069 Batch (204) 2013

CHAPTER 1

1. BackgroundThis report is prepared as an academic requirement of module, “Urban Network and Services” of

Master’s Degree in Urban Planning. This study report covers 40% course weight and includes

different aspects of urban services in particular case study. Urban development is characterized

by the extent of services. The deficient urban services indicate the poor urban management and

development. This study helps to get familiar with present scenario of urban services of allocated

town, which is Sankhu.

1.1.Introduction

The world is in the trend of urbanization specially the third world is fattest rate among the

developed countries. There is always a concern to provide the basic amenities to the urban

dwellers incorporating the urban poor also. The living standards are intended to be minimum

requirements or thresholds for facilities and services that must be delivered to existing urban

development, or new development and redevelopment to be considered adequate. These

adequacy standards allow the country to determine if an urban level of services is met prior to

approving new urban development in the unincorporated area, and they provide the city a basis

for linking the phasing of growth to the planned provision of a full range of urban services.

Urban services are those additional public services normally provided or needed in urban areas,

including public water supply and distribution systems, sanitary sewerage systems, higher levels

of police and fire protection, solid waste collection, urban storm drainage systems, streets with

curbs and gutters, street lighting, neighborhood facilities such as parks and schools, and urban

transportation facilities such as sidewalks, taxi service and mass transit.

The Urban Network and Services can be categorized specifically into,

- Water and sanitation - Waste management

- Public Transport - Primary health and education

- Electricity and Telephone - Access Road

- Shelter - Employment and job

1 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

- Security - Cultural Heritage etc.

1.2.ObjectivesThe objective of our study is to get acquainted with urban services of Sankhu which was a

renowned kingdom in historical time. Being Trade-hub between South and Tibet, development

of Sankhu was quite memorial and praiseworthy. The town is self-contained and has all urban

services and infrastructures. Specifically, the objectives of our study are,

- To have general overview of traditional settlement of Sankhu and its linkage with different

services and Infrastructures

- To focus on current scenario of solid waste management, sewerage, drainage and water supply.

- Recommend ways associated with Solid Waste Management, Sewerage and Drainage, and

Water Supply

1.3.Scope and LimitationsAn urban service incorporates vast area of urban function easement. This includes, solid waste

management, Sewerage, Drainage, Water Supply, Communication, Transportation, Security,

Open Spaces, Health and Education Facilities etc. The study of this module is limited only on

Solid Waste Management, Drainage & Sewerage and Water Supply of Sankhu core settlement

area.

This report doesn’t cover historical assessment of urban services. We have not conducted

detailed household survey and interviews. All the facts and figures are based on secondary data

sources and site observation. Report has not conducted in-depth quantitative survey on any of the

study field. The report is prepared in limited time of 2 day, so, it may not be able to cover studied

area in holistic approach. The data, facts and figures used in this report needs verification before

referring.

1.4.MethodologyGeneral methods of site observation were implicated after a group of 6 was formed out of 18.

The study area was randomly assigned to each group and among 3 such topics we were

opportune to study over urban services and network of Sankhu. The study process was followed

2 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

by site visits, casual talk with public talk literature and internet study. Frequent discussion over

materials and content after collection was done before compilation.

CHAPTER 2

2. Introduction of Sankhu

The Lichchhavi period (2nd to 9th Century AD) settlement of Sankhu lies on the northeastern

corner of the Kathmandu Valley on the ancient trade route to Tibet. The traditional Newari

settlement still retains its medieval character with narrow streets, public squares with in

dispersed tiered temples and rest houses.

Location: It is 18 Km north east of Kathmandu district toward the ancient trade route to

Tibet. Sankhu comprises of 3 VDC (Suntole, Pukulachhi and Bajrayogini

VDCs). There are total 8 toles in core Sankhu settlement.

Pukulachi VDCDolnhaPukhulachhi Suntole VDC Bajrayogini VDCImla Suntole SalkhaIpa Dhungahiti Chalakhu

Geographic Location: Longitude : 85º 27’ 46’’Latitude : 27º 43’ 40’’

Altitude : 1412mArea : 278ropanies (14 Hectors)Settlement Type : Newari Settlement with very few non-newarsBoundary : Sindhupalchowk district on east, Bhaktapur on south and

Kathmandu on North and west.

2.1.Historical Background

Sankhu is a Lichhavi settlement which date back to Kaligat Samvat 1801, around 1300 B.C and

if it is true, then the city is 3300 years old which is older than ancient city of Rome, though there

is no strong evidence to prove this. The city is believed to be settled during reign of Sankher dev,

3 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

who is Lichhavi ruler, but history shows that there are 3 kings holding similar name. According

to Manisail Mahavaadan, Vaastu Sastri and city designer Jogdev Bajracharya designed the city in

the shape of Conch Shell, which is called Sakhna in Nepali, accordingly the name is derived as

Sankhu.

The name Sankhu is also believed to be derived from original linguistic, SAKWE/SAKO: SA

means Tibet and KWE means Down, that is a town which lay downhill of Tibet. Another saying

is that, SAKVA means crow and Sankhu is derived from being crow city. The city of Sankhu is

also known as Sakharapur which means kingdom of king Sankher dev. Buddhist Newar call

Sakhu as Gu Baha, which means 9 bihara of hills.

As the town is in traditional setting, its urban services are also traditional in nature. People have

been recently upgrading sanitation to private toilets. The traditional setting has been slowly

ingested by modern lifestyle and setting.

2.2.Demographic Overview of Sankhu

Caste No. of HH % of HH Claimed Hindu HH Claimed Buddhist HH

Shrestha (Trader) 442 56% 442 0

Jyapu (Farmer) 77 9.8% 75 0

Nay (Butcher) 48 6.1 48 0

Bajracharya (Priest) 37 4.7 0 37

Malla (Mixed Descents)

28 3.5 28 0

Saymi: (Oil presser) 25 3.2 0 25

Jogi/Kapali 19 2.4 19 0

Joshi 18 0.5 18 0

Others 95 13.8 89 6

789 100 % 721 68

(Source: Sankhu Heritage Conservation Society)

CBS data of 1991 and 2001 is shown in table below

1991 2001 Growth Rate

4 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

S.No Name of VDC Total Male Female Total Male Female 1991-01

1. Pukhulachhi 2760 1374 1386 2,746 1,344 1,402 -0.5%

2. Suntole 3980 1959 2021 4,417 2,161 2,256 10.9%

3. Bajrayogini 3798 1935 1863 3,880 1,950 1,930 2.5%

Total 10,538 11,043 4.8%

The latest CBS data of 2011 shows population distribution of Sankhu as,

VDCHousehold Total Population Male Female

Bajrayogini (Sankhu) 928 4,333 2,086 2,247Pukhulachhi 596 2,676 1,298 1,378Suntol 1,021 4,819 2,351 2,468Total 2545 11,828 5,735 6,093

The data shown represents population data of 2 VDC of Sankhu but the town of Sankhu is small

and probably covers 60% of total population. Population trend sows that there has been

significant increase from 1991 to 2001 but has not been notably increased from 2001 to 2011 and

that might be due to migration. Migration could have been occurred due to poor inhabitation and

management of town seeking better facilities outward.

2.3.General overview of Town

Town is always associated with variety of inhabitant and their different dynamics dictated the

arrangement and setting of town. Traditional towns have been rich in urban services and so is

Sankhu. The socio-economics, culture and religion, education and awareness level of dweller

depicts the strength of settlement. It is not necessary to go through detailed study of every

aspects, we have listed few facts that has direct impact on urban services and infrastructures

The educational condition of Sankhu VDC is satisfactory for primary level and not much

satisfactory for higher education even though the village is much closer to Kathmandu City.

Literacy rate is 58.7% and there are altogether 17 schools. Health Post located in the Village for

emergency and a hospital named SKM Hospital with 15 beds. Little health pharmacy is also

serving people of Sankhu. Occupation is another fact affecting urban services which is

represented in a pie-chart below.

5 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

We are

basically focused into sanitary and water supply aspect of urban services which are discussed in

up-coming section in detail.

6 |

Fig: Water Spout at Bajrayogini

069 Batch (204) 2013

CHAPTER 3

3. Urban Network and Services in Sankhu

3.1.Water SupplyWater is an important resource for human

beings, animals and plants without which

life cannot be imagined on earth. Water

supply is the provision of water by public

utilities, commercial organizations,

community endeavors or by individuals,

usually via a system of pumps and pipes.

Water supply is used for various purposes.

Drinking water being the most important

use of water, water is generally used for domestic and household purposes, industrial and

technological requirements, aesthetic/luxurious requirements like parks, greenery etc and also for

calamities like fire hazards.

Basic elements of water supply system may contain one or more of the following units/systems.

Intake structures Pumping stations Treatment systems Pipelines, distribution pipeline network Reservoirs Distribution network

Water Supply system can be classified based on the following

1. By type of consumer: domestic, agricultural, industrial and technological etc

7 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

2. By type of object: rural, urban, semi-urban, industrial estate etc

3. By type of the source: surface water, groundwater, rainwater etc

4. By type of the delivery-system: gravity-flow, pressure pumping, mixed etc.

For the water supply, water quality should also be considered. Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), etc. The water should be purified, disinfected and sometimes fluoridated. Drinking water should be mostly considered during quality control of water.

3.1.1. Water Supply in SankhuIn case of Sankhu, there is sufficient water source for the town but not sufficient home supply. Sankhu is a town where every household had water flowing canal in the past. The water flowed through RajKulo. Few years back, the canal was in good working condition, but due to road construction, channel is broken in several places. Water from Rajkulo, was not potable but used in every household. A dam was built at the bottom of Lapsifedi village to lead river from Sali nadi river in the water channel. The branch of the water channel enters the town from the North East part and is divided into two branches: one to Dhunla tole (west) and another to Salkha tole (east). This water channels all the ponds inside the town and reaches almost every street touching maximum houses and finally this rankle is used for irrigation of rice fields in the western and southern part of the town.

8 |

=Hitiis

Water from Channel

069 Batch (204) 2013

The main sources of water supply in Sankhu are community taps and hitis/stone spouts found in

different chowks and wells as well. There are 7 traditional hitis in Sankhu. Natural underground

water and the water from the channel flow from the hitis and are functioning very well. We can

also find community taps in different places but most of them are not in use and no water flows

from them. There are around 6 community wells in the town which are still functioning. There

are total 7 ponds in Sankhu. But they are not maintained properly and are in very bad condition.

More than 400 houses have community managed water supply. Water supply is done by 200 mm

dia. cast iron pipe. The water from hiti and well are not ensured potable but water from piped

supply is treated in source through sand filtration.

9 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

3.1.2. Brief Description of Sankhu community water supply:Around 400 houses have piped water supply from community water supply project managed by

3 VDC’s of Sankhu along with Lapsifedi VDC under the ownership of Kathmandu Uptyeka

Khanepani Limited. The management is done by local community and operation and

maintenance part is looked after KUKL. The water supply project supplies water daily for 2-3

hours to Sankhu Bazzar. The water source is ground aquifer whose discharge rate is

approximately 2 ltr/sec in dry season and increases in monsoon. The water from aquifer is

collected in a tank of capacity around 50000 ltr and through that tank water goes to filtration

chamber which is a large tank filled with fine sand particle in upper layer and gravel in lower

layer. A storage tank of capacity 100000 ltr is adjacent to filtration chamber through which water

is discharged to town intermittently. The water from the source is clean but not ensured bacterial

free.

There are several community tap which serves urban houses to meet water demand. Water from

such community tap are free but facility of private connection is also available which requires

monthly charge of Rs 200. Among 789 household of Sankhu, private connection has not reached

more than 50%. Due to slope condition and pressure, houses which are located comparatively in

higher land are deprived from water connection and they are forced to depend on insecure water

from wells and hitis. Basically, southern part of Suntole VDC and Buspark area has not been

able to taste fresh water from Lapsifedi.

10 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

This section shows different units of water treatment plant in Lapsifedhi which has became spine of water supply in Sankhu area. Though during our field visit,

we were unable to trace the use of chemical for water treatment,

the water from aquifer seems pure and potable. The filtration chamber is kept to segregate suspended particles from water.The catchment area lies in well preserved forest and far from urban encroachment but doubt can be made whether it can fulfill water demand of increasing settlement of Sankhu and the fact to be remembered is that, Sankhu has been recently declared as Sankharapur Municipaity.

11 |

Fig. Stone spout

Fig. Recharge Pond

Fig: Water from natural Spring

Fig: Water from natural Spring

Fig: Filtration Chamber

Fig: Storage Chamber

069 Batch (204) 2013

3.2.Sewerage and Drainage:Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses components such as

receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and screening chambers of the

sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of

discharge into the environment. There are mainly three types of sewer system:

1. Sanitary:

- domestic

- industrial

- infiltration/ inflow

2. Storm sewer system

3. Combined sewer system

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area. Many

agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

3.2.1. Sewerage in Sankhu:At past toilets were absent with agricultural fields

(community toilets for woman) being used instead. But

now almost all the households have their own toilets. Like

wise the sewer system is available in almost the entire

household. There is no septic tank in individual house.

The waste are however disposed directly into community

septic tank though sewer line. From septic tank, sewage

goes to agro-field as fertilizer. Community septic tanks

were constructed recently about 6-7 years ago. There are

altogether 3 community septic tank, two in Suntole and

12 | Fig: Grey water from septic tank to agricultural field

069 Batch (204) 2013

one in Pukulachi. There is no sewerage treatment system in septic tanks of Suntole. Sewerage

treatment system is out of order in Pukulachi.

The septic tanks are located in lower slopes with compare to main settlement area for easy

collection of sewages. Septic tank in Suntole is located towards South- east and Septic tank in

Pukhulachi is located towards North-west. Lack of proper light and ventilation can be seen in the

toilets as they are made unplanned around and inside the old houses. The grey water from

sewages collected in community septic tank is then taken to agricultural field through open drain

system as shown in figure above. This further helps in irrigation as acts as a fertilizer.

There are two public toilets in Mahadev dhoka

and Buspark area. These toilets are mostly used

by the visitors during festive times and jatras.

The wastes from both the toilets go to two

separate community septic tanks. Sewerage line

13 |

Fig: Community Septic tank in Suntole Fig: Community Septic tank in Pukhulachi

Fig: Public toilet in Mahadev Dhoka dhoka

069 Batch (204) 2013

of Buspark’s toilet is connected to Suntole’s septic tank whereas Mahadev dhoka’s to

Pukhulachi’s septic tank.

3.2.2. Drainage in Sankhu:Sankhu is one of the oldest traditional settlements where we can find the covered drainage line

provided connecting every house. It was provided from the very old time and is a very good

example for old towns like this. They used stones to cover the drain present at just infront of

their houses, supporting the plinth. At present due to negligence of people they are clogged and

are not functioning properly in many places and are even left open. Whereas, in some places the

stones has been replaced by concrete slabs for the drainage cover. As like sewerage lines, it also

finally goes to agriculture land.

The drains are left open in most of the places during normal days whereas during festive times

the whole chamber of drain system is

maintained, running all over the towns and

finally to the agriculture land.

14 |

Fig: Drainage covered by Stone stones. Fig: Drainage covered by concrete slabs.

Fig: Wastes dumped Elsewhere

069 Batch (204) 2013

The overall sanitary condition of Sankhu, which may be better from majority of rural setting in

Nepal, is found unsatisfactory during our site visit. The scattered wastes and improper drainage

has created mess in town. The photographs aside is enough to reflect sanitary condition of

Sankhu.

The map below is of Sankhu showing drainage and sewerage lines.

The dark blue one indicates drain line and the dotted pink indicates

sewerage line. From this map we can see that the drain line and

sewerage line runs parallel.

3.3.Solid WasteSolid wastes are substances regarded

useless, worthless and unwanted that are

disposed off or intended to be disposed,

usually solid in nature that include paper,

plastic, food wastes, garden trimmings, cans

,bottles, cardboard, tins ,exhausted batteries,

used electronic goods, old furniture and

even wastes from nuclear power reactors.

If treated properly solid wastes contribute

towards energy efficiency and if not treated

properly cause serious problem to environment ecology and

urban aesthetics. So in solid waste management we are dealing

with real urban problem with intrinsic potentiality to be converted

into a real opportunity.

“Waste is merely raw material in the wrong place.”

-Fedrick A. Talbot, 1920

Actually solid waste is a ‘relative term’ because waste to one may be important to other. for e.g.

Newspaper read may be a waste for one but useful for the other who hasn’t read it.

15 |

Fig: Filth beneath a Residence in Sankhu

069 Batch (204) 2013

3.3.1. Sources of solid wasteThe main sources of solid waste are:

Residential areas

Commercial areas

Industries

Institutions

Treatment plant sites

Wastes from construction and demolition

3.3.2. Need of solid waste managementSolid wastes are as important as they create a unhealthy environment and lives of human, plants

and other animals are victimized. They act as a home for flies, mosquitoes, insects,

microorganisms and other vectors which are responsible for different communicable diseases in

the environment. So there's a proper need of management of solid wastes so as to have a least

impact in the health of humans including other plants and animals. Needless to say, the

degradation of different biotic and biotic components of environment is pollution. We all know

‘just thrown away’ solid waste cause pollution. So, solid wastes are major pollutants that degrade

the air we breathe, water we drink and smell we take. Solid wastes cause the malfunctioning of

the ecosystem leading to the extinction of different species of plants and animals. Presence of

solid waste In the ecosystem Contaminates air, water And land that directly Or indirectly affect

the plants and animals

3.3.3. Solid Waste Management in Sankhu Sankhu is a small traditional settlement town rich in cultural heritages and monuments, not

densely populated and people activities are mostly related to agriculture.

The total number of households in Saankhu City is about 789 with an average of 6 persons per

family. The results of the household survey indicate that 63% of people are between 21-60 years.

The literacy rate is 85% and the land ownership rate is about 95%. The unemployment rate is

only 5% and many people are involved in agricultural products. The solid waste generation in the

16 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

household is about 1 kg per day. In Sankhu, only 30% households have the access to SWM

services of the city. Others usually dump their waste into the nearby canal, low-lying areas and

open lands. The main problems associated with SWM are, lack of waste collection system,

proper disposal mechanism, public awareness, sufficient budget allocation, no waste separation

and recycling programs and public, private and community partnership.

Till few years past, the system of waste management in Sankhu was Traditional waste

management locally managed, that is one of the best examples of management of solid waste

with concept of reduce, reuse and recycle which functions for long time.

Organic wastes constituted the major part of the produced waste and are composted in

household composts -Saagas, and the rest that included non biodegradable waste those were

burnt, reused and recycled.

But these traditional practices could not continue due to the increasing population densities in

urban areas. Increase in population density has lead to the increase in the volume of waste. This

has created a massive threat to public health due to the lack of proper solid waste

management.The volume of non biodegradable waste is increasing.

17 |

Fig: Saga, Traditional method of composting

069 Batch (204) 2013

With the same pace, the pollution on different physical aspects like land, water, air and cultural

sites is increasing with the corresponding decrease in their quality and functional use. The shift

of people’s activities from agricultural to service oriented and commercials and urbanization in

the area have caused the rapid emergence of the non bio-degradable waste that have to be reused,

recycled or sanitarily dumped. But, no such collection, separation, transportation, processing and

safe dumping of the solid wastes were found in Sankhu area. However, some grocery and

vegetables shops were found to collect organic waste in polythene sacks for disposal on their

respective fields for the value of manure.

CHAPTER 4

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1.Effect of EconomicsUrbanization is the ongoing process; the trend of urbanization is the converting of agro – based

economy into non-agro based economy, which leads change in both economic and the socio-

cultural spheres. This is reflected by the development of the network society and the network

economy, which are in part the result of such factors as ongoing internationalization and the

specialization occurring in many economic sectors, as well as the ongoing expansion of scale in

many towns and cities further tothe process of sub urbanization seen in the past.

18 |

Fig : Inorganic waste thrown at road side Fig: Inorganic waste dumped at backyard

Fig. Saptic Tank

069 Batch (204) 2013

Technological progress has forested the conception of urban society, i.e. the people of Sankhu

are still following their traditional lifestyle at the same time they are trying to adopt modern

lifestyle but not in managed. While adopting the modernization, they haven’t utilized all the

services lacking far behind without proper drinking water, sanitation, sewerage, transportation,

social security etc. Rather they are losing their rich and boastful tradition, cultural values.

The impact of change of economic behavioral in urban services in Sankhu can be described as:

4.1.1. Drinking water:People of Sankhu are still depending upon the traditional well and some functioning Hities, the new change is that instead of old Rajkulos and water channels they have distributed drinking water on community based through GI pipe lines. The upper class of the community has private home connection and they pay Rs. 200 per month and has shortened the fetching distance and time.

4.1.2. Sewerage and Sanitation:

The economic and sanitation is directly

proportionate. With rise is economic condition the

hygiene and sanitation is improved and vice versa.

The past open defecating society has constructed

their private toilet and one public toilet this is of

course change in the economic standard of people.

The collection of sludge on pit and using in farm

has changed into collecting those in septic tank at

three places and water to farm has increased the

hygiene. The sewerage channel in front of houses are still functioning and although this seems

useless to this age society as they have piped water supply system for washing and cleaning

purpose so in most of places the stone are taken away. As described in earlier section, the

sanitary condition of Sankhu is not satisfactory. The malfunctioning of traditional excellent

drainage lines has not only created filth inside town when mixed up with solid wastes, but also

has fore signed threat of epidemic.

19 |

Fig. Detoritation of Traditional Drainage

Fig. Unmanaged Waste Fig. Neglected Sewer Pipes

Fig. GI piped community tap

Fig. Transform of Solid waste from organic to inorganic

069 Batch (204) 2013

4.1.3. Solid waste:The byproduct of previous agro based society and

present scenario has changed. The past society’s

waste was agro-organic and they were unaware of

plastics and papers. The household wastes were

collected in ‘Saga’ where as all agro wastes were

either feed to domestic animals or were composted in

farmland.

With the increase of economy and also the

availability of various plastic based commodities,

people are day-by-day changing their consumption pattern which has ultimately somersaulted the

waste generation behavior. Traditional concept was ‘Peta ko Kheta ma, Kheta ko peta ma’ which

indicates zero waste concept. The solid waste scenario shown in above photographs’ is common

inside the town of Sankhu.

4.2.Conclusion and Recommendation

As Sankhu is a historically important settlement its identity needs to be conserved and

maintained along with providing basic urban services. This case study makes us understand and

analysis to reestablish a new relationship between traditional city and the modern urban

amenities adopting the upgrading technologies with retaining unique identity of Sankhu.

The conclusion and recommendation for urban services in Sankhu are listed as

4.2.1. Sewerage and Drainage:

The water drain line in front of every houses seems neglected and in dilapidated

condition, the covering stones in most of the places have been lost, this may led to

unhygienic to the people in the house.

The water running in the drain are contaminated with different organic and inorganic

particles, these may be polluted while flowing through different places.

There is no separate drain line for rain and grey water, and go directly into farm lands,

this may cause soil pollution.

20 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

The centuries old brick pavements have deteriorated and pot holes so formed has made

must of places muddy

Lack of integrated sewerage system and outfall treatment

Disposal of sewerage into agricultural field or water bodies without primary treatment

cause health hazard

The septic tanks collecting solid waste seems not functioning well, they should be made

technically fit so that residue can be made manure and treated water to field

4.2.2. Drinking Water Supply Whole Sankhu depends upon old Hities and community well for drinking water while

recently pipe line has used by collecting water from nearby river. This water must be

treated and distributed for safety of people.

The functioning Hities, Well aren’t well maintained, mosses, grasses are growing all

around, that should be cleaned from community level.

From the pipe lined water supply water are wasting continuously due to damaged taps

and negligence of people, this should be maintained and stalled in order to safe water.

The exposed pipe lines and plunging into sewerage water in most of places should be

managed and hide in order to avoid contamination.

4.2.3. Solid Waste Management The change in nature of solid water from Argo based into non agro based like bottles,

plastics seems spread all around the places, this should be managed by placing dust bin in

most of places like Chowks, bus station, schools etc.

Non bio degradable waste should be properly collected and treated with help of people

and VDC by revitalizing the concept of Saga and depositing the waste generated by

categorizing them and disposing separately

The collection and disposal of waste should be made systemic and regular

To make anything possible, without participation of local people, nothing can

be done. So to make above thing happen public awareness and clear finite

rules regulation must be set. By teaching children at school level,

21 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

housewives by means of drama around Chowks can only make possible to

manage waste, cleaning water sources areas. Strict monitoring along with

rewarding and penalties can make people do better for their hygienic urban

living.

References1. Community based solid waste management system of Sankhu Nepal by D.G.J

By- Premakumara, 2013

2. Need for Alternative Approaches in Solid Waste Management

- Case Study Kathmandu Valley, 2004

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply

4. www.wikipedia.org/Sankhu

5. Conservation Studio Report of Sankhu, IOE, 064 Batch

6. VDC Profile of Pukulachi VDC

7. VDC Profile of SUntole VDC

8. http://sakwomi-worldwide.blogspot.com/2008/12/new-municipality-in-sankhu.html

9. Course Manual for Urban Network and Services, by Dinesh C. Devkota

22 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

10. Urban Basic Services in UNICEF: A Historical Overview

- UNICEF History Series Monograph XIV

11. Urban Containment Principles; Services Growth Boundaries and Zoning

- By Susie Gabrielson, Geff Yorg And Richard Keith

Contents

CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................................................1

1. Background............................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

- Water and sanitation - Waste management..........................................................................................1

- Public Transport - Primary health and education..............................................................................1

- Electricity and Telephone - Access Road............................................................................................1

- Shelter - Employment and job...........................................................................................................1

- Security - Cultural Heritage etc........................................................................................................1

23 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

1.2. Objectives......................................................................................................................................2

1.3. Scope and Limitations....................................................................................................................2

1.4. Methodology..................................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................................................3

2. Introduction of Sankhu..........................................................................................................................3

2.1. Historical Background...................................................................................................................3

2.2. Demographic Overview of Sankhu................................................................................................4

2.3. General overview of Town............................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................................7

3. Urban Network and Services in Sankhu................................................................................................7

3.1. Water Supply.................................................................................................................................7

3.1.1. Water Supply in Sankhu............................................................................................................8

3.1.2. Brief Description of Sankhu community water supply:............................................................9

3.2. Sewerage and Drainage:..............................................................................................................12

3.2.1. Sewerage in Sankhu:............................................................................................................12

3.2.2. Drainage in Sankhu:.............................................................................................................14

3.3. Solid Waste..................................................................................................................................16

3.3.1. Sources of solid waste..........................................................................................................16

3.3.2. Need of solid waste management........................................................................................16

3.3.3. Solid Waste Management in Sankhu...................................................................................17

CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................19

4. Conclusion and Recommendation.......................................................................................................19

4.1. Effect of Economics.....................................................................................................................19

4.1.1. Drinking water:....................................................................................................................19

24 |

069 Batch (204) 2013

4.1.2. Sewerage and Sanitation:.....................................................................................................20

4.1.3. Solid waste:..........................................................................................................................20

4.2. Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................................21

4.2.1. Sewerage and Drainage:......................................................................................................21

4.2.2. Drinking Water Supply........................................................................................................21

4.2.3. Solid Waste Management....................................................................................................22

References……………………………………………………………………………… 23

25 |