkuka xqgklq (ioZrksa dh xqiQkvksa esa) x- ril% cysu (ri osQ cy ls)


?k- equs% lehie~ (eqfu osQ ikl) Ä- ouL; jktk (taxy dk jktk) p- vioknL; vUre~ (viokn dk vUr)

è;ku nsaµlEcU/okpd 'kCnksa esa "k"Bh foHkfDr dk iz;ksx vk;k gSA ^dk* ^osQ* ^dh* osQ vFkZ esa lEcU/ dkjd&"k"Bh foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

II. fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; in [k- 'kkUrs okrkoj.ks ('kkUr okrkoj.k esa) x- ldys ous (leLr ou esa) ?k- n;kyquk eqfuuk (n;kyq eqfu osQ }kjk) Ä- euksxra nqHkkZoe~ (eu esa vk;k gqvk cqjk fopkj@Hkko) p- la=kLr% ew"kd% (Mjk gqvk pwgk)

è;ku nsaµfo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"; µ nksuksa le:i opu] fyax rFkk foHkfDr dh n`f"V lsA

mÙkj 2- Nk=k izLrqr iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsrs le; ikB dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA d- eqfu% oqQVtkr~ cfg% o`{kL; v/% mifo"V% vklhr~A [k- ,d% la=kLr% ew"kd% /kou~ equs% lehie~ vkxPNr~A x- flagkr~ Hkhr% ew"kd% iqu% eqfua 'kj.ke~ vxPNr~A ?k- flag% HkwRok ew"kd% ^lkEizre~ vga loZ'kfDreku~ ouL; jktk* bfr

vfpUr;r~A Ä- ouL; vU;s e`xk% ,"k% rq ew"kd% ,o] equs% ri% izHkkokr~ flag% tkr%

bfr mDRok ew"koaQ frjLoqQoZfUrA

mÙkj 3- d- ----------------------------------- eqfu% ew"kde~

[k- ----------------------------------- ew"kd% eqfue~

x- ----------------------------------- ew"kd% Loxre~ (vius vki dks vFkkZr~ eu esa)

?k- ----------------------------------- eqfu% ew"kde~

Ä ----------------------------------- ew"kd% Loxre~


mÙkj 4- izLrqr okD; O;kdj.k rÙoksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA lHkh okD; ikB esa

vk pqosQ gSaA miin foHkfDr osQ iz;ksx dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Nk=k

mfpr fodYi pqusaA

d- Hk;e~ µ fouk osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k&iz;ksxA

[k- Hk;su µ ^vye~* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k iz;ksx mfprA

x- fcMkykr~ µ tgk¡ ls Hk; gks] mlosQ |ksrd 'kCn esa i×pehA

?k- ew"kde~ µ mi + gl~ osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k dk iz;ksxA

Ä- midkjde~ µ izfr osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k iz;ksx mfprA

mÙkj 5- ifjf'k"V esa fn, dfo* 'kCn osQ :i dks nks rhu ckj i<+saA rRi'pkr~

rkfydk iwfrZ djsaA lc bdkjkUr (iqfYayx) 'kCnksa_ ;Fkkµeqfu] dfo]

Íf"k] fxfj vkfn osQ :i ,dleku gksrs gSaA

mÙkjµ equ;%

eqfue~ equh

Íf"kH;ke~ Íf"kH;%

Íf"kH;ke~ Íf"kH;%

dfoH;ke~ dfoH;%

dos% dohuke~

eqU;ks% eqfu"kq

'kCn :i dk ekSf[kd&vH;kl djsaA mPpkj.k dh vksj è;ku nsaA

mÙkj 6- [k- eqfue~ x- eqfuuk ?k- equ;s Ä- equs%

mÙkj 7- d- ,dfLeu~ ous ,d% d#.kkij% eqfu% olfrA

[k- oqQDoqQjkr~ Hkhr% l% (ew"kd%) eqfua izkFkZ;rsA

x- l% (eqfu%) la=kLra ra flaga djksfrA

?k- ew"kd% ^oujktks¿ge~* bfr (eRok) xosZ.k ous lapjfrA

Ä- ija Ñr?kA% l% midkjoaQ (eqfua) gUrqe~ m|r%A

p- iqu% ew"kdks Hko (bfr eqfu% onfr)A


ewY;ijd&iz'uk% mÙkjµ 1- le`f¼a yCèok (izkI;) uj% fouez% L;kr~ u rq xfoZr%A (le`f¼ ikdj euq"; dks fouez gksuk pkfg,] ?ke.Mh ugha) 2- eqfua izfr ew"kdL; vkpj.ke~ vuqfpre~ vklhr~A (eqfu osQ izfr ew"kd dk O;ogkj vuqfpr Fkk) 3- v=k ÑrKrk&HkkoL; egÙoa izfrikfnre~A (;gk¡ ÑrKrk osQ Hkko dk egÙo crk;k x;k gSA)

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- ÑrK% = fd, gq, midkj dks ekuus okykA 2- (i) dfo"kq (ii) dos% (iii) eqfuuk (iv) vjhu~ (v) gjkS (vi) gj;sA è;ku nsa µ lHkh bdkjkUr iqfYyax 'kCnksa osQ :i ,d leku gksrs gSaA


lqHkkf"krkfu

fganh vuqokn (vPNh ckrsa)

1- nq"V O;fDr osQ lkFk u nksLrh vkSj u gh nq'euh djuh pkfg,A vaxkjk xje gks rks gkFk tyk nsrk gS vkSj ;fn BaMk] rks gkFk dkyk dj nsrk gSA

vFkkZr~ cqjs LoHkko okys yksxksa osQ lkFk fdlh izdkj dk lEcUèk u j[kk tk,µu fe=krk dk vkSj u gh oSj dkA nqtZu dk LoHkko ,slk gksrk gS fd os fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa gkfu igq¡pkus osQ gh volj <w¡<+rs gSaA ftl izdkj dks;yk ;fn tyrk gqvk gks rks gkFk tyk nsrk gS vkSj ;fn u ty jgk gks rks gkFk dkyk dj nsrk] nqtZu dh izÑfr Hkh oSlh gh gksrh gSA

Hkkoµnq"V yksxksa ls nwjh cuk, j[kus esa gh HkykbZ gSA 2- vêòkjg iqjk.kksa esa O;kl us nks (eq[;) ckrsa dgha gSaµijksidkj djus ls iq.;

gksrk gS vkSj nwljksa dks d"V igq¡pkus ls iki gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ iqjk.kksa tSls èkeZxzUFkksa esa ys[kd Jh osnO;kl th us tks èkeZ&fo"k;d

Kku fn;k gS] mlesa nks ckrsa izeq[k :i ls mHkj dj vkrh gSaA igyh ;g fd nwljksa dk fgr djuk iq.; deZ gS vkSj nwljh ;g fd fdlh dks ihM+k nsuk cgqr cM+k iki gSA vr% O;fDr dHkh fdlh dks eu] opu vFkok deZ ls ihfM+r u djs] vfirq ,slk vkpj.k djsa ftlls vkSjksa dk dY;k.k gksA ;gh èkeZ'khyrk gSA

Hkkoµnwljksa dk Hkyk djks] cqjk dHkh ughaµ;gh èkeZ dk lkj gSA 3- rhuksa yksdksa esa lR; ls c<+dj dksbZ èkeZ ughaA >wB osQ leku dksbZ iki ughaA

vr% lp cksyksA vFkkZr~ lR; ij vkpj.k djuk loZJs"B èkeZ (dÙkZO;) ekuk x;k gSA lR;fu"B

O;fDr iq.;'khy gksrk gS] vkSj vlR; dk lgkjk ysus okyk lcls cM+k ikihA ;g ckr loZekU; gSA vr% >wB osQ ekxZ dk R;kxdj lR; dk ikyu djuk Js;Ldj gSA

HkkoµlR; dh efgek dks le>sa vkSj lR; dk ekxZ viuk,¡A Hkkjr ljdkj dk è;s; okD; ^lR;eso t;rs* Hkh ;gh ekurk gSA

4- vkyL; euq";ksa osQ 'kjhj osQ vUnj jgus okyk (mudk) cgqr cM+k 'k=kq gSA ifjJe tSlk dksbZ fe=k ugha ftls djus ij euq"; dHkh nq[k ugha ikrk gSA

vFkkZr~ vUnj jgus okyk 'k=kq cká 'k=kqvksa ls dgha vfèkd gkfudkjd gksrk gSA vkyL; dh izofÙk 'kjhj osQ vUnj jgus osQ dkj.k vfèkd uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSA m|e@ifjJe euq"; dk ije fe=k gS tks gekjh lgk;rk djrk gS] ftlls gekjk

14


dY;k.k gksrk gSA ifjJeh O;fDr dHkh volkn dks izkIr ugha gksrkA esgur }kjk y{; dh izkfIr djosQ og lq[k&lEifÙk dk vfèkdkjh cu tkrk gSA

HkkoµvkyL; NksM+dj ifjJe osQ ekxZ ij pydj] thou lkFkZd cukus esa gh euq"; dk dY;k.k gSA

5- vkifÙk dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkus ij tks nksLrh fuHkkrk gS] ogh lPpk fe=k gSA lEin~dky esa rks tks fe=k ugha gksrk] og Hkh fe=kor~ vkpj.k djus yxrk gSA

vFkkZr~ lq[k&lef¼ osQ le; rks lHkh yksx] pkgs igys fe=k u jgs gksa] fe=krk dk lEcUèk j[kus osQ fy, vkrqj gks tkrs gSa] fdUrq okLro esa os fe=k ugha gksrsA os rks osQoy ifjfLFkfr dk ykHk mBkus vk tkrs gSaA lPpk fe=k rks og gksrk gS tks ladV osQ le; lkFk ns] d"Vksa dk lkeuk djus] muls Åij mBus] foifÙk ls fudyus dk ekxZ fn[kk,A tks lkgl c<+k, vkSj foin~dky esa lgkjk cusA

HkkoµlPps fe=k dh igpku osQoy ladV osQ le; gksrh gSA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ 'yksdksa dk okpu djrs le; mPpkj.k dh vksj è;ku nsaA

fyf[kre~ 1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA iz'u ikBk/kkfjr gSA dks"Bd esa rhu fodYi fn, x,

gSaA 'kq¼ fodYi ^nqtZusu* gSA iz'u dk mÙkj lEiw.kZ okD; esa fn;k x;k gSA

ns[ksa 'yksdka'kµ^nqtZusu lea l[;a }s"ka pkfi u dkj;sr~*A blh izdkj vU; iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[ksaA dfBukbZ gksus ij 'yksdksa dk iquokZpu

dj ysaA iz'u è;kuiwoZd i<+saA mÙkjµ d- lR;kr~ ij% /eZ% ukfLrAµ ns[ksa 'yksdka'kµûfg lR;kr~ ij% /eZ% --*A [k- feF;klea ikie~ ukfLrAµ ns[ksa 'yksdka'kµîkie~ feF;klee~ ukfLr---*A x- euq";k.kke~ egku~ 'k=kq% vkyL;e~A µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'kµ ^vkyL;e~ fg

euq";k.kke~ 'kjhjLFk% egku~ fjiq%*A ?k- m|e% euq";k.kke~ cU/q%A µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'kµûkLR;q|ele% cU/q% ---*A Ä- o`f¼dkys vfe=k% vfi fe=ka Hkosr~A µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k µ ô`f¼dkys

rq lEizkIrs vfe=kks¿fi lqân~ Hkosr~* (lqân~ ¾ fe=ke~)A


2- 'yksd iwfrZ djus ls igys 'yksdksa dk okpu&iquokZpu dj ysaA rRi'pkr~ ikB~;iqLrd ns[ks fcuk e×tw"kk ls mfpr in pqudj 'yksd iwjk djsaA 'yksd esa vk, izR;sd in dk vFkZ le> ysus ij fjDr LFkku iwfrZ ljy gks tk,xhA

mÙkjµ (d) l[;e~_ }s"ke~_ m".k%] 'khr%A ([k) vkiRdkys_ fe=keso_ o`f¼dkys_ lqân~A

3- (I) ikB esa vk, oqQN foykse&inA mÙkjµ [k- fjiq% µ fe=ke~ ] x- m".k% µ 'khr% ] ?k- m|e% µ vkyL;e~ ] Ä- iq.;k; µ ikik;A (II) ikB esa iz;qDr lekukFkZd&inA mÙkjµ [k- o`f¼dky%µle`f¼dky% ] x- lqân~µfe=ke~ ] ?k- lee~µrqY;e~ @lg]

Ä- nqtZusu µ nq"VsuA

mÙkjµ4- d- (i) µ (HkkoµvkyL; dks R;kxdj ifjJe djuk pkfg,A) 1- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZµifjJe osQ leku dksbZ fe=k ugha gSA [k- (iii) µ (HkkoµnqtZu dk lkFk loZFkk R;kx nsaA) 2- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZµnq"V osQ lkFk u fe=krk vkSj u gh }s"k

djsaA) x- (iv) µ (Hkkoµ/eZ'khy euq"; dk y{k.k gSµlR; dk vkpj.kA

vr% lR; cksysaA) 3- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZµ>wB osQ leku dksbZ iki ugha] vr% lp

cksyksA ?k- (ii) µ (Hkkoµ,d vPNk fe=k gh foifÙk osQ le; lgk;rk djrk

gSA) 4- 'yksdka'k dk vFkZµfoifÙk osQ le; tks fe=krk fuHkk,]

ogh lPpk fe=k dgus ;ksX; gSA 5- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµrhu fodYi gSa] muesa ls ,d 'kq¼ gS] vU;

nksuksa esa orZuh dh v'kqf¼ gSA yksosQ"kqµ'kq¼ fodYi] D;ksafd ^yksd* 'kCn vdkjkUr iqfYayx gksus osQ

dkj.k] lIreh cgqopu esa vUr esa ,"kq* vkrk gS_ ;Fkkµ^ckyosQ"kq*] o`{ks"kq* bR;kfnA blh izdkj 'kq¼ fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA


mÙkjµ d- nqtZusu µ vdkjkUr 'kCn osQ r`rh;k ,dopu :i esa vUR; û*

gyUr ugha gksrkA (;gk¡ ;|fi 'kCn esa ^j~* vk;k gS]

rFkkfi ;gk¡ û~* dks ^.k* gksrk] D;ksafd ;g viokn gSA

ikBxr 'yksd esa Hkh ns[ksa vkSj uksV djsaA)

[k- euq";k.kke~ µ 'kCn esa ^"k~* gksus osQ dkj.k û* dks ^.k*A vdkjkUr

'kCn esa "k"Bh cgqopu esa vUr esa ^vkuke~* vkrk gS_

;Fkkµ^ckydkuke~*] ô`{kk.kke~* bR;kfnA

x- o`f¼dkys µ 'yksd esa ns[ksaµô~* esa ^Í* dh ek=kk (^j~* ugha)_

la;qDr O;×tu ¼~* esa NksVh b* dh ek=kk_ tSlsµ^cqf¼*

^le`f¼* vkfn 'kCnksa esaA

?k- egku~ µ ns[ksa 'yksdka'k µ ^--- egku~ fjiq%*A uksV djsaµlaLÑr

Hkk"kk esa ;g 'kCn vdkjkUr ugha gSA

Ä- fjiq% µ 'yksd esa ns[ksaµ^j* esa ßLo ^b* dh ek=kk vkSj î~* esa

ßLo m* dhA ikBokpu osQ le; 'kq¼ orZuh uksV djsaA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk%

1- (i) nqtZusu lg eS=kh u mfprkA

(ii) nqtZusu lg 'k=kqrk vfi u mfprkA

2- ijksidkja oqQ;kZr~_ ikia u oqQ;kZr~A vFkok

ijksidkj% dÙkZO;%_ ikia u dÙkZO;e~A

3- v=k lR;L; egÙoa of.kZre~\ vFkok

lR;a (lR;kpj.ke~) loZJs"B% /eZ% vfLrA (lR; vFkok lR; ij vkpj.k

lcls Js"B /eZ gS)

4- vkyL;a fg euq";k.kka egku~ 'k=kq% vkyL;a dnkfi u dÙkZO;e~A

5- ;% fe=ke~ bo vkpjfr] l% oLrqr% fe=ke~ vfLr u ok bfr foin~dkys

,o Kk;rsA

(tks fe=k dh Hkk¡fr vkpj.k dj jgk gS og okLro esa fe=k gS ;k ugha

;g (ckr) foifÙk osQ le; gh irk pyrh gSA


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- 'yksdksa dk okpu djrs le; mPpkj.k ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA ;fn mPpkj.k Li"V rFkk 'kq¼ gksxk rks okpu dkuksa dks eèkqj yxsxk vkSj vkuUn Hkh vk,xkA

2- lR; dk ikyu] oqQlaxfr dk R;kx] ijksidkj] ifjJeiwoZd vkpj.k] lPph fe=krk vkfn uSfrd&fl¼kUrksa ij d{kk esa ppkZ djsa vkSj thou esa bUgsa viuk,¡A

3- 'yksdksa dk ladyu Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 4- (i) ^ufg lR;kr~ ij% /eZ%A* (ii) nqtZusu lee~ l[;a }s"ka pkfi u dkj;sr~A (iii) vkyL;a gh euq";k.kka 'kjhLFkks egku~ fjiq%A (iv) vkiRdkys rq lEizkIrs ;r~ fe=ka fe=keso rr~A mifjnÙk lHkh 'yksdka'k ikB esa vk, gSaA


Írqjkt% olUr% [mdkjkUr (iqfYayx)&iz;ksx%]

fganh vuqokn (Írqvksa dk jktkµolUr)

olUr dk le; lq[kn gksrk gSA tc f'kf'kj&½rq tkrh gS] rc olUr&½rq vkrh gSA ;g le; lqgkouk gksrk gSA bl le; u ”;knk BaM gksrh gS vkSj u gh vfèkd xehZA

olUr&½rq esa izÑfr lqUnj yxrh gSA isM+ksa ij u, iÙks vkrs gSaA lc vksj ja x&fcja xs iwQy f[kyrs gSaA iwQyksa ij HkkSajs xw¡trs gSaA vusd ja xksa dh frrfy;k¡ bèkj&mèkj mM+rh gSaA vke osQ isM+ksa ij dks;ysa owQdrh gSaA eUn&eUn iou pyrh gS vkSj iwQyksa dh lqxUèk ykrh gSA olUrdky esa izÑfr dk lkSUn;Z ns[kdj eu [kq'k gksrk gSA okLro esa ;g le; Hkze.k djus osQ fy, vPNk gSA ckX+kksa esa yksx ?kwers gSa vkSj cPps vkuUn ls [ksyrs gSaA lc vksj ekuks uothou dk lapkj gksrk gSA

olUr&iapeh dk mRlo olUr&½rq osQ vkus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA oqQN yksx bl fnu fo|k dh nsoh ljLorh dh iwtk djrs gSaA ja xksa dk mRlo gksyh Hkh blh ekSle esa vkrk gSA ;g g¡lh&e”kkd vkSj [kqf'k;ksa dk mRlo gSA bl mRlo esa lc vksj ekSt&eLrh dk okrkoj.k gksrk gSA cPps&cw<+s lHkh izlUu gksrs gSaA yksx ,d&nwljs ij ja x isaQdrs gSa vkSj izlUu gksdj xkrs vkSj ukprs gSaA

;g gekjk lkSHkkX; gS fd ge Hkkjroklh gSaA ftl izdkj Hkkjr esa N% ½rq,¡ gksrh gSa oSls vkSj dgha ugha gksrhaA tc lw;Z mÙkjk;.k (mÙkjk/Z vFkkZr~ mÙkj xksyk/Z esa) gksrk gS rks f'kf'kj ('khr)] olUr vkSj xzh"e&½rq gksrh gSA tc lw;Z nf{k.kk;u (nf{k.kkèkZ vFkkZr~ nf{k.k xksyk/Z esa) gksrk gS o"kkZ] 'kjn~ vkSj gseUr&½rq gksrh gSaA

olUr&Írq lc ½rqvksa esa Js"B gSA ;g ½rqvksa dk jktk gS] blfy, ½rqjkt dgykrk gSA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ ;g vH;kl iw.kZr% ikBk/kfjr gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµiz'u esa d%* osQ LFkku ij mÙkj esa olUr%* 'kCn vk;k gSA bldk vFkZ gSµ^olUr&Írq% Írqjkt% dF;rsA* izR;sd iz'u dk okpu è;kuiwoZd djsa vkSj ja xhu in osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nsaA dks"BdnÙk fodYiksa dk okpu djrs le; è;ku nsaA lHkh 'kCn fyax] foHkfDr rFkk opu dh n`f"V ls leku gSaA

15


mÙkjµ 1- lq[kn% µ dhn`'k%* (oSQlk) osQ mÙkj esaA (in iq Yyx ,dopu esa) 2- je.kh;k µ dhn'kh* (oSQlh) osQ mÙkj esaA (in L=kh¯yx ,dopu esa) 3- "kV~ µ dfr* (fdruh) osQ mÙkj esaA (la[;kokph in iqfYayx esa) 4- olUr&Írks% µ dL;* (fdldk@foQlosQ) osQ mÙkj esaA (in "k"Bh]

,dopu esa) 5- olUr&ÍrkS µ dfLeu~* (fdlesa) osQ mÙkj esaA (in lIreh] ,dopu esa) 6- gksyh µ d% mRlo%* osQ mÙkj esaA 7- eUna&eUne~ µ dFke~* osQ mÙkj esaA

fyf[kre~

mÙkjµ 1- d- olUr&Írq% Írwuke~ jktk vFkkZr~ Js"B% vr% Írqjkt% dF;rsA [k- olUr&ÍrkS izo`Qrs% lkSUn;± n`"V~ok fpÙka izlhnfrA x- gksyh&mRlos tuk% vU;ksU;L; mifj ja xku~ izf{kifUr] izlUuk%

HkwRok xk;fUr u`R;fUr pA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµokD; esa îzo`Qfr%* 'kCn vk;k gSµ tks L=kh¯yx ,dopu in gSA vr% iz'u esa ^dk*µ (L=kh¯yx] ,dopu) iz'uokpd 'kCn dk iz;ksxA

vH;kl esa fn, x, iz'uksa dks mfpr iz'uokpd 'kCn pqudj iwjk djsaA· mÙkjµ d- osQ (dkSu) µ ^Hkzejk%* iq Yyx cgqopu] izFkek foHkfDr in_

vr% mlosQ fy,] iq¯Yyx] cgqopu] izFkek foHkfDr esa ^fde~* loZuke dk :iµôsQ*A

[k- dFke~ (fdl izdkj) µ êUne~&eUne~* (/hjs&/hjs) osQ fy, iz'u esa ^dFke~*A

x- osQ"kke~ (fdudk) µ îq"ik.kke~* (uiqaldfYakx) "k"Bh cgqopu in osQ fy, iz'u esa "k"Bh cgqopu :iµôsQ"kke~*A

?k- dL; (fdldk) µ ^vkeksn&izeksnL;* "k"Bh] ,dopu in osQ fy, iz'u esa] "k"Bh] ,dopu inµ^dL;*A

3- ikB esa iz;qDr foykse inksa dk esyA mÙkjµ [k- 'kSR;e~µm".kRoe~ ] x- cky%µo`¼% ] ?k- xPNfr µ vkxPNfr ] Ä- br% µ rr%A ,d ckj mPpkj.k djsaA

· ^fde~* 'kCn :i dh vko`fÙk dj ysus ls iz;ksx esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha vk,xhA


4- izR;sd dFku dk okpu è;kuiwoZd dj ysaA ikB osQ vk/kj ij crk,¡ fd dFku 'kq¼ gS vFkok gS v'kq¼A

mÙkjµ d- v'kq¼e~ µ (ikBkuqlkj&^;nk 'kjn~ Írq% xPNfr] olUr&Írq% (^'kjn~ Írq%* ugha) vkxPNfrA*)

[k- 'kq¼e~ µ (ikBkuqlkj&^;nk lw;Z% mÙkjk;.k% Hkofr rnk f'kf'kj%]---*) x- v'kq¼e~ µ (ikBkuqlkj&^gksyh&mRlo%* gkl&ifjgklL; mRlo%) ?k- 'kq¼e~ µ (ikBkuqlkj & ,rfLeu~ fnols osQfpr~ tuk% fo|k;k% nsoh

ljLorha iwt;fUrA) Ä- v'kq¼e~ µ (ôlUr&dky% lq[kn% Hkofr* 'kq¼ dFku)

mÙkjµ 5- µ Írw Íro% µ µ xq:u~ µ lk/qH;ke~ lk/qfHk% µ f'k'kqH;ke~ µ µ µ lk/qH;% µ µ f'k'kwuke~ µ µ xqjQ"kq µ gs lk/w! gs lk/o%!

6- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA vk'k; le>saA bldk fo"k; ikB ij vk/kfjr gSA vr% ikB dk Hkyh&Hkk¡fr okpu dj yssaA ikB esa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djsaA

mÙkjµ olUr&ÍrkS (olUr Írq esa)_ oqQlqekfu (fodlfUr fozQ;kin osQ lkFk mfpr dÙkkZ)]

iq"is"kq (iwQyksa ij) ^Hkzejk% xq×tfUr* dk vk/kj îq"i* lIreh esaA iou% (ôgfr* fozQ;kin dk dÙkkZ)_

tuk% (HkzefUr dk dÙkkZ)_ vkuUnsu (e”ks ls) (ozQhMfUr dk fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k) Írqjkt%µôlUr% Írq%* osQ fy,A

okD;&iwfrZ osQ mijkUr lgt jhfr ls vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

(d) 1- ekSle dk gekjs ru&eu ls xgjk lEcUèk gSA [kku&iku ij Hkh bldk izHkko gksrk gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd tks iQy ftl ½rq dh fo'ks"krk gksrh


gS] og LokLF; osQ fy, ml ½rq esa fo'ks"k :i ls xq.kdkjh gksrk gSA gekjs mRlo Hkh ½rqvksa ls lEcfUèkr gSaA gksyh olUrdky esa gksrh gS] tc izÑfr esa Hkh jaxksa dh cgkj vkrh gSA ,sls esa eu esa Hkh ekndrk Nk tkrh gSA

2- gekjs ns'k esa yxHkx iwjs o"kZ gh mRlo pyrs jgrs gSaA izR;sd mRlo dgha u dgha ½rq ls lEcfU/r gksrk gSA gj izns'k osQ vius&vius mRlo gSa_ tSlsµiatkc esa cSlk[kh] nf{k.k esa iksaxy] mÙkjiwoZ esa chgw vkfnA ;s lc Ñf"k lEcfUèkr ioZ gSaA ftl le; mit rS;kj gksrh gS] rks mRlo dk okrkoj.k cu tkrk gSA

([k) mdkjkUr 'kCn :i dk mPpkj.k Nk=k Lo;a djsa_ ;Fkkµ 1- Hkkuq% Hkkuw Hkkuo% vFkok f'k'kq% f'k'kw f'k'ko% bR;kfn lkrksa foHkfDr;ksa

esaA nks rhu ckj mPpkj.k djus ls :i d.BLFk gks tk,¡xsA 2- (i) Hkkuks% (lw;Z dh) "kIBh iz;ksx mfpr_ dkj.k& 'ks"k okD; dk

vFkZ& ^fdj.ksa i`fFkoh ij vkrh gSa*A (ii) f'k'kos (f'k'kq osQ fy,) & prqFkhZ iz;ksx mfpr_ dkj.k&'ks"k okD;

dk vFkZ µ êkrk ykrh gSA* (iii) lk/osµ ûe%* osQ lkFk prqFkhZ iz;ksxA (iv) xq:.kke~µ 'kq¼ orZuh_ ^j~* esa nh?kZ ^Å* dh ek=kk] rFkk û~* dks

^.k~* mlh in esa ^j~* gksus osQ dkj.kA (v) 'khr½rkSµ izLrqr in mdkjkUr gS vdkjkUr ughaA (vi) f'k'kkS (lIreh&,-o-)µ O;kdj.k osQ fu;ekuqlkj ftl ls Lusg

fd;k tkrk gS] ml esa lIreh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (fgUnh Hkk"kk esa êk¡ cPps dks I;kj djrh gS* okD; esa ek=k ^dks* vk tkus

ij in deZ dkjd ugha curk) v'kqf¼&'kks/u osQ i'pkr~ okD;ksa dk okpu lgt jhfr ls djsaA lgh 'kCn

:i rFkk mfpr foHkfDr iz;ksx ljy gks tk,xkA Hkk"kk esa okpu iquokZpu vrho ykHkizn gksrk gSA


ikBk% 13&15 iqujko`fÙk% 1- vH;kl djus ls igys ikBksa dh iqujko`fÙk dj ysaA fjDr LFkku iwfrZ

esa =kqfV ugha gksxhA izR;sd okD; è;ku ls i<+sa] fiQj dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj

fjDr LFkku HkjsaA mÙkjµ d- vkyL;e~ µ (ns[ksa 'yksdka'k) [k- ijksidkj%] ijihMue~ ('yksdk/kfjr) x- lR;kr~ µ ('yksdkuqlkj) ?k- rikscysu µ (ikBk/kfjr) Ä- mÙkjk;.k%_ olUr% (ikBkuqlkj) 2- izLrqr vH;kl esa fn, x, lHkh okD; ikBksa esa vk pqosQ gSaA vr% mÙkj nsus esa dfBukbZ ugha gksuh pkfg,A rFkkfi O;kdj.k dh

n`f"V ls 'kq¼ iz;ksx le> ysuk fgrdj gksxkA

(I) mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA Í"kh.kke~* (Íf"k;ksa dk) mfpr fodYi gSA D;ksafd izLrqr okD; esa ^ns'k%* (ns'k) ls lEcU/] vr% lEcU/ dkjd] "k"Bh foHkfDr in dk iz;ksxA (Í"ks% ¾ ,d Íf"k dk_ Í"k;% ¾ vusd Íf"k) izlaxkuqlkj vusd dk vFkZ visf{kr] vr% cgqopu dk iz;ksx mfprA

mÙkjµ I. d- lR;kr~ (lp ls)µ rqyuk esa i×peh foHkfDr iz;ksxA 'yksdka'k esa Hkh ;gh iz;ksx vk;k gSA (lp ls c<+dj dksbZ /eZ ugha)

(lR;suµlp }kjk@ls_ lR;e~ ¾ lp) [k- nqtZusuµ^lg* osQ dkj.k r`rh;k iz;ksx mfprA ('yksdka'k esa Hkh

r`rh;k foHkfDr in dk iz;ksx) ^nqtZusu lg*A x- lq[kn% µ okD; esa ^Írq%* (iqfYayx)· dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ

dkj.k ^lq[kn* 'kCn dk izFkek] ,dopu iqfYayx esa iz;ksxA (^lq[knk*&L=khfyax ^lq[kn*µewy 'kCn)

?k- ,rfLeu~ µ (lIreh] ,dopu :i) okD; esa ^fnus* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.kA ewy 'kCn loZuke&,rr~A

Ä- oqQDoqQje~µ^djksfe* fØ;kin dk deZ ^Roke~* (f}rh;k ,dopu) osQ le:i ^oqQDoqQje~* mfpr iz;ksxA

· è;ku nsaµ^Írq* 'kCn laLÑr Hkk"kk esa iqfYayx gksrk gS] fgUnh Hkk"kk esa Írq* 'kCn L=khfyax gksus ls Nk=k Hkzfer u gksaA


(II) mnkgj.kns[ksavkSjle>saA xqjos*µ'kq¼fodYi(orZuhdhn`f"Vls)Aewy'kCn^xq#*dkprqFkhZ,dopuesa'kq¼:i]^xqjos*A(;Fkkµf'k'kos]Hkkuos]fo".kosbR;kfnA)

blhizdkjvU;okD;ksadks]dks"Bdls'kq¼orZuhokyk'kCn:ipqudj]iwjkdjsaA

mÙkjµd-lk/o%(izFkek]cgqopu)µ;Fkkµ^f'k'ko%*]^xqjo%*bR;kfnA è;kujgsµmdkjkUr'kCnosQ^m*dks;gk¡^o~*gkstkrkgS]vr%^m*

dhek=kkyqIrgkstkrhgSA(prqFkhZ,dopuesaHkhµ^xqjos]f'k'kos*) [k-Írwuke~("k"Bh&cgqopu)µ;Fkkµ^lk/wuke~*]^f'k'kwuke~*bR;kfnA è;kujgsµ(i)"k"Bh cgqopu esa] vdkjkUr] bdkjkUr mdkjkUr

'kCnksa esavUR;Loj ^v*] ^b*] ^m*nh?kZ gkstkrsgSa_;Fkkµckydkuke~(ckyd'kCn)equhuke~(eqfu'kCn)]lk/wuke~(lk/q'kCn)bR;kfnA

(ii)^Írwuke~*'kCn:iesa u~*dks .k~*ughagqvk];|fi'kCnesa ^Í*Lojvk;kgSA(;gu~dks^.k~*dkviokngS)ikBokpuosQle;è;kunsaA

x-eqfue~*µO;kdj.kosQfu;ekuqlkjftldh'kj.kesatk;ktkrkgSmlesaf}rh;kfoHkfDrA(;Fkk&^cq¼a'kj.kaxPNkfe*)

?k-flagkr~µftllsHk;gksrkgSmlesai×pehdkiz;ksxgksrkgSAikBokpudjsaA

Ä-i'kwuke~ µ ("k"Bh] cgqopu) µ 'kq¼ :i_ ;Fkkµ ^lk/wuke~*^Hkkuwuke~* vkfnA

3-mioudkfp=kgSAns[ksadkSuD;kdjjgkgSvFkokD;kgksjgkgS\vce×tw"kkesafn,x,'kCnksadksi<+sa]vFkZle>saAfp=kdko.kZudjrsgq,]okD;e×tw"kkosQ'kCnksadhlgk;rklscuk,¡AokD;cgqrlaf{kIrugksaAizR;sdokD;esarhu&pkj'kCnvo';gksaA

,dlq>koµigysdÙkkZinvkSjfozQ;kinyxkdj,dokD;cukysa]fiQjfoLrkjosQfy,mlesadeZvkfnvU;dkjdksaosQinlanHkkZuqlkjtksM+nsaAfo'ks"k.k&fozQ;kfo'ks"k.kvkfndkiz;ksxdjuslsHkhokD;esafoLrkjvktkrkgSA

;Fkkµckyd%i';frAckyd%o`{ke~i';frAckyd%m|kuso`{ke~i';frbR;kfnA

mÙkjµd-,rr~,dL;m|kuL;fp=ke~A [k-v=kckyk%vkuUnsuozQhMfUrA x-m|kuso`{kk%lfUr]osQnkjs"kqpiq"ikf.kfodlfUrA ?k-tuk%v=kHkzefUr]m|kuL;p'kksHkkai';fUrA Ä-m|kuL;okrkoj.kslosZâ";fUrA


;s okD; mnkgj.k osQ :i esa fn, x, gSaA Nk=k bl izdkj vU; okD; Lo;a cuk ldrs gSaA

4- xr ikBksa esa bdkjkUr o mdkjkUr iq Yyx 'kCnksa osQ :i iz;ksx esa vk, gSaA

bu okD;ksa esa eqfu (bdkjkUr&iqfYayx) dk ,dopu esa lkrksa foHkfDr;ksa esa iz;ksx gSA budk okpu djsa] foHkfDr&:i o iz;ksx le>sa_ ;Fkkµ

mnkgj.k esaµêqfu%* dÙkkZ]µizFkek (,dopu) esaA okD; d- esa eqfue~µdeZµf}rh;k esaA [k- ûe%* osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZµêqu;s ue%*A x- ^lg* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k dk iz;ksx vk;k gSµêqfuuk lg*A ?k- i×peh dk iz;ksx (viknku dkjd) (eqfu ls (from the

muni) dFkk lqurk gS_ tSlsµ^l% vè;kidkr~ iBfr*µesa i×pehA)

Ä- "k"Bh iz;ksxµlEcU/ dkjd esaµ(equs% vkns'ke~ ¾ eqfu dk vkns'k) p- lIreh iz;ksxµ(vf/dj.k dkjd)µ(ftl ij J¼k gksrh gSµ

mlesa lIreh)µequkS J¼kµeqfu ij J¼kA N- lEcks/uµgs equs! --------A bUgha okD;ksa dks nkb± vksj fy[ksa] fdUrq êqfu* (bdkjkUrµiqfYayx) 'kCn

osQ LFkku ij ^xqjQ* (mdkjkUr&iqfYayx) 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµ eqfu* 'kCn ftl foHkfDr eas vk;k gS] mlh

foHkfDr esa ^xqjQ* 'kCn iz;ksx esa yk,¡A vH;kl djus ls igys nksuksa 'kCn :iksaµbdkjkUr o mdkjkUr dh vko`fÙk dj ysaA·

mÙkjµ d- xq#e~ uefrA [k- xqjos ue%A

· bl lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr ij è;ku nsuk fgrdj gksxkµ (i) bdkjkUr 'kCn :i esa tgk¡ ;~* vkrk gS] mdkjkUr esa ogk¡ o~*A ;Fkkµequ;s xqjos (prqFkhZ ,dopu)A blh

izdkj equ;% xqjo% (izFkek] cgqopu)A (ii) bdkjkUr esa tgk¡ ,* yxrk gS] mdkjkUr esa ogk¡ vks*A ;Fkkµequs%] xqjks% ("k"Bh ,dopu)_ gs

equsµgs xqjks (lEcks/u)A ftu foHkfDr :iksa esa lekurk gS mls Hkh è;ku esa j[ksaA ;Fkkµ eqfue~µxq#e~ (nksuksa esa vUR; e~)_

eqfuH;ke~ µxq#H;ke~_ eqfuH;% µ xq#H;%_ equkS µ xqjkS (lIreh] ,dopu)A;kn j[ksaµbdkjkUr esa tgk¡ ^b* dks ^bZ* gksrk gS] mdkjkUr esa ^m* dks ^mQ*A ;Fkkµequh&xq: (izFkek&f}opu)_ equhuke~µxq:.kke~ ("k"Bh&cgqopu)A


x- l% xq#.kk lg xPNfrA ?k- l% xqjks% dFkke~ vkd.kZ;frA (i×peh&iz;ksx) Ä- f'k";% xqjks% vkns'ke~ iky;frA ("k"Bh&iz;ksx) p- xqjkS rL; J¼k vfLrA N- gs xqjks! Roe~ /U;% vflA nksuksa LrEHkksa osQ okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA foHkfDr;qDr in o iz;ksx

ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk%

1- (i) midkjoaQ izfr ÑrK% L;kr~ vFkkZr~ ÑrKrk&Hkkosu vkpjsr~A

(ii) ufg] ew"kd% equs% n;kik=ka Hkforqe~ u vgZfr LeA

2- (i) feF;k@vlR;a ikie~ vfLrA

(ii) lR;a onsr~] vlR;a@feF;k u onsr~A

3- lain~dkys 'k=kq% vfi lqân~@fe=ke~ bo vkpjfrA


fe=ke~ izfr fueU=k.ke~ (i=ke~)

fganh vuqokn (fe=k dks i=k)

if'pe fogkj fnYyh frfFk -------------fiz; fe=k vuqjkx]lizse ueLrs]

;gk¡ lc oqQ'ky gS] (vk'kk gS) ogk¡ Hkh oqQ'ky gksxkAvxys lIrkg cqèkokj ik¡p rkjh[k dks esjk tUefnu gSA tUefnu osQ 'kqHk volj

ij lqcg fofèkiwoZd gou gksxkA esjs lkFk ?kj esa ek¡ firkth vkSj cM+h cgu gksaxhA 'kke ik¡p cts ?kj esa izhfrHkkst (ikVhZ) dk vk;kstu gSA lHkh cUèkq&ckUèko (fe=k o fj'rsnkj) mRlo osQ fy, vk,¡xsA vk'kk gS fd rqe Hkh ekrk firk o NksVs HkkbZ osQ lkFk lekjksg osQ fy, le; ij vkvksxs] vkSj ge lc dk mRlkg c<+kvksxsA ;g [kq'kh dk volj gSA bl volj ij ge lc feydj xk,¡xs] ukpsaxs vkSj mRlo dk vkuUn ysaxsA esjs ekrk firk rqEgsa ;kn djrs gSaA

eSa rqEgkjs vkus dh izrh{kk d:¡ xkAvius ekrk&firk dks esjk iz.kke dgukA NksVs HkkbZ dks LusgiwoZd vk'kh"kA

rqEgkjk fiz; fe=k v.kZo

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

1- iz'u dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA ja xhu 'kCn osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nsaA rF; dh n`f"V ls dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqusaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksa] i<+sa vkSj le>saµ^fde~* osQ mÙkj esa ^fueU=k.k&i=ke~* ikBkuqlkj 'kq¼ fodYi gSA

mÙkjµ 1- v.kZoL; µ D;ksafd v.kZo vius tUefnu dk fueU=k.k ns jgk gS] fe=k vuqjkx dksA

16


2- v.kZo% µ D;ksafd i=k osQ vUr esa gLrk{kj osQ :i esa] ^v.kZo%* vk;k gS (i=k fy[kus okyk viuk uke vUr esa fy[krk gS)A

3- cq/okljs 4- x`gs (ikBkuqlkj) 5- i×poknus 6- g"kZe;% 7- cU/q&ckU/ok%A

fyf[kre~

mÙkjµ1- d- tUefnu&mRlos cU/q&ckU/ok% fefyRok xkL;fUr] ufrZ";fUr mRloL; p vkuUne~ vuqHkfo";fUrA

(è;ku jgsµbl mÙkj esa vk, fozQ;kin ikB esa mÙke iqjQ"k esa gSa] D;ksafd ogk¡ dÙkkZµo;e~ dk iz;ksx gSA bl okD; esa ^cU/q&ckU/ok%* dÙkkZ izFke iqjQ"k esa_ bl n`f"V ls fØ;kin esa :ikUrj djuk u HkwysaA)

[k- tUefnolL; 'kqHkkoljs izkr% dkys fof/iwoZoaQ goua Hkfo";frA x- lk;adkys x`gs izhfrHkkstL; vk;kstue~ vfLrA

vFkok lk;adkys i×poknus x`gs izhfrHkkst% vk;ksftr%A

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA dFku rFkk rnk/kfjr iz'u dk okpu djsaA dks"Bd ls mfpr in pqudj iz'u&fuekZ.k djsaA

mÙkjµ d- tUefnols izhfrHkkst% oqQ=k Hkfo";fr\ (^x`gs* ¾ ?kj esa* osQ fy, iz'u esa ^oqQ=k* ¾ dgk¡)

[k- o;e~ dL; vkuUne~ vuqHkfo";ke%\ (^mRloL;*¾ ^mRlo dk* osQ fy, ^dL;* ¾ fdldk)

x- vuqjkx% dnk i×poknus lekjksgk; vkxfe";fr\ (lk;adkys ¾ 'kke dks* osQ fy, ^dnk* ¾ dc)

?k- cU/q&ckU/ok% fdeFkZe~ vkxfe";fUr \ (^mRlokFkZe~* ¾ mRlo osQ fy,*] vr% iz'u esa fdeFkZe~ ¾ fdlfy,)

3- ikB esa iz;qDr oqQN 'kCnksa osQ foykseµmnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj ;kn j[ksaA mÙkjµ [k- vkxeue~ µ xeue~ ] x- lk;adkys µ izkr% dkys ] ?k- ee µ ro ]

Ä- v=k µ r=kA ] fy[krs le; mPpkj.k djsaA


4- (I) mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saA dks"Bd esa ,d 'kCn osQ rhu foHkfDr :i fn, x, gSaA fu;ekuqlkj ^jfookljs*µ(lIreh foHkfDr :i) mfpr gS] D;ksafd 'ks"k okD; dk vFkZ gSµLowQy esa NqV~Vh gksrh gSA vr% jfookljs (jfookj dks on sunday) 'kq¼A dkyokpd 'kCn esa lIreh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (fgUnh Hkk"kk esa ijlxZ ^dks* vkus ls Nk=k Hkzfer u gksa_ ^dks* yxus ek=k ls 'kCn deZdkjd esa ugha pyk tkrkA)

mÙkjµ d- lk;adkys µ D;ksafd dkyokpd 'kCnksa esa lIreh yxrh gS_ ;Fkk mnkgj.k esaµ^jfookljs* 'kq¼ iz;ksxA

[k- izrh{kke~ µ okD; esa vk, fozQ;kin dk deZ gksus osQ dkj.k f}rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksxA îzrh{kk* (vkdkjkUr) ewy 'kCn gS] yrk dh Hkk¡frA

x- vfxzes µ okD; esa êkls* 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k gSA vr% mldh Hkk¡fr lIreh] ,dopu dk iz;ksxA ^vfxze* (vdkjkUr) ewy 'kCn gSA ^ckyd* dh Hkk¡frA

?k- ,rfLeu~ µ okD; esa voljs* dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k mlh foHkfDr o opu esa vFkkZr~ lIreh ,dopu] ^,rr~* ewy 'kCn gSA (è;ku jgsµ^,rr~* loZuke 'kCn gSA)

Ä- vkuUne~ µ okD; esa vk, fozQ;kin ^vuqHkfo";ke%* dk deZ gksus osQ dkj.k f}rh;k dk iz;ksx] (fgUnh esaµ ^vkuUn dk vuqHko djsaxs*µ ,slk iz;ksx gksrk gS] fdUrq ijlxZ ^dk* osQ iz;ksx ls Hkzfer u gksaA)

^vkuUne~ vuqHkfo";ke%* ¾ vkuUn dks vuqHko djsaxsµ bl izdkj le>saA

(II) mnkgj.k ns[ksaµdks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa esa nsoe~* (f}rh;k] ,dopu) fodYi 'kq¼ gS] D;ksafd okD; esa ûe~* /krq (ûefUr*) dk iz;ksx gSA ûe~* /krq osQ lkFk deZin esa f}rh;k iz;ksxA ½dkjkUr 'kCn :i dh vko`fÙk ykHkizn gksxhA

mÙkjµ d- firjkS (ekrk firk dks) µ 'ks"k nks fodYi v'kq¼ :i [k- fir`H;ke~ (ekrk firk osQ fy,) & ûe%* osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZA (è;ku nsa & fir` 'kCn f}opu esa ekrk&firk (Parents) osQ fy,

iz;qDr gksrk gS)


x- fi=kk &(r`rh;k&,dopu) & ^lg* osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;kA

?k- fe=ke~ &(f}rh;k&,dopu) & îzfr* osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr in

mfprA

Ä- ekrje~ & (f}rh;k&,dopu) & ôUns* fØ;kin dk deZA ('ks"k

fodYi v'kq¼ 'kCn :iA)

5- ge lh[k pqosQ gSa fd laLÑr Hkk"kk esa izR;sd laKk 'kCn dk fyax iwoZ

fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA izLrqr vH;kl esa fyax dh n`f"V ls 'kq¼ fodYi

dk p;u djuk gSA

mÙkjµ d- fe=ke~ µ ewy 'kCn ^fe=k*] uiqaldfyax_ okD; esa izFkek foHkfDr

dk iz;ksx] dÙkkZ&^vuqjkx%* dk iwjd gksus osQ ukrsA

[k- oqQ'kye~ µ ewy 'kCn oqQ'ky*] uiqaldfyax_ okD; esa izFkek foHkfDr

iz;ksx okD; dk dÙkkZ gksus osQ dkj.kA

x- goue~ µ ewy 'kCn ^gou* uiqaldfyax_ okD; esa dÙkkZ dkjd esa]

vr% izFkek foHkfDr esaA ;FkkµîQye~*A

?k- izhfrHkkst%* µ ewy 'kCn îzhfrHkkst*µiqfYayxA izFkek foHkfDr esa

îzhfrHkkst%*A ;Fkk ckyd%*A (okD; dk vk'k;µizhfrHkkst

vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA)

Ä- tUefnol% µ ewy 'kCn tUefnol* iqfYayx_ okD; esa dÙkkZ (^vfLr*

fØ;kin dk)_ vr% izFkek foHkfDr esaA

p- tUefnue~ µ okD; dk dÙkkZ] fdUrq uiqaldfyax gksus osQ dkj.k izFkek

foHkfDr :iµ^tUefnue~*_ ewy 'kCn ^tUefnu* îQy*

dh Hkk¡frA

è;ku jgsµ^fnol* 'kCn iqfYayx rFkk ^fnu* 'kCn uiqaldfyax gSA fjDr

LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okD;ksa dk okpu è;ku ls djsaA 'kCn fyax dh vksj

è;ku nsaA vH;kl ls fyax&iz;ksx Lor% 'kq¼ gks tk,xkA

· okD; dk vk'k;µîzhfrHkkst vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA* izLrqr okD; deZokP; (Passive Voice) esa gSA vr% îzhfrHkkst* 'kCn (;|fi deZ gS rFkkfi) izFkek esa gSA okP; dh lfoLrkj ppkZ mPp d{kkvksa esa dh tk,xhA


mÙkjµ 6- izFkek µ µ µ µ µ ekrjkS ekrj% f}rh;k µ firjkS µ µ ekrje~ ekrjkS µ r`rh;k µ fir`H;ke~ µ µ ek=kk µ ekr`fHk% prqFkhZ fi=ks fir`H;ke~ fir`H;% µ µ ekr`H;ke~ µ i×peh firq% fi=kks% fir`H;% µ µ ekr`H;ke~ ekr`H;% "k"Bh firq% µ fir`.kke~ µ ekrq% ek=kks% µ lIreh µ fi=kks% µ µ ekrfj µ ekr`"kq lEcks/u µ gs firjkS! gs firj%! µ gs ekr%! gs ekrjkS! gs ekrj%! rkfydkiwfrZ osQ mijkUr ,d ckj lgt jhfr ls mPpkj.k djsaA

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% 1- v.kZo% cU/q&ckU/oS% lg tUefnola ekuf;rqe~ bPNfrA

2- g"kZe;s voljs fe=kS%@fe=kkf.k fouk vkuUnL; vuqHkwfr% u lEHkok@lEHkkO;rsA

3- vke~] v.kZo% fe=kL; ekrja firja izfr ;Fkksfpra lEekua n'kZ;frA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- laLÑr esa vukSipkfjd&i=k fy[kus dh ogh fof/ vktdy viukbZ tkrh gS] tks fgUnh vFkok vkaXy Hkk"kk esaA Åij viuk laosQr (irk) rFkk i=k fy[kus dh frfFk_ fiQj lEcks/uµ cM+ksa osQ fy, vknj.kh;@iwT;@iwtuh; osQ lkFk fir%@firkeg@ekrqy bR;kfn osQ i'pkr~ ^lknj iz.kke%@ pj.k&Li'kZ% bR;kfnA vius ls NksVksa osQ fy, lEcks/u esa fiz; iq=k@fiz; iq=kh bR;kfn vkSj cjkcj okyksa osQ fy, fiz; fe=k@fiz; lf[k@fiz; lkSjHk@fiz; lquhrs bR;kfnA NksVksa osQ fy, ^'kqHkkf'k"k%* vkSj cjkcj okyksa osQ fy, ^lizse ueLrs* osQ i'pkr~ oqQ'ky eaxy iwNus dh vkSipkfjdrk gksrh gSA


blosQ ckn i=k dk eq[; fo"k; vkrk gSA i=k lekIr djus ls igys ifjokj osQ vU; lnL;ksa osQ izfr viuh 'kqHkdkeuk@vknj Hkko izdV fd;k tkrk gSA vUr esa i=k fy[kus okyk viuk uke fy[krk gS_ ;Fkkµ Hkorke~ vkKkdkjh iq=k%@vkKkdkfj.kh iq=kh vFkok ro fiz;fe=ke~@fiz; l[kh bR;kfnA

2- ikfjokfjd lEcU/ksa osQ egÙo ij d{kk esa ppkZ Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 3- iz'u la[;k (4) rFkk (5) esa vk, okD;ksa osQ iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okpu

djrs le; O;kdj.k rÙoksa ij è;ku nsaA dkjd foHkfDr miin foHkfDr rFkk 'kCn osQ fyax dk okD; iz;ksx }kjk vH;kl gks tk,xkA

4- i=k esa v'kqf¼ 'kks/u & v.kZo µ lEcks/u esa vdkjkUr 'kCn esa ,dopu esa folxZ ugha yxrkA oqQ'kye~ µ oqQ'ky 'kCn uiqaldfyax gSA vfxzes µ fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ ukrs fo'ks"; (ekls) osQ le:i fookg% µ ;g 'kCn iqfYyax gSA lRroknus µ dkyokpd 'kCn lIreh esaA vkxfe";fUr µ ^cU/qckU/ok%* dÙkkZ in cgqopu vr% fØ;kin cgqopu ifjokjs.k lg µ lg osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;kA volj% µ ^volj* 'kCn iqfYyax gSA dfj";kfu µ Hkfo";r~ dky esa fØ;k gksus osQ dkj.k y`V ydkj dk iz;ksxA fir`H;ke~ µ ue% osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZ dk iz;ksxA vuqjkx% µ vuqjkx 'kCn dÙkkZ (i=k fy[kus okyk) izFkek esaA


eqEcbZuxje~

fganh vuqokn (eqEcbZ)

d{kk esa eqEcbZ egkuxj osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ py jgh gSA cPps vè;kfidk ls iwNrs gSaA ckfydk,¡ & eSMe] eqEcbZ uke dk egkuxj gSA ;g egkjk"Vª izns'k dh jktèkkuh gSA ijUrq ;g uke dc vkSj oSQls cukA Ñi;k crkb,A vè;kfidk & ^eqEcbZ* ;g uke chl o"kZ iwoZ 1995 esa iM+k FkkA bl ls iwoZ ;g ^ckWEcs* (bl) uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ckfydk,¡ & oqQN yksx (osQfpr~) dgrs gSa fd igys ;gk¡ lkr NksVs }hi FksA vè;kfidk & ;g lp gSA mu lkr }hiksa dks eq[; uxj ls tksM+dj ;g c`gr~ (cM+k) eqEcbZ uxj cukA ;g jk"Vª dh lcls cM+h cUnjxkg vkSj O;kikj&osQUnz gSA ;g Hkkjr dk izos'k&}kj dgk tkrk gSA ik'pkR; (if'pe osQ) ns'kksa ls tks lSykuh (i;ZVd) vkSj tks ;ku tyekxZ vFkok ok;qekxZ ls Hkkjr vkrs gSa os lcls igys eqEcbZ esa izos'k djrs gSaA ckfydk,¡ & bl uxj dh laLÑfr osQ fo"k; esa oqQN crkb,A vè;kfidk & ;g cgqr cM+k m|ksx gSA izfro"kZ vusd pyfp=k curs gSaA ns'k ns'kkUrj esa yksx mUgsa mRlkgiwoZd ns[krs gSa vkSj eqX/ gksrs gSaA pyfp=kksa osQ xhr yksdfiz; gks tkrs gSaA ckfydk,¡ & vusd lqizfl¼ vfHkusrk eqEcbZ esa jgrs gSaA vè;kfidk & u osQoy vfHkusrk pyfp=kksa osQ fuekZrk HkhA cgqr lkjs jk"Vªh; o vUrj jk"Vªh; laLFkku Hkh ;gk¡ fLFkr gSaA ns'k osQ lqizfl¼ foKku osQUnz Hkh eqEcbZ esa gSaA ckfydk,¡ & bl uxj esa tula[;k vR;f/d gSA D;k vkokl&leL;k Hkh gksrh gSA vè;kfidk & fcYoqQy gksrh gSA vusd yksx pky uke osQ lkewfgd vkokl LFkyksa esa fuokl djrs gSa vkSj fu/Zu cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gSaA ^/kjkfo* lalkj dh lcls cM+h cLrh eqEcbZ esa gSA fdUrq yksx ifjJeh vkSj m|ksx'khy (dke djus okys) gSaA LFkkuh; (Local) jsyksa esa izfrfnu ;kf=k;ksa dh cM+h HkhM+ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ckfydk,¡ & ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dk fiz; Hkkstu D;k gS\

17


vè;kfidk & oM+k iko*] Hksyiwjh*] cVkVk oM+k* &;s oqQN yksdfiz; O;×tu gSaA ckfydk,¡ & eqEcbZ okfl;ksa osQ eq[; mRlo dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ vè;kfidk & ;gk¡ x.ks'kksRlo lcls eq[; gSA leLr jkT; esa ;g mRlo cM+s mRlkg ls vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;gk¡ fofo/ /eks± osQ vuq;k;h jgrs gSa] lHkh mRlo tSls fnokyh bZn fØlel gksyh bR;kfn mYykliwoZd euk, tkrs gSaA ckfydk,¡ & eSMe] uxj esa n'kZuh; LFkku dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

vè;kfidk & vusd n'kZuh; LFky gSa_ tSlsµ xsV os vkWiQ bf.M;k] usg: foKku osQUnz] usg:&IysusVsfj;e~] flf¼ fouk;d efUnj] f'kokth oLrq laxzgky;] ufjeu ikbaV bR;kfnA ^ejhu Mªkbo* & ;g leqnz dk rV eq[; vkd"kZ.k osQUnz gSA yksx ;gk¡ ?kweus osQ fy, vkrs gSaA oqQN ukfj;y ikuh ihrs gSa oqQN Hksyiwjh [kkrs gSaA oqQN leqnz rV ij [kM+s gksdj leqnz dk euksgj n`'; ns[krs gSaA jsr ij leqnz dh ygjsa vkrh gSa vkSj ygjsa mUgsa fxjk nsrh gSaA tc lw;Z vLr gksrk gS rks n`'; lqUnj gksrk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd lw;Z dk e.My leqnz osQ ty esa Mwc jgk gSA eqEcbZ osQ yksx lqlaLÑr vkSj lqf'kf{kr gSaA os ukV~;fiz; Hkh gSaA ;gk¡ vusd jaxeap gSa tgk¡ oqQ'ky vfHkusrkvksa }kjk ukVd izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

izLrqr inksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA mPpkj.k Li"V o 'kq¼ gksA ;s lHkh in ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaAizLrqr iz'u ikBk/kfjr gSA izR;sd dks"Bd esa rhu fodYi gSaA izR;sd dk mPpkj.k djsa] fiQj ikBxr rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqusaA

fyf[kre~ mÙkjµ1- d- egkjk"Vª&izns'kL; [k- ejkBh x- izos'k&}kje~ ?k- lfEeJ.ke~ Ä- ;kf=kdk.kke~

mÙkjµ2- I. fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; [k- lqfo[;krk% vfHkusrkj% x- vusdkfu pyfp=kkf.k


?k- cgqla[;de~ egkuxje~ Ä- lIr y?kq}hik% p- egku~ m|ksx% N- eq[;e~ Hkkstue~

II. lEcU/ okpd in [k- pyfp=kk.kka xhrkfu x- ;kf=kdk.kke~ lEenZ% ?k- laLÑrhuke~ lfEeJ.ke~ Ä- HkkjrL; izos'k}kje~ p- leqnzL; rjXk% N- lw;ZL; e.Mye~ ijEij esy djus osQ mijkUr lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA Hkk"kk iz;ksx ljy

o 'kq¼ gksxkA

mÙkjµ3- d- eqEcbZ bfr uxjL; uke foa'kfr&o"kZ&iwo± 1995 res o"ksZ tkre~ (lao`Ùke~)A

[k- ik'pkR;&ns'ksH;% ;s i;ZVdk% ;kfu p ;kukfu vkxPNfUr rkfu loZizFkea eqEcbZ&uxja izfo'kfUr] vr% bna HkkjrL; izos'k&}kja dF;rsA

x- ,rfLeu~ uxjs fofHkUukuka laLÑrhuke~ lfEeJ.ka n`';rsA ?k- v=k vusdkfu n'kZuh;&LFkykfu rn~ ;Fkk xsV os vkWiQ bf.M;k]

usg:&foKku&osQUnze~] flf¼fouk;d&efUnje~] usg#&IysusVsfj;e~ bR;kn;%A

Ä- LFkkuh;&jsy;kus"kq izfrfnua ;kf=kdk.kka egku~ lEenZ% n`f"ViFke~ vkxPNfrA

mÙkjµ4- d- vè;kfidk osQ"kka lek/kua djksfr\ (iz'ukuke~&"k"Bh&cgqopu&iqfYyax&ine~&vr% ^osQ"kke~* mfpr) [k- iwoZe~ v=k dfr }hik% vklu~\ (^dfr* cgqopu esa :iµ'ks"k fodYi v'kq¼ :i) x- bna jk"VªL; dhn`'ke~ iÙkue~\ (fo'ks"kk.kkèkkfjr iz'u vr% ^dhn`'k* 'kCn dk iz;ksxµuiqaldfyax

esa&^iÙkue~* uiqaldfyax in dk fo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k)


?k- tuk% rkfu dFka i';fUr\ (lksRlkge~&mRlkgiwoZd fØ;kfo'ks"k.k gksus osQ dkj.k dFke~*&fdl

izdkj mfpr)

mÙkjµ5- d- vfHkusrkj% µ vfHkusr` 'kCn&izFkek cgqopu :i & 'ks"k fodYi v'kq¼&'kCn:i dh n`f"V ls)

[k- vusdkfu µ ^pyfp=kkf.k* & uiqaldfyax cgqopu in osQ ;ksx esa mfpr)

x- izos'k}kje~ µ uiqaldfyax gksus osQ dkj.k mfpr 'kCn :i izFkek ,d opu esa µ ^iQy* dh Hkk¡fr)

?k- tyekxsZ.k µ ^fØ;k dk lk/u* osQ vFkZ esa r`rh;k iz;ksx mfpr)

Ä- vkthfodk;S & ewy 'kCn ^vkthfodk* & vkdkjkUr_ fØ;k dk

mís'; gksus osQ dkj.k prqFkhZ foHkfDr esa_ ;Fkkµ yrk (izFkek) vkSj yrk;S (prqFkhZ)

ewY;ijd&iz'uk% 1- fofo/&/ekZoyfEcu% ijLija lg;ksxsu ols;q% u rq fojks/suA

2- vke~ losZ"kka lEiznk;kuke~ mRlos"kq lksYykle~

(mYykliwoZde~) Hkkxa x`àh;kr~A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh jkt/kuh Hkk"kk] fo'ks"k Lekjd] u`R; laxhr vFkok laLÑfr dh dksbZ fo'ks"k igpku dks ysdj Nk=k fHkfÙk&fp=k cuk,¡ vFkok lf×pdk esa fp=k yxk,¡A

;Fkk & vksMh'kk jkT;] jkt/kuh & Hkqous'oj] Hkk"kk mfM+;k] dks.kkoZQ efUnj txUukFkiqjh dk efUnj] jFk;k=kk bR;kfn fo'ks"krk,¡A blh izdkj izR;sd Nk=k ,d nks jkT;ksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dj d{kk esa feydj ppkZ djsaA


fo|k;k% izdk'k% (laokn%)

fganh vuqokn (fo|k dk izdk'k)

lqfer µ fe=k] rqe lqcg fcLrj ls@lksdj dc mBrs gks\ vfer µ eSa losjs ik¡p cts ;k N% cts mBrk gw¡Alqfer µ bruh lqcg mBdj rqe D;k djrs gks\vfer µ eSa ;ksx dk vH;kl djrk gw¡A D;k tkurs ugha fd ;ksx LokLF; osQ fy,

gksrk gS\ vFkkZr~ ;ksx djus ls LokLF;&ykHk gksrk gSA rqe dc mBrs gks\lqfer µ eSa rks lkr cts mBrk gw¡A tYnh ls Lukukfn djosQ LowQy osQ fy, rS;kj

gks tkrk gw¡Avfer µ nksLr] vkylh er cuksA dy lw;Z osQ mn; gksus ls igys mBdj] rqe

esjs lkFk vkukA ;gk¡ dE;wfuVh lsUVj esa dksbZ ;ksx dk Vhpj ;ksx osQ vklu fl[kkrk gSA eSa rqEgsa Hkh ;ksxkH;kl osQ fy, ogk¡ ys tkÅ¡ xkA

lqfer µ Bhd gS@vPNkAvfer µ LowQy ls vkdj rqe D;k djrs gks\lqfer µ igys eSa [kkuk [kkrk gw¡A Hkkstu osQ ckn] foJke djosQ LowQy ls feyk

dke djrk gw¡Avfer µ eSa Hkh ,sls gh djrk gw¡Alqfer µ mlosQ ckn LowQy osQ dke esa NksVh cgu dh enn djrk gw¡Avfer µ bl dke esa esjh cM+h cgu esjh lgk;rk djrh gSAlqfer µ rqe fdlh dh enn ugha djrs\vfer µ fcYoqQy djrk gw¡A gekjh ,d ukSdjkuh gSA eSa i<+kbZ esa mldh csVh dh

lgk;rk djrk gw¡Alqfer µ ;g rks cgqr vPNh ckr gS!vfer µ fe=k lqfer! ;fn gj ,d O;fDr ,d&nwljs O;fDr dks i<+k, rks gekjs

ns'k esa lHkh 'kh?kz gh f'kf{kr yksx gks tk,¡xs vkSj bl izdkj ns'k dk ^loZf'k{kk&vfHk;ku* 'kh?kz gh liQy gks tk,xkA

lqfer µ ladYi rks ;g vfr mÙke gSA ;fn ge lc feydj ;g iq.; dk dke djsa] rks ns'k esa vfo|k dk vaèkdkj nwj gks tk,xkA

vfer µ rc lc txg fo|k dk izdk'k gks tk,xkA lHkh lk{kj (literate) gksa! (lHkh i<+s fy[ks gksa)

18


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ mnkgj.k ns[ksaA mÙkj ikB ij vk/kfjr gSaA mnkgj.kµ dnk ¾ dc osQ mÙkj esa lIroknu&dkys ¾ lkr ctsAè;ku nsaµdks"BdnÙk lHkh fodYi leku foHkfDr esa gSaA ikB osQ vk/kj ij 'kq¼ fodYi pqudj ,d in esa mÙkj nsaaA mÙkjµ 1- ;ksxkH;kle~ (;ksxkH;kl dks) µ fde~* (D;k) osQ mÙkj esaA 2- LokLF;k; (LokLF; osQ fy,) µ dLeS (fdlfy,) osQ mÙkj esaA 3- lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs (lkeqnkf;d osQUnz esa) µ oqQ=k (dgk¡) osQ

mÙkj esaA 4- vuqtk;k% (NksVh cgu dh) µ dL;k% (fdldh) osQ mÙkj esaA 5- lsfodk;k% (lsfodk dh) µ dL;k% (fdldh) osQ mÙkj esaA 6- iBuµdk;sZ (i<+us osQ dke esa) µ dfLeu~ (fdlesa) osQ mÙkj esaA

fyf[kre~

mÙkj 1- d- lqfer% HkkstuL; i'pkr~ foJkea o`QRok fo|ky;&dk;Ze~ djksfrA [k- ;fn ,d% vU;e~ ,de~ f'k{k;sr~] rfgZ losZ 'kh?kzeso f'kf{krk% Hkfo";fUrA x- 'o% vfer% lqfere~ lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs us";frA ?k- lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs df'pr~ ;ksx&f'k{kd% ;ksxklue~ f'k{k;frA

2- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA (I) rL;µ iqfYayx] "k"Bh] ,dopu_ rL;k%µ L=khfyax] "k"Bh] ,dopuA mÙkjµ d- dL;k% ] [k- ,dL;k% ] x- ,rL;k%A (II) rfLeu~µ iqfYayx] lIreh] ,dopu_ rL;ke~ µ L=khfyax] lIreh]

,dopuA mÙkjµ d- dL;ke~ ] [k- ,dL;ke~ ] x- ,rL;ke~A iqfYayx rFkk L=khfyax loZuke inksa dk mPpkj.k djsaA

le:irk dh vksj è;ku nsaA (III) mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ ^ous*µlIreh] ,dopuµokD; esa fo'ks";&in (laKk) vr%

^,dfLeu~*µlIreh] ,dopu inµokD; esa fo'ks"k.k&in (la[;kokph) è;ku jgsµ^,d* 'kCn] loZuke gksrk gS] vr% lIreh ,dopu

esaµ^,dfLeu~* tSls rfLeu~ (rr~)] ,rfLeu~ (,rr~)] dfLeu~ (fde~) bR;kfnA


mÙkjµ d- rL;ke~ (mlesa) vFkok ,rL;ke~ (blesa)µ D;ksafd ^okfVdk;ke~*& L=kh¯yx] lIreh] ,dopu in gSA

[k- dL; (fdldk) µ D;ksafd ckydL;* (iqfYayx) "k"Bh] ,dopu in] iz'u gksus osQ dkj.k iz'uokpd loZuke dk iz;ksxA

x- rL;k% (mldh) vFkok ,rL;k% (bldh) µ D;ksafd ^ckfydk;k%* (L=khfYakx) "k"Bh] ,dopu inA vr% "k"Bh] ,dopu loZuke (L=khfYakx) dk iz;ksxA

?k- rL; (mldk) vFkok ,rL; (bldk) µ D;ksafd ^Nk=kL;* (iqfYayx) "k"Bh ,dopu inA vr% "k"Bh] ,dopu] loZuke (iqfYayx) dk iz;ksxA

Ä- rL;k% vFkok ,rL;k% µ D;ksafd Nk=kk;k%* (L=khfYakx) "k"Bh] ,dopu inA vr% "k"Bh] ,dopu loZuke (L=khfyax) dk iz;ksxA

3- (I) yV~ esa ^o`Q* /krq osQ :i ns[ksaA okD;iwfrZ osQ le; lEiw.kZ okD; ij è;ku nsaA

mÙkjµ d- djksfe [k- djksf"k x- oqQeZ% ?k- oqQjQr% Ä- oqQoZfUrA

(II) fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr lgt jhfr ls okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA dÙkkZ&fØ;k leUo; vuk;kl gh lh[k ysaxsA ^Ñ* /krq dk okD;&iz;ksx Hkh lgt gks tk,xkA

dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCn ^DRok* vFkok ^Y;i~* izR;;kUr gSaA okD; dk vk'k; le>dj mfpr in pqudj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA dks"BdnÙk fodYiksa dk è;ku ls okpu djsaA

mÙkjµ d- fefyRok (feydj) [k- mRFkk; (mBdj) x- xRok (tkdj) ?k- vkxR; (vkdj) Ä- fLFkRok (jgdj)

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ;ksx $ vH;kle~ ¾ ;ksxkH;kle~ (v $ v ¾ vk)· mÙkjµ d- fo|ky;% (vk $ vk ¾ vk) [k- Lukukfn (v $ vk ¾ vk) x- dL;kfi (v $ v ¾ vk) ?k- dnkfi (vk $ v ¾ vk) Ä- lw;ksZn;% (v $ m ¾ vks)

· Nk=k ikB osQ vk/kj ij lfU/;qDr in fy[k ldrs gSaA dks"Bd esa fo'ys"k.k lkekU;&cks/ gsrq fn;k x;k gSA foLrkjiwoZd cks/ vxyh d{kkvksa esa djk;k tk,xkA


5- izR;sd okD; dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA vk'k; le>saA rRi'pkr~ js[kkafdr in dk foHkfDr&opu fy[ksaA okD;&iz;ksx le>saA

mÙkjµ d- i×peh] ,dopu µ (fo|ky;kr~ ¾ LowQy ls] from school µ viknku dkjd µ i×peh iz;ksx)·

[k- prqFkhZ] ,dopu µ (LokLF;k; ¾ LokLF; osQ fy, µ lEiznku dkjd µ prqFkhZ iz;ksxA ;Fkkµ^nhi% izdk'kk; Hkofr*

mlh izdkj ^;ksx LokLF;k; Hkofr* ¾ ;ksx LokLF; osQ fy, gksrk gS) x- "k"Bh] ,dopu µ (HkkstuL; i'pkr~ ¾ Hkkstu osQ ckn µ î'pkr~*

osQ ;ksx esa "k"Bh foHkfDr in dk iz;ksx) ?k- "k"Bh] ,dopu µ (fo|k;k% ¾ fo|k dk µ îzdk'k%* ls lEcU/_

vr% lEcU/okpd "k"Bh dk iz;ksxA ;Fkkµ vfo|k;k% vU/dkj% ¾ vfo|k dk vU/dkj)

6- vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls i<+sa_ fiQj ,d ,d djosQ iz'uksa dk okpu djsaA vuqPNsn esa vk, rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nsaA fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA

mÙkjµ d- (i) ;ksxklue~ (ii) lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs (iii) 'o%A [k- vfer% ;ksxkH;klk; lqfera lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs us";frA (vuqPNsn esa vk, loZuke osQ LFkku ij laKkin yxkuk u HkwysaA è;ku nsaµiz'u esa Hkh laKkin dk iz;ksx vk;k gS] loZuke dk ughaA ikBka'k

dk okpu djrs le; izlax@lanHkZ dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ysaA ;FkkµizLrqr va'k esa ^r=k* ^lkeqnkf;d&osQUnzs* osQ fy, iz;qDr gqvk gSA)

x- (i) uhµ(uksV djsa&/krq esa ^b* vFkok ^bZ* gks rks y`V~ ydkj esa ^,* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµfy[k~µysf[k";fr] ftµts";fr mlh izdkj ûh*µus";fr)

(ii) vyl% (iii) i×peh (iv) ekµ(vyl% ek Hko ¾ vkylh er@u cuks)

· dks"Bd esa fo'ys"k.k lkekU;&cks/ osQ fy, fn;k x;k gSA ;g visf{kr mÙkj dk va'k ughaA


ewY;ijd&iz'uk% 1- lw;ksZn;kr~ iwo± 'k;ukr~ mfÙk"Bsr~A

2- ;fn ,d% vU;e~ ,oaQ f'k{k;sr~ rfgZ vLekoaQ ns'ks losZ 'kh?kzeso f'kf{krk%

Hkfo";fUrA

3- vfer% iBu&dk;sZ lsfodk;k% dU;k;k% lkgkÕ;a djksfrA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

^fo|kfoghu% i'kqfHk% leku%* vFkkZr~ fo|k ls ghu euq"; i'kq leku gSA fo|k ikus dk lcdks leku vf/dkj gSA fdUrq nqHkkZX;o'k cgqr yksxksa dks ;g volj izkIr ugha gksrkA ;fn izR;sd f'kf{kr O;fDr fdlh fuj{kj dks lk{kj cukus esa lgk;rk dj ns] rks ns'k esa fuj{kjrk dh leL;k dk lekèkku lEHko gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd fo|k&nku lcls cM+k nku gSA izR;sd f'kf{kr ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gh ugha mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd ns'k osQ loZ&f'k{kk&vfHk;ku dks liQy cukus esa iwjk lg;ksx nsA


. ikBk%.16&18.iqujko`fÙk%

.mÙkjµ.1-.d-v.kZoL;^tUefnol%cq/okljsi×peµrkfjdk;ke~vklhr~A [k-v.kZo%fe=ke~vuqjkxaizfri=kafy[kfrA x-v.kZoL;fe=kaek=kkfi=kkvuqtsuplgtUe&fnolL;lekjksgk;

vkxfe";frA ?k-;fn,d%vU;e~ ,oaQ f'k{k;sr~ rfgZvLekoaQ ns'kslosZ 'kh?kzeso

f'kf{krk%Hkfo";fUrA Ä-ejkBhegkjk"Vª&izns'kL;eq[;kHkk"kkA p-vfer%izR;w"ks;ksxkH;kladjksfrA N-lqfer%fo|ky;kr~vkxR;foJkeadjksfrA.mÙkj µ.2-d-;ksx% [k-fo|ky;kr~ x-vuqtk;k% ?k-cU/q&ckU/ok% Ä-izhfrHkkst%A.mÙkj µ.3-fjDr.LFkku.NksM+dj.izR;sd.okD;.i<+saA.vk'k;.le>saA.dks"Bd.ls.

mfpr.'kCn.:i.pqudj.okD;iwfrZ.djsaA.vH;kl.djus.ls.igys.,d.ckj.ÍdkjkUr.'kCn.:i.dh.vko`fÙk.dj.ysaA.bl.izlax.esa.ikB.esa.vk,[email protected].è;kuiwoZd.okpu.Hkh.ykHkizn.gksxkA

d-lq;ksX;% µ ^ckyd%* dk fo'ks"k.k] vr% iqfYayx iz;ksx mfprA(lq;ksX;µewy'kCn_lq;ksX;e~µuiqaldfyax)

[k-ekrjafirja µÍdkjkUr'kCnêkr`* ^fir`*dk f}rh;k foHkfDresa'kq¼,dopu:iA(;kn.j[ksaµôUnsekrje~*)

x-firq% µ êkr`* fir`*dk"k"BhfoHkfDrdk'kq¼,dopu:iA ?k-firjkS µ ^fir`* 'kCn]izFkek foHkfDr] f}opudk'kq¼:iA

(;kn.j[ksaµf}opuesafir`'kCn&ekrk&firk&nksuksaosQfy,iz;qDrgksrkgSA)

Ä-fir`H;ke~ µprqFkhZ foHkfDr] f}opu esa ^fir`* 'kCn dk 'kq¼ (ekrk&firk :iA(è;ku.jgsµûe%*osQ;ksxesaprqFkhZdkiz;ksx osQfy,) gksrkgSA). 4-fp=kµtUefnol&lekjksg%A.e×tw"kk.esa.fn,.x,.'kCnksa.dh.lgk;rk.ls.

o.kZu.iwjk.djosQ.okpu.djsaA.mÙkjµfp=ks µ,rfLeu~ fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk] leku foHkfDr fo'ks";

inµlIreh],dopuesaA u`R;fUr µfozQ;kin^xk;fUr*osQlkFkmfprfozQ;kin]vkxs^p*

Hkhvk;kgSA


cU/q&ckU/ok%µokD;dkdÙkkZ_fo'ks"k.k^losZ*osQlkFkmfprA izlUuk% µ cU/q&ckU/ok%*fo'ks";&indkfo'ks"k.k]vr%leku

foHkfDresaA fe"VkUukfu µfo'ks";&in fo'ks"k.k ^Lokfn"Vkfu*osQlkFkµ,dleku

foHkfDrrFkkopuµuiqaldfYakxcgqopuA 'khre~]is;e~ µficfUrdkdeZµ^'khre~*&fo'ks"k.k]is;e~&fo'ks";A vyadj.kS% µ ukuko.kSZ%*fo'ks"k.kosQlkFkfo'ks";lekufoHkfDrrFkk

opuesaA.mÙkjµ5-1-vU/dkj% µ ikB%µfo|k;k%izdk'k% 2-Nk;k µ ikB%µvge~vkeze~ 3-if.Mr% µ ikB%µlkekU;&cks/&vk/kfjr 4-nqtZu% µ ikB%µlqHkkf"krkfu 5-lk;adkys µ ikB%µfe=ke~izfrfueU=k.ke~ 6-vekoL;k µ ikB%µlIrkgL;fnolk% 7-o`Q".k&i{k%µ ikB%µlIrkgL;fnolk% 8-i'pkr~ µ ikB%µfo|k;k%izdk'k% 9-mifj µ ikB%µvge~vkeze~ 10-vyl% µ ikB%µfo|k;k%izdk'k% 11-fjiq% µ ikB%µlqHkkf"krkfu 12-iq.;e~ µ ikB%µlqHkkf"krkfu 13-o`¼% µ ikB%µÍrqjkt%olUr% 14-nf{k.kk;u µ ikB%µÍrqjkt%olUr% 15-lUrq"V% µ ikB%µlkekU;&cks/&vk/kfjr 16-mfÙk"Bfr µ ikB%µfo|k;k%izdk'k% 17-vkxPNfr µ ikB%µou&Hkkst% 18-mRFkk; µ ikB%µfo|k;k%izdk'k% 19-eUne~eUne~µ ikB%µÍrqjkt%olUr% 20-vfLr µ ikB%µfe=ke~izfrfueU=k.ke~ewY;ijd&iz'uk% 1- ladYiek=ks.kdk;±uflè;fr]dk;ZL;vuq"Bkusu,oflè;frvFkkZr~

dk;ZL;vuq"BkuadÙkZO;e~A(ladYiek=klsdkeughacurk]dkedjuslscurkgSvFkkZr~dk;Zdkvuq"Bkudjukpkfg,A)

2- vuqt%@vuqtkvxztL;@vxztk;k%vkf'k"k%vgZfrA(NksVkHkkbZ@NksVhcgucM+sHkkbZvFkokcM+hcguosQvk'khokZnosQ;ksX;gSaA)

3- firjkSvknj.kh;kSLr%A(ekrk&firkvknj.kh;vFkkZr~vknj&lEekuosQ;ksX;gSaA)

qq

Sanskrit Manj Vya (Part-2) - SARASWATI HOUSE

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